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class="sf-depth-1">uia.org</a></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div> </div>  </div> </div>   <div id="header" class="clearfix"> <div class="container_12">  <div id="header-inside" class="clearfix"> <div class="grid_8">  <div id="header-left"> <div id="logo"> <a href="/en" title="Home" rel="home"> <img src="http://encyclopedia.uia.org/sites/default/files/design/newlogo.png" alt="Home" /> </a> </div> <div id="site-name"> <a href="/en" title="Home">The Encyclopedia<br />of World Problems<br />& Human Potential</a> </div>  </div>  </div> <div class="grid_4">  <div id="header-right"> <div class="region region-header-right"> <div id="block-views-exp-legacyproblems-page-2" class="block block-views"> <div class="content"> <form action="/en/problems" method="get" id="views-exposed-form-legacyproblems-page-2" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><div class="views-exposed-form"> <div class="views-exposed-widgets clearfix"> <div id="edit-combine-wrapper" class="views-exposed-widget views-widget-filter-combine"> <label for="edit-combine"> Search Problems </label> <div class="views-widget"> <div class="form-item form-type-textfield form-item-combine"> <input type="text" id="edit-combine" name="combine" value="" size="30" maxlength="128" class="form-text" /> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-exposed-widget views-submit-button"> <input type="submit" id="edit-submit-legacyproblems" value="Apply" class="form-submit" /> </div> </div> </div> </div></form> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div> </div>  </div> </div>   <div id="main-navigation" class="clearfix"> <div class="container_12"> <div class="grid_12">  <div id="main-navigation-inside" class="clearfix"> <div class="content"> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div>    <div id="page-top" class="clearfix"> </div>   <div id="page" class="clearfix"> <div class="container_12">   <div class="grid_12">  <div id="main" class="clearfix">  <div class="tabs"> </div>     <div id="promoted" class="clearfix"> <div class="region region-promoted"> <div id="block-nodeblock-189009" class="block block-nodeblock"> <div class="content"> <div about="/en/node/189009" typeof="sioc:Item foaf:Document" class="ds-1col node node-block view-mode-full clearfix"> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><p>The rapidly changing state of the world makes planning in the face of complex interconnected problems a formidable challenge. Our ability to conceive adequate solutions and strategies is often undermined by our lack of understanding of the nature of problems in their wider context.聽聽<em>The聽Encyclopedia聽of World Problems and Human Potential</em>聽offers聽a radically different perspective to associations, policy-makers, social researchers and those concerned with development strategy.聽聽By clarifying the ways in which problems reinforce and sustain each other, the Encyclopedia shifts the level of attention from isolated problems to problem cycles, and thus to sustainable strategy cycles. This allows for a more holistic understanding of the environment in which global problems and strategies are situated.聽聽</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-views-8576bc6bdd89457cbc074fbd096a0319" class="block block-views"> <h2>SELECTED PROBLEMS</h2> <div class="content"> <div class="view view-legacyproblems view-id-legacyproblems view-display-id-problematique_block view-dom-id-0e0e4abca665c6ea61cda91ae2cd2e0a"> <div class="view-content"> <div id="flexslider-1" class="flexslider optionset-default"> <ul class="slides"><li> <div class="views-field views-field-docid"> <span class="field-content"> <div id="d3vis" style="margin-right:3px !important;width:600px;"> <iframe src="/sites/en.uia.org/visuals/round.php?docid=11551700&vol=problems&dataset=narrow" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no" width="600" height="600" border="0" frameborder="0" style="border:1px solid #EEE;width:600px;height:600px;"></iframe> <br />Experimental visualization of narrower problems </div> </span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-FM-16"> <h1 class="field-content homeslidelink"><a href="/en/problem/133677">Lack of skilled manpower in rural areas</a></h1> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-FM-24"> <div class="views-label views-label-FM-24 field-label">Nature: </div> <span class="field-content"><p>The people of small rural towns are unequipped to meet the needs of their town's future. The people of such communities may be willing to engage in the community's restoration but they are hampered by their narrow range of practical skills.