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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins_(before_650_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_(before_650_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins (before 650 CE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_(before_650_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Centre_of_Christianity_in_the_Netherlands_(650–1579)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Centre_of_Christianity_in_the_Netherlands_(650–1579)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Centre of Christianity in the Netherlands (650–1579)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Centre_of_Christianity_in_the_Netherlands_(650–1579)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prince-bishops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prince-bishops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Prince-bishops</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prince-bishops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Religious buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City_of_Utrecht" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_of_Utrecht"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>City of Utrecht</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_of_Utrecht-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_end_of_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_end_of_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>The end of independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_end_of_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_of_the_Netherlands_(1579–1806)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_the_Netherlands_(1579–1806)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Republic of the Netherlands (1579–1806)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_the_Netherlands_(1579–1806)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history_(1815–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history_(1815–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Modern history (1815–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history_(1815–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Population-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Population subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inhabitants_by_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inhabitants_by_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Inhabitants by origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inhabitants_by_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_centres_and_agglomeration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_centres_and_agglomeration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Population centres and agglomeration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_centres_and_agglomeration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cityscape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Public transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Heavy_rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heavy_rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Heavy rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heavy_rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Light_rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Light_rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Light rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Light_rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bus_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bus_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Bus transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bus_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Cycling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Road transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shipping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shipping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Shipping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shipping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Music and events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people_from_Utrecht" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people_from_Utrecht"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notable people from Utrecht</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people_from_Utrecht-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twin_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Twin towns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Other relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Utrecht</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 120 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-120" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">120 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_(munisipaliteit)" title="Utrecht (munisipaliteit) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Utrecht (munisipaliteit)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%8B%8D%E1%89%B5%E1%88%A8%E1%88%95%E1%89%B5" title="ኢውትረሕት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኢውትረሕት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86ttreocum" title="Ættreocum – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ættreocum" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%AA" title="أترخت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أترخت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%98%DC%9B%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%9F%DC%9B_(%DC%A1%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%AC%DC%90)" title="ܐܘܛܪܝܟܛ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܘܛܪܝܟܛ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utr%C3%A8ct" title="Utrèct – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Utrèct" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrext" title="Utrext – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Utrext" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E2%80%8C" title="ইউট্রেখ্ট‌ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইউট্রেখ্ট‌" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%82" title="Утрэхт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Утрэхт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%82_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Утрэхт (горад) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Утрэхт (горад)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82" title="Утрехт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Утрехт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_(k%C3%AAr)" title="Utrecht (kêr) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Utrecht (kêr)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeente_Utrecht" title="Gemeente Utrecht – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Gemeente Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_(dinas)" title="Utrecht (dinas) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Utrecht (dinas)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AD%CF%87%CF%84%CE%B7" title="Ουτρέχτη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουτρέχτη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utre%C4%A5to_(urbo)" title="Utreĥto (urbo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Utreĥto (urbo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%AA" title="اوترخت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اوترخت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utert_(st%C3%AAd)" title="Utert (stêd) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Utert (stêd)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_(cathair)" title="Utrecht (cathair) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Utrecht (cathair)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_(caayr)" title="Utrecht (caayr) – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Utrecht (caayr)" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%8A%B8%EB%A0%88%ED%9D%90%ED%8A%B8" title="위트레흐트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위트레흐트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%AD%D5%BF_(%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D6%84)" title="Ուտրեխտ (համայնք) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուտրեխտ (համայնք)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A" title="उट्रेच – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उट्रेच" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_(grad)" title="Utrecht (grad) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Utrecht (grad)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht,_Utrecht" title="Utrecht, Utrecht – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Utrecht, Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82" title="Утрехт – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Утрехт" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%98" title="אוטרכט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוטרכט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeente_Utrecht" title="Gemeente Utrecht – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gemeente Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="უტრეხტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უტრეხტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82" title="Утрехт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Утрехт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_(bajar)" title="Utrecht (bajar) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Utrecht (bajar)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82" title="Утрехт – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Утрехт" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traiectum_ad_Rhenum" title="Traiectum ad Rhenum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Traiectum ad Rhenum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrehta" title="Utrehta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Utrehta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrechtas" title="Utrechtas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Utrechtas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrech_(stad)" title="Utrech (stad) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Utrech (stad)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_(v%C3%A1ros)" title="Utrecht (város) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Utrecht (város)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82" title="Утрехт – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Утрехт" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_(%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0)" title="उट्रेख्त (शहर) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="उट्रेख्त (शहर)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%AA" title="اوتريخت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوتريخت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_(Utrecht)" title="Utrecht (Utrecht) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Utrecht (Utrecht)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82" title="Утрехт – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Утрехт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ယူးထရက်မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယူးထရက်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_(stad)" title="Utrecht (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Utrecht (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_(stad)" title="Utrecht (stad) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Utrecht (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%88%E3%83%AC%E3%83%92%E3%83%88" title="ユトレヒト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユトレヒト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_(vila)" title="Utrecht (vila) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Utrecht (vila)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrext" title="Utrext – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Utrext" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%AA" title="یوترخت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یوترخت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%D8%AA" title="اوتریخت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اوتریخت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utreque" title="Utreque – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Utreque" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82" title="Утрехт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Утрехт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_(city)" title="Utrecht (city) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Utrecht (city)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magaalada_Utrecht" title="Magaalada Utrecht – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Magaalada Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8E%D8%AE%D8%AA" title="ئوترێخت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئوترێخت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82" title="Утрехт – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Утрехт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="உத்ரெக்ட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உத்ரெக்ட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82" title="Үтрехт – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Үтрехт" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="ยูเทรกต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยูเทรกต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_(%C5%9Fehir)" title="Utrecht (şehir) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Utrecht (şehir)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82" title="Утрехт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Утрехт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%D8%AA" title="یوتریخت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یوتریخت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utreht" title="Utreht – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Utreht" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_(zif)" title="Utrecht (zif) – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Utrecht (zif)" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utraik" title="Utraik – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Utraik" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_(stad)" title="Utrecht (stad) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Utrecht (stad)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Utrecht" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8E%E8%84%B1%E8%8E%B1%E8%B5%AB%E8%84%B1" title="于脱莱赫脱 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="于脱莱赫脱" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E5%BE%B7%E5%8B%92%E6%94%AF" title="烏德勒支 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="烏德勒支" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_(geme%C3%AAnte)" title="Utrecht (gemeênte) – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Utrecht (gemeênte)" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%BE%97%E5%8B%92%E6%94%AF" title="乌得勒支 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乌得勒支" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Utrecht&params=52_05_27_N_05_07_18_E_region:NL_type:city(375161)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°05′27″N</span> <span class="longitude">05°07′18″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.09083°N 5.12167°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.09083; 5.12167</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City and municipality in Utrecht, Netherlands</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Utecht" title="Utecht">Utecht</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Dutch city and municipality. For the province, see <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_(province)" title="Utrecht (province)">Utrecht (province)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Utrecht (disambiguation)">Utrecht (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City and municipality in Netherlands</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Utrecht</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><i>Ut(e)reg</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hollandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic dialect">Utrechts</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Netherlands_by_province" title="List of cities in the Netherlands by province">City</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of municipalities of the Netherlands">municipality</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:150px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sol_Lumen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Dom Tower of the St. Martin's Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Sol_Lumen.jpg/268px-Sol_Lumen.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Sol_Lumen.jpg/402px-Sol_Lumen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Sol_Lumen.jpg/536px-Sol_Lumen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1687" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Dom_Tower_of_Utrecht" title="Dom Tower of Utrecht">Dom Tower</a> of the <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Cathedral,_Utrecht" title="St. Martin's Cathedral, Utrecht">St. Martin's Cathedral</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaarbeursplein_Utrecht_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Jaarbeursplein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Jaarbeursplein_Utrecht_2019.jpg/132px-Jaarbeursplein_Utrecht_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Jaarbeursplein_Utrecht_2019.jpg/198px-Jaarbeursplein_Utrecht_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Jaarbeursplein_Utrecht_2019.jpg/264px-Jaarbeursplein_Utrecht_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Jaarbeursplein</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uithof,_3584_Utrecht,_Netherlands_-_panoramio_(12).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Uithof centre in Utrecht Science Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Uithof%2C_3584_Utrecht%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio_%2812%29.jpg/132px-Uithof%2C_3584_Utrecht%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio_%2812%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Uithof%2C_3584_Utrecht%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio_%2812%29.jpg/198px-Uithof%2C_3584_Utrecht%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio_%2812%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Uithof%2C_3584_Utrecht%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio_%2812%29.jpg/264px-Uithof%2C_3584_Utrecht%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio_%2812%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1366" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Uithof centre in <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_Science_Park" title="Utrecht Science Park">Utrecht Science Park</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spoorwegmuseum_Utrecht_003.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spoorwegmuseum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Spoorwegmuseum_Utrecht_003.JPG/132px-Spoorwegmuseum_Utrecht_003.JPG" decoding="async" width="132" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Spoorwegmuseum_Utrecht_003.JPG/198px-Spoorwegmuseum_Utrecht_003.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Spoorwegmuseum_Utrecht_003.JPG/264px-Spoorwegmuseum_Utrecht_003.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Spoorwegmuseum</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neude_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Neude_at_night.jpg/132px-Neude_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Neude_at_night.jpg/198px-Neude_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Neude_at_night.jpg/264px-Neude_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Neude</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:201px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Utrecht_Centraal_station_vanaf_voetgangersbrug_2017_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Utrecht Centraal railway station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Utrecht_Centraal_station_vanaf_voetgangersbrug_2017_1.jpg/268px-Utrecht_Centraal_station_vanaf_voetgangersbrug_2017_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Utrecht_Centraal_station_vanaf_voetgangersbrug_2017_1.jpg/402px-Utrecht_Centraal_station_vanaf_voetgangersbrug_2017_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Utrecht_Centraal_station_vanaf_voetgangersbrug_2017_1.jpg/536px-Utrecht_Centraal_station_vanaf_voetgangersbrug_2017_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Utrecht_Centraal_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Utrecht Centraal railway station">Utrecht Centraal railway station</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Utrecht_city.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Utrecht"><img alt="Flag of Utrecht" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Utrecht_city.svg/100px-Flag_of_Utrecht_city.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Utrecht_city.svg/150px-Flag_of_Utrecht_city.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Utrecht_city.svg/200px-Flag_of_Utrecht_city.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Utrecht" title="Flag of Utrecht">Flag</a></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Utrecht_gemeente_wapen.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Utrecht"><img alt="Coat of arms of Utrecht" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Utrecht_gemeente_wapen.svg/100px-Utrecht_gemeente_wapen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Utrecht_gemeente_wapen.svg/150px-Utrecht_gemeente_wapen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Utrecht_gemeente_wapen.svg/200px-Utrecht_gemeente_wapen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="373" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Utrecht_(municipality)_2020.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Utrecht"><img alt="Official logo of Utrecht" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Utrecht_%28municipality%29_2020.svg/120px-Utrecht_%28municipality%29_2020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Utrecht_%28municipality%29_2020.svg/180px-Utrecht_%28municipality%29_2020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Utrecht_%28municipality%29_2020.svg/240px-Utrecht_%28municipality%29_2020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="520" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Brandmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandmark">Brandmark</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Domstad (Cathedral City)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_-_NL_-_Municipality_code_0344_(2009).