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</li> <li id="toc-Colonial_era_(1500–1900)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_era_(1500–1900)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Colonial era (1500–1900) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_era_(1500–1900)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divided_nationalism_and_turbulence_(1900–1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divided_nationalism_and_turbulence_(1900–1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Divided nationalism and turbulence (1900–1945) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divided_nationalism_and_turbulence_(1900–1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar_unrest_and_social_integration_(1946–1962)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_unrest_and_social_integration_(1946–1962)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Postwar unrest and social integration (1946–1962) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar_unrest_and_social_integration_(1946–1962)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Struggle_for_equality_in_"Malaysian_Malaysia"_(1963–1965)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struggle_for_equality_in_"Malaysian_Malaysia"_(1963–1965)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Struggle for equality in "Malaysian Malaysia" (1963–1965) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Struggle_for_equality_in_"Malaysian_Malaysia"_(1963–1965)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communist_insurgencies_and_racial_clashes_(1965–1990)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communist_insurgencies_and_racial_clashes_(1965–1990)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Communist insurgencies and racial clashes (1965–1990) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communist_insurgencies_and_racial_clashes_(1965–1990)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 1990 to present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_and_social_demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_and_social_demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Origins and social demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origins_and_social_demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Origins and social demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_social_demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Distribution_of_Han_ethnic_subgroups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_of_Han_ethnic_subgroups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Distribution of Han ethnic subgroups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_of_Han_ethnic_subgroups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic,_demographic_and_political_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic,_demographic_and_political_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Economic, demographic and political representation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic,_demographic_and_political_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contributions_towards_local_medical_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contributions_towards_local_medical_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Contributions towards local medical practice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contributions_towards_local_medical_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects_and_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects_and_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Dialects and languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects_and_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holidays_and_festivities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holidays_and_festivities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Holidays and festivities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holidays_and_festivities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Malaysian Chinese</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" > 23 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="صينيو ماليزيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صينيو ماليزيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1-l%C3%A2i-se-a_Tn%CC%82g-l%C3%A2ng" title="Má-lâi-se-a Tn̂g-lâng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Má-lâi-se-a Tn̂g-lâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinesen_in_Malaysia" title="Chinesen in Malaysia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chinesen in Malaysia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="مالزیایی‌های چینی‌تبار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مالزیایی‌های چینی‌تبار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinois_de_Malaisie" title="Chinois de Malaisie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chinois de Malaisie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%90%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84_%ED%99%94%EA%B5%90" title="말레이시아 화교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="말레이시아 화교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tionghoa-Malaysia" title="Tionghoa-Malaysia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tionghoa-Malaysia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cino-malesi" title="Cino-malesi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cino-malesi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Cina_Malaysia" title="Orang Cina Malaysia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Cina Malaysia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B7_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8C_%D1%85%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Малайз дахь хятадууд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Малайз дахь хятадууд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinezen_in_Maleisi%C3%AB" title="Chinezen in Maleisië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chinezen in Maleisië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiske_kinesere" title="Malaysiske kinesere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Malaysiske kinesere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C5%84czycy_w_Malezji" title="Chińczycy w Malezji – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chińczycy w Malezji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Китайцы в Малайзии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Китайцы в Малайзии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Malaysians" title="Chinese Malaysians – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chinese Malaysians" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malesian_kiinalaiset" title="Malesian kiinalaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Malesian kiinalaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="மலேசிய சீனர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மலேசிய சீனர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="มาเลเซียเชื้อสายจีน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มาเลเซียเชื้อสายจีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_as%C4%B1ll%C4%B1_Malezyal%C4%B1lar" title="Çin asıllı Malezyalılar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çin asıllı Malezyalılar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Malaysia_g%E1%BB%91c_Hoa" title="Người Malaysia gốc Hoa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Malaysia gốc Hoa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E5%94%90%E4%BA%BA" title="馬來西亞唐人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="馬來西亞唐人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="馬來西亞華人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="馬來西亞華人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_China_Malaysia" title="Orang China Malaysia – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Orang China Malaysia" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about people of Chinese ethnicity or nationality in Malaysia. For the variety of Mandarin Chinese spoken in Malaysia, see <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin" title="Malaysian Mandarin">Malaysian Mandarin</a>. For Malaysians in China, see <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_diaspora" title="Malaysian diaspora">Malaysian diaspora</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Malaysian Chinese people</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div>马来西亚华人 / 馬來西亞華人 Mǎláixīyà Huárén Orang Cina Malaysia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnic_Chinese_girls_in_Labuan_with_their_traditional_attire,_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ethnic_Chinese_girls_in_Labuan_with_their_traditional_attire%2C_1945.jpg/260px-Ethnic_Chinese_girls_in_Labuan_with_their_traditional_attire%2C_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="369" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Ethnic_Chinese_girls_in_Labuan_with_their_traditional_attire%2C_1945.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="485" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Ethnic Chinese in traditional <a href="/wiki/Shanku" title="Shanku">samfu</a> attire with <a href="/wiki/Umbrella" title="Umbrella">umbrella</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1945.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">6,892,367<a href="#cite_note-DOSM2020-1">[1]</a> 21.2% of the Malaysian population (2020)<a href="#cite_note-DOSM2020-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> Significant diaspora in: <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flag_of_Christmas_Island.svg/23px-Flag_of_Christmas_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flag_of_Christmas_Island.svg/35px-Flag_of_Christmas_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Flag_of_Christmas_Island.svg/46px-Flag_of_Christmas_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /> <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Infrastructure_and_Regional_Development_Australia20162-2">[2]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> (338,500 in 2010)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Statistics_Singapore201031-3">[3]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[note 1]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin" title="Malaysian Mandarin">Mandarin</a> (lingua franca), <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">English</a> as medium of communication in schools and government Mothertongue languages: <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taishanese" title="Taishanese">Taishanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puxian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Puxian dialect">Henghua</a>; <a href="/wiki/Manglish" title="Manglish">Manglish</a> (creole)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a>) • Minority <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Non-religious</a> • Other religions</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Brunei" title="Ethnic Chinese in Brunei">Bruneian Chinese</a> · <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Singaporeans" title="Chinese Singaporeans">Singaporean Chinese</a> · <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Indonesian Chinese</a> · <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Filipinos" title="Chinese Filipinos">Chinese Filipinos</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thai_Chinese" title="Thai Chinese">Thai Chinese</a> · <a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Peranakans</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sino-Natives" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Natives">Sino-Natives</a> · <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Overseas Chinese</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Malaysian Chinese</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:馬來西亞">馬來西亞</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:華人">華人</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:马来西亚">马来西亚</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:华人">华人</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Mǎ lái xī yà Huá rén</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ma3lai2xi1ya4 Hua2ren2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ma3lai2xi1ya4 Hua2ren2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Máhlòihsāia Wàhyàhn</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Maa5 loi4 sai1 aa3 Waa4 jan4</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Má-lâi-se-a Hôa-jîn</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Alternative Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:馬來西亞">馬來西亞</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E8%A3%94#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:華裔">華裔</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:马来西亚">马来西亚</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E8%A3%94#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:华裔">华裔</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">mǎ lái xī yà huá yì</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ma3lai2xi1ya4 Hua2yi4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ma3lai2xi1ya4 Hua2yi4</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ma3lai2xi1ya4 Hua2yi4</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Malaysian Chinese, Chinese Malaysians, or Sino-Malaysians are <a href="/wiki/Malaysians" title="Malaysians">Malaysian citizens</a> of <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> ethnicity. They form the second-largest ethnic group in Malaysia, after the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malays" title="Malaysian Malays">Malay majority</a>, and as of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Chinese&action=edit">[update]</a>, constituted 21.2% of Malaysia's total population. In addition, Malaysian Chinese make up the third-largest community of <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">overseas Chinese</a> globally, after <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Indonesian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thai_Chinese" title="Thai Chinese">Thai Chinese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> Within Malaysia, the ethnic Chinese community maintains a significant and substantial presence in the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malaysia" title="Economy of Malaysia">country's economy</a>. Most Malaysian Chinese are descendants of <a href="/wiki/Southern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern China">Southern Chinese</a> immigrants who arrived in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> between the early 19th and the mid-20th centuries before the country attained