</p></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-FM-30"> <div class="views-label views-label-FM-30 field-label">Broader Problems: </div> <span class="field-content"><a href="/en/problem/133671" title="Lack of skilled workers">Lack of skilled workers</a></br><a href="/en/problem/142952" title="Regional underdevelopment">Regional underdevelopment</a></br></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-FM-31"> <div class="views-label views-label-FM-31 field-label">Narrower Problems: </div> <span class="field-content"><a href="/en/problem/134983" title="Farm-bound labour force">Farm-bound labour force</a></br><a href="/en/problem/133009" title="Inadequate animal husbandry">Inadequate animal husbandry</a></br><a href="/en/problem/140773" title="Underdeveloped farming skills">Underdeveloped farming skills</a></br><a href="/en/problem/157071" title="Inexperienced financial autonomy">Inexperienced financial autonomy</a></br><a href="/en/problem/162333" title="Inadequate supply of skilled plumbers">Inadequate supply of skilled plumbers</a></br><a href="/en/problem/133255" title="Inadequate small-town business skills">Inadequate small-town business skills</a></br><a href="/en/problem/133678" title="Small resident professional workforce">Small resident professional workforce</a></br><a href="/en/problem/136987" title="Outmoded functional skills in rural communities">Outmoded functional skills in rural communities</a></br><a href="/en/problem/137663" title="Inadequate management skills in rural communities">Inadequate management skills in rural communities</a></br><a href="/en/problem/162334" title="Unavailability of trained teachers in rural areas">Unavailability of trained teachers in rural areas</a></br><a href="/en/problem/135674" title="Reluctance of professionals to take country positions">Reluctance of professionals to take country positions</a></br><a href="/en/problem/137666" title="Limited availability of technical expertise in remote communities">Limited availability of technical expertise in remote communities</a></br><a href="/en/problem/140860" title="Lack of training in construction techniques in mountainous conditions">Lack of training in construction techniques in mountainous conditions</a></br></span> </div></li> <li> <div class="views-field views-field-docid"> <span class="field-content"> <div id="d3vis" style="margin-right:3px !important;width:600px;"> <iframe src="/sites/en.uia.org/visuals/round.php?docid=11793160&vol=problems&dataset=narrow" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no" width="600" height="600" border="0" frameborder="0" style="border:1px solid #EEE;width:600px;height:600px;"></iframe> <br />Experimental visualization of narrower problems </div> </span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-FM-16"> <h1 class="field-content homeslidelink"><a href="/en/problem/139948">Health risks of alcohol consumption</a></h1> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-FM-24"> <div class="views-label views-label-FM-24 field-label">Nature: </div> <span class="field-content"><p>Alcohol is an addictive substance and adverse effects of drinking occur at moderate to heavy levels in some individuals. Current evidence suggests that moderate drinking is associated with a lower risk for coronary heart disease in some individuals. However, higher levels of alcohol intake raise the risk for high blood pressure, stroke, heart disease, certain cancers, accidents, violence, suicides, birth defects, and overall mortality (deaths). Too much alcohol may cause cirrhosis of the liver, inflammation of the pancreas, and damage to the brain and heart. Heavy drinkers also are at risk of malnutrition because alcohol contains calories that may substitute for those in more nutritious foods. The digestion system of alcoholics has reduced ability to absorb certain nutrients, causing other illnesses.</p></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-FM-30"> <div class="views-label views-label-FM-30 field-label">Broader Problems: </div> <span class="field-content"><a href="/en/problem/134223" title="Chronic alcoholism ">Chronic alcoholism </a></br><a href="/en/problem/144608" title="Man-made diseases">Man-made diseases</a></br><a href="/en/problem/145248" title="Consumption of alcohol">Consumption of alcohol</a></br><a href="/en/problem/133101" title="Social costs of substance abuse">Social costs of substance abuse</a></br><a href="/en/problem/133240" title="Health hazards from food and drink">Health hazards from food and drink</a></br></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-FM-31"> <div class="views-label views-label-FM-31 field-label">Narrower Problems: </div> <span