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(1835–1906)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/William_Shatner" title="William Shatner">William Shatner</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output 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background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">William Rufus Shafter</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Rufus_Shafter_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/William_Rufus_Shafter_1898.jpg/220px-William_Rufus_Shafter_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/William_Rufus_Shafter_1898.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="500" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="font-size: 100%">Shafter in 1898</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Nickname(s)</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">"Pecos Bill"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">October 16, 1835<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart bday">1835-10-16</span>)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Galesburg,_Michigan" title="Galesburg, Michigan">Galesburg, Michigan</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">November 12, 1906<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend dday deathdate">1906-11-13</span>)</span> (aged 71)<br /><a href="/wiki/Bakersfield,_California" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield, California</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Place of burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_National_Cemetery" title="San Francisco National Cemetery">San Francisco National Cemetery</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, California, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/43px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6336" data-file-height="4992" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1861–1901</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_Army_major_general_rank_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Union_Army_major_general_rank_insignia.svg/35px-Union_Army_major_general_rank_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Union_Army_major_general_rank_insignia.svg/53px-Union_Army_major_general_rank_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Union_Army_major_general_rank_insignia.svg/70px-Union_Army_major_general_rank_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="183" data-file-height="68" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major General</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/7th_Michigan_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="7th Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment">7th Michigan Infantry Regiment</a><br /><a href="/wiki/19th_Michigan_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="19th Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment">19th Michigan Infantry Regiment</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/17th_United_States_Colored_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="17th United States Colored Infantry">17th U.S. Colored Infantry Regiment</a><br /><a href="/wiki/24th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="24th Infantry Regiment (United States)">24th U.S. Infantry Regiment</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Army_Corps_(Spanish-American_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Army Corps (Spanish-American War)">Fifth Army Corps</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Department_of_California" title="Department of California">Department of California</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> <ul><li>Operations in Northern Virginia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ball%27s_Bluff" title="Battle of Ball's Bluff">Battle of Ball's Bluff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_campaign" title="Peninsula campaign">Peninsula campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">Richmond–Petersburg campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fair_Oaks_%26_Darbytown_Road" title="Battle of Fair Oaks & Darbytown Road">Battle of Fair Oaks</a></li></ul></li> <li>Middle Tennessee Operations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thompson%27s_Station" title="Battle of Thompson's Station">Battle of Thompson's Station</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin%E2%80%93Nashville_campaign" title="Franklin–Nashville campaign">Franklin–Nashville campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nashville" title="Battle of Nashville">Battle of Nashville</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Santiago_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Campaignbox Santiago Campaign">Santiago Campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_Hill" title="Battle of San Juan Hill">Battle of San Juan Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Caney" title="Battle of El Caney">Battle of El Caney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Santiago" title="Siege of Santiago">Siege of Santiago</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>William Rufus Shafter</b> (October 16, 1835 – November 12, 1906) was a <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> officer during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> who received America's highest military decoration, the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a>, for his actions at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fair_Oaks_%26_Darbytown_Road" title="Battle of Fair Oaks & Darbytown Road">Battle of Fair Oaks</a>. Shafter also played a prominent part as a <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">major general</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fort_Shafter" title="Fort Shafter">Fort Shafter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, is named for him, as well as the city of <a href="/wiki/Shafter,_California" title="Shafter, California">Shafter, California</a> and the ghost town of <a href="/wiki/Shafter,_Texas" title="Shafter, Texas">Shafter, Texas</a>. He was nicknamed "Pecos Bill",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETSHA,_Carlson,_''Shafter,_William_Rufus''_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETSHA,_Carlson,_''Shafter,_William_Rufus''-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> inspiration for the <a href="/wiki/Pecos_Bill" title="Pecos Bill">fictional character of the same name</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tall_tales" class="mw-redirect" title="Tall tales">tall tales</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Rufus_Shafter&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shafter was born in <a href="/wiki/Galesburg,_Michigan" title="Galesburg, Michigan">Galesburg, Michigan</a> on October 16, 1835. His ancestors were of Scots-Irish descent and originally were settlers in <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>. On his father's side, the family was of Scots-Irish descent, as his ancestor came from Northern Ireland and Scotland, arriving in Massachusetts in the year 1670. Subsequently, the Shafters later settled in Vermont.