independence from British colonial rule. The majority originate from the provinces of Fujian and Lingnan (including the three modern provinces of Guangdong, Hainan and Guangxi). They belong to diverse ethnic Han subgroups such as the <a href="/wiki/Hoklo_people" title="Hoklo people">Hokkien</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_people" title="Fuzhou people">Fuzhou</a> from Fujian, the <a href="/wiki/Teochew_people" title="Teochew people">Teochew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka</a> from Guangdong, the <a href="/wiki/Hainan_people" title="Hainan people">Hainanese</a> from Hainan and <a href="/wiki/Kwongsai_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwongsai people">Kwongsai</a> from Guangxi. Most Malaysian Chinese have maintained their Han Chinese heritage, identity, culture and language. Another group of Chinese migrants who arrived between the 13th and the 17th centuries heavily assimilated aspects of the indigenous Malay cultures and formed a distinct group known as the <a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Peranakan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Baba-Nyonya" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba-Nyonya">Baba-Nyonya</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a>, and as the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Native" title="Sino-Native">Sino-Natives</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a>. They exhibit a degree of intermarriage with native groups and are culturally distinct from the majority of the Malaysian Chinese but have recently begun to merge into the Malaysian Chinese mainstream. The Malaysian Chinese are referred to as simply "Chinese" in Malaysian English, "Orang Cina" in <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, "Sina" or "Kina" among indigenous groups in <a href="/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages" title="Greater North Borneo languages">Borneo</a>, "Cīṉar" (சீனர்) in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Huaxia" title="Huaxia">Huaren</a>" (華人/华人, Chinese people) or "Huayi" (華裔/华裔, ethnic Chinese) in <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a>, "təŋ laŋ" (唐人) in <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Wàhyàhn</a> (華人/华人, Chinese people) in <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Chinese&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Malaysia" title="History of Malaysia">History of Malaysia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Chinese&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_junk_in_Kinabatangan,_Borneo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A boat with a dark sail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Chinese_junk_in_Kinabatangan%2C_Borneo.JPG/220px-Chinese_junk_in_Kinabatangan%2C_Borneo.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Chinese_junk_in_Kinabatangan%2C_Borneo.JPG/330px-Chinese_junk_in_Kinabatangan%2C_Borneo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Chinese_junk_in_Kinabatangan%2C_Borneo.JPG/440px-Chinese_junk_in_Kinabatangan%2C_Borneo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>A Chinese <a href="/wiki/Junk_(ship)" title="Junk (ship)">junk</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kinabatangan_District" title="Kinabatangan District">Kinabatangan District</a> of northern Borneo, photographed by <a href="/wiki/Martin_and_Osa_Johnson" title="Martin and Osa Johnson">Martin Johnson</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1935</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">China</a> and other early kingdoms in the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a>, such as the northern area of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a> and Po-Ni in western <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, have long been connected.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> The first recorded movement of people from <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">China</a> into present-day Malaysia was the 1292 arrival of <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> expeditionary forces under <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> in Borneo in 1292 in preparation for their <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">invasion of Java</a> the following year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyal_Society_(Great_Britain)1924157-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman201111-10">[9]</a> Many of Khan's Chinese followers settled on the island with Chinese traders after the campaign, establishing an enclave along the <a href="/wiki/Kinabatangan_River" title="Kinabatangan River">Kinabatangan River</a>. Their arrival was welcomed by the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people">indigenous people</a>, who benefited from the jars, beads, silk, and pottery brought to the island by the Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong19982-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuillotLombardPtak1998162-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman201114-13">[12]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Ming_Chinese_empire_1415.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Map_of_Ming_Chinese_empire_1415.jpg/220px-Map_of_Ming_Chinese_empire_1415.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Map_of_Ming_Chinese_empire_1415.jpg/330px-Map_of_Ming_Chinese_empire_1415.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Map_of_Ming_Chinese_empire_1415.jpg/440px-Map_of_Ming_Chinese_empire_1415.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1577" data-file-height="2339" /></a><figcaption>1935 map of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor" title="Yongle Emperor">Yongle Emperor</a> in 1415</figcaption></figure> Chinese explorer and sailor <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a> commanded <a href="/wiki/Ming_treasure_voyages" title="Ming treasure voyages">several expeditions to south-east Asia</a> between 1405 and 1430; during his third voyage, Zheng also visited <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezina201658-14">[13]</a> His companion and translator, <a href="/wiki/Ma_Huan" title="Ma Huan">Ma Huan</a>, described Malacca in his <a href="/wiki/Yingya_Shenglan" title="Yingya Shenglan">Yingya Shenglan</a>. Formerly part of Thailand, Malacca was founded after convoys from the Ming Dynasty developed a city and the area's chief was crowned king.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> During his fourth imperial-fleet visit, Ma wrote that the local king had just <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">converted</a> to Islam and dressed like an <a href="/wiki/Arab_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaHuanFeng1970109-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2007133-17">[16]</a> The last edition of <a href="/wiki/Mingshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mingshi">Mingshi</a>, one of the official Chinese <a href="/wiki/Twenty-Four_Histories" title="Twenty-Four Histories">Twenty-Four Histories</a>, mentioned a pre-established Chinese settlement in the area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETan198829-18">[17]</a> Mentions in other records exist, especially after trade contacts were established with the <a href="/wiki/Nanyang_(region)" title="Nanyang (region)">Nanyang</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurcell1947115–125-19">[18]</a> According to Hai Yü (Words about the Sea), written by Huang Zhong and published in 1537, the lifestyle of the Chinese community in Malacca differed from that of the local <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malays</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroeneveldt18767-20">[19]</a> This close relationship was maintained during the Islamisation of the Malacca and <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei</a> kingdoms, whose <a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">thalassocracy</a> once covered much of present-day Malaysia. Both the Muslim sultanates pledged protection to the Chinese dynasties from further conquest by the neighbouring Javanese <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> or the Siamese <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2000175-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaCartier200379-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vienne201542–43-23">[22]</a> This relationship resulted in <a href="/wiki/Interethnic_marriage" title="Interethnic marriage">interethnic marriage</a> between the sultanate's royal family and the Chinese envoy and representatives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaCartier200390-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201011-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi201550-26">[25]</a> Zheng He's arrival encouraged the <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Islam in Southeast Asia">spread of Islam in the Malay Archipelago</a> and aided the growth of the <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Chinese Muslim</a> population from the Eastern Chinese coastal towns of <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a>, with many of their traders arriving in the coastal towns of present-day Malaysia and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> by the early 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmberEmberSkoggard2004115-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMa201711-28">[27]</a> In addition to the early settlements in Kinabatangan and Malacca, two more old Chinese settlements are located in <a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Penang_Island" title="Penang Island">Penang Island</a> as part of trade networks with their respective areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1965306–314-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong20169–21-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWadeChin2018249-31">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_era_(1500–1900)">Colonial era (1500–1900)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Chinese&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Colonial era (1500–1900)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bukit_Chena,_Malacca_(7886253620).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cemetery on a hill with trees" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bukit_Chena%2C_Malacca_%287886253620%29.jpg/220px-Bukit_Chena%2C_Malacca_%287886253620%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bukit_Chena%2C_Malacca_%287886253620%29.jpg/330px-Bukit_Chena%2C_Malacca_%287886253620%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bukit_Chena%2C_Malacca_%287886253620%29.jpg/440px-Bukit_Chena%2C_Malacca_%287886253620%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="710" /></a><figcaption>1860–1900 photograph of <a href="/wiki/Bukit_Cina" title="Bukit Cina">Bukit Cina</a> (Chinese Hill) in <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca</a>, one of Malaysia's oldest Chinese cemeteries<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong20169–21-30">[29]</a></figcaption></figure> Although many Chinese traders avoided <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Portuguese Malacca</a> after its <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Malacca_(1511)" title="Capture of Malacca (1511)">1511 conquest</a>, the flow of emigrants from China continued.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuillotLombardPtak1998179-32">[31]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Zhengde_Emperor" title="Zhengde Emperor">Zhengde Emperor</a> retaliated against the Portuguese for their activities in Malacca during the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> after the arrival of their fleet in Canton.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang193467-33">[32]</a> The Chinese emperor was reluctant to help the deposed Malaccan ruler reclaim his position, however, since the dynasty's foreign policy was changing to maintain friendly relations with the Portuguese.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang193467-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWadeChin2018144-34">[33]</a> His successor, the <a href="/wiki/Jiajing_Emperor" title="Jiajing Emperor">Jiajing Emperor</a>, changed the attitude of the Ming court by executing two government officials and reaffirming the importance of Malaccan issues in major policy decisions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWadeChin2018144-34">[33]</a> Some Chinese, including those from Fujian (defying Ming-Dynasty regulation for the sake of trade), informed the Portuguese of the trade route between <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> and Siam. Since the local Malaccan Chinese were not treated favourably by the Portuguese, they and most overseas Chinese refused to cooperate with them.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> Through the Portuguese administration in Malacca, Chinese Muslims sided with other Islamic traders against the latter by providing ships and <a href="/wiki/Human_capital" title="Human capital">human capital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorschberg200412-36">[35]</a> Negotiations were later held in Guangdong between Chinese officials and Portuguese envoys about Malaccan issues, with Malacca remaining under Portuguese control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWadeChin2018145–146-37">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malaysia;_Captain_China_surrounded_by_his_Chinese_and_Malay_Wellcome_V0037516.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Formal outdoor group photograph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Malaysia%3B_Captain_China_surrounded_by_his_Chinese_and_Malay_Wellcome_V0037516.jpg/220px-Malaysia%3B_Captain_China_surrounded_by_his_Chinese_and_Malay_Wellcome_V0037516.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Malaysia%3B_Captain_China_surrounded_by_his_Chinese_and_Malay_Wellcome_V0037516.jpg/330px-Malaysia%3B_Captain_China_surrounded_by_his_Chinese_and_Malay_Wellcome_V0037516.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Malaysia%3B_Captain_China_surrounded_by_his_Chinese_and_Malay_Wellcome_V0037516.jpg/440px-Malaysia%3B_Captain_China_surrounded_by_his_Chinese_and_Malay_Wellcome_V0037516.