class="field-content"><a href="/en/problem/145995" title="Gout">Gout</a></br><a href="/en/problem/145973" title="Dropsy">Dropsy</a></br><a href="/en/problem/133019" title="Obesity">Obesity</a></br><a href="/en/problem/149174" title="Laryngitis">Laryngitis</a></br><a href="/en/problem/146051" title="Haemorrhoids">Haemorrhoids</a></br><a href="/en/problem/154618" title="Pancreatitis">Pancreatitis</a></br><a href="/en/problem/134715" title="Liver diseases">Liver diseases</a></br><a href="/en/problem/138392" title="Gastric ulcers">Gastric ulcers</a></br><a href="/en/problem/135922" title="Heart disorders">Heart disorders</a></br><a href="/en/problem/167620" title="Phenylketonuria">Phenylketonuria</a></br><a href="/en/problem/151730" title="Alcohol poisoning">Alcohol poisoning</a></br><a href="/en/problem/132501" title="Cluster headaches">Cluster headaches</a></br><a href="/en/problem/141895" title="Chronic gastritis">Chronic gastritis</a></br><a href="/en/problem/157349" title="Korsakoff syndrome">Korsakoff syndrome</a></br><a href="/en/problem/149831" title="Alcoholic psychosis">Alcoholic psychosis</a></br><a href="/en/problem/158497" title="Wormwood intoxication">Wormwood intoxication</a></br><a href="/en/problem/139381" title="Sleep terror disorder">Sleep terror disorder</a></br><a href="/en/problem/138990" title="Essential hypertension">Essential hypertension</a></br><a href="/en/problem/142667" title="Foetal alcohol syndrome">Foetal alcohol syndrome</a></br><a href="/en/problem/132616" title="Nutritional deficiencies">Nutritional deficiencies</a></br><a href="/en/problem/157350" title="Wernicke's encephalopathy">Wernicke's encephalopathy</a></br><a href="/en/problem/136374" title="Diseases and injuries of the brain">Diseases and injuries of the brain</a></br><a href="/en/problem/164551" title="Alcoholic dementia">Alcoholic dementia</a></br><a href="/en/problem/135777" title="Chronic pseudo-obstruction syndrome">Chronic pseudo-obstruction syndrome</a></br><a href="/en/problem/139236" title="Malignant neoplasm of mouth and throat">Malignant neoplasm of mouth and throat</a></br></span> </div></li> <li> <div class="views-field views-field-docid"> <span class="field-content"> <div id="d3vis" style="margin-right:3px !important;width:600px;"> <iframe src="/sites/en.uia.org/visuals/round.php?docid=11447900&vol=problems&dataset=narrow" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no" width="600" height="600" border="0" frameborder="0" style="border:1px solid #EEE;width:600px;height:600px;"></iframe> <br />Experimental visualization of narrower problems </div> </span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-FM-16"> <h1 class="field-content homeslidelink"><a href="/en/problem/136525">Inadequate health services</a></h1> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-FM-24"> <div class="views-label views-label-FM-24 field-label">Nature: </div> <span class="field-content"><p>The degree of general health improvement achieved by public and private health services is not as high as might be desired. Although technical knowledge for achieving better health is available, in most countries this knowledge is not being put to the best advantage of the greatest number. Health resources are allocated mainly to sophisticated medical institutions in urban areas. Rather than better health for the average person, "improvement of health" tends to be equated with the provision of medical care dispensed by growing numbers of specialists, using narrow medical technologies for the benefit of the privileged few. At the same time, access of large segments of the world's population to health services is limited or non-existent; disadvantaged groups throughout the world have no access to any permanent form of health care. These groups probably total four-fifths of the world's population, living mainly in rural areas and urban slums.</p><p>In some countries, even though health facilities are located within easy reach, inability to pay or cultural taboos put them out of bounds. To complicate matters, health systems are often devised outside the mainstream of social and economic development, frequently restricting themselves to medical care, although industrialization and deliberate alteration of the environment are creating health problems whose proper control lies far beyond the scope of medical care. Such services operate in an isolated manner, neglecting other factors contributing to human wellbeing such as education, communications, agriculture, social organization, community motivation and involvement. This ignores the fact that health cannot be attained by the health sector alone.