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Utrecht municipality"><img alt="Highlighted position of Utrecht in a municipal map of Utrecht" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Map_-_NL_-_Municipality_code_0344_%282009%29.svg/250px-Map_-_NL_-_Municipality_code_0344_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Map_-_NL_-_Municipality_code_0344_%282009%29.svg/375px-Map_-_NL_-_Municipality_code_0344_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Map_-_NL_-_Municipality_code_0344_%282009%29.svg/500px-Map_-_NL_-_Municipality_code_0344_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="160" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Utrecht municipality</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Netherlands_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Utrecht is located in Netherlands"><img alt="Utrecht is located in Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Netherlands_relief_location_map.svg/250px-Netherlands_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Netherlands_relief_location_map.svg/375px-Netherlands_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Netherlands_relief_location_map.svg/500px-Netherlands_relief_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="1001" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:51.909%;left:45.947%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Utrecht"><img alt="Utrecht" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Utrecht</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within the Netherlands</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Netherlands</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Utrecht is located in Europe"><img alt="Utrecht is located in Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/250px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/375px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/500px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1351" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:54.597%;left:29.511%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Utrecht"><img alt="Utrecht" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Utrecht</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Europe</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Europe</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Utrecht&params=52_05_27_N_05_07_18_E_region:NL_type:city(375161)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°05′27″N</span> <span class="longitude">05°07′18″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.09083°N 5.12167°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.09083; 5.12167</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Netherlands</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands" title="Provinces of the Netherlands">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Utrecht_(province)" title="Utrecht (province)">Utrecht</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-mayor_now_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayor_now-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council_(Netherlands)" title="Municipal council (Netherlands)">Municipal council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Burgemeester" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgemeester">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Dijksma" title="Sharon Dijksma">Sharon Dijksma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Labour Party (Netherlands)">PvdA</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-tno_randstad_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tno_randstad-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Municipality</div></th><td class="infobox-data">99.21 km<sup>2</sup> (38.31 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">93.83 km<sup>2</sup> (36.23 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">5.38 km<sup>2</sup> (2.08 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Randstad" title="Randstad">Randstad</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,043 km<sup>2</sup> (1,175 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-AHN_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHN-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 m (16 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(30 June 2024)<sup id="cite_ref-tno_randstad_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tno_randstad-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Municipality</div></th><td class="infobox-data">375,161</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">3,646/km<sup>2</sup> (9,440/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">489,734</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">656,342</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Randstad" title="Randstad">Randstad</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,979,500</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Utrechter(s) <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_the_Netherlands" title="Postal codes in the Netherlands">Postcode</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">3450–3455, 3500–3585</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_Netherlands" title="Telephone numbers in the Netherlands">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">030</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utrecht.nl">www<wbr />.utrecht<wbr />.nl</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="9" data-overlays="["_e80c3684a80239746f6a020c6b6223297ee0edb0"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Utrecht&revid=1255268013&groups=_e80c3684a80239746f6a020c6b6223297ee0edb0" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Utrecht&revid=1255268013&groups=_e80c3684a80239746f6a020c6b6223297ee0edb0 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below">Click on the map for a fullscreen view</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Utrecht</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">YOO</span>-trekt</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Dutch:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˈytrɛxt]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f7\/260_Utrecht.ogg\/260_Utrecht.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"260 Utrecht.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/260_Utrecht.ogg/260_Utrecht.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:260_Utrecht.ogg" title="File:260 Utrecht.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Utrechts-Alblasserwaards" class="mw-redirect" title="Utrechts-Alblasserwaards">Utrecht dialect</a>: <i lang="nl">Ut(e)reg</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈyt(ə)ʁɛχ]</a></span>) is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Netherlands_by_province" title="List of cities in the Netherlands by province">fourth-largest city</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, as well as the capital and the most populous city of the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands" title="Provinces of the Netherlands">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_(province)" title="Utrecht (province)">Utrecht</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">municipality</a> of Utrecht is located in the eastern part of the <a href="/wiki/Randstad" title="Randstad">Randstad</a> <a href="/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">conurbation</a>, in the very centre of mainland Netherlands, and includes <a href="/wiki/Haarzuilens" title="Haarzuilens">Haarzuilens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vleuten" title="Vleuten">Vleuten</a> and <a href="/wiki/De_Meern" title="De Meern">De Meern</a>. It has a population of 361,699 as of December 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utrecht&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-opendata.cbs.nl_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opendata.cbs.nl-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Utrecht's ancient city centre features many buildings and structures, several dating as far back as the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>. It has been the religious centre of the Netherlands since the 8th century. In 1579, the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Utrecht" title="Union of Utrecht">Union of Utrecht</a> was signed in the city to lay the foundations for the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>. Utrecht was the most important city in the Netherlands until the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Dutch Golden Age</a>, when it was surpassed by <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> as the country's cultural centre and most populous city. </p><p>Utrecht is home to <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_University" title="Utrecht University">Utrecht University</a>, the largest university in the Netherlands, as well as several other institutions of higher education. Due to its central position within the country, it is an important hub for both <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">rail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Road_transport" title="Road transport">road transport</a>; it has the busiest railway station in the Netherlands, <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_Centraal_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Utrecht Centraal railway station">Utrecht Centraal</a>. It has the second-highest number of cultural events in the Netherlands, after Amsterdam.<sup id="cite_ref-Umon_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Umon-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</a> included Utrecht in the top 10 of the world's unsung places.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utrecht&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Utrecht" title="Timeline of Utrecht">Timeline of Utrecht</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_(before_650_CE)"><span id="Origins_.28before_650_CE.29"></span>Origins (before 650 CE)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utrecht&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins (before 650 CE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traiectum_-_Wttecht_-_Utrecht_(Atlas_van_Loon).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Traiectum_-_Wttecht_-_Utrecht_%28Atlas_van_Loon%29.jpg/220px-Traiectum_-_Wttecht_-_Utrecht_%28Atlas_van_Loon%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Traiectum_-_Wttecht_-_Utrecht_%28Atlas_van_Loon%29.jpg/330px-Traiectum_-_Wttecht_-_Utrecht_%28Atlas_van_Loon%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Traiectum_-_Wttecht_-_Utrecht_%28Atlas_van_Loon%29.jpg/440px-Traiectum_-_Wttecht_-_Utrecht_%28Atlas_van_Loon%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5274" data-file-height="4085" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Willem_Blaeu" title="Willem Blaeu">Willem Blaeu</a>'s 1652 map of Utrecht</figcaption></figure> <p>Although there is some evidence of earlier inhabitation in the region of Utrecht, dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> (app. 2200 <a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a>) and settling in the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> (app. 1800–800 BCE),<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the founding date of the city is usually related to the construction of a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortification</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Castellum" title="Castellum">castellum</a></i>), probably built in around 50 <a href="/wiki/Current_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Current Era">CE</a>. A series of such fortresses were built after the <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> decided the empire should not expand further north. To consolidate the border, the <a href="/wiki/Limes_Germanicus" title="Limes Germanicus">Limes Germanicus</a> defense line was constructed<sup id="cite_ref-20eUtrecht_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20eUtrecht-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along the main branch of the river <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, which at that time traversed a more northern route (now known as the <a href="/wiki/Kromme_Rijn" title="Kromme Rijn">Kromme Rijn</a>) compared to today's Rhine flow. These fortresses were designed to house a <a href="/wiki/Cohort_(military_unit)" title="Cohort (military unit)">cohort</a> of about 500 Roman soldiers. Near the fort, settlements grew that housed <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">artisans</a>, traders and soldiers' wives and children. </p><p>In Roman times, the name of the Utrecht fortress was simply <i><a href="/wiki/Traiectum_(Utrecht)" title="Traiectum (Utrecht)">Traiectum</a></i>, denoting its location at a possible Rhine crossing. Traiectum became Dutch Trecht; with the U from <a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a> "uut" (downriver) added to distinguish U-trecht from <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maas-tricht</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the river <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a>. In 11th-century official documents, it was Latinized as Ultra Traiectum. Around the year 200, the wooden walls of the fortification were replaced by sturdier <a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">tuff</a> stone walls,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> remnants of which are still to be found below the buildings around Dom Square. </p><p>From the middle of the 3rd century, <a href="/wiki/Germanic_Tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Tribes">Germanic tribes</a> regularly invaded the Roman territories. After around 275 the Romans could no longer maintain the northern border, and Utrecht was abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-20eUtrecht_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20eUtrecht-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Little is known about the period from 270 to 650. Utrecht is first spoken of again several centuries after the Romans left. Under the influence of the growing realms of the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, during <a href="/wiki/Dagobert_I" title="Dagobert I">Dagobert I</a>'s reign in the 7th century, a church was built within the walls of the Roman fortress.<sup id="cite_ref-20eUtrecht_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20eUtrecht-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In ongoing border conflicts with the <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a>, this first church was destroyed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Centre_of_Christianity_in_the_Netherlands_(650–1579)"><span id="Centre_of_Christianity_in_the_Netherlands_.28650.E2.80.931579.29"></span>Centre of Christianity in the Netherlands (650–1579)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utrecht&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Centre of Christianity in the Netherlands (650–1579)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dom_in_Utrecht_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Dom_in_Utrecht_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Dom_in_Utrecht_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Dom_in_Utrecht_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Dom_in_Utrecht_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Dom_in_Utrecht_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Dom_in_Utrecht_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1068" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dom_Tower_of_Utrecht" title="Dom Tower of Utrecht">Dom Tower</a> seen from the city centre. The remaining section of the <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Cathedral,_Utrecht" title="St. Martin's Cathedral, Utrecht">Cathedral of Saint Martin</a> is not connected to the tower since the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a> in 1674 due to a storm.</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Utrecht" title="Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht">Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht</a></div> <p>By the mid-7th century, British, English and Irish <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">missionaries</a> set out to convert the <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Pope Sergius I</a> appointed their leader, Saint <a href="/wiki/Willibrordus" class="mw-redirect" title="Willibrordus">Willibrordus</a>, as bishop of the Frisians. The tenure of Willibrordus is generally considered to be the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Utrecht_(695%E2%80%931580)" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Utrecht (695–1580)">Bishopric of Utrecht</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20eUtrecht_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20eUtrecht-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 723, the Frankish leader <a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel" title="Charles Martel">Charles Martel</a> bestowed the fortress in Utrecht and the surrounding lands as the base of the bishops. From then on Utrecht became one of the most influential seats of power for the Catholic Church in the Netherlands. The archbishops of Utrecht were based at the uneasy northern border of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a>. In addition, the city of Utrecht had competition from the nearby trading centre <a href="/wiki/Dorestad" title="Dorestad">Dorestad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20eUtrecht_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20eUtrecht-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the fall of Dorestad around 850, Utrecht became one of the most important cities in the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The importance of Utrecht as a centre of Christianity is illustrated by the election of the Utrecht-born <a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_VI" title="Pope Adrian VI">Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens</a> as <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a> in 1522 (the last non-Italian pope before <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prince-bishops">Prince-bishops</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utrecht&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prince-bishops"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Utrecht_(695%E2%80%931580)" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Utrecht (695–1580)">Archdiocese of Utrecht (695–1580)</a></div> <p>When the Frankish rulers established the system of <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishops</a> of Utrecht came to exercise worldly power as <a href="/wiki/Prince-bishop" title="Prince-bishop">prince-bishops</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20eUtrecht_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20eUtrecht-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The territory of the bishopric not only included the modern province of Utrecht (Nedersticht, 'lower <a href="/wiki/Sticht" class="mw-redirect" title="Sticht">Sticht</a>'), but also extended to the northeast. The feudal conflict of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> heavily affected Utrecht. The prince-bishopric was involved in almost continuous conflicts with the Counts of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">Holland</a> and the Dukes of <a href="/wiki/Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelders">Guelders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Veluwe" title="Veluwe">Veluwe</a> region was seized by Guelders, but large areas in the modern province of <a href="/wiki/Overijssel" title="Overijssel">Overijssel</a> remained as the Oversticht. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religious_buildings">Religious buildings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utrecht&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Religious buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several churches and monasteries were built inside, or close to, the city of Utrecht. The most dominant of these was the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Martin,_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Saint Martin, Utrecht">Cathedral of Saint Martin</a>, inside the old Roman fortress. The construction of the present <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> building was begun in 1254 after an earlier <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">romanesque</a> construction had been badly damaged by fire. The <a href="/wiki/Choir_(architecture)" title="Choir (architecture)">choir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transept</a> were finished from 1320 and were followed then by the ambitious <a href="/wiki/Dom_Tower_of_Utrecht" title="Dom Tower of Utrecht">Dom tower</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20eUtrecht_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20eUtrecht-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last part to be constructed was the central <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a>, from 1420. By that time, however, the age of the great cathedrals had come to an end and declining finances prevented the ambitious project from being finished, the construction of the central nave being suspended before the planned <a href="/wiki/Flying_buttress" title="Flying buttress">flying buttresses</a> could be finished.<sup id="cite_ref-20eUtrecht_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20eUtrecht-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides the cathedral there were four <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_church" title="Collegiate church">collegiate churches</a> in Utrecht: <a href="/wiki/St._Salvator%27s_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Salvator's Church">St. Salvator's Church</a> (demolished in the 16th century), on the Dom square, dating back to the early 8th century.