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3071" data-file-height="2398" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hai_San_Secret_Society" title="Hai San Secret Society">Hai San Secret Society</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Chung_Keng_Quee" title="Chung Keng Quee">Captain China</a>" with his followers in <a href="/wiki/Selangor_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Selangor Sultanate">Selangor</a>, June 1874</figcaption></figure> After the 1641 <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malacca_(1641)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Malacca (1641)">takeover of Malacca</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlussé200923-38">[37]</a> many local Malaccan Chinese were hired to construct Dutch buildings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELimFernando2006126-39">[38]</a> The Dutch found the Chinese industrious, and encouraged their participation in the colony's economic life;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamanathan199467-40">[39]</a> the Dutch also established a settlement in <a href="/wiki/Perak_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Perak Sultanate">Perak</a> in 1650 through an earlier treaty with <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifford1911479-41">[40]</a> and suggested that Alauddin, the 17th Sultan of Perak, allow the Chinese to develop <a href="/wiki/Tin_mining" title="Tin mining">tin mines</a>. This facilitated Alauddin's plan to request more Chinese workers from Malacca, and the sultan promised to punish any official guilty of mistreating the Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhooLubis20055-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMizushimaSouzaFlynn2014210-43">[42]</a> With the sultan's consent, the Chinese played a leading role in the tin-mining industry. The <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">Fourth Anglo-Dutch War</a> in 1780 adversely affected the tin trade, however, and many Chinese miners left.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhoo197239-44">[43]</a> Early Chinese settlements in Malacca and several areas along the archipelago's coasts notwithstanding, most mass Chinese migration to Malaysia occurred after the founding of British settlements in <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a> during the early 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirschman1986338-45">[44]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_officials_in_Perak_with_wealthy_Chinese_person.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large group of people, some sitting and others standing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/British_officials_in_Perak_with_wealthy_Chinese_person.jpg/220px-British_officials_in_Perak_with_wealthy_Chinese_person.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/British_officials_in_Perak_with_wealthy_Chinese_person.jpg/330px-British_officials_in_Perak_with_wealthy_Chinese_person.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/British_officials_in_Perak_with_wealthy_Chinese_person.jpg/440px-British_officials_in_Perak_with_wealthy_Chinese_person.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1147" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption>Chinese <a href="/wiki/Tycoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tycoon">tycoon</a> Ng Boo Bee with British officials in <a href="/wiki/Perak_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Perak Sultanate">Perak</a> in 1904</figcaption></figure> A 1786 British settlement in Penang and another in <a href="/wiki/Founding_years_of_modern_Singapore" title="Founding years of modern Singapore">Singapore</a> in 1819 triggered a mass emigration from China to the Malay Peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirschman1986338-45">[44]</a> After the establishment of British rule in <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Labuan</a> in 1846, more ethnic Chinese (primarily <a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka</a>, and many from Singapore) arrived in <a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">British Borneo</a>. The migration continued through the first few years of the <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Chartered_Company" title="North Borneo Chartered Company">North Borneo Chartered Company</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong1999132-46">[45]</a> Chinese migration to Labuan and North Borneo was largely confined to the <a href="/wiki/Agricultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural">agricultural</a> sector; migration to the <a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Raj of Sarawak</a> was largely restricted to the mining and agricultural sectors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt186431-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiew19692-48">[47]</a> Rajah <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brooke,_Rajah_of_Sarawak" title="Charles Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak">Charles Brooke</a> of Sarawak promoted the migration of Chinese and <a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak people</a> to interior <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> to develop the region. This resulted in the establishment of an administrative center and <a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">bazaar</a> by the 19th century, primarily in Sarawak's <a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Malaysia#Sarawak" title="Divisions of Malaysia">First, Second, and Third Divisions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrabble200086-49">[48]</a> Rajah Charles invited Chinese <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black-pepper</a> growers from Singapore to settle in <a href="/wiki/Kuching" title="Kuching">Kuching</a> in 1876, and they were later joined by local Chinese miners and others from neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Dutch Borneo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurney1986268-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulbeckReidTanYiqi199868-51">[50]</a> With the introduction of pepper to the kingdom, pepper cultivation in Sarawak's First Division Kuching-Serian region was dominated by the Hakka; <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_people" title="Fuzhou people">Fuzhou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese people</a> dominated cultivation in the Third Division Sarikei-Binatang region, making Sarawak the world's second-largest pepper producer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulbeckReidTanYiqi199868-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaur201648-52">[51]</a> After the British gained control of the four states of Perak, <a href="/wiki/Selangor_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Selangor Sultanate">Selangor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yamtuan_Besar" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamtuan Besar">Negeri Sembilan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Pahang" title="Sultan of Pahang">Pahang</a>, nearly two million Chinese immigrated to Perak and Selangor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoranDixon1991111-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKratoska2001b209-54">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_National_geographic_magazine_(Page_164)_BHL40563162_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Old photo of four children in a rickshaw pulled by a man" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/The_National_geographic_magazine_%28Page_164%29_BHL40563162_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-The_National_geographic_magazine_%28Page_164%29_BHL40563162_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/The_National_geographic_magazine_%28Page_164%29_BHL40563162_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-The_National_geographic_magazine_%28Page_164%29_BHL40563162_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/The_National_geographic_magazine_%28Page_164%29_BHL40563162_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-The_National_geographic_magazine_%28Page_164%29_BHL40563162_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2508" data-file-height="1929" /></a><figcaption>Children in a <a href="/wiki/Pulled_rickshaw" title="Pulled rickshaw">rickshaw</a> pulled by a Chinese <a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">coolie</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kuching" title="Kuching">Kuching</a> around 1919</figcaption></figure> After the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Tin_sources_and_trade_in_ancient_times" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin sources and trade in ancient times">tin deposits</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a>, many Chinese immigrants worked in the tin-mining industry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYat196957-55">[54]</a> As tin mines opened in Perak, many Chinese in neighbouring Penang became wealthy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouwHuangIp2013165-56">[55]</a> Many Chinese tin-mining communities were established in the Malay Peninsula by the 1870s, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Ipoh" title="Ipoh">Ipoh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kinta_Valley" title="Kinta Valley">Kinta Valley</a>), <a href="/wiki/Taiping,_Perak" title="Taiping, Perak">Taiping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seremban" title="Seremban">Seremban</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Klang_Valley" title="Klang Valley">Klang Valley</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETin_Industry_(Research_and_Development)_Board19559-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinHill1979145-58">[57]</a> Each of the mining communities was governed by a <a href="/wiki/Kapitan_Cina" title="Kapitan Cina">Kapitan Cina</a>, with duties and privileges similar to those in <a href="/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kangchu_system" title="Kangchu system">Kangchu system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanda201658-59">[58]</a> Chinese migration sprang from poverty in rural China and employment opportunities in the British colonies or <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorates</a>, and an estimated five million Chinese had immigrated by the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChingMcKenna19902-60">[59]</a> Despite economic prosperity after immigration, the new Chinese communities split into a number of <a href="/wiki/Secret_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret societies">secret societies</a>. This exacerbated political unrest among the Malay aristocracy, which enlisted help from the secret societies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanda201658-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEComber1956146–162-61">[60]</a> Contemporary local Malay politics was characterised as anarchy and civil war between people from similar backgrounds, prompting alliances between senior Malay political leaders and officials from China and Europe who were protecting their investments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeletz1996102-62">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divided_nationalism_and_turbulence_(1900–1945)">Divided nationalism and turbulence (1900–1945)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Chinese&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Divided nationalism and turbulence (1900–1945)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_revolutionary_activities_in_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese revolutionary activities in Malaya">Chinese revolutionary activities in Malaya</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> You can help shoulder the responsibility of saving our country by donating your money, while our comrades in our country are sacrificing their lives. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""> —Sun Yat-sen at the <a href="/wiki/1910_Penang_conference" title="1910 Penang conference">1910 Penang conference</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> of Penang<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhoo200855-63">[62]</a></cite></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fundraising_in_Ipoh_for_the_Second_Guangzhou_uprising.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Outdoor photo of nine men, five seated and four standing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Fundraising_in_Ipoh_for_the_Second_Guangzhou_uprising.jpg/220px-Fundraising_in_Ipoh_for_the_Second_Guangzhou_uprising.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Fundraising_in_Ipoh_for_the_Second_Guangzhou_uprising.jpg/330px-Fundraising_in_Ipoh_for_the_Second_Guangzhou_uprising.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Fundraising_in_Ipoh_for_the_Second_Guangzhou_uprising.jpg/440px-Fundraising_in_Ipoh_for_the_Second_Guangzhou_uprising.jpg 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tongmenghui" title="Tongmenghui">Tongmenghui</a> fundraising meeting in <a href="/wiki/Ipoh" title="Ipoh">Ipoh</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Second_Guangzhou_Uprising" title="Second Guangzhou Uprising">Second Guangzhou Uprising</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1911</figcaption></figure> Civil wars and other conflicts among the indigenous ethnic groups ended when the British gained control of Malaya and the northern island of <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> by the 1900s. However, none of the Malay kingdoms fell under colonial rule. Their related entities were politically and economically stable. Economic prosperity was fueled by British <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a> and Chinese and Indian work forces who expanded and supplied tin and <a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">rubber</a> production.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChingMcKenna19902-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhoo2010-64">[63]</a> Before the 1911 <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a> which overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> in China, <a href="/wiki/Tongmenghui" title="Tongmenghui">Tongmenghui</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> raised funds and organisational support from overseas Chinese communities (primarily in <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">the Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom_(1782%E2%80%931932)" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)">Siam</a>, British Singapore, Malaya and Borneo) and began <a href="/wiki/Nanyang_(region)" title="Nanyang (region)">Nanyang</a> organising activities in <a href="/wiki/Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontianak,_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontianak, Indonesia">Pontianak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, Singapore and <a href="/wiki/George_Town,_Penang" title="George Town, Penang">George Town</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> Competition arose among three groups, with each group targeting overseas Chinese (particularly in Malaya and Singapore) for support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhoo200824-66">[65]</a> One group was a pro-Qing elite who targeted wealthy Chinese; the other two were reformists and revolutionaries who advocated <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_amendment" title="Constitutional amendment">constitutional reforms</a>, the introduction of a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a>, and the overthrow of Qing and Manchu influence on a modern Chinese nation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhoo200824-66">[65]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_Chinese_girls_working_at_the_British_mobile_canteen_in_Malaya.