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Maqalanı basqa tillerge de kirgiziń" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tillerdi qosıw</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span><span class="wb-langlinks-add wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:NewItem?site=kaawiki&page=Portal%3AXimiya" title="Tiller aralıq siltemeni qosıw" class="wbc-editpage">Silteme qosıw</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Atamalar kópligi"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ximiya" title="Maǵlıwmat betin kóriw [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Maqala</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talq%C4%B1law:Portal:Ximiya&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Maǵlıwmat beti haqqında talqılaw (bet ele jaratılmaǵan) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talqılaw</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Til variantın ózgertiw" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Qaraqalpaqsha</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Kórinisler"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ximiya"><span>Tanısıp shıǵıw</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ximiya&veaction=edit" title="Bul betti ózgertiw [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redaktorlaw</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ximiya&action=edit" title="Bul bettiń derek kodın ózgertiw [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Derekti redaktorlaw</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ximiya&action=history" title="Bettiń aldınǵı ózgerisleri [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Tariyxın kóriw</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Bet ásbapları"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ásbaplar" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ásbaplar</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Ásbaplar</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">qaptal panelge kóshiriw</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">jasırıw</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Kóbirek parametrler" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Háreketler </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ximiya"><span>Tanısıp shıǵıw</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ximiya&veaction=edit" title="Bul betti ózgertiw [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redaktorlaw</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ximiya&action=edit" title="Bul bettiń derek kodın ózgertiw [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Derekti redaktorlaw</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ximiya&action=history"><span>Tariyxın kóriw</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ulıwma </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arnawl%C4%B1:Siltelgen_betler/Portal:Ximiya" title="Usı betke siltelgen barlıq betler dizimi [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Siltelgen betler</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arnawl%C4%B1:Baylan%C4%B1sl%C4%B1_aq%C4%B1r%C7%B5%C4%B1_%C3%B3zgerisler/Portal:Ximiya" rel="nofollow" title="Bul betten siltengen betlerdegi aqırǵı ózgerisler [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Baylanıslı 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maǵlıwmat"><span>Betke silteme jaratıw</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnawl%C4%B1:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fkaa.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPortal%3AXimiya"><span>Qısqartılǵan URL alıw</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnawl%C4%B1:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fkaa.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPortal%3AXimiya"><span>QR kod júklep alıw</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Basıp shıǵarıw/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnawl%C4%B1:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Portal%3AXimiya"><span>Kitap jaratıw</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnawl%C4%B1:DownloadAsPdf&page=Portal%3AXimiya&action=show-download-screen"><span>PDF túrinde júklep alıw</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ximiya&printable=yes" title="Bul bettiń baspa nusqası [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Baspa nusqası</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Basqa joybarlarda </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Bet ásbapları"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Kórinis"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kórinis</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">qaptal panelge kóshiriw</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">jasırıw</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Wikipedia, erkin enciklopediya</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="kaa" dir="ltr"><p><b>Ximiya pániniń rawajlanıw tarıyxı(maǵlıwmat)</b> </p><p>Adamlar áyyem zamannan baslap aq qant,may hám belokqa bay ósimlik ónimlerin awqatqa paydalanǵan. Olar bunnan 6 mıń jıl burın zerger buyımların tayarlawdı bilgen. Eramızdan <a href="/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</a> jıl burın Qıtayda awıl xojalıǵı zıyankeslerine qarsı gúreste mıshyaktan paydalanǵan.Sol dáwirde Mısrda ósimlik hám haywan organizminnen hár túrli boyaw zatları, cink(zn) hám kúkirtten dárilik zatlar tayarlaǵan. Barlıq xalıqlar áyyem zamannan-aq ashıw procesin bilgen. Hárbir xalıqtıń ózine tán spirtli ishimligi bolǵan.Onı dánnen,paldan yamasa júzim shiresinen(vino) tayarlaǵan.Uksustan tek azıq tayarlawda ǵana paydalanǵan. Biraq sol dáwirde ximiya menen tek arnawlı kisiler ǵana shuǵıllanǵan. </p><p>Ximiyanıń teoreyalıq máseleleri menen áyyemgi grek ilimpazlarıb b.e.sh V-Vl ásirlerde shuǵıllanǵan. Olar barlıq materiyanıń tiykarın tórt ǵana element suw,hawa,topıraq hám ot(jalın) quraydı dep túsingen.Keyinirek Aristotel(b.e.sh 384-322) hámme barlıq (dúnya) bir ǵana tiykarǵı materiyadan turadı degen teoreyanı dóretti. Onıń pikirinshe tórt ǵana qásiyet suyıqlıq, ıssılıq,ıǵallıq hám qurǵaqlıqtıń birigiwinen-suw,hawa,topıraq hám ot payda boladı.Materiyalıq dúnyaǵa Aristoteldiń kóz qarasınday kóz qaras EvropadaXVl ásirge deyin dawam etti. </p><p>Ximiya óz aldına pán sıpatında XVIII-XIX ásirlerde qáliplesken bolsa da, bul pánniń tiykarları eramızdan burınǵı Greciyada jasap ótken Levkip,Demokrit (e.sh 460-370),Epikur(e.sh 341-270) sıyaqlı tábiyattı úyreniwshi alımlar hám de VIII-XI ásirlerde jasap ótken ullı ata-babalarımız:Ahmad ál-Ferǵaniy(797-865), Abu Bakr Ibn Zakoriya Ar-Roziy, Abu Nasr Farobiy(879-950), Abu Rayxan Berunuy (973-1048), Abu Ali ibn Sino(980-1037) sıyaqlı ensiklopedist alımlar tárepinen qoyılǵan. </p><p>Ximiyanıń pán retinde rawajlanıwına irlandiyalı ilimpaz Robert Boyl(1627-1691) úlken úles qostı. Onıń "Skeptik-ximik yaǵnıy aralas element tórt elemnt hám úsh ximiyalıq negizdiń dálil retinde islenetuǵın tájiriybeler haqqında oylar" degen kitabında alximiya teoriyasın qattı áshkaraladı. XVII ásirde nemis ximigi G.Shtal flogiston teoreyasın dóretti. Átteń bul teoreya da qáte bolsa da,óz dáwiri ushın júdá áhmiyetli edi. Sebebi sol dáwri ilimpazları sol teoriyaǵa tiykarlanıp alximiyadan tolıq qutılıstı. </p><p><b>Ximiya iliminiń Orta Aziyada rawajlanıwı.</b> </p><p>Ar-Roziy materiallıq elementlerdiń eń kishi birligi-atomlar haqqında,olardıń jáne de kishirek bóleklerge bóliniwi haqqında pikir bildirgen. </p><p>Abu Nasr Farabiy(870-950) pikirinshe barlıq materiyalıq dúnyanıń tiykarında birlemshi materiya jatadı. Ol biz ańlaytuǵın materiyallıq dúnya tórt "tamırdan" yaǵnıy tórt dana baslanǵısh elementten-ot, hawa, suw hám jerden turatuǵınlıǵı haqqındaǵı áyyemgi filosofiyalarınıń pikirin tastıyıqlaydı. Farabiy ataqlı shıpaker sıpatında ámeliy ximiyanıń rawajlanıwına úlken úles qostı. </p><p>Al-Ferǵaniy(797-861) ámeliy ximiyanıń rawajlanıwına úlken úles qostı. Biraq alximiklerdiń temirdi altınǵa aylandırıw baǵdarındaǵı islerin tiykarsız, ámelge asırıp bolmaytuǵın proces dep qaraǵan.Abu Ali Ibn Sina bul haqqında "Bir metalldı ekinshisine aylandırıw múmkinshiligi maǵan túsinikli emes. Kerisinshe men bunıń múmkinshiligi joq dep esaplayman. Ápiwayı dene ózinen basqa deneni ajıratpawı kerek," dep jazǵan edi. Solay etip, Abu Ali Ibn Sina miynetlerinde anorganikalıq ximiyanıń baslanǵısh búrtikleri payda bolǵan edi. </p><p>Abu Rayxan Beruniy(973-1048) óziniń "Minerologiya" dep atalatuǵın ataqlı shıǵarmasında sol dáwirde belgili bolǵan metallar, olardan tayarlanatuǵın quymalar, metallardıń rudaların qazıp alıw hám olardı qayta islew, reńli metallar hám qımbat bahalı taslardıń qásiyetlerin úyreniw, ásirese minerallardıń salıstırmalı massasın anıqlaw ústinde alıp barǵan isleri ximiya iliminiń rawajlanıwına úlken úles qostı."Hindistan" dep atalatuǵın shıǵarmasın ol"rawajlandırıw-bir nárseniń ekinshi basqa nársege aylanıwı,hámme materiya mudamı ózgeriste hám rawajlanıwda-tábiyattıń kúshi mine sonda"degen áhmiyetlijuwmaq jasaydı. Abu Rayxan Beruniy óziniń sol miynetinde "Hárbir nárseni quraǵan quram bóleklerin (elementlerin) úyreniwden baslanadı" dep jazǵan edi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Derekler">Derekler</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ximiya&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Derekler bólimin ózgertiw" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redaktorlaw</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ximiya&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Derekler"><span>derekti redaktorlaw</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ximiya. Bilim 8-klass 2019-jıl</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">«<a dir="ltr" href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ximiya&oldid=78351">https://kaa.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ximiya&oldid=78351</a>» saytınan alınǵan</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Arnawl%C4%B1:Kategoriyalar" title="Arnawlı:Kategoriyalar">Kategoriyalar</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoriya:Portal" title="Kategoriya:Portal">Portal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoriya:Ximiya" title="Kategoriya:Ximiya">Ximiya</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Bul bet aqırǵı márte 16:36, 2024 j. apreldiń 25 waqtında ózgertildi.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ru">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike licenziyası</a> boyınsha ǵalabalastırılmaqta, qosımsha shártler qollanılıwı múmkin (<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use/kaa">qollanıw shártleri</a>).</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Konfidenciallıq siyasatı</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_haqq%C4%B1nda">Wikipedia haqqında</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Juwapkershilikten_bas_tart%C4%B1w">Juwapkershilikten bas tartıw</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Minez-qulıq kodeksi</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Programmistler</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/kaa.wikipedia.org">Statistikalar</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie bayanatı</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//kaa.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Ximiya&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobil kórinis</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-59bbd5969d-j7zcj","wgBackendResponseTime":199,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.006","walltime":"0.008","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":0,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":0,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":2,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":0,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 0.000 1 -total"]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-drn78","timestamp":"20241123222749","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>