</p><p>In developing countries in particular, economic development, anti-poverty measures, food production, water, sanitation, housing, environmental protection and education all contribute to health and have the same goal of human development. The pace of technological and economic development requires an intensified release of human energy, placing heightened importance on physical stamina as a precondition. However, although the current diet upon which people exist may appear to be ample, it lacks the nutritional balance to sustain regular participation in a modernized society. In addition, a whole complex of issues such as safe water, refrigeration and basic hygiene remain relatively undeveloped and therefore continues to perpetuate illness that drains vitality. The sheer number of people in the care of one doctor, the remoteness of proper medical facilities and the high cost of treatment prevent early detection of disease; continuation of energy-draining low-grade infections results in either long-lasting or permanently chronic defects. The care of the physical well-being of rural people when called upon to make such efforts at development is a crucial factor that cannot be neglected.</p></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-FM-30"> <div class="views-label views-label-FM-30 field-label">Broader Problems: </div> <span class="field-content"><a href="/en/problem/144601" title="Lack of care">Lack of care</a></br><a href="/en/problem/135753" title="Lack of planning">Lack of planning</a></br><a href="/en/problem/138858" title="Dangerous countries">Dangerous countries</a></br><a href="/en/problem/140170" title="Inadequate resources for health">Inadequate resources for health</a></br><a href="/en/problem/140612" title="Weakness of socio-economic infrastructure">Weakness of socio-economic infrastructure</a></br><a href="/en/problem/135538" title="Uncoordinated social services in urban areas">Uncoordinated social services in urban areas</a></br><a href="/en/problem/134746" title="Inefficient public spending to alleviate poverty">Inefficient public spending to alleviate poverty</a></br><a href="/en/problem/134640" title="Ineffective delivery of basic human resource services">Ineffective delivery of basic human resource services</a></br><a href="/en/problem/135082" title="Insufficient government spending on cost-effective activities">Insufficient government spending on cost-effective activities</a></br></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-FM-31"> <div class="views-label views-label-FM-31 field-label">Narrower Problems: </div> <span class="field-content"><a href="/en/problem/144538" title="Misdiagnosis">Misdiagnosis</a></br><a href="/en/problem/144544" title="Surgical mistakes">Surgical mistakes</a></br><a href="/en/problem/139439" title="Iatrogenic disease">Iatrogenic disease</a></br><a href="/en/problem/132810" title="Medical complications">Medical complications</a></br><a href="/en/problem/149098" title="Inadequate dental care">Inadequate dental care</a></br><a href="/en/problem/153439" title="Complex health delivery">Complex health delivery</a></br><a href="/en/problem/153440" title="Lack of medical records">Lack of medical records</a></br><a href="/en/problem/152305" title="Curative health mindset">Curative health mindset</a></br><a href="/en/problem/143463" title="Inadequacy of psychiatry">Inadequacy of psychiatry</a></br><a href="/en/problem/149075" title="Inadequate health control">Inadequate health control</a></br><a href="/en/problem/152059" title="Unprofessional health care">Unprofessional health care</a></br><a href="/en/problem/151177" title="Lack of medical information">Lack of medical information</a></br><a href="/en/problem/135076" title="Prohibitive medical expenses">Prohibitive medical expenses</a></br><a href="/en/problem/141398" title="Massive avoidable ill-health">Massive avoidable ill-health</a></br><a href="/en/problem/145717" title="Inadequate medical facilities">Inadequate medical facilities</a></br><a href="/en/problem/133674" title="Insufficient health personnel">Insufficient health personnel</a></br><a href="/en/problem/134698" title="Dehumanization of health care">Dehumanization of health care</a></br><a href="/en/problem/144543" title="Inadequacy of medical science">Inadequacy of medical science</a></br><a href="/en/problem/153441" title="Restrictive medical practices">Restrictive medical practices</a></br><a href="/en/problem/143007" title="Unsafe blood-related products">Unsafe blood-related products</a></br><a href="/en/problem/148843" title="Inadequate primary health care">Inadequate primary health care</a></br><a href="/en/problem/153442" title="Fragmented care of drug addicts">Fragmented care of drug