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saint <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John</a> (Janskerk), originating in 1040;<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pieterskerk,_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Pieterskerk, Utrecht">Saint Peter</a>, building started in 1039<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary (mother of Jesus)">Saint Mary</a>'s church building started around 1090 (demolished in the early 19th century, cloister survives).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides these churches, the city housed <a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Abbey,_Utrecht" title="St. Paul's Abbey, Utrecht">St. Paul's Abbey</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 15th-century <a href="/wiki/Begijnhof,_Utrecht" title="Begijnhof, Utrecht">beguinage of St. Nicholas</a>, and a 14th-century chapter house of the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Karel_V_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karel_V-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides these buildings which belonged to the bishopric, an additional four <a href="/wiki/Parish_church" title="Parish church">parish churches</a> were constructed in the city: the <a href="/wiki/Jacobikerk" title="Jacobikerk">Jacobikerk</a> (<a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Zebedee" class="mw-redirect" title="James, son of Zebedee">dedicated to Saint James</a>), founded in the 11th century, with the current Gothic church dating back to the 14th century;<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Buurkerk (Neighbourhood-church) of the 11th-century parish in the centre of the city; Nicolaichurch (dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</a>), from the 12th century,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 13th-century Geertekerk (dedicated to Saint <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_of_Nivelles" title="Gertrude of Nivelles">Gertrude of Nivelles</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="City_of_Utrecht">City of Utrecht</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utrecht&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: City of Utrecht"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Its location on the banks of the river Rhine allowed Utrecht to become an important trade centre in the Northern Netherlands. The growing town was granted <a href="/wiki/City_rights_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="City rights in the Netherlands">city rights</a> by <a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry V</a> at Utrecht on 2 June 1122. When the main flow of the Rhine moved south, the old bed which still flowed through the heart of the town became ever more <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canalized</a>; and the wharf system was built as an inner city harbour system.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the wharfs, storage facilities (<i>werfkelders</i>) were built, on top of which the main street, including houses, was constructed. The wharfs and the cellars are accessible from a platform at water level with stairs descending from the street level to form a unique structure.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relations between the bishop, who controlled many lands outside of the city, and the citizens of Utrecht was not always easy.<sup id="cite_ref-20eUtrecht_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20eUtrecht-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bishop, for example dammed the <a href="/wiki/Kromme_Rijn" title="Kromme Rijn">Kromme Rijn</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wijk_bij_Duurstede" title="Wijk bij Duurstede">Wijk bij Duurstede</a> to protect his estates from flooding. This threatened shipping for the city and led the city of Utrecht to commission a canal to ensure access to the town for shipping trade: the Vaartse Rijn, connecting Utrecht to the <a href="/wiki/Hollandse_IJssel" title="Hollandse IJssel">Hollandse IJssel</a> at <a href="/wiki/IJsselstein" title="IJsselstein">IJsselstein</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_end_of_independence">The end of independence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utrecht&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The end of independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1528 the bishop lost secular power over both Neder- and Oversticht—which included the city of Utrecht—to <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a>. Charles V combined the <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a> (the current <a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a> and the northern parts of France) as a personal union. This ended the prince-bishopric of Utrecht, as the secular rule was now the <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Utrecht" title="Lordship of Utrecht">lordship of Utrecht</a>, with the religious power remaining with the bishop, although Charles V had gained the right to appoint new bishops. In 1559 the bishopric of Utrecht was raised to archbishopric to make it the religious centre of the Northern <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_province" title="Ecclesiastical province">ecclesiastical province</a> in the Seventeen Provinces. </p><p>The transition from independence to a relatively minor part of a larger union was not easily accepted. To quell uprisings, Charles V struggled to exert his power over the city's citizens who had struggled to gain a certain level of independence from the bishops and were not willing to cede this to their new lord. The heavily fortified castle <a href="/wiki/Vredenburg_(castle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vredenburg (castle)">Vredenburg</a> was built to house a large garrison whose main task was to maintain control over the city. The castle would last less than 50 years before it was demolished in an uprising in the early stages of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Revolt">Dutch Revolt</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_the_Netherlands_(1579–1806)"><span id="Republic_of_the_Netherlands_.281579.E2.80.931806.29"></span>Republic of the Netherlands (1579–1806)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utrecht&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Republic of the Netherlands (1579–1806)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lambert_de_Hondt_(II)_-_The_Surrender_of_Utrecht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Lambert_de_Hondt_%28II%29_-_The_Surrender_of_Utrecht.jpg/220px-Lambert_de_Hondt_%28II%29_-_The_Surrender_of_Utrecht.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Lambert_de_Hondt_%28II%29_-_The_Surrender_of_Utrecht.jpg/330px-Lambert_de_Hondt_%28II%29_-_The_Surrender_of_Utrecht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Lambert_de_Hondt_%28II%29_-_The_Surrender_of_Utrecht.jpg/440px-Lambert_de_Hondt_%28II%29_-_The_Surrender_of_Utrecht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="905" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lambert_de_Hondt_(II)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lambert de Hondt (II) (page does not exist)">Lambert de Hondt (II)</a>: the Surrender of Utrecht on 30 June 1672 to the French king <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>, 1672, <a href="/wiki/Centraal_Museum" title="Centraal Museum">Centraal Museum Utrecht</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Het_afdanken_der_waardgelders_door_prins_Maurits_op_de_Neude_te_Utrecht,_31_juli_1618_(Joost_Cornelisz._Droochsloot,_1625).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Het_afdanken_der_waardgelders_door_prins_Maurits_op_de_Neude_te_Utrecht%2C_31_juli_1618_%28Joost_Cornelisz._Droochsloot%2C_1625%29.jpg/220px-Het_afdanken_der_waardgelders_door_prins_Maurits_op_de_Neude_te_Utrecht%2C_31_juli_1618_%28Joost_Cornelisz._Droochsloot%2C_1625%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Het_afdanken_der_waardgelders_door_prins_Maurits_op_de_Neude_te_Utrecht%2C_31_juli_1618_%28Joost_Cornelisz._Droochsloot%2C_1625%29.jpg/330px-Het_afdanken_der_waardgelders_door_prins_Maurits_op_de_Neude_te_Utrecht%2C_31_juli_1618_%28Joost_Cornelisz._Droochsloot%2C_1625%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Het_afdanken_der_waardgelders_door_prins_Maurits_op_de_Neude_te_Utrecht%2C_31_juli_1618_%28Joost_Cornelisz._Droochsloot%2C_1625%29.jpg/440px-Het_afdanken_der_waardgelders_door_prins_Maurits_op_de_Neude_te_Utrecht%2C_31_juli_1618_%28Joost_Cornelisz._Droochsloot%2C_1625%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1950" data-file-height="1111" /></a><figcaption>Prince Maurits in Utrecht, 31 July 1618</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1579 the northern seven provinces signed the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Utrecht" title="Union of Utrecht">Union of Utrecht</a> treaty (Dutch: Unie van Utrecht), in which they decided to join forces against Spanish rule. The Union of Utrecht is seen as the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>. In 1580, the new and predominantly Protestant state abolished the bishoprics, including the archbishopric of Utrecht. The <a href="/wiki/Stadtholder" title="Stadtholder">stadtholders</a> disapproved of the independent course of the Utrecht bourgeoisie and brought the city under much more direct control of the republic, shifting the power towards its dominant province <a href="/wiki/Holland" title="Holland">Holland</a>. This was the start of a long period of stagnation of trade and development in Utrecht. Utrecht remained an atypical city in the new republic being about 40% Catholic in the mid-17th century, and even more so among the elite groups, who included many rural nobility and gentry with town houses there.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fortified city temporarily fell to the French invasion in 1672 (the <a href="/wiki/Rampjaar" title="Rampjaar">Disaster Year</a>, Dutch: Rampjaar). The French invasion was stopped just west of Utrecht at the <a href="/wiki/Hollandic_Water_Line#Old_Hollandic_Waterline" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic Water Line">Old Hollandic Waterline</a>. In 1674, only two years after the French left, the centre of Utrecht was struck by a <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornado</a>. The halt to building before construction of flying buttresses in the 15th century now proved to be the undoing of the cathedral of St Martin church's central section which collapsed, creating the current Dom square between the tower and choir. In 1713, Utrecht hosted one of the first international peace negotiations when the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht_(1713)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht (1713)">Treaty of Utrecht</a> settled the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>. Beginning in 1723, Utrecht became the centre of the non-Roman <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic Churches</a> in the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history_(1815–present)"><span id="Modern_history_.281815.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Modern history (1815–present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utrecht&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Modern history (1815–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Een_uitzinnige_menigte_verwelkomt_de_Canadese_bevrijders_in_Utrecht_-_An_ecstatic_crowd_in_Utrecht_welcomes_the_Canadian_liberators_(4502667274).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Een_uitzinnige_menigte_verwelkomt_de_Canadese_bevrijders_in_Utrecht_-_An_ecstatic_crowd_in_Utrecht_welcomes_the_Canadian_liberators_%284502667274%29.jpg/170px-Een_uitzinnige_menigte_verwelkomt_de_Canadese_bevrijders_in_Utrecht_-_An_ecstatic_crowd_in_Utrecht_welcomes_the_Canadian_liberators_%284502667274%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Een_uitzinnige_menigte_verwelkomt_de_Canadese_bevrijders_in_Utrecht_-_An_ecstatic_crowd_in_Utrecht_welcomes_the_Canadian_liberators_%284502667274%29.jpg/255px-Een_uitzinnige_menigte_verwelkomt_de_Canadese_bevrijders_in_Utrecht_-_An_ecstatic_crowd_in_Utrecht_welcomes_the_Canadian_liberators_%284502667274%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Een_uitzinnige_menigte_verwelkomt_de_Canadese_bevrijders_in_Utrecht_-_An_ecstatic_crowd_in_Utrecht_welcomes_the_Canadian_liberators_%284502667274%29.jpg/340px-Een_uitzinnige_menigte_verwelkomt_de_Canadese_bevrijders_in_Utrecht_-_An_ecstatic_crowd_in_Utrecht_welcomes_the_Canadian_liberators_%284502667274%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1269" /></a><figcaption>People celebrating the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Netherlands)" title="Liberation Day (Netherlands)">liberation of Utrecht</a> at the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> on 7 May 1945</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lange_Elisabethstraat_Mariaplaats,_3511_Utrecht,_Netherlands_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lange_Elisabethstraat_Mariaplaats%2C_3511_Utrecht%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Lange_Elisabethstraat_Mariaplaats%2C_3511_Utrecht%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lange_Elisabethstraat_Mariaplaats%2C_3511_Utrecht%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Lange_Elisabethstraat_Mariaplaats%2C_3511_Utrecht%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lange_Elisabethstraat_Mariaplaats%2C_3511_Utrecht%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Lange_Elisabethstraat_Mariaplaats%2C_3511_Utrecht%2C_Netherlands_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="899" /></a><figcaption>Zadelstraat</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Utrecht-plaats-OpenTopo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Utrecht-plaats-OpenTopo.jpg/220px-Utrecht-plaats-OpenTopo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Utrecht-plaats-OpenTopo.jpg/330px-Utrecht-plaats-OpenTopo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Utrecht-plaats-OpenTopo.jpg/440px-Utrecht-plaats-OpenTopo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4202" data-file-height="3602" /></a><figcaption>Contemporary map of Utrecht</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 19th century, the role of Utrecht as a fortified town had become obsolete. The fortifications of the <a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Hollandse_Waterlinie" class="mw-redirect" title="Nieuwe Hollandse Waterlinie">Nieuwe Hollandse Waterlinie</a> were moved east of Utrecht. The town walls could now be demolished to allow for expansion. The moats remained intact and formed an important feature of the Zocher plantsoen, an <a href="/wiki/English_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="English garden">English style landscape park</a> that remains largely intact today. Growth of the city increased when, in 1843, a railway connecting Utrecht to Amsterdam was opened. After that, Utrecht gradually became the main hub of the <a href="/wiki/Train_routes_in_the_Netherlands" title="Train routes in the Netherlands">Dutch railway network</a>. With the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> finally gathering speed in the Netherlands and the ramparts taken down, Utrecht began to grow far beyond its medieval centre. When the Dutch government allowed the bishopric of Utrecht to be reinstated by <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Rome</a> in 1853, Utrecht became the centre of Dutch Catholicism once more. From the 1880s onward, neighbourhoods such as Oudwijk, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wittevrouwen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wittevrouwen (page does not exist)">Wittevrouwen</a>, Vogelenbuurt to the East, and Lombok to the West were developed. New middle-class residential areas, such as Tuindorp and <a href="/wiki/Oog_in_Al" title="Oog in Al">Oog in Al</a>, were built in the 1920s and 1930s. During this period, several <a href="/wiki/Jugendstil" title="Jugendstil">Jugendstil</a> houses and office buildings were built, followed by <a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Rietveld" title="Gerrit Rietveld">Rietveld</a> who built the <a href="/wiki/Rietveld_Schr%C3%B6der_House" title="Rietveld Schröder House">Rietveld Schröder House</a> (1924), and <a href="/wiki/Willem_Marinus_Dudok" title="Willem Marinus Dudok">Dudok</a>'s construction of the city theatre (1941). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oudegracht_158.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Oudegracht_158.JPG/220px-Oudegracht_158.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Oudegracht_158.JPG/330px-Oudegracht_158.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Oudegracht_158.JPG/440px-Oudegracht_158.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Winkel_van_Sinkel" title="Winkel van Sinkel">Winkel van Sinkel</a>, the first department store in The Netherlands.</figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Utrecht was held by German forces until the general German surrender of the Netherlands on 5 May 1945. <a href="/wiki/British_army" class="mw-redirect" title="British army">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Army" title="Canadian Army">Canadian</a> troops that had surrounded the city entered it after that surrender, on 7 May 1945. Following the end of World War II, the city grew considerably when new neighbourhoods such as <a href="/wiki/Overvecht" title="Overvecht">Overvecht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanaleneiland" title="Kanaleneiland">Kanaleneiland</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hoograven&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoograven (page does not exist)">Hoograven</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoograven" class="extiw" title="nl:Hoograven">nl</a>]</span> and <a href="/wiki/Lunetten" title="Lunetten">Lunetten</a> were built. Around 2000, the <a href="/wiki/Leidsche_Rijn" title="Leidsche Rijn">Leidsche Rijn</a> housing area was developed as an extension of the city to the west.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p> The area surrounding <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_Centraal_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Utrecht Centraal railway station">Utrecht Centraal railway station</a> and the station itself were developed following modernist ideas of the 1960s, in a <a href="/wiki/Brutalist_architecture" title="Brutalist architecture">brutalist</a> style. This development led to the construction of the shopping mall <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hoog_Catharijne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoog Catharijne (page does not exist)">Hoog Catharijne</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoog_Catharijne" class="extiw" title="nl:Hoog Catharijne">nl</a>]</span>, the music centre Vredenburg (<a href="/wiki/Herman_Hertzberger" title="Herman Hertzberger">Hertzberger</a>, 1979), and conversion of part of the ancient canal structure into a highway (<a href="/wiki/Catharijnesingel" title="Catharijnesingel">Catherijnebaan</a>). Protest against further modernisation of the city centre followed even before the last buildings were finalised. In the early 21st century, the whole area is undergoing change again. The redeveloped music centre TivoliVredenburg opened in 2014 with the original Vredenburg and Tivoli concert and rock and jazz halls brought together in a single building. </p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utrecht&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utrecht&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Utrecht experiences a temperate <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: <i>Cfb</i>) similar to all of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/De_Bilt" title="De Bilt">De Bilt</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1<br />(59.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9<br />(66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br />(75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.9<br />(84.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.6<br />(92.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.8<br />(98.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.5<br />(99.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.3<br />(95.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.2<br />(93.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7<br />(80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7<br />(65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3<br />(59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF1B00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">37.5<br />(99.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1<br />(43.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0<br />(44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5<br />(50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8<br />(58.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3<br />(64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.9<br />(69.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1<br />(73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9<br />(73.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5<br />(67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8<br />(58.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9<br />(49.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7<br />(44.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.6<br />(58.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6<br />(38.5) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9<br />(39.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5<br />(43.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9<br />(49.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4<br />(56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1<br />(61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2<br />(64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8<br />(64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.7<br />(58.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9<br />(51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0<br />(44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2<br />(39.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.6<br />(51.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9<br />(33.6) </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7<br />(33.3) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4<br />(36.