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_Civil_War_and_Indian_Wars">American Civil War and Indian Wars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Rufus_Shafter&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: American Civil War and Indian Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shafter served as a 1st lieutenant the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">U.S. Army</a>'s <a href="/wiki/7th_Michigan_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="7th Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment">7th Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment</a> at the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ball%27s_Bluff" title="Battle of Ball's Bluff">Ball's Bluff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fair_Oaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Fair Oaks">Fair Oaks</a>. He was wounded at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fair_Oaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Fair Oaks">Battle of Fair Oaks</a> and later received the Medal of Honor for heroism during the battle. He led a charge on the first day of the battle and was wounded towards the close of that day's fighting. In order to stay with his regiment he concealed his wounds, fighting on the second day of the battle. On August 22, 1862, he was mustered out of the volunteer service but returned to the field as major in the <a href="/wiki/19th_Michigan_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="19th Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment">19th Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment</a>. He was captured at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thompson%27s_Station" title="Battle of Thompson's Station">Battle of Thompson's Station</a> and spent three months in a <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate</a> prison.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1864 after his release he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">colonel</a> of the <a href="/wiki/17th_United_States_Colored_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="17th United States Colored Infantry">17th United States Colored Infantry</a> and led the regiment at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nashville" title="Battle of Nashville">Battle of Nashville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the war, he had been promoted to <a href="/wiki/Brevet_(military)" title="Brevet (military)">brevet</a> <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">brigadier general of volunteers</a>. He stayed in the <a href="/wiki/Regular_Army_(United_States)" title="Regular Army (United States)">regular army</a> when the war ended.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETSHA_''Shafter,_William_Rufus''_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETSHA_''Shafter,_William_Rufus''-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his subsequent service in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a>, he received his "Pecos Bill" nickname. He led the 24th Infantry, another <a href="/wiki/United_States_Colored_Troops" title="United States Colored Troops">United States Colored Troops</a> regiment, in campaigns against the <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_people" title="Kickapoo people">Kickapoo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a> Indian warriors in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>. While commander of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Davis_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Davis National Historic Site">Fort Davis</a>, he started a controversial court-martial of second lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Henry_Flipper" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Flipper">Henry Flipper</a>, the first black cadet to graduate from West Point. In May 1897 he was appointed as a <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">brigadier general</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spanish–American_War"><span id="Spanish.E2.80.93American_War"></span>Spanish–American War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Rufus_Shafter&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Spanish–American War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Wheeler_and_William_R._Shafter_in_Cuba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Joseph_Wheeler_and_William_R._Shafter_in_Cuba.jpg/220px-Joseph_Wheeler_and_William_R._Shafter_in_Cuba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Joseph_Wheeler_and_William_R._Shafter_in_Cuba.jpg/330px-Joseph_Wheeler_and_William_R._Shafter_in_Cuba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Joseph_Wheeler_and_William_R._Shafter_in_Cuba.jpg/440px-Joseph_Wheeler_and_William_R._Shafter_in_Cuba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="1171" /></a><figcaption>Generals <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wheeler" title="Joseph Wheeler">Joseph Wheeler</a> (left) and William Rufus Shafter in Cuba, 1898</figcaption></figure> <p>Just before the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, Shafter was commander of the Department of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. Shafter was an unlikely candidate for command of the expedition to Cuba. He was approaching 63, weighed over 300 pounds and suffered from <a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">gout</a>. Nevertheless, he received a promotion to Major General of Volunteers and command of the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Army_Corps_(Spanish-American_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Army Corps (Spanish-American War)">Fifth Army Corps</a> being assembled in Tampa, Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMessenger201738_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMessenger201738-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One possible reason for his being given this command was his lack of political ambitions. </p><p>Shafter appeared to maintain a very loose control over the expedition to Cuba from the beginning, commencing with a very disorganized landing at Daiquiri on the southern coast of Cuba. Confusion prevailed over landing priorities and the <a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">chain of command</a>. When <a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Sumner" title="Samuel S. Sumner">General Sumner</a> refused to allow the Army's <a href="/wiki/Gatling_Gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Gatling Gun">Gatling Gun</a> Detachment - which had priority - to disembark from the transport <i>Cherokee</i> on the grounds that the lieutenant commanding the detachment did not have the rank to enforce his priority, Shafter had to personally intervene, returning to the ship in a steam launch to enforce his demand that the guns come off immediately.