addicts</a></br><a href="/en/problem/153443" title="Language barriers to health care">Language barriers to health care</a></br><a href="/en/problem/136526" title="Inadequate radiological services">Inadequate radiological services</a></br><a href="/en/problem/153444" title="Unavailability of local dentists">Unavailability of local dentists</a></br><a href="/en/problem/153445" title="Neglect of adolescent health care">Neglect of adolescent health care</a></br><a href="/en/problem/141311" title="Irregular hospital transportation">Irregular hospital transportation</a></br><a href="/en/problem/147242" title="Inadequate mental illness services">Inadequate mental illness services</a></br><a href="/en/problem/152290" title="Inappropriate managed care regimes">Inappropriate managed care regimes</a></br><a href="/en/problem/138984" title="Inaccessibility of health services">Inaccessibility of health services</a></br><a href="/en/problem/148146" title="Over-specialization in medical care">Over-specialization in medical care</a></br><a href="/en/problem/153446" title="Inadequate health care in urban slums">Inadequate health care in urban slums</a></br><a href="/en/problem/153447" title="Inadequate emergency medical services">Inadequate emergency medical services</a></br><a href="/en/problem/144504" title="Delay in administration of medical care">Delay in administration of medical care</a></br><a href="/en/problem/153448" title="Inadequate occupational health services">Inadequate occupational health services</a></br><a href="/en/problem/153449" title="Limited availability of health resources">Limited availability of health resources</a></br><a href="/en/problem/153450" title="Discrimination against women in health care">Discrimination against women in health care</a></br><a href="/en/problem/153451" title="Non-surveillance of medical high risk persons">Non-surveillance of medical high risk persons</a></br><a href="/en/problem/153452" title="Inadequate health services following nuclear war">Inadequate health services following nuclear war</a></br><a href="/en/problem/144142" title="Denial of adequate medical care to skilled labour">Denial of adequate medical care to skilled labour</a></br><a href="/en/problem/153453" title="Excessive exposure of medical patients to radiation">Excessive exposure of medical patients to radiation</a></br><a href="/en/problem/153454" title="Resistance to incorporating midwives in medical care systems">Resistance to incorporating midwives in medical care systems</a></br><a href="/en/problem/153455" title="Inadequate working conditions in health and medical services">Inadequate working conditions in health and medical services</a></br></span> </div></li> <li> <div class="views-field views-field-docid"> <span class="field-content"> <div id="d3vis" style="margin-right:3px !important;width:600px;"> <iframe src="/sites/en.uia.org/visuals/round.php?docid=11320240&vol=problems&dataset=narrow" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no" width="600" height="600" border="0" frameborder="0" style="border:1px solid #EEE;width:600px;height:600px;"></iframe> <br />Experimental visualization of narrower problems </div> </span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-FM-16"> <h1 class="field-content homeslidelink"><a href="/en/problem/135415">Hunting of animals</a></h1> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-FM-24"> <div class="views-label views-label-FM-24 field-label">Nature: </div> <span class="field-content"><p>Hunting is the seeking, pursuance and capture or destruction of game and wild animals for subsistence, profit or sport. Most governments establish "open" and "closed" hunting seasons and require hunters to be licensed. However, in some parts of the world the number of individuals wishing to hunt as a sport and who take advantage of the open season is increasing to such an extent that problems are being created. Numbers of people are shot every year in hunting accidents. However, uncontrolled hunting is clearly most destructive of wildlife and may severely endanger rare species. Depending on the animals hunted, certain methods of hunting may be either cruel or wantonly destructive. Examples are the use of automatic weapons, nets, hand grenades, dynamite (in rivers and lakes), certain types of poison, or use of dogs. Despite claims by hunters that shooting an animal is more humane than death by starvation, many game animals are left wounded by unskilled hunters and many others are claimed to have been killed by error. Untended traps are a possible source of injury to humans, as is the possibility of bites from trapped animals. A major reason for the overpopulation of certain animals is the destruction of their natural predators by man. This upsets a delicate ecological balance in nature.