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three young, smiling Chinese women drying dishes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Three_Chinese_girls_working_at_the_British_mobile_canteen_in_Malaya.JPG/220px-Three_Chinese_girls_working_at_the_British_mobile_canteen_in_Malaya.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Three_Chinese_girls_working_at_the_British_mobile_canteen_in_Malaya.JPG/330px-Three_Chinese_girls_working_at_the_British_mobile_canteen_in_Malaya.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Three_Chinese_girls_working_at_the_British_mobile_canteen_in_Malaya.JPG/440px-Three_Chinese_girls_working_at_the_British_mobile_canteen_in_Malaya.JPG 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>Chinese women working in a British <a href="/wiki/Mobile_canteen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile canteen">mobile canteen</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayan Campaign">Malayan Campaign</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> January 1942</figcaption></figure> After the revolution which established the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>, branches of the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> emerged in British Malaya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhoo2010-64">[63]</a> Kuomintang activities in British Borneo were coordinated by the Democratic Party of North Borneo, consisting of Chinese-educated <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/towkay" class="extiw" title="wikt:towkay">towkays</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorneo_Research_Council1977114-67">[66]</a> Patriotism among Chinese immigrant communities focused on China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang1964141-68">[67]</a> British colonial authorities initially did not object to Kuomintang membership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHak200069-69">[68]</a> A communist movement developed among overseas Chinese by 1925 with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Communist_Party" title="South Seas Communist Party">South Seas Communist Party</a> in Singapore, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Indochinese_Communist_Party" title="Indochinese Communist Party">Indochinese Communist Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Malaya">Communist Party of Malaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Burma" title="Communist Party of Burma">Communist Party of Burma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Siam">Communist Party of Siam</a>; the movement also maintained relations with the earlier, Southeast Asian <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indonesia" title="Communist Party of Indonesia">Communist Party of Indonesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1957213-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHara201612–13-71">[70]</a> The Communist Party of Malaya followed the general communist policy of opposing <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Western democracies</a> before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, increasing propaganda against the Malayan government and the colonial government of Singapore in 1940.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETay2018-72">[71]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_British_Reoccupation_of_Malaya_SE5883.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Outdoor photo of a large group of seated men in uniform" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/The_British_Reoccupation_of_Malaya_SE5883.jpg/220px-The_British_Reoccupation_of_Malaya_SE5883.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/The_British_Reoccupation_of_Malaya_SE5883.jpg/330px-The_British_Reoccupation_of_Malaya_SE5883.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/The_British_Reoccupation_of_Malaya_SE5883.jpg/440px-The_British_Reoccupation_of_Malaya_SE5883.jpg 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army</a> (MPAJA) guerrillas during their disbandment ceremony in <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a> after the end of World War II</figcaption></figure> At the beginning of the Sino-Japanese conflict and the Japanese occupation of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Malaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">British Borneo</a>, Kuomintang activities were ended.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETregonning1962224-73">[72]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (under <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>) reached an agreement with the Kuomintang government (under <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>) to put aside their differences and rally against Japanese aggression in July 1940, pro-independence sentiment led to bans on the Kuomintang and other Chinese organizations in Malaya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETay2018-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang1964144-74">[73]</a> Since the conflict with <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> also involved the British, Chiang Kai-shek urged Kuomintang members to fight alongside them; in return, British colonial authorities lifted their ban of Chinese associations (including the Kuomintang and the Chinese communist movement).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheah201337-75">[74]</a> This, and British recognition of the Communist Party of Malaya, resulted in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla</a> <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army</a> (MPAJA) in 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuryadinata2012136-76">[75]</a> The MPAJA (primarily consisting of ethnic Chinese in Malaya) waged a guerrilla war against the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> (IJA) with 10,000 men in eight battalions, and contacted the British <a href="/wiki/Force_136" title="Force 136">Force 136</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2002a-77">[76]</a> Local Kuomintang revolts, such as the <a href="/wiki/Jesselton_revolt" title="Jesselton revolt">Jesselton uprising</a> in British Borneo, were suppressed by the <a href="/wiki/Kenpeitai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenpeitai">Kenpeitai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurmanSherman2001123-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETay2016-79">[78]</a> Much Chinese underground anti-Japanese activity in North Borneo was part of the Nanyang Chinese National Salvation Movement, led by <a href="/wiki/Tan_Kah_Kee" title="Tan Kah Kee">Tan Kah Kee</a>; in Sarawak, activities were coordinated by the Sarawak Anti-Fascist League.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEder_Kroef196450–60-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong200193–105-81">[80]</a> The MPAJA was disbanded after the 1945 <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Allied victory in the Pacific</a>, and many of its leaders were commended by the British.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartfield2012350-82">[81]</a> It began to massacre perceived collaborators (primarily Malay) after it was disbanded, however, sparking a Malay backlash.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKantowicz2000111-83">[82]</a> The MPAJA also targeted British posts, with several <a href="/wiki/Grenade" title="Grenade">grenade</a> attacks on British troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartfield2012350-82">[81]</a> In North Borneo, the Chinese co-operated with the British and pledged loyalty to King <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> when the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony of North Borneo</a> was formed after the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalgoorlie_Miner1946-84">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar_unrest_and_social_integration_(1946–1962)">Postwar unrest and social integration (1946–1962)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Chinese&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Postwar unrest and social integration (1946–1962)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Police_in_Malayan_Emergency.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two armed police officers questioning an elderly man" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Police_in_Malayan_Emergency.jpg/220px-Police_in_Malayan_Emergency.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Police_in_Malayan_Emergency.jpg/330px-Police_in_Malayan_Emergency.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Police_in_Malayan_Emergency.jpg/440px-Police_in_Malayan_Emergency.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption>British and Malayan police talking to a Chinese civilian about communist activity in the area in 1949</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> The answer [to the uprising] lies not in pouring more troops into the jungle, but in the hearts and minds of the people. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""> —Gerald Templer after his appointment as <a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Commissioners_of_the_United_Kingdom_for_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="List of High Commissioners of the United Kingdom for Malaya">British High Commissioner for Malaya</a> to deal with the 1952 <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELapping1985224-85">[84]</a></cite></div> </div> With the MPAJA renamed as the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_National_Liberation_Army" title="Malayan National Liberation Army">Malayan National Liberation Army</a> (MNLA), communist insurgents used guerrilla tactics in the jungles, sabotaged transportation networks and attacked British plantations (assassinating several European plantation owners).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKantowicz2000111-83">[82]</a> British intelligence estimated MNLA support at about 500,000, out of a total Chinese population of 3.12 million; battling the insurgents was difficult, since most hid in inaccessible jungles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohChoo2009-86">[85]</a> With the 18 June 1948 declaration of the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a>, the early government response was chaotic; its primary aim was to guard important economic targets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeifer2013110-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOng201487-88">[87]</a> Most Malayan Chinese opposed the MNLA.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHack199999–125-89">[88]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Village_in_Malaya,_1950s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Village with a dirt road and closely-spaced houses" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/New_Village_in_Malaya%2C_1950s.jpg/220px-New_Village_in_Malaya%2C_1950s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/New_Village_in_Malaya%2C_1950s.jpg/330px-New_Village_in_Malaya%2C_1950s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/New_Village_in_Malaya%2C_1950s.jpg/440px-New_Village_in_Malaya%2C_1950s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="855" /></a><figcaption>New villages were established during the 1950s to segregate Chinese with connections to communist insurgents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2004225–231-90">[89]</a></figcaption></figure> The 1950 <a href="/wiki/Briggs_Plan" title="Briggs Plan">Briggs Plan</a>, devised by British general <a href="/wiki/Harold_Rawdon_Briggs" title="Harold Rawdon Briggs">Harold Briggs</a>, intended to isolate the Chinese population from the insurgents. Independence was promised, and supported by the Malays; the Chinese population feared being treated as second-class citizens in an independent Malaya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaliand1982272-91">[90]</a> In addition to new villages, the plan included labour reorganisation, the deployment of troops throughout Malaya, and cooperation between the police, the army, and intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamby200259-92">[91]</a> Under the resettlement scheme, more than 700,000 rural Chinese communities were relocated in 582 new government settlements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamada2004225–231-90">[89]</a> After British high commissioner <a href="/wiki/Henry_Gurney" title="Henry Gurney">Henry Gurney</a> died in a 1951 ambush, <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Templer" title="Gerald Templer">Gerald Templer</a> are appointed as the new high commissioner for Malaya by <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> the following year; Templer preferred <a href="/wiki/Winning_hearts_and_minds" title="Winning hearts and minds">winning hearts and minds</a> to military measures against the insurgents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohChoo2009-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStubbs20041-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamakrishna2013139-94">[93]</a> As part of his campaign, Templer incentivised rebel surrender and used strict <a href="/wiki/Curfew" title="Curfew">curfews</a> and tight control of food supplies in involved areas to flush them out.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolan2011248-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEComber2015100-96">[95]</a> Crops grown by insurgents were sprayed with <a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">herbicides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Defoliant" title="Defoliant">defoliants</a>, and restrictions were lifted in areas free of insurgents by elevating them to "white status".