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParkerWeigle1898_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParkerWeigle1898-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the disembarkation, Shafter sent forward Fifth Corps' Cavalry Division under <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wheeler" title="Joseph Wheeler">Joseph Wheeler</a> to reconnoiter the road to <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a>. Apparently disregarding orders, Wheeler brought on a fight which escalated into the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Guasimas" title="Battle of Las Guasimas">Battle of Las Guasimas</a>. Shafter apparently did not realize the battle was even underway nor did he say anything to Wheeler about it afterward. </p><p>A plan was finally developed for the attack on Santiago. Shafter would send his 1st Division (at the time, brigade and division numbers were not unique outside their parent formation) to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Caney" title="Battle of El Caney">attack El Caney</a> while his 2nd Division and the Cavalry Division would attack the heights south of El Caney known as San Juan Hill. Originally, Shafter planned to lead his forces from the front, but he suffered greatly from the tropical heat and was confined to his headquarters far to the rear and out of sight of the fighting. Unable to see the battle firsthand, he never developed a coherent chain of command. Shafter's offensive battle plans were both simplistic and extremely vague. He seemed to be unaware or unconcerned about the mass killing effect of modern military weapons technology possessed by the Spanish. Further, his intelligence-gathering efforts on Spanish troop dispositions and equipment was extremely meager, though he had a number of sources available to him, including reconnaissance reports by Cuban rebel forces as well as espionage obtained from indigenous Cubans. </p><p>During the hurried attack on El Caney and <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_San_Juan_Hill_and_Kettle_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Battles of San Juan Hill and Kettle Hill">San Juan Heights</a>, American forces, who had packed the available roads and were unable maneuver, suffered heavy losses from Spanish troops equipped with modern repeating smokeless powder rifles and breech-loading artillery, while the short-ranged black-powder guns of U.S. artillery units were unable to respond effectively. Additional casualties were incurred in the actual assault, which was marked by a series of brave but disorganized and uncoordinated advances. After suffering some 1,400 casualties, and aided by a single Gatling Gun detachment for fire support, American troops successfully stormed and occupied both El Caney and San Juan Heights. </p><p>The next task for Shafter was the investment and siege of the city of Santiago and its garrison. However, the extent of the American losses were becoming known at Shafter's headquarters back at Sevilla (his gout, poor physical condition, and huge bulk did not allow him to go to the front). The casualties were delivered not only by messenger report, but also by "meat wagons" delivering the wounded and dying to the hospital. Viewing the carnage, Shafter began to waver in his determination to defeat the Spanish at Santiago. He knew his troops' position was tenuous, but again had little intelligence on the hardships of the Spanish inside beleaguered Santiago. Shafter felt the Navy was doing little to relieve the pressure on his forces. Supplies could not be delivered to the front, leaving his men in want of necessities, particularly food rations. Shafter himself was ill, and very weak. With this view of events, Shafter sent a dramatic message to Washington. He suggested that the army should give up its attack and all its gains for the day, and withdraw to safer ground about five miles away. Fortunately, by the time this message reached Washington, Shafter changed his mind, and instead renewed siege operations after demanding the Spanish surrender the city and garrison of Santiago. With the victory of the U.S. Navy at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Battle of Santiago de Cuba">Battle of Santiago de Cuba</a>, by Admirals <a href="/wiki/William_T._Sampson" title="William T. Sampson">William T. Sampson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Schley" title="Winfield Scott Schley">Winfield Scott Schley</a>, the fate of the Spanish position at Santiago was sealed. Shortly afterward, the Spanish commander surrendered the city. </p><p>'Campaigning in Cuba' by George Kennan, 1899 (available on Gutenberg) presents a totally damning account of Shafter's command in the Cuba campaign by a gifted correspondent who was with the troops from Tampa to return: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Morbidly obese at 300 lbs with gout and probably diabetes at 63, Shafter should have been in a hospice, not a tropical hellhole where malaria, yellow fever and dysentery annihilated most of the invasion force within three weeks. Shafter himself was a basket case. Complete planning /logistical incompetence in Washington meant troops had virtually no medical supplies, or adequate rations or means to boil drinking water, and were forced to sleep on the wet ground in wet winter-weight uniforms as no shelters of hammocks were available. One of the most shameful events in US armed forces history for the waste of enlisted men.</p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_R._Shafter_headstone.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/William_R._Shafter_headstone.JPG/220px-William_R._Shafter_headstone.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/William_R._Shafter_headstone.JPG/330px-William_R._Shafter_headstone.