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5<br />(40.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0<br />(46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8<br />(51.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0<br />(55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5<br />(54.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0<br />(50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1<br />(44.8) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9<br />(39.0) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6<br />(34.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.3<br />(43.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #6060FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−24.8<br />(−12.6) </td> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−21.6<br />(−6.9) </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.4<br />(6.1) </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.6<br />(20.1) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.7<br />(25.3) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(32.4) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2<br />(37.8) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8<br />(38.8) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.7<br />(30.7) </td> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.8<br />(18.0) </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.4<br />(6.1) </td> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16.6<br />(2.1) </td> <td style="background: #6060FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−24.8<br />(−12.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #96FF96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.3<br />(2.77) </td> <td style="background: #98FF98; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.7<br />(2.47) </td> <td style="background: #A9FFA9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.4<br />(2.26) </td> <td style="background: #BFFFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.1<br />(1.62) </td> <td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.9<br />(2.32) </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.1<br />(2.76) </td> <td style="background: #80FF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.8<br />(3.34) </td> <td style="background: #83FF83; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.1<br />(3.27) </td> <td style="background: #87FF87; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.5<br />(3.05) </td> <td style="background: #86FF86; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.7<br />(3.18) </td> <td style="background: #84FF84; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.7<br />(3.14) </td> <td style="background: #82FF82; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.4<br />(3.28) </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">849.7<br />(33.45) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #7575FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">131 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">25 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000B1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">87 </td> <td style="background: #0000BC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #0000BC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84 </td> <td style="background: #0000B5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86 </td> <td style="background: #0000A9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">89 </td> <td style="background: #0000A9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">89 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">82 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #797979; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.6 </td> <td style="background: #ACAC9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.6 </td> <td style="background: #BFBF2A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">139.4 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">189.2 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">217.5 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">207.1 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">213.9 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">196.3 </td> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">152.8 </td> <td style="background: #B6B661; color:#000000;" class="notheme">119.3 </td> <td style="background: #7F7F7F; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.4 </td> <td style="background: #656565; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">55.5 </td> <td style="background: #C2C219; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,714.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Meteorological_Institute" title="Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute">Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute</a> (1991–2020 normals, snowy days normals for 1971–2000)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Meteorological_Institute" title="Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute">Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute</a> (1901–present extremes)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utrecht&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Utrecht_population_pyramid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Utrecht_population_pyramid.svg/220px-Utrecht_population_pyramid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Utrecht_population_pyramid.svg/330px-Utrecht_population_pyramid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Utrecht_population_pyramid.svg/440px-Utrecht_population_pyramid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2623" data-file-height="2103" /></a><figcaption>Utrecht population pyramid in 2022</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics">Demographics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utrecht&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:45em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr valign="top"><td style="padding:0 0.5em"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1400</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">13,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1481</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">17,250</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.35%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1577</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">27,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.49%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1623</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">30,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.19%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1670</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">30,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.00%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1748</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">25,244</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.22%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1795</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">32,294</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.53%</td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="padding:0 0.5em;border-left:solid 1px #aaa"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1900 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">102,086</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.10%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1910 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">119,006</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.55%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1920 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">138,334</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+1.52%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1930 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">153,208</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.03%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1940 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">165,029</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.75%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1950 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">193,190</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.59%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1960 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">254,186</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.78%</td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="padding:0 0.5em;border-left:solid 1px #aaa"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1970 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">279,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.94%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1980 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">236,208</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.65%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1990 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">230,676</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.24%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2000 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">233,667</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.13%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2010 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">307,081</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.77%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 2011 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">312,634</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+1.81%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2019 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">357,179</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.68%</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="#CITEREFLourensLucassen1997">Lourens & Lucassen 1997</a>, pp. 87–88 (1400–1795)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Utrecht city had a population of 361,924 in 2022. It is a growing municipality and projections are that the population will surpass 392,000 by 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-bevolkingutrecht_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bevolkingutrecht-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of November 2019, the city of Utrecht has a population of 357,179.<sup id="cite_ref-opendata.cbs.nl_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opendata.cbs.nl-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Utrecht has a young population, with many inhabitants in the age category from 20 and 30 years, due to the presence of a large university. About 52% of the population is female, 48% is male. The majority of households (52.5%) in Utrecht are single-person households. About 29% of people living in Utrecht are either married, or have another legal partnership. About 3% of the population of Utrecht is divorced.<sup id="cite_ref-bevolkingutrecht_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bevolkingutrecht-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inhabitants_by_origin">Inhabitants by origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utrecht&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Inhabitants by origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>2020<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Numbers </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <th>Without recent migration background </th> <td>228,502 </td> <td>63.9% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Western migration background </th> <td>43,511 </td> <td>12.17% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Non-Western migration background </th> <td>85,584 </td> <td>23.93% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> </td> <td>31,429 </td> <td>8.79% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td> <td>14,210 </td> <td>3.97% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> </td> <td>7,923 </td> <td>2.22% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> </td> <td>7,771 </td> <td>2.17% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands Antilles">Netherlands Antilles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a> </td> <td>2,907 </td> <td>0.81% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>357,597 </td> <td>100% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For 62.8% of the population of Utrecht both parents were born in the Netherlands. Approximately 12.4% of the population consists of people with a recent migration background from <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> countries, while 24.8% of the population has at least one parent who is of 'non-Western origin' (8.8% from Morocco, 4% Turkey, 3% Surinam and Dutch Caribbean and 9.1% of other countries).<sup id="cite_ref-bevolkingutrecht_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bevolkingutrecht-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right;"> <caption>Population of the city of Utrecht by country of birth of the parents of citizens (2022). Those with a mixed background are counted in the 'non Dutch' groupings. <sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country/Territory</th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">227,343 (62,8%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">30,656 (8.8%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,988 (4.%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,014 (2.3%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname"><img alt="Suriname" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/23px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/35px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/45px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,827 (3%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other</td> <td style="text-align:right;">59,655 (20,7%) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utrecht&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Utrecht has been the religious centre of the Netherlands since the 8th century. Currently it is the see of the Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Utrecht" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Utrecht">Archbishop of Utrecht</a>, the most senior Dutch Roman Catholic leader.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_province" title="Ecclesiastical province">ecclesiastical province</a> covers the whole kingdom. </p><p>Utrecht is also the see of the archbishop of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic Church</a>, titular head of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Utrecht_(Old_Catholic)" title="Union of Utrecht (Old Catholic)">Union of Utrecht</a>, and the location of the offices of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_the_Netherlands" title="Protestant Church in the Netherlands">Protestant Church in the Netherlands</a>, the main Dutch Protestant church. </p><p>As of 2013, the largest religion is Christianity with 28% of the population being Christian, followed by Islam with 9.9% in 2016 and Hinduism with 0.8%. </p> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Brown; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 15915.284869129px; border-left-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 2272.175778494px; border-left-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1057.8894993406px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 120.87923504096px; border-left-color:Turquoise"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Turquoise"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Turquoise"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 68.882391633355px; border-left-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:99.928947264059px 3.7690182669934px 0 0; border-top-color:DarkOrchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkOrchid"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:63.742398974869px 77.051324277579px 0 0; border-top-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Gold"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religions in Utrecht (2013)<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Gold; color:black;"> </span> None (61.0%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkOrchid; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> (13.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DodgerBlue; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_the_Netherlands" title="Protestant Church in the Netherlands">Protestant Church in the Netherlands</a> (10.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Turquoise; color:black;"> </span> Other Christian denominations (4.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Netherlands" title="Islam in the Netherlands">Islam</a> (9.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Orange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (0.8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Red; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (0.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Brown; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> (0.1%)</div> </div> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_centres_and_agglomeration">Population centres and agglomeration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utrecht&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Population centres and agglomeration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city of Utrecht is subdivided into 10 city quarters, all of which have their own neighbourhood council and service centre for civil affairs. </p> <ol><li>Binnenstad</li> <li>Oost</li> <li>Leidsche Rijn</li> <li>West</li> <li>Overvecht</li> <li>Zuid</li> <li>Noordoost</li> <li>Zuidwest</li> <li>Noordwest</li> <li>Vleuten-De Meern</li></ol> <p>Utrecht is the centre of a densely populated area, a fact which makes concise definitions of its agglomeration difficult, and somewhat arbitrary. The smaller Utrecht agglomeration of continuously built-up areas counts some 420,000 inhabitants and includes <a href="/wiki/Nieuwegein" title="Nieuwegein">Nieuwegein</a>, <a href="/wiki/IJsselstein" title="IJsselstein">IJsselstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maarssen" title="Maarssen">Maarssen</a>. It is sometimes argued that the close by municipalities <a href="/wiki/De_Bilt" title="De Bilt">De Bilt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeist" title="Zeist">Zeist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houten" title="Houten">Houten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vianen" title="Vianen">Vianen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Driebergen-Rijsenburg" title="Driebergen-Rijsenburg">Driebergen-Rijsenburg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Utrechtse_Heuvelrug" title="Utrechtse Heuvelrug">Utrechtse Heuvelrug</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Bunnik" title="Bunnik">Bunnik</a> should also be counted towards the Utrecht agglomeration, bringing the total to 640,000 inhabitants. The larger region, including slightly more remote cities such as <a href="/wiki/Woerden" title="Woerden">Woerden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amersfoort" title="Amersfoort">Amersfoort</a>, counts up to 820,000 inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-CBS_statline_2007_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS_statline_2007-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utrecht&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Gemeenteraad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeenteraad">Municipal Council</a> (2022-2026) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">party </th> <th>seats </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#5BC422"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/GroenLinks" title="GroenLinks">GroenLinks</a></td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#00AE41"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democrats_66" title="Democrats 66">D66</a></td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#0D1E70"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_for_Freedom_and_Democracy" title="People's Party for Freedom and Democracy">VVD</a></td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#DF111A"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Labour Party (Netherlands)">PvdA</a></td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#007C5E"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Appeal" title="Christian Democratic Appeal">CDA</a></td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#006B2D"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party_for_the_Animals" title="Party for the Animals">PvDD</a></td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#582c83"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Volt_Netherlands" title="Volt Netherlands">Volt</a></td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#00A7EB"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Union_(Netherlands)" title="Christian Union (Netherlands)">Christenunie</a></td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#00B7B2"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Denk_(political_party)" title="Denk (political party)">Denk</a></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#F8F9FA"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bij1" class="mw-redirect" title="Bij1">Bij1</a></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor=""></td> <td>Local parties</td> <td>6 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utrecht&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cityscape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_Utrecht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Panorama_Utrecht.jpg/220px-Panorama_Utrecht.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Panorama_Utrecht.jpg/330px-Panorama_Utrecht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Panorama_Utrecht.jpg/440px-Panorama_Utrecht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>Panorama</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Utrecht_Canals_-_July_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Utrecht_Canals_-_July_2006.jpg/220px-Utrecht_Canals_-_July_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Utrecht_Canals_-_July_2006.jpg/330px-Utrecht_Canals_-_July_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Utrecht_Canals_-_July_2006.jpg/440px-Utrecht_Canals_-_July_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4756" data-file-height="2447" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oudegracht" title="Oudegracht">Oudegracht</a> (the 'old canal') in central Utrecht</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Utrecht_Oude_Gracht_Hamburgerbrug_(LOC).