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004830-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200849-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamblin2013175-99">[98]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Batang_Kali_massacre" title="Batang Kali massacre">Batang Kali massacre</a>, 24 unarmed Malaysian civilians suspected of providing aid to the MNLA were shot by a <a href="/wiki/Scots_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots Guard">Scots Guard</a> division in late 1948.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHale2013432-100">[99]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-communist_rally_in_Semenyih,_Selangor_during_the_ensuing_Malayan_Emergency,_1950s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Group of people marching with a banner in Chinese and English" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Anti-communist_rally_in_Semenyih%2C_Selangor_during_the_ensuing_Malayan_Emergency%2C_1950s.jpg/220px-Anti-communist_rally_in_Semenyih%2C_Selangor_during_the_ensuing_Malayan_Emergency%2C_1950s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Anti-communist_rally_in_Semenyih%2C_Selangor_during_the_ensuing_Malayan_Emergency%2C_1950s.jpg/330px-Anti-communist_rally_in_Semenyih%2C_Selangor_during_the_ensuing_Malayan_Emergency%2C_1950s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Anti-communist_rally_in_Semenyih%2C_Selangor_during_the_ensuing_Malayan_Emergency%2C_1950s.jpg/440px-Anti-communist_rally_in_Semenyih%2C_Selangor_during_the_ensuing_Malayan_Emergency%2C_1950s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption>Joint Chinese-Malay anticommunist demonstration in <a href="/wiki/Semenyih" title="Semenyih">Semenyih</a>, Selangor during the 1950s</figcaption></figure> According to <a href="/wiki/Chin_Peng" title="Chin Peng">Chin Peng</a>, the success of Templer's campaign was primarily due to the Briggs Plan's resettlement programme;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGentile201352-101">[100]</a> Gurney also introduced a quasi-ministerial system, with a bill to increase the number of non-Malays eligible for citizenship after independence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarling1992376-102">[101]</a> After the 1949 <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a>, foreign missionaries in China were forced to leave; Templer invited them to Malaya to provide <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_healing" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual healing">spiritual healing</a>, medical education and welfare measures to residents of the new government villages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoySaha201668-103">[102]</a> By September 1952, every person born in Malaya (includes 1.2 million Chinese) was granted full citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoySaha201667-104">[103]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photo_of_ancient_Penang_inside_a_room.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="City street with buses, bicyclists and cycle rickshaws" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Photo_of_ancient_Penang_inside_a_room.jpg/220px-Photo_of_ancient_Penang_inside_a_room.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Photo_of_ancient_Penang_inside_a_room.jpg/330px-Photo_of_ancient_Penang_inside_a_room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Photo_of_ancient_Penang_inside_a_room.jpg/440px-Photo_of_ancient_Penang_inside_a_room.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Town,_Penang" title="George Town, Penang">George Town, Penang</a> during the 1950s</figcaption></figure> When the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a> gained independence from the British in 1957, there was still an insurgency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain._Colonial_Office1957469-105">[104]</a> Chinese communists who surrendered were given a choice of repatriation to China or declaring loyalty to the elected government of Malaya and renouncing communist ideology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreat_Britain._Colonial_Office19574-106">[105]</a> The anti-communist campaign continued until 1960, when the Malayan government declared the end of its <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a> after Chin Peng demobilized his forces and left his hide-out in southern <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> for <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> via <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh201439-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarver2015200-108">[107]</a> At a meeting of Chin and <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> in Beijing, China urged the Communist Party of Malaya to continue their armed struggle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh201441-109">[108]</a> The establishment of a communist government in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a> affected Chinese youth in Sarawak, who organized the pro-Beijing Sarawak Overseas Chinese Democratic Youth League (later the Sarawak Advanced Youth Association, which sparked the 1960 <a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">communist insurgency in Sarawak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEder_Kroef196450–60-80">[79]</a> Malaysia's economy continued to prosper, dependent on tin and rubber industries dominated by a Chinese and Indian workforce.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGomes200746-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Bank2010-111">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Struggle_for_equality_in_"Malaysian_Malaysia"_(1963–1965)">Struggle for equality in "Malaysian Malaysia" (1963–1965)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Chinese&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Struggle for equality in "Malaysian Malaysia" (1963–1965)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malaysia" title="Malaysian Malaysia">Malaysian Malaysia</a></div> Early in 1961, when Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman" title="Tunku Abdul Rahman">Tunku Abdul Rahman</a> outlined a "Grand Malaysian Alliance" of the British protectorate of <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> and the crown colonies of North Borneo, <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Singapore</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunnell200476-112">[111]</a> Singapore Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew</a> supported the proposal. Lee's <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party" title="People's Action Party">People's Action Party</a> (PAP) rallied for the equality of all Malaysians, regardless of "class, skin colour or creed", known as "<a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malaysia" title="Malaysian Malaysia">Malaysian Malaysia</a>", in a multi-ethnic society without <a href="/wiki/Malayisation" title="Malayisation">Malayisation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurushotam2000209-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosey2013153-114">[113]</a> Although Lee was seen by Malay extremists in the <a href="/wiki/United_Malays_National_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="United Malays National Organisation">United Malays National Organisation</a> (UMNO) and the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Malaysian_Islamic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party">Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party</a> (PAS), as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu" title="Ketuanan Melayu">Ketuanan Melayu</a> after the 1963 formation of Malaysia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheah200254-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkbarzadehSaeed2003142-116">[115]</a> he had adopted <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> as Singapore's national language and appointed Malay <a href="/wiki/Yusof_Ishak" title="Yusof Ishak">Yusof Ishak</a> as <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Negara" title="Yang di-Pertuan Negara">Yang di-Pertuan Negara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETan2004b42-117">[116]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_Association" title="Malaysian Chinese Association">Malaysian Chinese Association</a> (MCA), led by <a href="/wiki/Tan_Cheng_Lock" title="Tan Cheng Lock">Tan Cheng Lock</a> and part of the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_(Malaysia)" title="Alliance Party (Malaysia)">Malaysian Alliance Party</a>, refused to join the struggle for equality. The MCA feared that equality would disrupt an agreement between the <a href="/wiki/United_Malays_National_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="United Malays National Organisation">United Malays National Organisation</a> (UMNO) and the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indian_Congress" title="Malaysian Indian Congress">Malaysian Indian Congress</a> (MIC) in which Malays were politically dominant and the Chinese controlled the country's economy; <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indians" title="Malaysian Indians">Malaysian Indians</a> played a smaller economic role, with the Malays promising to share future political power with the other two groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi200455-118">[117]</a> After two years as part of the federation and the enactment of <a href="/wiki/Article_153_of_the_Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="Article 153 of the Constitution of Malaysia">Article 153 of the Constitution of Malaysia</a>, Lee was joined by the Malay Peninsula's <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Party_(Malaysia)" title="United Democratic Party (Malaysia)">United Democratic Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Progressive_Party_(Malaysia)" title="People's Progressive Party (Malaysia)">People's Progressive Party</a> and Sarawak's <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_United_Peoples%27_Party" title="Sarawak United Peoples' Party">United Peoples' Party</a> and Machinda Party in the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Solidarity_Convention" title="Malaysian Solidarity Convention">Malaysian Solidarity Convention</a> to campaign for equality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheah200254-115">[114]</a> In a June 1965 speech at the MSC meeting in Singapore, Lee said: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">It took a long time for us all to come to the same conclusions despite our differing experiences in Malaya, Singapore, <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>. Our friends in Sabah are not here today officially, but I can assure you that we have many friends there. There is no doubt that it took us a long time to reach the inevitable conclusion that these people [referring to the racial politics in Malay Peninsula] were up to no good. You know the line they were taking with growing truculence on a heavy racial accent, the intimidatory postures and the snarling guttural notes on which they sent out their signals to their followers on the basis of the race lead us to only one conclusion -- that if this goes on, Malaysia will not belong to <a href="/wiki/Malaysians" title="Malaysians">Malaysians</a>. Since there are so many Malaysians, we decided that the time has come for us to speak our minds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Archives_of_Singapore19651-119">[118]</a></blockquote> Lee's call for a re-alignment of forces between those who wanted a "true Malaysian nation" and those who preferred a country led by a component of the Alliance Party, and his criticism of Malays advocating Malay dominance, led to bitter <a href="/wiki/PAP%E2%80%93UMNO_relations" title="PAP–UMNO relations">PAP–UMNO relations</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1964_race_riots_in_Singapore" title="1964 race riots in Singapore">1964 race riots in Singapore</a>; Singapore was later <a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_Malaysia" title="Singapore in Malaysia">expelled</a> from the federation in August 1965, and became its own sovereign nation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheah200254-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiamondPlattnerChu2013187-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid2015362-121">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communist_insurgencies_and_racial_clashes_(1965–1990)">Communist insurgencies and racial clashes (1965–1990)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Chinese&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Communist insurgencies and racial clashes (1965–1990)">edit</a>]</div> The struggle for equality continued with the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Action_Party" title="Democratic Action Party">Democratic Action Party</a> (DAP), which succeeded the PAP in 1965.