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/William_R._Shafter_headstone.JPG/440px-William_R._Shafter_headstone.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Shafter's headstone at San Francisco National Cemetery</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Postwar_career_and_retirement">Postwar career and retirement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Rufus_Shafter&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Postwar career and retirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With disease rampant in the American army in Cuba, Shafter and many of his officers favored a quick withdrawal from Cuba. Shafter personally left Cuba in September 1898. And after a stay in quarantine at <a href="/wiki/Camp_Wikoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp Wikoff">Camp Wikoff</a>, Shafter returned to serve as Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_California" title="Department of California">Department of California</a> from May 1897 through February 1901. </p><p>As Commander he oversaw the supplying of the Army's expedition to the Philippines, which escalated into the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a> during the last years of Shafter's career. Hostilities broke out on February 4, 1899, and the war lasted through July 2, 1902, past Shafter's retirement. When the war was three months old, the Commander shared his views with the Chicago News: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It may be necessary to kill half the Filipinos in order that the remaining half of the population may be advanced to a higher plane of life than their present semi-barbarous state affords.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Shafter reiterated his opinion in January 1900: "My plan would be to disarm the natives of the Philippine Islands, even if I have to kill half of them to do it. Then I would treat the rest of them with perfect justice."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholarBank@NUS_''Triumph_of_Tagalog''_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholarBank@NUS_''Triumph_of_Tagalog''-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shafter was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_Loyal_Legion_of_the_United_States" title="Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States">Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_Foreign_Wars" title="Military Order of Foreign Wars">Military Order of Foreign Wars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Sons of the American Revolution">Sons of the American Revolution</a>. </p><p>Shafter retired in 1901 to a 60 acres (24 ha) farm next to his daughter's land<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETSHA,_Carlson,_''Shafter,_William_Rufus''_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETSHA,_Carlson,_''Shafter,_William_Rufus''-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Bakersfield, California. He died there in 1906 and is buried at <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_National_Cemetery" title="San Francisco National Cemetery">San Francisco National Cemetery</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Rufus_Shafter&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shafter was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Rodger_Boyce" title="Rodger Boyce">Rodger Boyce</a> in the 1997 film <i><a href="/wiki/Rough_Riders_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rough Riders (film)">Rough Riders</a></i>. Shafter appeared in the 1898 film <i><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_General_Toral" title="Surrender of General Toral">Surrender of General Toral</a></i>. </p><p>Shafter is also notable for the fact that he has the highest known <a href="/wiki/Six_Degrees_of_Kevin_Bacon" title="Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon">Bacon Number</a> in the parlor game Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon, at 10.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Kids.Net.Au''_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Kids.Net.Au''-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medal_of_Honor_citation">Medal of Honor citation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Rufus_Shafter&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Medal of Honor citation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medal_of_honor_old.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Medal_of_honor_old.jpg/80px-Medal_of_honor_old.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Medal_of_honor_old.jpg/120px-Medal_of_honor_old.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Medal_of_honor_old.jpg/160px-Medal_of_honor_old.jpg 2x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="619" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Rank and Organization:</b> </p> <dl><dd>First Lieutenant, Company I, 7th Michigan Infantry. Place and Date: At Fair Oaks, Va., May 31, 1862. Entered Service At: Galesburg, Mich. Birth: Kalamazoo, Mich. Date of Issue: June 12, 1895.</dd></dl> <p><b>Citation:</b> </p> <dl><dd>Lt. Shafter was engaged in bridge construction and not being needed there returned with his men to engage the enemy participating in a charge across an open field that resulted in casualties to 18 of the 22 men. At the close of the battle his horse was shot from under him and he was severely flesh wounded. He remained on the field that day and stayed to fight the next day only by concealing his wounds. In order not to be sent home with the wounded he kept his wounds concealed for another 3 days until other wounded had left the area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEACW,_''Shafter,_William_R.''_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEACW,_''Shafter,_William_R.''-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUSA-CMH_''Shafter,_William_R.''_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSA-CMH_''Shafter,_William_R.''