</p></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-FM-30"> <div class="views-label views-label-FM-30 field-label">Broader Problems: </div> <span class="field-content"><a href="/en/problem/138348" title="Cruel sports">Cruel sports</a></br><a href="/en/problem/136250" title="Lack of control">Lack of control</a></br><a href="/en/problem/135417" title="Misuse of wild animals">Misuse of wild animals</a></br><a href="/en/problem/133956" title="Dangerous sporting activity">Dangerous sporting activity</a></br><a href="/en/problem/132612" title="Human consumption of animals">Human consumption of animals</a></br></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-FM-31"> <div class="views-label views-label-FM-31 field-label">Narrower Problems: </div> <span class="field-content"><a href="/en/problem/154499" title="Poaching">Poaching</a></br><a href="/en/problem/137286" title="Fox hunting">Fox hunting</a></br><a href="/en/problem/135413" title="Stag hunting">Stag hunting</a></br><a href="/en/problem/139029" title="Bird shooting">Bird shooting</a></br><a href="/en/problem/160358" title="Badger-baiting">Badger-baiting</a></br><a href="/en/problem/137287" title="Hunting tourism">Hunting tourism</a></br><a href="/en/problem/160359" title="Hunting of hares">Hunting of hares</a></br><a href="/en/problem/152670" title="Fishing for sport">Fishing for sport</a></br><a href="/en/problem/134110" title="Trapping of animals">Trapping of animals</a></br><a href="/en/problem/136273" title="Hunting of marine animals">Hunting of marine animals</a></br><a href="/en/problem/154835" title="Unenforced hunting regulations">Unenforced hunting regulations</a></br><a href="/en/problem/156758" title="Unjustified culling of wild animals">Unjustified culling of wild animals</a></br><a href="/en/problem/158883" title="Indiscriminate slaughter of animals for pelts">Indiscriminate slaughter of animals for pelts</a></br><a href="/en/problem/136275" title="Eating endangered animals">Eating endangered animals</a></br></span> </div></li> <li> <div class="views-field views-field-docid"> <span class="field-content"> <div id="d3vis" style="margin-right:3px !important;width:600px;"> <iframe src="/sites/en.uia.org/visuals/round.php?docid=11305550&vol=problems&dataset=narrow" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no" width="600" height="600" border="0" frameborder="0" style="border:1px solid #EEE;width:600px;height:600px;"></iframe> <br />Experimental visualization of narrower problems </div> </span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-FM-16"> <h1 class="field-content homeslidelink"><a href="/en/problem/143726">Plant diseases</a></h1> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-FM-24"> <div class="views-label views-label-FM-24 field-label">Nature: </div> <span class="field-content"><p>Plant disease can be simply defined as any deviation from normal vegetative health and growth; and more scientifically as an injurious physiological process caused by the continued irritation of a primary causal factor, exhibited through abnormal cellular activity and expressed in characteristic pathological conditions called symptoms.</p><p>Some diseases can be attributed to inanimate and nonparasitic factors such as adverse environmental conditions. Physical and mechanical damage brought about by violent storms, improper cultivation practices, etc, besides being disastrous in themselves, may prepare the way for widespread infection by other disease agents. Living agents such as insects not only interfere directly with plant metabolism, but also frequently carry other disease agents from plant. A number of economically important disease-causing factors are plants themselves: bacteria and fungi. Algae are responsible for some relatively unimportant tropical plant diseases. Among flowering plants only a few forms are of occasional importance. Several slime moulds, numerous viruses and nematodes are also important agents of plant disease.</p><p>The symptoms of plant diseases may be death (necrosis) of all or any part of the plant, loss of turgor (wilt), overgrowths, stunting, or various other changes in the structure of the plant. A rapid death of foliage is often called blight, whereas localized necrosis results in leaf spots. Necrosis of stems or bark results in cankers. Overgrowths composed primarily of undifferentiated cells are called galls, or, less commonly, tumours. Chlorosis (lack of chlorophyll in varying degree) is the most common nonstructural evidence of disease. In leaves it may occur in stripes or in irregular spots (mosaic). These symptoms grade into one another and overlap. Often two or more bacteria, fungi, viruses or a combination of them together attack a plant to produce much greater damage than that resulting from a single agent alone. Furthermore, a plant which is already suffering from a deficient environment is more susceptible to attack by such agents.