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkbarzadehSaeed2003142-116">[115]</a> Many Malaysian Chinese began to view the Malaysian Chinese Association as more concerned with business and economic interests than social factors, although Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman considered the MCA the sole legitimate representative of the federation's Chinese community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkbarzadehSaeed2003142-116">[115]</a> In 1968, communists supported by China began <a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">a new insurgency</a> from their stronghold in southern Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERazak201569-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOng201495-123">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/1969_Malaysian_general_election" title="1969 Malaysian general election">The following year</a>, the MCA was challenged by the DAP and the <a href="/wiki/Parti_Gerakan_Rakyat_Malaysia" title="Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia">Malaysian People's Movement Party</a> (GERAKAN). Of its 33 parliamentary seats contested in the election, the MCA retained 13 and lost control of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Penang" title="Government of Penang">Penang state government</a> to GERAKAN; Chinese-Malay tensions culminated in the <a href="/wiki/13_May_incident" title="13 May incident">13 May incident</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharlesCheng197147-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEder_Kroef1981107-125">[124]</a> Other clashes were also ethnic in nature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKua200774-126">[125]</a> In the aftermath of the riots, Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman blamed the communists rather than racial issues and said that the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> in their neighbour was "not simply a civil war but <a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">communist-ideology expansion</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheng200966-127">[126]</a> The Malaysian government introduced several policy initiatives in security and development, a neighbourhood-watch program and the <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Volunteers_Corps_Department" title="Malaysia Volunteers Corps Department">People's Volunteer Corps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENazar200519–20-128">[127]</a> The Communist Party of Malaya split into two factions during the early 1970s: a <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Malaya/Revolutionary_Faction" title="Communist Party of Malaya/Revolutionary Faction">revolutionary wing</a> in 1970 and a <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Malaya/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" title="Communist Party of Malaya/Marxist–Leninist">Marxist–Leninist wing</a> in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChin2003467–468-129">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a> and Beijing established <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Malaysia_relations" title="China–Malaysia relations">diplomatic relations</a> in 1974; China ended its aid to the factions, prompting their 1983 merger into the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Communist_Party" title="Malaysian Communist Party">Malaysian Communist Party</a> before their surrender to Thai authorities four years later and the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Agreement_of_Hat_Yai_(1989)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace Agreement of Hat Yai (1989)">1989 peace agreement</a> ending the insurgency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhoo2010-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChin2003450-130">[129]</a> A Chinese communist insurgency in Sarawak, supported by neighboring Indonesia, ended with peace negotiations in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorritt2004279-131">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990_to_present">1990 to present</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Chinese&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1990 to present">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_New_Year_at_Ayer_Itam,_George_Town,_Penang_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="City street with heavy traffic, orange overhead lanterns, and mountains in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Chinese_New_Year_at_Ayer_Itam%2C_George_Town%2C_Penang_2024.jpg/220px-Chinese_New_Year_at_Ayer_Itam%2C_George_Town%2C_Penang_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Chinese_New_Year_at_Ayer_Itam%2C_George_Town%2C_Penang_2024.jpg/330px-Chinese_New_Year_at_Ayer_Itam%2C_George_Town%2C_Penang_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Chinese_New_Year_at_Ayer_Itam%2C_George_Town%2C_Penang_2024.jpg/440px-Chinese_New_Year_at_Ayer_Itam%2C_George_Town%2C_Penang_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6144" data-file-height="8192" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a> decorations in <a href="/wiki/George_Town,_Penang" title="George Town, Penang">George Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petaling_Street,_Kuala_Lumpur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Crowded city street, with red lanterns" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Petaling_Street%2C_Kuala_Lumpur.jpg/220px-Petaling_Street%2C_Kuala_Lumpur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Petaling_Street%2C_Kuala_Lumpur.jpg/330px-Petaling_Street%2C_Kuala_Lumpur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Petaling_Street%2C_Kuala_Lumpur.jpg/440px-Petaling_Street%2C_Kuala_Lumpur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="743" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Petaling_Street" title="Petaling Street">Petaling Street</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Chinatown" title="Chinatown">Chinatown</a> in Malaysia's capital of <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, at night</figcaption></figure> Issues between the Malaysian Chinese and the Malays remain unresolved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETong201095-132">[131]</a> The failure of <a href="/wiki/Social_contract_(Malaysia)" title="Social contract (Malaysia)">Malaysia's social contract</a> has led to a strong <a href="/wiki/Chinese_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese identity">Chinese identity</a>, in contrast to the Chinese communities in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Filipino">the Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Singaporeans" title="Chinese Singaporeans">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_Chinese" title="Thai Chinese">Thailand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hoa_people" title="Hoa people">Vietnam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETong201095-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen200466-133">[132]</a> After the 1969 racial clashes, the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_New_Economic_Policy" title="Malaysian New Economic Policy">Malaysian New Economic Policy</a> favouring the Malays from 1971 to 1990 increased <a href="/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)">Bumiputera</a> economic control by 60 percent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGomez20121-134">[133]</a> Malaysian Chinese remain the business sector's dominant players; <a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">equity</a> ownership doubled from 22.8 percent in 1969 to 45.5 percent in 1990, and nearly all of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysians_by_net_worth" title="List of Malaysians by net worth">Malaysia's richest people</a> are Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> Since Malaysian Chinese manage the country's economy, most (75.8 percent in 1991) live in urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamTan200078-136">[135]</a> They generally do not speak Malay among themselves;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangWang199831-137">[136]</a> this contrasts with earlier Chinese communities such as the Straits-born Chinese of Baba-Nyonya, Kelantanese and Terengganuan <a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Peranakans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penangite_Chinese" title="Penangite Chinese">Penangite Hokkien</a> and Sabah <a href="/wiki/Sino-Native" title="Sino-Native">Sino-natives</a>, who mingled with local Malay and other indigenous peoples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETan200493–95-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong200455-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETong2010110-140">[139]</a> Chinese in <a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysia</a> in Sabah and Sarawak, particularly in small inland towns, interact more closely with the indigenous communities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETong2010110-140">[139]</a> Integration issues in present-day Malaysia are largely inherited from Malayan racial politics, in which ethnic communities consolidated into a single political community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnloe1968372–385-141">[140]</a> Malaysia's contemporary <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Malaysia" title="Education in Malaysia">educational</a> and social policies has created a Chinese <a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight" title="Human capital flight">brain drain</a> to <a href="/wiki/Developed_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed countries">developed countries</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakobsen2014170-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyson201855-143">[142]</a> The country has experienced a slight wave of <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a>-speaking immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern China">northeastern China</a> and a smaller number of <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a> immigrants, however, with local men marrying women from China and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhor2016-144">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_social_demographics">Origins and social demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Chinese&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Origins and social demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_emigration" title="Chinese emigration">Chinese emigration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Overseas Chinese</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Origin_of_ethnic_Chinese_Malaysians.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Origin_of_ethnic_Chinese_Malaysians.svg/220px-Origin_of_ethnic_Chinese_Malaysians.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Origin_of_ethnic_Chinese_Malaysians.svg/330px-Origin_of_ethnic_Chinese_Malaysians.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Origin_of_ethnic_Chinese_Malaysians.svg/440px-Origin_of_ethnic_Chinese_Malaysians.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption>Map of the geographic origin of the present-day ethnic Chinese Malaysians since their early migrations from China to <a href="/wiki/Nanyang_(region)" title="Nanyang (region)">Nanyang</a> region more than a hundred years ago.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhor2016-144">[143]</a></figcaption></figure> Since their early ancient trade connection and subsequent migrations, the majority of ethnic Chinese in Malaysia are <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">ethnic Han</a> from the historical areas of <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> provinces in <a href="/wiki/Southern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern China">southern China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon199651-145">[144]</a> Nearly all ethnic Chinese Malaysians living in the country today are either <a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">patrilineal</a> descendants of these early immigrants, or new immigrants born in mainland China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETan1997103–116-146">[145]</a> Among the first group from the first migration wave are the Peranakans in <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a>, Sino-Natives in <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> and Straits-born Chinese (Baba-Nyonya) in <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETan200493–95-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong200455-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxford_Business_Group200812-147">[146]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a> in the mid-19th century caused much chaos and suffering in southern China, which led many ethnic Chinese civilians to seek refuge overseas, particularly to the <a href="/wiki/Nanyang_(region)" title="Nanyang (region)">Nanyang</a> region (Southeast Asia) in further south.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmberEmberSkoggard2004698-148">[147]</a> With the expanding British colonial ambitions in the region which led to the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a>, more migrants were attracted and the region became an important destination for <a href="/wiki/Chinese_emigration" title="Chinese emigration">Chinese emigration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmberEmberSkoggard2004698-148">[147]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_Chinese_(From_Fukien),_Merchant_in_Penang.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Southern_Chinese_%28From_Fukien%29%2C_Merchant_in_Penang.JPG/180px-Southern_Chinese_%28From_Fukien%29%2C_Merchant_in_Penang.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Southern_Chinese_%28From_Fukien%29%2C_Merchant_in_Penang.JPG/270px-Southern_Chinese_%28From_Fukien%29%2C_Merchant_in_Penang.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Southern_Chinese_%28From_Fukien%29%2C_Merchant_in_Penang.JPG/360px-Southern_Chinese_%28From_Fukien%29%2C_Merchant_in_Penang.JPG 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>An 1880 painting of southern Chinese merchant from <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> (left) and Chinese official in <a href="/wiki/Penang_Island" title="Penang Island">Penang Island</a>.</figcaption></figure> By the late 19th century with the second wave of migration through the British colonial rule, the <a href="/wiki/Hokkien_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokkien people">Hokkien</a> of southern Fujian led by many of their wealthy and powerful individuals with skills in <a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">finance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maritime_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime shipping">maritime shipping</a> became the dominant immigrant group as the first group of ethnic Chinese to settle in large numbers with their language become a <a href="/wiki/Contact_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Contact language">contact language</a> among Chinese of different linguistics background.