-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_awards">Military awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Rufus_Shafter&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Military awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Campaign_Medal" title="Civil War Campaign Medal">Civil War Campaign Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Campaign_Medal" title="Indian Campaign Medal">Indian Campaign Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Campaign_Medal" title="Spanish Campaign Medal">Spanish Campaign Medal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Rufus_Shafter&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/28px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/42px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/56px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="1875" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War" title="Portal:American Civil War">American Civil War portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients" title="List of Medal of Honor recipients">List of Medal of Honor recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_Medal_of_Honor_recipients:_Q%E2%80%93S#S" title="List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: Q–S">List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: Q–S</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Rufus_Shafter&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Footnotes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 50em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shafter served this part of the war in the Eastern theater.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In this period, he was transferred to the Western theater.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chicago News, April 18, 1899, as quoted in Van Meter<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Meter1900368_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Meter1900368-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETSHA,_Carlson,_''Shafter,_William_Rufus''-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETSHA,_Carlson,_''Shafter,_William_Rufus''_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETSHA,_Carlson,_''Shafter,_William_Rufus''_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTSHA,_Carlson,_Shafter,_William_Rufus">TSHA, Carlson, <i>Shafter, William Rufus</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPress_Biographical_Company1903" class="citation book cs1">Press Biographical Company (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OqtLAAAAYAAJ&dq=william+rufus+shafter+scots-irish&pg=PA478"><i>The Successful American</i></a>. United States: Press Biographical Company. p. 478<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Successful+American&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=478&rft.pub=Press+Biographical+Company&rft.date=1903&rft.au=Press+Biographical+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOqtLAAAAYAAJ%26dq%3Dwilliam%2Brufus%2Bshafter%2Bscots-irish%26pg%3DPA478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Rufus+Shafter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETSHA_''Shafter,_William_Rufus''-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETSHA_''Shafter,_William_Rufus''_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTSHA_Shafter,_William_Rufus">TSHA <i>Shafter, William Rufus</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMessenger201738-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMessenger201738_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMessenger2017">Messenger (2017)</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParkerWeigle1898-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParkerWeigle1898_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParkerWeigle1898">Parker & Weigle (1898)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Meter1900368-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Meter1900368_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Meter1900">Van Meter (1900)</a>, p. 368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholarBank@NUS_''Triumph_of_Tagalog''-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholarBank@NUS_''Triumph_of_Tagalog''_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScholarBank@NUS_Triumph_of_Tagalog">ScholarBank@NUS <i>Triumph of Tagalog</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Kids.Net.Au''-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Kids.Net.Au''_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKids.Net.Au"><i>Kids.Net.Au</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEACW,_''Shafter,_William_R.''-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEACW,_''Shafter,_William_R.''_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFACW,_Shafter,_William_R.">ACW, <i>Shafter, William R.</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSA-CMH_''Shafter,_William_R.''-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUSA-CMH_''Shafter,_William_R.''_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUSA-CMH_Shafter,_William_R.">USA-CMH <i>Shafter, William R.</i></a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 50em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreidel1958" class="citation book cs1">Freidel, Frank (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/splendidlittlewa0000unse"><i>The splendid little war</i></a>. Boston: Little, Brown and Co. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/58010069">58010069</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/445698">445698</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+splendid+little+war&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Co.&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F445698&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F58010069&rft.aulast=Freidel&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsplendidlittlewa0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Rufus+Shafter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMessenger2017" class="citation journal cs1">Messenger, Stephen T. (Summer 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26300922">"The Trains Stop at Tampa: Port Mobilization During the Spanish-American War and the Evolution of Army Deployment Operations"</a>. <i>Army History</i> (104): 38. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26300922">26300922</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Army+History&rft.atitle=The+Trains+Stop+at+Tampa%3A+Port+Mobilization+During+the+Spanish-American+War+and+the+Evolution+of+Army+Deployment+Operations&rft.ssn=summer&rft.issue=104&rft.pages=38&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26300922%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Messenger&rft.aufirst=Stephen+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26300922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Rufus+Shafter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Meter1900" class="citation book cs1">Van Meter, Henry Hooker (1 January 1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JiIYAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Truth about the Philippines: From Official Records and Authentic Sources</i></a>. Liberty League. p. 368<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Truth+about+the+Philippines%3A+From+Official+Records+and+Authentic+Sources&rft.pages=368&rft.pub=Liberty+League&rft.date=1900-01-01&rft.aulast=Van+Meter&rft.aufirst=Henry+Hooker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJiIYAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Rufus+Shafter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTSHA,_Carlson,_Shafter,_William_Rufus" class="citation web cs1">Carlson, Paul H. (15 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fsh02">"Shafter, William Rufus"</a>. <i>Handbook of Texas Online</i>. Texas State Historical Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Handbook+of+Texas+Online&rft.atitle=Shafter%2C+William+Rufus&rft.date=2010-06-15&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Paul+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Ffsh02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Rufus+Shafter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFACW,_Shafter,_William_R." class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americancivilwar.com/medal_of_honor8.html">"Civil War Medal of Honor citations (S-Z): Shafter, William R."</a> AmericanCivilWar.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Civil+War+Medal+of+Honor+citations+%28S-Z%29%3A+Shafter%2C+William+R.&rft.pub=AmericanCivilWar.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericancivilwar.com%2Fmedal_of_honor8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Rufus+Shafter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSA-CMH_Shafter,_William_R." class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100707090618/http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/civwarmz.html">"Medal of Honor website (M-Z): Shafter, William R."</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/civwarmz.html">the original</a> on 2010-07-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medal+of+Honor+website+%28M-Z%29%3A+Shafter%2C+William+R.&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Fmoh%2Fcivwarmz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Rufus+Shafter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkerWeigle1898" class="citation book cs1">Parker, John H.; Weigle, John N. (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofgatling00park"><i>History of the Gatling gun detachment, Fifth army corps, at Santiago</i></a>. Kansas City, MO: Hudson-Kimberly Publishing Co. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/98001617">98001617</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5434579">5434579</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Gatling+gun+detachment%2C+Fifth+army+corps%2C+at+Santiago&rft.place=Kansas+City%2C+MO&rft.pub=Hudson-Kimberly+Publishing+Co&rft.date=1898&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5434579&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F98001617&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft.au=Weigle%2C+John+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofgatling00park&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Rufus+Shafter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholarBank@NUS_Triumph_of_Tagalog" class="citation thesis cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/16861"><i>The Triumph of Tagalog and the Dominance of the Discourse on English: Language Politics in the Philippines during the American Colonial Period</i></a>. <i>ScholarBank@NUS</i> (Thesis). May 18, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Triumph+of+Tagalog+and+the+Dominance+of+the+Discourse+on+English%3A+Language+Politics+in+the+Philippines+during+the+American+Colonial+Period&rft.date=2009-05-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarbank.nus.edu.sg%2Fhandle%2F10635%2F16861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Rufus+Shafter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTSHA_Shafter,_William_Rufus" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/shafter-william-rufus">"Shafter, William Rufus (1835–1906)"</a>. <i>Texas State Historical Association</i>. February 3, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+State+Historical+Association&rft.atitle=Shafter%2C+William+Rufus+%281835%E2%80%931906%29&rft.date=2021-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fentries%2Fshafter-william-rufus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Rufus+Shafter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKids.Net.Au" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia.kids.net.au/page/ba/Bacon_number___William_Rufus_Shafter">"Encyclopedia - Bacon number William Rufus Shafter"</a>. <i>Kids.Net.Au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kids.Net.Au&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+-+Bacon+number+William+Rufus+Shafter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.kids.net.au%2Fpage%2Fba%2FBacon_number___William_Rufus_Shafter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Rufus+Shafter" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Further reading</b> </p> <ul><li>Paul H. Carlson, <i>William R. Shafter: Military Commander in the American West</i>, unpublished <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> dissertation, <a href="/wiki/Texas_Tech_University" title="Texas Tech University">Texas Tech University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas" title="Lubbock, Texas">Lubbock, Texas</a>, 1973</li> <li>Paul Carlson, <i>"Pecos Bill", a Military Biography of William R. Shafter</i>. <a href="/wiki/College_Station,_Texas" title="College Station, Texas">College Station, Texas</a>: <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_Press" title="Texas A&M University Press">Texas A&M University Press</a>, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0890963487" title="Special:BookSources/0890963487">0890963487</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Rufus_Shafter&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YKO6BQSdCms"><i>1898 Major General Shafter</i></a>. Thomas Edison. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/YKO6BQSdCms">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-07</span></span>. <q>1898-08-05</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1898+Major+General+Shafter&rft.pub=Thomas+Edison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DYKO6BQSdCms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Rufus+Shafter" class="Z3988"></span> view of Major General Shafter (needs Flash)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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