</p></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-FM-30"> <div class="views-label views-label-FM-30 field-label">Broader Problems: </div> <span class="field-content"><a href="/en/problem/136455" title="Disease">Disease</a></br><a href="/en/problem/147722" title="Hazards to plants">Hazards to plants</a></br><a href="/en/problem/148278" title="Vulnerability of organisms">Vulnerability of organisms</a></br></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-FM-31"> <div class="views-label views-label-FM-31 field-label">Narrower Problems: </div> <span class="field-content"><a href="/en/problem/143727" title="Plant tumours">Plant tumours</a></br><a href="/en/problem/162499" title="Seed-borne diseases">Seed-borne diseases</a></br><a href="/en/problem/162564" title="Parasites on plants">Parasites on plants</a></br><a href="/en/problem/135336" title="Viral plant diseases">Viral plant diseases</a></br><a href="/en/problem/135338" title="Fungal plant diseases">Fungal plant diseases</a></br><a href="/en/problem/139014" title="Nematoid plant diseases">Nematoid plant diseases</a></br><a href="/en/problem/135344" title="Crop pests and diseases">Crop pests and diseases</a></br><a href="/en/problem/153191" title="Bacterial plant diseases">Bacterial plant diseases</a></br><a href="/en/problem/138072" title="Symptoms of plant disease">Symptoms of plant disease</a></br><a href="/en/problem/144512" title="Pests and diseases of trees">Pests and diseases of trees</a></br><a href="/en/problem/147694" title="Uncontrolled plant diseases">Uncontrolled plant diseases</a></br><a href="/en/problem/143729" title="Environmental plant diseases">Environmental plant diseases</a></br><a href="/en/problem/144778" title="Plant diseases caused by oomycetes">Plant diseases caused by oomycetes</a></br></span> </div></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div>  </div>   </div> </div>   <div id="footer" class="clearfix"> <div class="container_12">  <div id="footer-inside" class="clearfix"> <div class="grid_8"> <div class="footer-area clearfix"> <div class="region region-footer-first"> <div id="block-block-7" class="block block-block"> <h2>About the Encyclopedia</h2> <div class="content"> <p><em>The Encyclopedia of World Problems and Human Potential</em> is a unique, experimental research work of the <a href="https://uia.org">Union of International Associations</a>. It is currently published as a searchable online platform with profiles of world problems, action strategies, and human values that are interlinked in novel and innovative ways. These connections are based on a range of relationships such as broader and narrower scope, aggravation, relatedness and more. By concentrating on these links and relationships, the Encyclopedia is uniquely positioned to bring focus to the complex and expansive sphere of global issues and their interconnected nature.</p><p>The initial content for the Encyclopedia was seeded from UIA鈥檚 <a href="https://uia.org/yearbook"><em>Yearbook of International Organizations</em></a>. UIA鈥檚 decades of collected data on the enormous variety of association life provided a broad initial perspective on the myriad problems of humanity. 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It聽was聽<a href="https://uia.org/history">established</a>聽in 1907, by聽<a href="https://uia.org/henri-la-fontaine-1854-1943">Henri la Fontaine</a>聽(Nobel Peace Prize laureate of 1913), and聽<a href="https://uia.org/paul-otlet-1868-1944">Paul Otlet</a>, a founding father of what is now聽called information science.<br />聽</p><p>Non-profit, apolitical, independent, and non-governmental in nature, the UIA has been a pioneer in the research, monitoring and provision of information on international聽organizations, international associations and their global challenges since 1907.</p><p><a href="https://uia.org" title="Union of International Associations">www.uia.org</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div> </div>   <div id="subfooter" class="clearfix"> <div class="container_12">  <div id="subfooter-inside" class="clearfix"> <div class="grid_12">   </div> </div>  </div> </div>  </div>  <script type="text/javascript" src="http://encyclopedia.uia.org/sites/all/modules/contrib/flexslider/assets/js/flexslider.load.js?sn8mks"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> </body> </html>