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese</a> from Guangdong follow suit and became well known as mineworkers, <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">land reclamation</a>, mechanics and their familiarity with <a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">cash cropping</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReidRodgers200182-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn200847-151">[150]</a> Another large group, the <a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka</a> are mostly hill farmers originated from northeastern Guangdong and various southern China places who specialise in forest clearance, mining as well on <a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">metalworking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReidRodgers200182-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn200847-151">[150]</a> Other groups like the <a href="/wiki/Teochew_people" title="Teochew people">Teochew</a> from <a href="/wiki/Chaozhou" title="Chaozhou">Chaozhou</a> of eastern Guangdong are mainly on <a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">plantation</a> agriculture,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReidRodgers200182-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn200847-151">[150]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_people" title="Fuzhou people">Fuzhou</a> from central Fujian specialise in <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">entrepreneurship</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaur2016194-152">[151]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Hainanese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hainanese people">Hainanese</a> from <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a> as one of the ethnic Chinese minority saw themselves as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sojourner" class="extiw" title="wikt:sojourner">sojourners</a> with many of Hainanese chefs and waiters ruled the kitchen of local Chinese <a href="/wiki/Kopi_tiam" title="Kopi tiam">kopi tiam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Restaurant" title="Restaurant">restaurants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETan200220-153">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharp20081-154">[153]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Putian_people" title="Putian people">Henghua</a> and Hokchia from eastern Fujian are usually managing family industries while the Kwongsai from <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> are employed in labour sectors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalaysian_Historical_Society196934-155">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouwPost1996148-156">[155]</a> Followed by the third wave of ethnic Chinese migration thereafter, this resulted from Malaysia as being one of the countries outside China and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> with <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cultural_sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cultural sphere">largest population of Chinese speakers</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhor2016-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsmah200452-157">[156]</a> Following the establishment of diplomatic relationship between Mainland China and Malaysia in 1974, a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/joint_communiqu%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="wikt:joint communiqué">joint communiqué</a> was made between the two nations, which stated: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Chinese government</a> considers anyone of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese origin</a> who has taken up his own will or acquired <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_nationality_law" title="Malaysian nationality law">Malaysian nationality</a> as automatically forfeiting <a href="/wiki/Nationality_Law_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationality Law of China">Chinese nationality</a>. As for residents who retain Chinese nationality of their own will, the Chinese government, acting in accordance with its consistent policy, will enjoin them to abide by the law of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Malaysia" title="Government of Malaysia">Government of Malaysia</a>, respect the customs and habits of the people there, and live in unity with them, and their proper rights and interests will be protected by the Government of China and respected by the Government of Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamilleri197527-158">[157]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distribution_of_Han_ethnic_subgroups">Distribution of Han ethnic subgroups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Chinese&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Distribution of Han ethnic subgroups">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Malaysia" title="Demographics of Malaysia">Demographics of Malaysia</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align: right;"> <caption>Population of ethnic Chinese by state in 2020<a href="#cite_note-DOSM2020-1">[1]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia" title="States and federal territories of Malaysia">State or federal territory</a> </th> <th>Total population </th> <th>Chinese population </th> <th>Chinese population (%) </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Johor.svg/23px-Flag_of_Johor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Johor.svg/35px-Flag_of_Johor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Johor.svg/46px-Flag_of_Johor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a> </th> <td align="right">4,009,670 </td> <td align="right">1,208,652 </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238854847">.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar{position:relative;border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#fff;width:100px;max-width:100%;height:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar-fill{position:absolute;background-color:#dbdbdb;height:1.5em;width:50%}.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar-text{position:absolute;width:100%;height:1.5em;text-align:center;color:#000}</style><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FFC0CB; width: 30%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">30.1%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Kedah.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kedah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Kedah.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kedah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Kedah.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kedah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a> </th> <td align="right">2,131,427 </td> <td align="right">250,600 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FFC0CB; width: 11%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">11.8%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Kelantan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kelantan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Kelantan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kelantan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Kelantan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kelantan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /> <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a> </th> <td align="right">1,792,501 </td> <td align="right">44,676 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FFC0CB; width: 2%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">2.5%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Malacca.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malacca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Malacca.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malacca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Malacca.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malacca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> </th> <td align="right">998,428 </td> <td align="right">205,239 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FFC0CB; width: 20%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">20.6%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a> </th> <td align="right">1,199,974 </td> <td align="right">248,456 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FFC0CB; width: 20%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">20.7%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Pahang.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pahang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Pahang.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pahang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Pahang.svg/46px-Flag_of_Pahang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a> </th> <td align="right">1,591,295 </td> <td align="right">221,712 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FFC0CB; width: 13%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">13.9%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a> </th> <td align="right">1,740,405 </td> <td align="right">718,362 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FFC0CB; width: 41%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">41.3%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/23px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/35px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/46px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a> </th> <td align="right">2,496,041 </td> <td align="right">643,627 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FFC0CB; width: 25%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">25.8%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Perlis.svg/23px-Flag_of_Perlis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Perlis.svg/35px-Flag_of_Perlis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Perlis.svg/46px-Flag_of_Perlis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Perlis" title="Perlis">Perlis</a> </th> <td align="right">284,885 </td> <td align="right">20,480 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FFC0CB; width: 7%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">7.2%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Sabah.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sabah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Sabah.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sabah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Sabah.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sabah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> </th> <td align="right">3,418,785 </td> <td align="right">248,920 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FFC0CB; width: 7%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">7.3%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Sarawak.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sarawak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Sarawak.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sarawak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Sarawak.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sarawak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> </th> <td align="right">2,453,677 </td> <td align="right">554,622 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FFC0CB; width: 22%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">22.6%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Selangor.svg/23px-Flag_of_Selangor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Selangor.svg/35px-Flag_of_Selangor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Selangor.svg/46px-Flag_of_Selangor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a> </th> <td align="right">6,994,423 </td> <td align="right">1,756,181 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FFC0CB; width: 25%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">25.1%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Terengganu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Terengganu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Terengganu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Terengganu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Terengganu.svg/46px-Flag_of_Terengganu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a> </th> <td align="right">1,149,440 </td> <td align="right">23,166 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FFC0CB; width: 2%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">2.0%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a> </th> <td align="right">1,982,112 </td> <td align="right">737,161 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FFC0CB; width: 37%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">37.2%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Labuan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Labuan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Labuan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Labuan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Labuan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Labuan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">Labuan</a> </th> <td align="right">95,120 </td> <td align="right">9,843 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FFC0CB; width: 10%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">10.3%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Putrajaya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Putrajaya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Putrajaya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Putrajaya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Putrajaya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Putrajaya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Putrajaya" title="Putrajaya">Putrajaya</a> </th> <td align="right">109,202 </td> <td align="right">670 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FFC0CB; width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.6%</div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:10em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1970 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,555,879</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1980 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,554,664</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+28.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1991 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,623,900</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2000 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,691,908</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+23.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2010 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,472,300</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+13.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2020 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,892,367</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.5%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Note: Main census is released every ten years. Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dosm.gov.my/">Malaysian Population Statistics</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Different <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Chinese dialects</a> are spoken in Malaysian cities and towns. Across the country, <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin" title="Malaysian Mandarin">Mandarin</a> has emerged as the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> among the various Chinese dialect groups, largely due to its use as the language of instruction in Chinese schools and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>'s increasing economic influence.