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Utrecht_Oude_Gracht_Hamburgerbrug_%28LOC%29.jpg/220px-Utrecht_Oude_Gracht_Hamburgerbrug_%28LOC%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Utrecht_Oude_Gracht_Hamburgerbrug_%28LOC%29.jpg/330px-Utrecht_Oude_Gracht_Hamburgerbrug_%28LOC%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Utrecht_Oude_Gracht_Hamburgerbrug_%28LOC%29.jpg/440px-Utrecht_Oude_Gracht_Hamburgerbrug_%28LOC%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="758" /></a><figcaption>The Oudegracht in the 1890s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Utrecht_Canals_Aerial_View_-_July_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Utrecht_Canals_Aerial_View_-_July_2006.jpg/170px-Utrecht_Canals_Aerial_View_-_July_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Utrecht_Canals_Aerial_View_-_July_2006.jpg/255px-Utrecht_Canals_Aerial_View_-_July_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Utrecht_Canals_Aerial_View_-_July_2006.jpg/340px-Utrecht_Canals_Aerial_View_-_July_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4172" data-file-height="5553" /></a><figcaption>View of the Oudegracht from the Dom Tower</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DomtorenUitzichtIn2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/DomtorenUitzichtIn2009.jpg/170px-DomtorenUitzichtIn2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/DomtorenUitzichtIn2009.jpg/255px-DomtorenUitzichtIn2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/DomtorenUitzichtIn2009.jpg/340px-DomtorenUitzichtIn2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of Utrecht from the Dom Tower</figcaption></figure> <p>Utrecht's cityscape is dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Dom_Tower_of_Utrecht" title="Dom Tower of Utrecht">Dom Tower</a>, the tallest belfry in the Netherlands and originally part of the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Martin,_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Saint Martin, Utrecht">Cathedral of Saint Martin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An ongoing debate is over whether any building in or near the centre of town should surpass the Dom Tower in height (112 m [367 ft]). Nevertheless, some tall buildings are now being constructed that will become part of the skyline of Utrecht. The second-tallest building of the city, the <a href="/wiki/Rabobank" title="Rabobank">Rabobank</a>-tower, was completed in 2010 and stands 105 m (344 ft) tall.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two antennas will increase that height to 120 m (394 ft). Two other buildings were constructed around the <a href="/wiki/Stadion_Galgenwaard" title="Stadion Galgenwaard">Nieuw Galgenwaard</a> stadium (2007). These buildings, the 'Kantoortoren Galghenwert' and 'Apollo Residence', stand 85.5 m (280.5 ft) and 64.5 m (211.6 ft) high, respectively. The former Utrecht Main Post Office, built in 1924, is still in the city centre at Neude square, but is now serving as library, see also <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_Post_Office" title="Utrecht Post Office">Utrecht Post Office</a>. </p><p>Another landmark is the old centre and the canal structure in the inner city. The <a href="/wiki/Oudegracht" title="Oudegracht">Oudegracht</a> is a curved canal, partly following the ancient main branch of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>. It is lined with the unique wharf-basement structures that create a two-level street along the canals.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inner city has largely retained its medieval structure,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the moat ringing the old town is largely intact.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1970s part of the moat was converted into a motorway. It was then converted back into a waterway, the work being finished in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of the role of Utrecht as a fortified city, construction outside the medieval centre and its city walls was restricted until the 19th century. Surrounding the medieval core there is a ring of late-19th- and early-20th-century neighbourhoods, with newer neighbourhoods positioned farther out.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eastern part of Utrecht remains fairly open. The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Water_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Water Line">Dutch Water Line</a>, moved east of the city in the early 19th century, required open lines of fire, thus prohibiting all permanent constructions until the middle of the 20th century on the east side of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the past importance of Utrecht as a religious centre, several monumental churches were erected, many of which have survived.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most prominent is the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Martin,_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Saint Martin, Utrecht">Dom Church</a>. Other notable churches include the romanesque <a href="/wiki/Pieterskerk,_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Pieterskerk, Utrecht">St Peter's</a> and St John's churches; the gothic churches of St James and St Nicholas; and the Buurkerk, now converted into a <a href="/wiki/Museum_Speelklok" title="Museum Speelklok">museum for automatically playing musical instruments</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utrecht&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_transport">Public transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utrecht&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Public transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of its central location, Utrecht is well connected to the rest of the Netherlands and has a well-developed public transport network. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Heavy_rail">Heavy rail</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utrecht&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Heavy rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2015-08_utrecht_cs_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/2015-08_utrecht_cs_02.JPG/220px-2015-08_utrecht_cs_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/2015-08_utrecht_cs_02.JPG/330px-2015-08_utrecht_cs_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/2015-08_utrecht_cs_02.JPG/440px-2015-08_utrecht_cs_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Utrecht Centraal railway station</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Utrecht_Centraal" class="mw-redirect" title="Utrecht Centraal">Utrecht Centraal</a> is the main railway station of Utrecht and is the largest in the country. There are regular intercity services to all major Dutch cities, including direct services to <a href="/wiki/Schiphol_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Schiphol railway station">Schiphol Airport</a>. Utrecht Centraal is a station on the <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Netherlands#Night_service" title="Rail transport in the Netherlands">night service</a>, providing an all-night service to (among others) Schiphol Airport, Amsterdam and Rotterdam, seven days a week. International <a href="/wiki/InterCityExpress" class="mw-redirect" title="InterCityExpress">InterCityExpress</a> (ICE) services to Germany through <a href="/wiki/Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a> call at Utrecht Centraal. Regular local trains to all areas surrounding Utrecht also depart from Utrecht Centraal; and service several smaller stations: <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_Lunetten_railway_station" title="Utrecht Lunetten railway station">Utrecht Lunetten</a>; <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_Vaartsche_Rijn_railway_station" title="Utrecht Vaartsche Rijn railway station">Utrecht Vaartsche Rijn</a>; <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_Overvecht_railway_station" title="Utrecht Overvecht railway station">Utrecht Overvecht</a>; <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_Leidsche_Rijn_railway_station" title="Utrecht Leidsche Rijn railway station">Utrecht Leidsche Rijn</a>; <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_Terwijde_railway_station" title="Utrecht Terwijde railway station">Utrecht Terwijde</a>; <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_Zuilen_railway_station" title="Utrecht Zuilen railway station">Utrecht Zuilen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vleuten_railway_station" title="Vleuten railway station">Vleuten</a>. A former station <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_Maliebaan_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Utrecht Maliebaan railway station">Utrecht Maliebaan</a> closed in 1939 and has since been converted into the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Railway_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Railway Museum">Dutch Railway Museum</a>. </p><p>Utrecht is the location of the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Spoorwegen" title="Nederlandse Spoorwegen">Nederlandse Spoorwegen</a> (English: <i>Dutch Railways</i>), the largest rail operator in the Netherlands, and <a href="/wiki/ProRail" title="ProRail">ProRail</a>, the state-owned company responsible for the construction and maintenance of the country's rail infrastructure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Light_rail">Light rail</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utrecht&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Light rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_sneltram" class="mw-redirect" title="Utrecht sneltram">Utrecht sneltram</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a> scheme running southwards from Utrecht Centraal to the suburbs of <a href="/wiki/IJsselstein" title="IJsselstein">IJsselstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanaleneiland" title="Kanaleneiland">Kanaleneiland</a>, Lombok and <a href="/wiki/Nieuwegein" title="Nieuwegein">Nieuwegein</a>. The sneltram began operations in 1983 and is currently operated by the private transport company <a href="/wiki/Qbuzz" title="Qbuzz">Qbuzz</a>. On 16 December 2019 the new tram line to the <a href="/wiki/Uithof" class="mw-redirect" title="Uithof">Uithof</a> started operating, creating a direct <a href="/wiki/Mass_transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass transit">mass transit</a> connection from the <a href="/wiki/Central_station" title="Central station">central station</a> to the main <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_university" class="mw-redirect" title="Utrecht university">Utrecht university</a> campus.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bus_transport">Bus transport</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utrecht&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bus transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main local and regional bus station of Utrecht is located adjacent to Utrecht Centraal railway station, at the East and West entrances. Due to large-scale renovation and construction works at the railway station, the station's bus stops are changing frequently. As a general rule, westbound buses depart from the bus station on the west entrance, other buses from the east side station. Local <a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">buses</a> in Utrecht are operated by <a href="/wiki/Qbuzz" title="Qbuzz">Qbuzz</a>; its services include a high-frequency service to the <a href="/wiki/Uithof" class="mw-redirect" title="Uithof">Uithof</a> university district. The local bus fleet is one of Europe's cleanest, using only buses compliant with the <a href="/wiki/European_emission_standards#Emission_standards_for_trucks_and_buses" title="European emission standards">Euro-VI standard</a> as well as electric buses for inner-city transport. Regional buses from the city are operated by <a href="/wiki/Arriva" title="Arriva">Arriva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Connexxion" title="Connexxion">Connexxion</a>. </p><p>The Utrecht Centraal railway station is also served by the pan-European services of <a href="/wiki/Eurolines" title="Eurolines">Eurolines</a>. Furthermore, it acts as departure and arrival place of many coach companies serving holiday resorts in Spain and France—and during winter in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cycling">Cycling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utrecht&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Cycling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like most Dutch cities, Utrecht has an extensive network of <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_path" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicycle path">cycle paths</a>, making cycling safe and popular. 33% of journeys within the city are by bicycle, more than any other mode of transport.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Cars, for example, account for 30% of trips). Bicycles are used by young and old people, and by individuals and families. They are mostly traditional, upright, steel-framed bicycles, with few gears. There are also bucket bikes for carrying cargo such as groceries or small children. Thanks in part to the access provided by bicycles, 100% of the population lives in a <a href="/wiki/15-minute_city" title="15-minute city">15-minute city</a> and more than 90% can get to the major destination types within 10 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, the city council decided to build the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_parking_station" title="Bicycle parking station">bicycle parking station</a>, near the <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_Centraal_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Utrecht Centraal railway station">Central Railway Station</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This three-floor construction cost over €30 million and can hold 12,500 bicycles. The bicycle parking station was built in stages, with the first part opening in August 2017, and the final section (after some delay) being opened on 19 August 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road_transport">Road transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utrecht&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Road transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Utrecht is well-connected to the Dutch road network. Two of the most important major roads serve the city of Utrecht: the <a href="/wiki/A12_motorway_(Netherlands)" title="A12 motorway (Netherlands)">A12</a> and <a href="/wiki/A2_motorway_(Netherlands)" title="A2 motorway (Netherlands)">A2</a> motorways connect <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a>, as well as Belgium and Germany. Other major motorways in the area are the <a href="/wiki/Almere" title="Almere">Almere</a>–<a href="/wiki/Breda" title="Breda">Breda</a> <a href="/wiki/A27_motorway_(Netherlands)" title="A27 motorway (Netherlands)">A27</a> and the Utrecht–<a href="/wiki/Groningen_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Groningen (city)">Groningen</a> <a href="/wiki/A28_motorway_(Netherlands)" title="A28 motorway (Netherlands)">A28</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the increasing traffic and the ancient city plan, traffic congestion is a common phenomenon in and around Utrecht, causing elevated levels of <a href="/wiki/Air_pollutant" class="mw-redirect" title="Air pollutant">air pollutants</a>. This has led to a passionate debate in the city about the best way to improve the city's air quality. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shipping">Shipping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utrecht&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Shipping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Utrecht has an industrial port located on the <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam-Rijnkanaal" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam-Rijnkanaal">Amsterdam-Rijnkanaal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The container terminal has a capacity of 80,000 containers a year. In 2003, the port facilitated the transport of four million tons of cargo; mostly sand, gravel, fertiliser and fodder.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, some tourist boat trips are organised from various places on the Oudegracht; and the city is connected to touristic shipping routes through sluices.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utrecht&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Utrecht_de_inktpot_september_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Utrecht_de_inktpot_september_2003.jpg/220px-Utrecht_de_inktpot_september_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Utrecht_de_inktpot_september_2003.jpg/330px-Utrecht_de_inktpot_september_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Utrecht_de_inktpot_september_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption>'<a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Inktpot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De Inktpot (page does not exist)">De Inktpot</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Inktpot" class="extiw" title="nl:De Inktpot">nl</a>]</span>' ("The Inkpot") with fake UFO</figcaption></figure> <p>Production industry constitutes a small part of the economy of Utrecht. The economy of Utrecht depends for a large part on the several large institutions located in the city. It is the centre of the Dutch railway network and the location of the head office of <a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Spoorwegen" title="Nederlandse Spoorwegen">Nederlandse Spoorwegen</a>. <a href="/wiki/ProRail" title="ProRail">ProRail</a> is headquartered in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Inktpot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De Inktpot (page does not exist)">De Inktpot</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Inktpot" class="extiw" title="nl:De Inktpot">nl</a>]</span></i> (The Inkwell), the largest brick building in the Netherlands<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the "UFO" featured on its façade stems from an art program in 2000). <a href="/wiki/Rabobank" title="Rabobank">Rabobank</a>, a large bank, has its headquarters in Utrecht.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Utrecht is also informally considered<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2024)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> the "capital" of the <a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_Netherlands" title="Video games in the Netherlands">Dutch games industry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was named by <a href="/wiki/Business_Finland" title="Business Finland">Business Finland</a> in 2023 as one of several capitals for the European games industry as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Utrecht's influence in this field was caused by video game development courses at its universities, which were the first such courses in Europe when launched in 2002. Since 2008 Utrecht has also been home to the studio incubator program <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Game_Garden" title="Dutch Game Garden">Dutch Game Garden</a>, which has launched a number of studios in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2014 the program had created 200 jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Utrecht is also home to <a href="/wiki/Nixxes_Software" title="Nixxes Software">Nixxes Software</a> (a <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Studios" title="PlayStation Studios">PlayStation Studios</a> subsidiary) as well as <a href="/wiki/Sokpop_Collective" title="Sokpop Collective">Sokpop Collective</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utrecht&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Utrecht-Uithof,_from_CambridgeLaan_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Utrecht-Uithof%2C_from_CambridgeLaan_01.jpg/220px-Utrecht-Uithof%2C_from_CambridgeLaan_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Utrecht-Uithof%2C_from_CambridgeLaan_01.jpg/330px-Utrecht-Uithof%2C_from_CambridgeLaan_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Utrecht-Uithof%2C_from_CambridgeLaan_01.jpg/440px-Utrecht-Uithof%2C_from_CambridgeLaan_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>View on the Science Park campus of <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_University" title="Utrecht University">Utrecht University</a>. The building in the centre is the library.</figcaption></figure> <p>Utrecht hosts several large institutions of higher education. The most prominent of these is <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_University" title="Utrecht University">Utrecht University</a> (est. 1636), the largest university of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> with 30,449 students (as of 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utrecht&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>). The university is partially based in the inner city as well as in the <a href="/wiki/Uithof" class="mw-redirect" title="Uithof">Uithof</a> campus area, on the east side of the city. According to <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Jiaotong_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Jiaotong University">Shanghai Jiaotong University</a>'s university ranking in 2014, it is the 57th-best university in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Utrecht also houses the much smaller <a href="/wiki/University_of_Humanistic_Studies" title="University of Humanistic Studies">University of Humanistic Studies</a>, which houses about 400 students.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Utrecht is home of one of the locations of <a href="/wiki/TIAS_School_for_Business_and_Society" title="TIAS School for Business and Society">TIAS School for Business and Society</a>, focused on post-experience management education and the largest management school of its kind in the Netherlands. In 2008, its executive <a href="/wiki/MBA" class="mw-redirect" title="MBA">MBA</a> program was rated the 24th best program in the world by the <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Utrecht is also home to two other large institutions of higher education: the vocational university <a href="/wiki/University_of_Professional_Education_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Professional Education Utrecht">Hogeschool Utrecht</a> (37,000 students),<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with locations in the city and the Uithof campus; and the <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_School_of_the_Arts" title="Utrecht School of the Arts">HKU Utrecht School of the Arts</a> (3,000 students). </p><p>There are many schools for <a href="/wiki/Primary_education#Netherlands" title="Primary education">primary</a> and secondary education, allowing parents to select from different philosophies and religions in the school as is inherent in the <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Netherlands" title="Education in the Netherlands">Dutch school system</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utrecht&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miffy_Statue_in_Utrecht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Miffy_Statue_in_Utrecht.jpg/220px-Miffy_Statue_in_Utrecht.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Miffy_Statue_in_Utrecht.jpg/330px-Miffy_Statue_in_Utrecht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Miffy_Statue_in_Utrecht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Miffy" title="Miffy">Miffy</a> statue at the Nijntjepleintje in Utrecht</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rietveld_Schr%C3%B6derhuis_HayKranen-20.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Rietveld_Schr%C3%B6derhuis_HayKranen-20.JPG/220px-Rietveld_Schr%C3%B6derhuis_HayKranen-20.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Rietveld_Schr%C3%B6derhuis_HayKranen-20.JPG/330px-Rietveld_Schr%C3%B6derhuis_HayKranen-20.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Rietveld_Schr%C3%B6derhuis_HayKranen-20.JPG/440px-Rietveld_Schr%C3%B6derhuis_HayKranen-20.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4515" data-file-height="3010" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rietveld_Schr%C3%B6der_House" title="Rietveld Schröder House">Rietveld Schröder House</a> from 1924</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kariatiden_Winkel_van_Sinkel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Kariatiden_Winkel_van_Sinkel.JPG/220px-Kariatiden_Winkel_van_Sinkel.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Kariatiden_Winkel_van_Sinkel.JPG/330px-Kariatiden_Winkel_van_Sinkel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Kariatiden_Winkel_van_Sinkel.JPG/440px-Kariatiden_Winkel_van_Sinkel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Caryatids at the Winkel van Sinkel</figcaption></figure> <p>Utrecht city has an active cultural life, and in the Netherlands is second only to Amsterdam.<sup id="cite_ref-Umon_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Umon-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several theatres and theatre companies. The 1941 main city theatre was built by <a href="/wiki/Willem_Marinus_Dudok" title="Willem Marinus Dudok">Dudok</a>. In addition to theatres, there is a large number of cinemas including three arthouse cinemas. Utrecht is host to the international <a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Music_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Early Music Festival (page does not exist)">Early Music Festival</a> (Festival Oude Muziek, for music before 1800) and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Film_Festival" title="Netherlands Film Festival">Netherlands Film Festival</a>. The city has an important classical music hall Vredenburg (1979 by <a href="/wiki/Herman_Hertzberger" title="Herman Hertzberger">Herman Hertzberger</a>). Its acoustics are considered among the best of the 20th-century original music halls.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The original Vredenburg music hall has been redeveloped as part of the larger station area redevelopment plan and in 2014 gained additional halls that allowed its merger with the rock club Tivoli and the SJU jazzpodium. There are several other venues for music throughout the city. Young musicians are educated in the <a href="/wiki/College_or_university_school_of_music" class="mw-redirect" title="College or university school of music">conservatory</a>, a department of the <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_School_of_the_Arts" title="Utrecht School of the Arts">Utrecht School of the Arts</a>. There is a specialised <a href="/wiki/Museum_Speelklok" title="Museum Speelklok">museum</a> of automatically playing musical instruments. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prins_Clausbrug_vanuit_NO_bekeken.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Prins_Clausbrug_vanuit_NO_bekeken.JPG/220px-Prins_Clausbrug_vanuit_NO_bekeken.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Prins_Clausbrug_vanuit_NO_bekeken.JPG/330px-Prins_Clausbrug_vanuit_NO_bekeken.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Prins_Clausbrug_vanuit_NO_bekeken.JPG/440px-Prins_Clausbrug_vanuit_NO_bekeken.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Prins Clausbrug across the <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam-Rhine_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam-Rhine Canal">Amsterdam-Rhine Canal</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are many art galleries in Utrecht. There are also several foundations to support art and artists. Training of artists is done at the <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_School_of_the_Arts" title="Utrecht School of the Arts">Utrecht School of the Arts</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Centraal_Museum" title="Centraal Museum">Centraal Museum</a> has many exhibitions on the arts, including a permanent exhibition on the works of Utrecht resident illustrator <a href="/wiki/Dick_Bruna" title="Dick Bruna">Dick Bruna</a>, who is best known for creating <a href="/wiki/Miffy" title="Miffy">Miffy</a> ("Nijntje", in Dutch). BAK, [Dutch: "Basis voor Actuele Kunst," Basis for Contemporary Art] offers contemporary art exhibitions and public events, as well as a Fellowship program for practitioners involved in contemporary arts, theory and activisms. Although street art is illegal in Utrecht, the Utrechtse Kabouter, a picture of a gnome with a red hat, became a common sight in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Utrecht also houses one of the landmarks of modern architecture, the 1924 <a href="/wiki/Rietveld_Schr%C3%B6der_House" title="Rietveld Schröder House">Rietveld Schröder House</a>, which is listed on UNESCO's <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>. </p><p>Every Saturday, a paviour adds another letter to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Letters_of_Utrecht" title="The Letters of Utrecht">The Letters of Utrecht</a></i>, an endless poem in the cobblestones of the Oude Gracht in Utrecht. With the <i>Letters</i>, Utrecht has a <a href="/wiki/Social_sculpture" title="Social sculpture">social sculpture</a> as a growing monument created for the benefit of future people. </p><p>To promote culture, Utrecht city organizes cultural Sundays. During a thematic Sunday, several organisations create a program which is open to everyone without, or with a substantially reduced, admission fee. There are also initiatives for <a href="/wiki/Amateur" title="Amateur">amateur</a> artists. The city subsidises an organisation for amateur education in arts aimed at all inhabitants (Utrechts Centrum voor de Kunsten), as does the university for its staff and students. Additionally there are also several private initiatives. The city council provides coupons for discounts to inhabitants who receive welfare to be used with many of the initiatives. </p><p>In 2017, Utrecht was named as a UNESCO <a href="/wiki/City_of_Literature" title="City of Literature">City of Literature</a>. In 2025 the national <a href="/wiki/Literatuurmuseum" class="mw-redirect" title="Literatuurmuseum">literature museum</a> will move from the Hague to Utrecht. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utrecht&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coachpraatje_bij_de_Munt_-_WLM_2011_-_ednl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Coachpraatje_bij_de_Munt_-_WLM_2011_-_ednl.jpg/220px-Coachpraatje_bij_de_Munt_-_WLM_2011_-_ednl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Coachpraatje_bij_de_Munt_-_WLM_2011_-_ednl.jpg/330px-Coachpraatje_bij_de_Munt_-_WLM_2011_-_ednl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Coachpraatje_bij_de_Munt_-_WLM_2011_-_ednl.jpg/440px-Coachpraatje_bij_de_Munt_-_WLM_2011_-_ednl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triton_rowing_club&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triton rowing club (page does not exist)">Triton rowing club</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.R._Triton" class="extiw" title="nl:U.S.R. Triton">nl</a>]</span> team pauses with their coach by the Muntbrug, a rotating bridge built in 1887.</figcaption></figure> <p>Utrecht is home to the premier league (professional) <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> club <a href="/wiki/FC_Utrecht" title="FC Utrecht">FC Utrecht</a>, which plays in <a href="/wiki/Stadion_Galgenwaard" title="Stadion Galgenwaard">Stadium Nieuw Galgenwaard</a>. It is also the home of Kampong, the largest (amateur) sportsclub in the Netherlands (4,500 members), SV Kampong.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kampong features <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a>, association football, <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squash_(sport)" title="Squash (sport)">squash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boules" title="Boules">boules</a>. Kampong's men and women top hockey squads play in the highest Dutch hockey league, the Rabohoofdklasse. Utrecht is also home to baseball and softball club UVV, which plays in the highest Dutch baseball league: de Hoofdklasse. Utrecht's waterways are used by several rowing clubs. Viking is a large club open to the general public, and the student clubs Orca and Triton compete in the <a href="/wiki/Varsity_(rowing_regatta)" title="Varsity (rowing regatta)">Varsity</a> each year. </p><p>In July 2013, Utrecht hosted the <a href="/wiki/European_Youth_Olympic_Festival" title="European Youth Olympic Festival">European Youth Olympic Festival</a>, in which more than 2,000 young athletes competed in nine different Olympic sports. In July 2015, Utrecht hosted the Grand Départ and first stage of the <a href="/wiki/Tour_de_France" title="Tour de France">Tour de France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utrecht&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aanzicht_op_de_westgevel_van_bouwdeel_1_-_Utrecht_-_20234880_-_RCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Aanzicht_op_de_westgevel_van_bouwdeel_1_-_Utrecht_-_20234880_-_RCE.jpg/220px-Aanzicht_op_de_westgevel_van_bouwdeel_1_-_Utrecht_-_20234880_-_RCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Aanzicht_op_de_westgevel_van_bouwdeel_1_-_Utrecht_-_20234880_-_RCE.jpg/330px-Aanzicht_op_de_westgevel_van_bouwdeel_1_-_Utrecht_-_20234880_-_RCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Aanzicht_op_de_westgevel_van_bouwdeel_1_-_Utrecht_-_20234880_-_RCE.jpg/440px-Aanzicht_op_de_westgevel_van_bouwdeel_1_-_Utrecht_-_20234880_-_RCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="3077" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Duitse_Huis" title="Duitse Huis">Duitse Huis</a> in April 1982</figcaption></figure> <p>Utrecht has several smaller and larger museums. Many of those are located in the southern part of the old town, the Museumkwartier. </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aboriginal_Art_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aboriginal Art Museum (page does not exist)">Aboriginal Art Museum</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Art_Museum" class="extiw" title="nl:Aboriginal Art Museum">nl</a>]</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> located at the Oudegracht and closed since 15 June 2017, this museum had a small exhibit of Australian Aboriginal Art</li> <li>BAK, basis voor actuele kunst, an international platform for theoretically-informed, politically driven art and experimental research</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centraal_Museum" title="Centraal Museum">Centraal Museum</a>, located in the MuseumQuarter, this municipal museum has a large collection of art, design, and historical artifacts; <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dick_Bruna_huis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dick Bruna huis (page does not exist)">Dick Bruna huis</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Bruna_huis" class="extiw" title="nl:Dick Bruna huis">nl</a>]</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> art of Centraal Museum on this separate location is dedicated to Miffy creator Dick Bruna.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duitse_Huis" title="Duitse Huis">Duitse Huis</a> has a collection of historical items including many charters with seals dating from as far back as the early 13th century and a collection of medieval coins.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_Catharijneconvent" title="Museum Catharijneconvent">Museum Catharijneconvent</a>, Museum of the Catholic Church shows the history of Christian culture and arts in the Netherlands;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_Speelklok" title="Museum Speelklok">Museum Speelklok</a> National Museum in the centre of the city, displays several centuries of mechanical musical instruments;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Museum_(Netherlands)" title="Railway Museum (Netherlands)">Railway Museum (Nederlands Spoorwegmuseum)</a> Railway sponsored museum on the history of the Dutch railways;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utrecht_Archives" title="Utrecht Archives">Utrecht Archives</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are located at Hamburgerstraat 28 in Utrecht;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utrecht_university_museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Utrecht university museum (page does not exist)">Utrecht university museum</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiteitsmuseum_(Utrecht)" class="extiw" title="nl:Universiteitsmuseum (Utrecht)">nl</a>]</span><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_University" title="Utrecht University">Utrecht University</a> museum includes the ancient <a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">botanical garden</a>;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volksbuurtmuseum_Wijk_C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volksbuurtmuseum Wijk C (page does not exist)">Volksbuurtmuseum Wijk C</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksbuurtmuseum_Wijk_C" class="extiw" title="nl:Volksbuurtmuseum Wijk C">nl</a>]</span><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonnenborgh_Observatory" title="Sonnenborgh Observatory">Sonnenborgh Observatory</a><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> observatory and museum that regularly hosts lectures on astronomy, located at Zonnenburg 2 in Utrecht;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betje_Boerhave_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betje Boerhave Museum (page does not exist)">Betje Boerhave Museum</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betje_Boerhave_Museum" class="extiw" title="nl:Betje Boerhave Museum">nl</a>]</span><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> museum for the grocer's shop where people can buy old-fashioned food and non-food items, located at Hoogt 6 in Utrecht.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_events">Music and events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utrecht&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Music and events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city has several music venues such as <a href="/wiki/TivoliVredenburg" title="TivoliVredenburg">TivoliVredenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tivoli_(Utrecht)" title="Tivoli (Utrecht)">Tivoli De Helling</a>, <a href="/wiki/ACU_(Utrecht)" title="ACU (Utrecht)">ACU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moira_(Utrecht)" title="Moira (Utrecht)">Moira</a>, EKKO, dB's and RASA. Utrecht hosts the yearly Utrecht Early Music Festival (<a href="/wiki/Festival_Oude_Muziek" title="Festival Oude Muziek">Festival Oude Muziek</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several Editions of the <a href="/wiki/Thunderdome_(music_festival)" title="Thunderdome (music festival)">Thunderdome</a>, a large gabber music event, have been held in <a href="/wiki/Jaarbeurs_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaarbeurs Utrecht">Jaarbeurs Utrecht</a>. The city also hosts <a href="/wiki/Trance_Energy" title="Trance Energy">Trance Energy</a> there. Every summer there used to be the <i>Summer Darkness</i> festival, which celebrated <a href="/wiki/Goth_subculture" title="Goth subculture">goth culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic music">music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brandon_Hartley_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brandon_Hartley-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November the <a href="/wiki/Le_Guess_Who%3F" title="Le Guess Who?">Le Guess Who?</a> festival, focused on <a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">indie rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_rock" title="Art rock">art rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Experimental_rock" title="Experimental rock">experimental rock</a>, takes place in many of the city's venues. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utrecht&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two main theatres in the city, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theater_Kikker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theater Kikker (page does not exist)">Theater Kikker</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_Kikker" class="extiw" title="nl:Theater Kikker">nl</a>]</span><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stadsschouwburg_Utrecht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stadsschouwburg Utrecht (page does not exist)">Stadsschouwburg Utrecht</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadsschouwburg_Utrecht" class="extiw" title="nl:Stadsschouwburg Utrecht">nl</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Parade, a travelling theatre festival, performs in Utrecht in summer. The city also hosts the yearly <a href="/wiki/Festival_aan_de_Werf" title="Festival aan de Werf">Festival aan de Werf</a> which offers a selection of contemporary international theatre, together with visual arts, public art and music. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people_from_Utrecht">Notable people from Utrecht</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utrecht&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notable people from Utrecht"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geboortehuis_van_Paus_Adriaan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Geboortehuis_van_Paus_Adriaan.jpg/170px-Geboortehuis_van_Paus_Adriaan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Geboortehuis_van_Paus_Adriaan.jpg/255px-Geboortehuis_van_Paus_Adriaan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Geboortehuis_van_Paus_Adriaan.jpg/340px-Geboortehuis_van_Paus_Adriaan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_VI" title="Pope Adrian VI">Pope Adrian VI</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Utrecht" title="List of people from Utrecht">List of people from Utrecht</a></div> <dl><dd><i>See also the category <a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Utrecht_(city)" title="Category:People from Utrecht (city)">People from Utrecht</a></i></dd></dl> <p>Over the ages famous people have been born or raised in Utrecht. Among the most famous Utrechters are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_VI" title="Pope Adrian VI">Pope Adrian VI</a> (1459–1523), head of the Catholic Church</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Andriessen" title="Louis Andriessen">Louis Andriessen</a> (1939–2021), composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_van_Basten" title="Marco van Basten">Marco van Basten</a> (born 1964), football player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Bruna" title="Dick Bruna">Dick Bruna</a> (1927–2017), writer and illustrator (<a href="/wiki/Miffy" title="Miffy">Miffy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C.H.D._Buys_Ballot" class="mw-redirect" title="C.H.D. Buys Ballot">C.H.D. Buys Ballot</a> (1817–1890), meteorologist (<a href="/wiki/Buys-Ballot%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Buys-Ballot's law">Buys-Ballot's law</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Doesburg" title="Theo van Doesburg">Theo van Doesburg</a> (1883–1931), painter and artist (<a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a> movement)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Doorman" title="Karel Doorman">Karel Doorman</a> (1889–1942), Rear Admiral (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fentener_van_Vlissingen" title="Paul Fentener van Vlissingen">Paul Fentener van Vlissingen</a> (1941–2006), businessman and philanthropist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Geesink" title="Anton Geesink">Anton Geesink</a> (1934–2010), <a href="/wiki/Judoka" class="mw-redirect" title="Judoka">judoka</a>, first non-Japanese worldchampion <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rijk_de_Gooyer" title="Rijk de Gooyer">Rijk de Gooyer</a> (1925–2011), actor, writer, comedian and singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Kristel" title="Sylvia Kristel">Sylvia Kristel</a> (1952–2012), actress (<i><a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_(1974_film)" title="Emmanuelle (1974 film)">Emmanuelle</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Rietveld" title="Gerrit Rietveld">Gerrit Rietveld</a> (1888–1964), designer and architect (<a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a> movement)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dafne_Schippers" title="Dafne Schippers">Dafne Schippers</a> (born 1992), sprinter/heptathlon Olympian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_van_Veen" title="Herman van Veen">Herman van Veen</a> (born 1945), actor, musician, singer-songwriter and author of <i><a href="/wiki/Alfred_J._Kwak" title="Alfred J. Kwak">Alfred J. Kwak</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wil_Velders-Vlasblom" title="Wil Velders-Vlasblom">Wil Velders-Vlasblom</a> (1930–2019), first female alderman in Utrecht</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Wilnis" title="Jason Wilnis">Jason Wilnis</a> (born 1990), mixed martial artist and former kickboxing <a href="/wiki/Glory_(kickboxing)#Glory_Middleweight_Championship" title="Glory (kickboxing)">Glory middleweight champion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurri%C3%ABn_Timber" title="Jurriën Timber">Jurriën Timber</a> (born 2001), football player for <a href="/wiki/Premier_League" title="Premier League">Premier League</a> side <a href="/wiki/Arsenal_F.C." title="Arsenal F.C.">Arsenal</a>, with 15 international caps for <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_national_football_team" title="Netherlands national football team">The Dutch National Team</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utrecht&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Utrecht" title="Special:EditPage/Utrecht">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in the Netherlands">List of twin towns and sister cities in the Netherlands</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns">Twin towns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utrecht&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Twin towns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Utrecht is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with: </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua"><img alt="Nicaragua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_(Nicaragua)" class="mw-redirect" title="León (Nicaragua)">León</a>, Nicaragua</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brno" title="Brno">Brno</a>, Czech Republic<sup id="cite_ref-Brno_twinnings_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brno_twinnings-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brno_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brno-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pekanbaru" title="Pekanbaru">Pekanbaru</a>, Indonesia</li> <li>previously <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hannover" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannover">Hannover</a>, Germany, between 1970 and 1976</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_relations">Other relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utrecht&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Other relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a>, United States as a friendship city<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utrecht&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catharijne" title="Catharijne">Catharijne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauwerecht" title="Lauwerecht">Lauwerecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Utrecht" title="List of mayors of Utrecht">List of mayors of Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utrecht_(agglomeration)" title="Utrecht (agglomeration)">Utrecht (agglomeration)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utrecht&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_sodomy_trials#Legacy" title="Utrecht sodomy trials">Utrecht sodomy trials § Legacy</a> for the history of these demonyms.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Almost all other canal cities in The Netherlands (such as Amsterdam and Delft) have the water in canals bordering directly to the road surface</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utrecht&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mayor_now-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mayor_now_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407073106/http://www.utrecht.nl/hoe-werkt-de-gemeente/burgemeester-en-wethouders/persoonlijke-websites-college/burgemeester/">"Burgemeester"</a> [Mayor] (in Dutch). Gemeente Utrecht. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utrecht.nl/hoe-werkt-de-gemeente/burgemeester-en-wethouders/persoonlijke-websites-college/burgemeester/">the original</a> on 7 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Burgemeester&rft.pub=Gemeente+Utrecht&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utrecht.nl%2Fhoe-werkt-de-gemeente%2Fburgemeester-en-wethouders%2Fpersoonlijke-websites-college%2Fburgemeester%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tno_randstad-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tno_randstad_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tno_randstad_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouman-Eijsvan_BreeJonkhoffKoops2012" class="citation techreport cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bouman-Eijs, Anita; van Bree, Thijmen; Jonkhoff, Wouter; Koops, Olaf; Manshanden, Walter; Rietveld, Elmer (17 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140303212054/http://www.zuidvleugel.nl/sites/www.zuidvleugel.nl/files/article/downloads/top_20_europese_grootstedelijke_regios_1995_2011_tno_2012_r11155.pdf"><i>De Top 20 van Europese grootstedelijke regio's 1995–2011; Randstad Holland in internationaal perspectief</i></a> [<i>Top 20 of European metropolitan regions 1995–2011; Randstad Holland compared internationally</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Technical report) (in Dutch). Delft: <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Organisation_for_Applied_Scientific_Research" title="Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research">TNO</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zuidvleugel.nl/sites/www.zuidvleugel.nl/files/article/downloads/top_20_europese_grootstedelijke_regios_1995_2011_tno_2012_r11155.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=De+Top+20+van+Europese+grootstedelijke+regio%27s+1995%E2%80%932011%3B+Randstad+Holland+in+internationaal+perspectief&rft.place=Delft&rft.pub=TNO&rft.date=2012-12-17&rft.aulast=Bouman-Eijs&rft.aufirst=Anita&rft.au=van+Bree%2C+Thijmen&rft.au=Jonkhoff%2C+Wouter&rft.au=Koops%2C+Olaf&rft.au=Manshanden%2C+Walter&rft.au=Rietveld%2C+Elmer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zuidvleugel.nl%2Fsites%2Fwww.zuidvleugel.nl%2Ffiles%2Farticle%2Fdownloads%2Ftop_20_europese_grootstedelijke_regios_1995_2011_tno_2012_r11155.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AHN-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AHN_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahn.nl/postcodetool">"Postcodetool for 3512GG"</a>. <i>Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland</i> (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226031342/http://www.ahn.nl/postcodetool%0A">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Actueel+Hoogtebestand+Nederland&rft.atitle=Postcodetool+for+3512GG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahn.nl%2Fpostcodetool&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM=SLNL&PA=37230NED&D1=17-18&D2=57-650&D3=l&LA=EN&HDR=T&STB=G1,G2&VW=T">"Bevolkingsontwikkeling; regio per maand"</a> [Population growth; regions per month]. <i>CBS Statline</i> (in Dutch). <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Netherlands" title="Statistics Netherlands">CBS</a>. 1 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+Statline&rft.atitle=Bevolkingsontwikkeling%3B+regio+per+maand&rft.date=2021-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatline.cbs.nl%2FStatWeb%2Fpublication%2F%3FDM%3DSLNL%26PA%3D37230NED%26D1%3D17-18%26D2%3D57-650%26D3%3Dl%26LA%3DEN%26HDR%3DT%26STB%3DG1%2CG2%26VW%3DT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/70072ned/table?ts=1615235479113">"Bevolkingsontwikkeling; Regionale kerncijfers Nederland"</a> [Regional core figures Netherlands]. <i>CBS Statline</i> (in Dutch). <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Netherlands" title="Statistics Netherlands">CBS</a>. 1 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+Statline&rft.atitle=Bevolkingsontwikkeling%3B+Regionale+kerncijfers+Nederland&rft.date=2020-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopendata.cbs.nl%2Fstatline%2F%23%2FCBS%2Fnl%2Fdataset%2F70072ned%2Ftable%3Fts%3D1615235479113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2011" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a> (2011). <a href="/wiki/Peter_Roach_(phonetician)" title="Peter Roach (phonetician)">Roach, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jane_Setter" title="Jane Setter">Setter, Jane</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Esling" title="John Esling">Esling, John</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/English_Pronouncing_Dictionary" title="English Pronouncing Dictionary">Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary</a></i> (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6"><bdi>978-0-521-15255-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-15255-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John C.</a> (2008). <i>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-opendata.cbs.nl-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-opendata.cbs.nl_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-opendata.cbs.nl_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/37230ned/table?ts=1578685738191">"CBS Statline"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170803035505/https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/37230ned/table?ts=1578685738191">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CBS+Statline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopendata.cbs.nl%2Fstatline%2F%23%2FCBS%2Fnl%2Fdataset%2F37230ned%2Ftable%3Fts%3D1578685738191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Umon-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Umon_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Umon_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGemeente_Utrecht" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gemeente Utrecht. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160206065523/http://www.utrecht.nl/images/Secretarie/Bestuursinformatie/Publicaties2007/UM2007/UtrechtMonitor2007.pdf">"Utrecht Monitor 2007"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Dutch). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utrecht.nl/images/Secretarie/Bestuursinformatie/Publicaties2007/UM2007/UtrechtMonitor2007.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Utrecht+Monitor+2007&rft.au=Gemeente+Utrecht&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utrecht.nl%2Fimages%2FSecretarie%2FBestuursinformatie%2FPublicaties2007%2FUM2007%2FUtrechtMonitor2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlasi2012" class="citation news cs1">Blasi, Abigail (14 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/travel-tips-and-articles/10-of-the-worlds-unsung-places/40625c8c-8a11-5710-a052-1479d277e7b8">"10 of the world's unsung places"</a>. Lonely Planet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170807023240/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/travel-tips-and-articles/10-of-the-worlds-unsung-places/40625c8c-8a11-5710-a052-1479d277e7b8">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=10+of+the+world%27s+unsung+places&rft.date=2012-05-14&rft.aulast=Blasi&rft.aufirst=Abigail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Ftravel-tips-and-articles%2F10-of-the-worlds-unsung-places%2F40625c8c-8a11-5710-a052-1479d277e7b8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utrecht.nl/smartsite.dws?id=163711">"Gemeente Utrecht, Geschiedenis Utrecht voor 1528"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081016132507/http://www.utrecht.nl/smartsite.dws?id=163711">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gemeente+Utrecht%2C+Geschiedenis+Utrecht+voor+1528&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utrecht.nl%2Fsmartsite.dws%3Fid%3D163711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20eUtrecht-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-20eUtrecht_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-20eUtrecht_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-20eUtrecht_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-20eUtrecht_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-20eUtrecht_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-20eUtrecht_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-20eUtrecht_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-20eUtrecht_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-20eUtrecht_13-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_BruinHoekstraPietersma1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">de Bruin, R.E.; Hoekstra, T.J.; <a href="/wiki/Albert_Pietersma" title="Albert Pietersma">Pietersma, A.</a> (1999). <i>Twintig eeuwen Utrecht, korte geschiedenis van de stad</i> (in Dutch). Utrecht: SPOU & Het Utrechts Archief. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5479-040-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-5479-040-7"><bdi>90-5479-040-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twintig+eeuwen+Utrecht%2C+korte+geschiedenis+van+de+stad&rft.place=Utrecht&rft.pub=SPOU+%26+Het+Utrechts+Archief&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=90-5479-040-7&rft.aulast=de+Bruin&rft.aufirst=R.E.&rft.au=Hoekstra%2C+T.J.&rft.au=Pietersma%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHet_Utrechts_Archief" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Het Utrechts Archief. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hetutrechtsarchief.nl/werkstukken/onderwerpen/ontstaan-utrecht">"Het ontstaan van de stad Utrecht (tot 100)"</a> (in Dutch). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090502015136/http://www.hetutrechtsarchief.nl/werkstukken/onderwerpen/ontstaan-utrecht">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Het+ontstaan+van+de+stad+Utrecht+%28tot+100%29&rft.au=Het+Utrechts+Archief&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hetutrechtsarchief.nl%2Fwerkstukken%2Fonderwerpen%2Fontstaan-utrecht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Sijs2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">van der Sijs, Nicoline (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/sijs002chro01_01/sijs002chro01_01_0010.htm"><i>Chronologisch woordenboek. De ouderdom en herkomst van onze woorden en betekenissen</i></a> (in Dutch). Amsterdam / Antwerp. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-204-2045-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-204-2045-3"><bdi>90-204-2045-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081229085936/http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/sijs002chro01_01/sijs002chro01_01_0010.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronologisch+woordenboek.+De+ouderdom+en+herkomst+van+onze+woorden+en+betekenissen&rft.place=Amsterdam+%2F+Antwerp&rft.pages=100&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=90-204-2045-3&rft.aulast=van+der+Sijs&rft.aufirst=Nicoline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbnl.org%2Ftekst%2Fsijs002chro01_01%2Fsijs002chro01_01_0010.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKloosterman2010" class="citation book cs1">Kloosterman, R.P.J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utrecht.nl/images/DSO/monumenten/publicaties/Basisrapportages_Archeologie/BRArch_41_Lichte_Gaard/BrArch41_Lichte_Gaard.pdf"><i>Lichte Gaard 9. Archeologisch onderzoek naar het castellum en het bisschoppelijk paleis. Basisrapportage archeologie 41</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. StadsOntwikkeling gemeente Utrecht. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-73448-39-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-73448-39-1"><bdi>978-90-73448-39-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131206203657/http://www.utrecht.nl/images/DSO/monumenten/publicaties/Basisrapportages_Archeologie/BRArch_41_Lichte_Gaard/BrArch41_Lichte_Gaard.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lichte+Gaard+9.+Archeologisch+onderzoek+naar+het+castellum+en+het+bisschoppelijk+paleis.+Basisrapportage+archeologie+41&rft.pub=StadsOntwikkeling+gemeente+Utrecht&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-73448-39-1&rft.aulast=Kloosterman&rft.aufirst=R.P.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utrecht.nl%2Fimages%2FDSO%2Fmonumenten%2Fpublicaties%2FBasisrapportages_Archeologie%2FBRArch_41_Lichte_Gaard%2FBrArch41_Lichte_Gaard.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Tuuk2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">van der Tuuk, Luit (2005). "Denen in Dorestad". In van der Eerden, Ria; et al. (eds.). <i>Jaarboek Oud Utrecht 2005</i> (in Dutch). Utrecht: SPOU. pp. 5–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-71108-24-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-71108-24-4"><bdi>90-71108-24-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Denen+in+Dorestad&rft.btitle=Jaarboek+Oud+Utrecht+2005&rft.place=Utrecht&rft.pages=5-40&rft.pub=SPOU&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=90-71108-24-4&rft.aulast=van+der+Tuuk&rft.aufirst=Luit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanssen2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Janssen, H.P.H. (2002). <i>Geschiedenis van de Middeleeuwen</i> (in Dutch) (12th ed.). Utrecht: Aula. pp. 289–296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-274-5377-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-274-5377-2"><bdi>90-274-5377-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschiedenis+van+de+Middeleeuwen&rft.place=Utrecht&rft.pages=289-296&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=Aula&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=90-274-5377-2&rft.aulast=Janssen&rft.aufirst=H.P.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStöver1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stöver, R.J. (1997). <i>De Salvator- of Oudmunsterkerk te Utrecht, Stichtingsmonument van het bisdom Utrecht</i> (in Dutch). Utrecht.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Salvator-+of+Oudmunsterkerk+te+Utrecht%2C+Stichtingsmonument+van+het+bisdom+Utrecht&rft.place=Utrecht&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=St%C3%B6ver&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071230083733/http://www.janskerkutrecht.nl/">"Janskerk Informatie"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.janskerkutrecht.nl/">the original</a> on 30 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Janskerk+Informatie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.janskerkutrecht.nl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planetware.com/utrecht/st-pieterskerk-nl-ut-piet.htm">"Sint Pieterskerk Utrecht"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080303170005/http://www.planetware.com/utrecht/st-pieterskerk-nl-ut-piet.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sint+Pieterskerk+Utrecht&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetware.com%2Futrecht%2Fst-pieterskerk-nl-ut-piet.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaverkate1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Haverkate, H.M. (1985). <i>Een kerk van papier. De geschiedenis van de voormalige Mariakerk te Utrecht</i> (in Dutch). Zutphen, the Netherlands.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Een+kerk+van+papier.+De+geschiedenis+van+de+voormalige+Mariakerk+te+Utrecht&rft.place=Zutphen%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Haverkate&rft.aufirst=H.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroer2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Broer, C.J.C. (2000). <i>Uniek in de stad. De oudste geschiedenis van de kloostergemeenschap op de Hohorst sinds 1050 de Sint-Paulusabdij te Utrecht</i> (in Dutch). Utrecht.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uniek+in+de+stad.+De+oudste+geschiedenis+van+de+kloostergemeenschap+op+de+Hohorst+sinds+1050+de+Sint-Paulusabdij+te+Utrecht&rft.place=Utrecht&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Broer&rft.aufirst=C.J.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karel_V-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Karel_V_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.karelv.nl/">"Karel V"</a> (in Dutch). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071217220152/http://www.karelv.nl/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Karel+V&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.karelv.nl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jacobikerk.nl/">"Jacobikerk"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080109205733/http://www.jacobikerk.nl/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jacobikerk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jacobikerk.nl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nicolaikerk.nl/">"Nicolaikerk"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071224223244/http://www.nicolaikerk.nl/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nicolaikerk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nicolaikerk.nl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geertekerk.nl/">"Geertekerk – Remonstrantse Gemeente Utrecht"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071205235942/http://www.geertekerk.nl/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geertekerk+%E2%80%93+Remonstrantse+Gemeente+Utrecht&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geertekerk.nl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081016132529/http://www.utrecht.nl/smartsite.dws?id=168424">"De Utrechtse (Werven"</a> (in Dutch). Gemeente Utrecht. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utrecht.nl/smartsite.dws?id=168424">the original</a> on 16 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=De+Utrechtse+%28Werven&rft.pub=Gemeente+Utrecht&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utrecht.nl%2Fsmartsite.dws%3Fid%3D168424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hetutrechtsarchief.nl/atlantis_treffers.asp?trefwoord=werven">"Historic wharf photos from the Utrecht City Archive"</a>. Utrecht City Archive<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historic+wharf+photos+from+the+Utrecht+City+Archive&rft.pub=Utrecht+City+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hetutrechtsarchief.nl%2Fatlantis_treffers.asp%3Ftrefwoord%3Dwerven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWayne_Franits2004" class="citation book cs1">Wayne Franits (2004). <i>Dutch Seventeenth-Century Genre Painting</i>. Yale University Press. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10237-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-10237-2"><bdi>0-300-10237-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dutch+Seventeenth-Century+Genre+Painting&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-300-10237-2&rft.au=Wayne+Franits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.klimaatatlas.nl/tabel/stationsdata/klimtab_8110_260.pdf">"Klimaattabel De Bilt, langjarige gemiddelden, tijdvak 1981–2010"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Dutch). <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Meteorological_Institute" title="Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute">Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131207002117/http://www.klimaatatlas.nl/tabel/stationsdata/klimtab_8110_260.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Klimaattabel+De+Bilt%2C+langjarige+gemiddelden%2C+tijdvak+1981%E2%80%932010&rft.pub=Royal+Netherlands+Meteorological+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.klimaatatlas.nl%2Ftabel%2Fstationsdata%2Fklimtab_8110_260.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weergegevens.nl/">"Maandrecords De Bilt"</a> (in Dutch). <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Meteorological_Institute" title="Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute">Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160605081444/http://www.weergegevens.nl/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maandrecords+De+Bilt&rft.pub=Royal+Netherlands+Meteorological+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weergegevens.nl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bevolkingutrecht-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bevolkingutrecht_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bevolkingutrecht_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bevolkingutrecht_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGemeente_Utrecht" class="citation web cs1">Gemeente Utrecht. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091015030852/http://www.utrecht.nl/smartsite.dws?id=278616">"Utrechts onderzoek en cijfers"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utrecht.nl/smartsite.dws?id=278616">the original</a> on 15 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Utrechts+onderzoek+en+cijfers&rft.au=Gemeente+Utrecht&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utrecht.nl%2Fsmartsite.dws%3Fid%3D278616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/37713/table">"CBS Statline"</a>. <i>opendata.cbs.nl</i> (in Dutch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=opendata.cbs.nl&rft.atitle=CBS+Statline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopendata.cbs.nl%2Fstatline%2F%23%2FCBS%2Fnl%2Fdataset%2F37713%2Ftable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statline.cbs.nl/Statweb/publication/?DM=SLNL&PA=37713&D1=0-8&D2=0&D3=1-2,6-55&D4=603&D5=l&HDR=T,G4&STB=G1,G3,G2&VW=T">"CBS StatLine – Bevolking; leeftijd, herkomstgroepering, geslacht en regio, 1 januari"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630224048/http://statline.cbs.nl/Statweb/publication/?DM=SLNL&PA=37713&D1=0-8&D2=0&D3=1-2,6-55&D4=603&D5=l&HDR=T,G4&STB=G1,G3,G2&VW=T">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CBS+StatLine+%E2%80%93+Bevolking%3B+leeftijd%2C+herkomstgroepering%2C+geslacht+en+regio%2C+1+januari&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatline.cbs.nl%2FStatweb%2Fpublication%2F%3FDM%3DSLNL%26PA%3D37713%26D1%3D0-8%26D2%3D0%26D3%3D1-2%2C6-55%26D4%3D603%26D5%3Dl%26HDR%3DT%2CG4%26STB%3DG1%2CG3%2CG2%26VW%3DT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aartsbisdom.nl/">"Aartsbisdom Utrecht"</a> (in Dutch). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210130092121/https://www.aartsbisdom.nl/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aartsbisdom+Utrecht&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aartsbisdom.nl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101004021841/http://www.katholieknederland.nl/">"Katholiek Nederland"</a> (in Dutch). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.katholieknederland.nl/">the original</a> on 4 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Katholiek+Nederland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.katholieknederland.nl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/maatwerk/2014/40/kerkelijkheid-en-kerkbezoek-2010-2013">"Kerkelijkheid en kerkbezoek, 2010/2013"</a>. Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. 2 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190621105812/https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/maatwerk/2014/40/kerkelijkheid-en-kerkbezoek-2010-2013">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kerkelijkheid+en+kerkbezoek%2C+2010%2F2013&rft.pub=Centraal+Bureau+voor+de+Statistiek&rft.date=2014-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.nl%2Fnl-nl%2Fmaatwerk%2F2014%2F40%2Fkerkelijkheid-en-kerkbezoek-2010-2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBS_statline_2007-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CBS_statline_2007_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCBS_Statline2007" class="citation web cs1">CBS Statline (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/start.asp?KEYWORDS=agglomeratie+utrecht&BOOL=0&LA=NL&DM=SLNL&lp=Search/SResults">"Gemiddelde bevolking per regio naar leeftijd en geslacht / Gebieden in Nederland 2007"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gemiddelde+bevolking+per+regio+naar+leeftijd+en+geslacht+%2F+Gebieden+in+Nederland+2007&rft.date=2007&rft.au=CBS+Statline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatline.cbs.nl%2FStatWeb%2Fstart.asp%3FKEYWORDS%3Dagglomeratie%2Butrecht%26BOOL%3D0%26LA%3DNL%26DM%3DSLNL%26lp%3DSearch%2FSResults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.domtoren.nl/">"RonDom"</a>. Domtoren.nl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120130030600/http://www.bouwdomtoren.nl/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RonDom&rft.pub=Domtoren.nl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.domtoren.nl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724163429/http://www.rabobankgroep.nl/asp/default.asp?node_id=15062&version_id=1">"Rabobank Groep"</a>. Rabobankgroep.nl. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rabobankgroep.nl/asp/default.asp?node_id=15062&version_id=1">the original</a> on 24 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DutchNews.nl&rft.atitle=Joining+the+circle%3A+Utrecht+removes+road+to+be+ringed+by+water+once+more&rft.date=2020-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dutchnews.nl%2Fnews%2F2020%2F09%2Fjoining-the-circle-utrecht-removes-road-to-be-ringed-by-water-once-more%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/14/utrecht-restores-historic-canal-made-into-motorway-in-1970s">"Utrecht restores historic canal made into motorway in 1970s"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 14 September 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200919231659/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/14/utrecht-restores-historic-canal-made-into-motorway-in-1970s">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Utrecht+restores+historic+canal+made+into+motorway+in+1970s&rft.date=2020-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fsep%2F14%2Futrecht-restores-historic-canal-made-into-motorway-in-1970s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historische Atlas van de stad Utrecht. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-8506-189-X" title="Special:BookSources/90-8506-189-X">90-8506-189-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Waterliniepad</i> (in Dutch) (1st ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DutchNews.nl&rft.atitle=Utrecht+to+build+world%27s+biggest+bike+park+%E2%80%93+for+12%2C500+bikes+%E2%80%93+DutchNews.nl&rft.date=2014-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dutchnews.nl%2Fnews%2Farchives%2F2014%2F04%2Futrecht_to_build_worlds_bigges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bicycledutch.wordpress.com/2019/08/20/finally-fully-open-utrechts-huge-bicycle-parking-garage/">"Finally fully open: Utrecht's huge bicycle parking garage"</a>. <i>Bicycle Dutch</i>. 20 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230206092552/https://bicycledutch.wordpress.com/2019/08/20/finally-fully-open-utrechts-huge-bicycle-parking-garage/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+of+Brno+Foreign+Relations+%E2%80%93+Statutory+city+of+Brno&rft.pub=City+of+Brno&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.brno.cz%2Findex.php%3Flan%3Den%26nav01%3D2222%26nav02%3D1249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brno-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brno_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523100252/http://www2.brno.cz/index.php?nav02=1985&nav01=34&nav03=1010&nav04=1016&nav05=1249&nav06=1272">"Brno – Partnerská města"</a> (in Czech). City of Brno. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brno+%E2%80%93+Partnersk%C3%A1+m%C4%9Bsta&rft.pub=City+of+Brno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brno.cz%2Findex.php%3Fnav02%3D1985%26nav01%3D34%26nav03%3D1010%26nav04%3D1016%26nav05%3D1249%26nav06%3D1272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150527135739/http://sister-cities.org/interactive-map/Portland%2C%20Oregon">"Portland, Oregon"</a>. Washington, DC, US: Sister Cities International. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portland%2C+Oregon&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC%2C+US&rft.pub=Sister+Cities+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsister-cities.org%2Finteractive-map%2FPortland%2C%2520Oregon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utrecht&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Utrecht#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Utrecht">Bibliography of the history of Utrecht</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLourensLucassen1997" class="citation book cs1">Lourens, Piet; Lucassen, Jan (1997). <i>Inwonertallen van Nederlandse steden ca. 1300–1800</i>. Amsterdam: NEHA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9057420082" title="Special:BookSources/9057420082"><bdi>9057420082</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inwonertallen+van+Nederlandse+steden+ca.+1300%E2%80%931800&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=NEHA&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9057420082&rft.aulast=Lourens&rft.aufirst=Piet&rft.au=Lucassen%2C+Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtrecht" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utrecht&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utrecht.nl/english/">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cu2030.nl/">CU 2030, redevelopment of the Utrecht Central railroad station area</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Utrecht (city)</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_(city)" class="extiw" title="c:Utrecht (city)">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Utrecht" class="extiw" title="voy:Utrecht">Travel guides</a></b> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Populated_places_in_the_municipality_of_Utrecht" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dutch_municipality_Utrecht" title="Template:Dutch municipality Utrecht"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dutch_municipality_Utrecht" title="Template talk:Dutch municipality Utrecht"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dutch_municipality_Utrecht" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dutch municipality Utrecht"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Populated_places_in_the_municipality_of_Utrecht" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Populated places in the <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Netherlands" title="Municipalities of the Netherlands">municipality</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Utrecht</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Utrecht</a> consists of 10 city parts <ul><li>Binnenstad</li> <li>Oost</li> <li>Leidsche Rijn</li> <li>West</li> <li>Overvecht</li> <li>Zuid</li> <li>Noordoost</li> <li>Zuidwest</li> <li>Noordwest</li> <li>Vleuten-De Meern</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hamlets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alendorp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alendorp (page does not exist)">Alendorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blauwkapel" title="Blauwkapel">Blauwkapel</a> (partially)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lage_Haar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lage Haar (page does not exist)">Lage Haar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ockhuizen" title="Ockhuizen">Ockhuizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oudenrijn" title="Oudenrijn">Oudenrijn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stadsdam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stadsdam (page does not exist)">Stadsdam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strijkviertel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strijkviertel (page does not exist)">Strijkviertel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themaat" title="Themaat">Themaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Het_Zand,_Utrecht" title="Het Zand, Utrecht">Het Zand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veldhuizen" title="Veldhuizen">Veldhuizen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities,_towns_and_villages_in_Utrecht_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities, towns and villages in Utrecht (province)">List of cities, towns and villages in Utrecht (province)</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_of_Utrecht" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Utrecht_Province" title="Template:Utrecht Province"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Utrecht_Province" title="Template talk:Utrecht Province"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Utrecht_Province" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Utrecht Province"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_of_Utrecht" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_(province)" title="Utrecht (province)">Utrecht</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amersfoort" title="Amersfoort">Amersfoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baarn" title="Baarn">Baarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunnik" title="Bunnik">Bunnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunschoten" title="Bunschoten">Bunschoten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Bilt" title="De Bilt">De Bilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Ronde_Venen" title="De Ronde Venen">De Ronde Venen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eemnes" title="Eemnes">Eemnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houten" title="Houten">Houten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJsselstein" title="IJsselstein">IJsselstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leusden" title="Leusden">Leusden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lopik" title="Lopik">Lopik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montfoort" title="Montfoort">Montfoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nieuwegein" title="Nieuwegein">Nieuwegein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oudewater" title="Oudewater">Oudewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renswoude" title="Renswoude">Renswoude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenen" title="Rhenen">Rhenen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soest,_Netherlands" title="Soest, Netherlands">Soest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stichtse_Vecht" title="Stichtse Vecht">Stichtse Vecht</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utrechtse_Heuvelrug" title="Utrechtse Heuvelrug">Utrechtse Heuvelrug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veenendaal" title="Veenendaal">Veenendaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijfheerenlanden" title="Vijfheerenlanden">Vijfheerenlanden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wijk_bij_Duurstede" title="Wijk bij Duurstede">Wijk bij Duurstede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woerden" title="Woerden">Woerden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woudenberg" title="Woudenberg">Woudenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeist_(municipality)" title="Zeist (municipality)">Zeist</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Utrecht_position.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Utrecht_position.svg/60px-Utrecht_position.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Utrecht_position.svg/90px-Utrecht_position.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Utrecht_position.svg/120px-Utrecht_position.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="236" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>See also</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands" title="Provinces of the Netherlands">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Netherlands" title="Municipalities of the Netherlands">Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capital_cities_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dutch_capital_cities" title="Template:Dutch capital cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dutch_capital_cities" title="Template talk:Dutch capital cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dutch_capital_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dutch capital cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capital_cities_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital cities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_the_Netherlands" title="Capital of the Netherlands">National capital</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Seat_of_government" title="Seat of government">Seat of government</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Constituent countries</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands" title="Provinces of the Netherlands">Provinces</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Public bodies</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Oranjestad,_Aruba" title="Oranjestad, Aruba">Oranjestad</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Willemstad" title="Willemstad">Willemstad</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Philipsburg,_Sint_Maarten" title="Philipsburg, Sint Maarten">Philipsburg</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Assen" title="Assen">Assen</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Drenthe" title="Drenthe">Drenthe</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lelystad" title="Lelystad">Lelystad</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Flevoland" title="Flevoland">Flevoland</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Leeuwarden" title="Leeuwarden">Leeuwarden</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Gelderland" title="Gelderland">Gelderland</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen">Groningen</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Groningen_(province)" title="Groningen (province)">Groningen</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)" title="Limburg (Netherlands)">Limburg</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/%27s-Hertogenbosch" title="'s-Hertogenbosch">'s-Hertogenbosch</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/North_Brabant" title="North Brabant">North Brabant</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Haarlem" title="Haarlem">Haarlem</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/North_Holland" title="North Holland">North Holland</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zwolle" title="Zwolle">Zwolle</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Overijssel" title="Overijssel">Overijssel</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/South_Holland" title="South Holland">South Holland</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Utrecht</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_(province)" title="Utrecht (province)">Utrecht</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Middelburg,_Zeeland" title="Middelburg, Zeeland">Middelburg</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kralendijk" title="Kralendijk">Kralendijk</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/The_Bottom" title="The Bottom">The Bottom</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oranjestad,_Sint_Eustatius" title="Oranjestad, Sint Eustatius">Oranjestad</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Netherlands_by_province" title="List of cities in the Netherlands by province">List of cities in the Netherlands by province</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q803#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q803#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q803#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000417947612">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/124196221">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/126660442">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdrCD8bgmkh8KFFQmxRrq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4062222-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79022996">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123793441">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123793441">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Utrecht (Nizozemsko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge149784&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX454007">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269444405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/a727c39a-8d76-4a1a-9033-696ada9bedda">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027548465">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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