<a href="#cite_note-UN-159">[158]</a> Within <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> is predominantly spoken in west coast cities such as <a href="/wiki/George_Town,_Penang" title="George Town, Penang">George Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seberang_Perai" title="Seberang Perai">Seberang Perai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klang_(city)" title="Klang (city)">Klang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malacca_City" title="Malacca City">Malacca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batu_Pahat_(town)" title="Batu Pahat (town)">Batu Pahat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muar_(town)" title="Muar (town)">Muar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-161">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> is the main dialect in <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ipoh" title="Ipoh">Ipoh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seremban" title="Seremban">Seremban</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuantan" title="Kuantan">Kuantan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-161">[160]</a> Interior towns like <a href="/wiki/Cameron_Highlands" title="Cameron Highlands">Cameron Highlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kulai" title="Kulai">Kulai</a> were primarily <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a>-speaking.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a> was also commonly used along the western coast of <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Johor_Bahru" title="Johor Bahru">Johor Bahru</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-161">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bentong" title="Bentong">Bentong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raub,_Pahang" title="Raub, Pahang">Raub</a> contained a substantial Kwongsai-speaking population.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> The distribution of Chinese dialects in <a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysia</a> exhibits significant variation. In <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a>, Hakka is the predominant dialect, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu" title="Kota Kinabalu">Kota Kinabalu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahad_Datu" title="Lahad Datu">Lahad Datu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semporna" title="Semporna">Semporna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papar,_Malaysia" title="Papar, Malaysia">Papar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tawau" title="Tawau">Tawau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-167">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, Hakka is also prevalent in towns such as <a href="/wiki/Serian_Division" title="Serian Division">Serian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kota_Samarahan" title="Kota Samarahan">Kota Samarahan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bau,_Sarawak" title="Bau, Sarawak">Bau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-167">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> Cantonese serves as the main dialect in <a href="/wiki/Miri" title="Miri">Miri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandakan" title="Sandakan">Sandakan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-170">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kuching" title="Kuching">Kuching</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kapit" title="Kapit">Kapit</a> contained multiple dialect groups, including Hokkien, Hakka and <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-170">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> The town of <a href="/wiki/Sibu" title="Sibu">Sibu</a> was often referred to as a mini-<a href="/wiki/Fuzhou" title="Fuzhou">Fuzhou</a>, with the dialect also being used in <a href="/wiki/Sarikei" title="Sarikei">Sarikei</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-161">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-170">[169]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geographical_distributions_of_ethnic_Chinese_Malaysians.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Geographical_distributions_of_ethnic_Chinese_Malaysians.svg/220px-Geographical_distributions_of_ethnic_Chinese_Malaysians.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Geographical_distributions_of_ethnic_Chinese_Malaysians.svg/330px-Geographical_distributions_of_ethnic_Chinese_Malaysians.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Geographical_distributions_of_ethnic_Chinese_Malaysians.svg/440px-Geographical_distributions_of_ethnic_Chinese_Malaysians.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption>Geographical distributions of ethnic Chinese Malaysians by majority in each cities or towns: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Hokkien_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokkien people">Hokkien</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_people" title="Fuzhou people">Fuzhou</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Hainanese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hainanese people">Hainanese</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Teochew_people" title="Teochew people">Teochew</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Kwongsai</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Hockchia</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Undetermined majority</div></figcaption></figure> The first census conducted in 1970 after Malaysia was formed in 1963 reported that there were 3,555,879 ethnic Chinese Malaysians, with the <a href="/wiki/Hokkien_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokkien people">Hokkien</a> or Min Nan (福建人 or 闽南人) being the majority at 32.4%, followed by <a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka</a> (客家人) at 22.1%, <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese</a> (广府人) at 19.8%, <a href="/wiki/Teochew_people" title="Teochew people">Teochew</a> (潮汕人) and <a href="/wiki/Hainanese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hainanese people">Hainanese</a> (海南人) at 12.4% and 4.7% respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201212-172">[171]</a> This increase to 4,554,664 in 1980 and 4,623,900 in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamaguchiDeterding20164-173">[172]</a> In 2000, the census reported that ethnic Chinese Malaysians numbered at 5,691,908, which was approximately 24.45% of the country's population at the time, with 86% of them living in urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmberEmberSkoggard2004698-148">[147]</a> In <a href="/wiki/West_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="West Malaysia">West Malaysia</a>, Hokkien became the leading group followed by Cantonese, Hakka and Teochew.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamTan200039-174">[173]</a> The pattern differs in East Malaysia where Hakka is the majority in Sabah and Sarawak followed by Hokkien and Cantonese in Sabah and the <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_people" title="Fuzhou people">Fuzhou</a> (福州人), Hokkien and Teochew in Sarawak.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamTan200047-175">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTET'ien1983278-176">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYong2013291-177">[176]</a> The population increased further to 6,392,636 by 2010 and 6,892,367 by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-DOSM2020-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Statistics_Malaysia2010a15-178">[177]</a> As of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Chinese&action=edit">[update]</a>, over three-fifths of Malaysia's ethnic Chinese resided in <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a>. Penang also had the largest percentage of Chinese and was the only state where the Chinese constituted a plurality.<a href="#cite_note-DOSM2020-1">[1]</a> There is also a small community of <a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1b%C4%9Bi" class="mw-redirect" title="Huáběi">Huáběi</a>-ren (Northern Chinese or 华北人) in Sabah whose ancestors coming from various parts of <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a> (河北) and <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> (山东) provinces in China with most of them calling themselves as <a href="/wiki/Ti%C4%81nj%C4%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiānjīn">Tiānjīn</a>-ren (天津人 or 津侨). Besides that, Sanjiang-ren (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B1%9F%E4%BA%BA" class="extiw" title="zh:三江人">三江人</a>) is a collective term used to categorise the group of people whose ancestors hailed from Shanghai (上海), Zhejiang (浙江), Jiangsu (江苏), Hubei (湖北) and Jiangxi (江西). It is a subgroup of mixed spoken dialects and has the fewest people as compared to other Chinese subgroups. The first San Jiang Clansmen Association or San Kiang Association was formed in Penang back in 1897.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenang_San_Kiang_Association2020-179">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmberEmberSkoggard2004699-180">[179]</a> Although the ethnic Chinese population had been increasing since the 1970s, their proportion within the total population had been decreasing gradually, particularly caused by the lower <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rate</a> among the Chinese community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201212-172">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic,_demographic_and_political_representation">Economic, demographic and political representation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Chinese&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economic, demographic and political representation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malaysia" title="Economy of Malaysia">Economy of Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_network" title="Bamboo network">Bamboo network</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malaysia_election_results_map_by_ethnicity,_2018.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Malaysia_election_results_map_by_ethnicity%2C_2018.svg/300px-Malaysia_election_results_map_by_ethnicity%2C_2018.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Malaysia_election_results_map_by_ethnicity%2C_2018.svg/450px-Malaysia_election_results_map_by_ethnicity%2C_2018.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Malaysia_election_results_map_by_ethnicity%2C_2018.svg/600px-Malaysia_election_results_map_by_ethnicity%2C_2018.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4356" data-file-height="1989" /></a><figcaption>Proportion of ethnic Chinese and Malay with indigenous voters in the <a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2018_Malaysian_general_election_by_parliamentary_constituency" title="Results of the 2018 Malaysian general election by parliamentary constituency">2018 Malaysian parliamentary constituency</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Bright red indicates a higher proportion of ethnic Chinese</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Bright green indicates a higher proportion of <a href="/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)">ethnic Malay or indigenous people</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Mixed colour means that the ratio of the two is equivalent</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  The brownish colour are the area with the higher proportion of other non-indigenous races (such as <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indians" title="Malaysian Indians">Indians</a>)</div></figcaption></figure> Ethnic Chinese Malaysians have been traditionally dominant in the business sector of the Malaysian economy with large local Chinese enterprises involved in <a href="/wiki/Natural_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural resources">natural resources</a> and food ingredients industries such as <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoon2007234-181">[180]</a> Almost every <a href="/wiki/Biscuit" title="Biscuit">biscuits</a> manufacturer in the country is dominated by ethnic Chinese Malaysians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiam2015-182">[181]</a> Up to the 1970s, their economic structure was intertwined with very much family and <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kinship</a> ties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoon2007195-183">[182]</a> By the 21st century with the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">rising of China's economic influence</a>, their <a href="/wiki/Business_network" title="Business network">economy network</a> are jointly connected with other <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Overseas Chinese</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_network" title="Bamboo network">bamboo network</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeidenbaumHughes199647-184">[183]</a> The local Chinese played a key role in facilitating China's <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a> to invest in Malaysia while in the process both benefited from expanded markets, lower labour costs and the introduction of different kind of technologies and managerial systems which resulted from Malaysia becoming the largest trading partner to China in <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a> (ASEAN) region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWongTan2017113-185">[184]</a> Nevertheless, unlike the more transboundary business influence by neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Singaporeans" title="Chinese Singaporeans">Chinese Singaporeans</a>, a majority of Chinese Malaysian businesses are still seen as less concentrating on developing business ties with other Southeast Asian Chinese businessmen despite there have been few businesses made by several local Malaysian Chinese companies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGomez2012185-186">[185]</a> Since the country's foundation in 1963, the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_Association" title="Malaysian Chinese Association">Malaysian Chinese Association</a> (MCA) was the sole legitimate political representation for ethnic Chinese in Malaysia under the multi-racial political coalition of the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_(Malaysia)" title="Alliance Party (Malaysia)">Alliance Party</a> (later expanded into <a href="/wiki/Barisan_Nasional" title="Barisan Nasional">National Front</a> coalition).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartier201171-187">[186]</a> However, the growing restriction of non-Malay interests in Malaysian society and politics since the 1970s caused deep dissension among Chinese Malaysians. The perception that their ethnic party representatives were unable to stand for their people's rights grew, and that decision-making was influenced by the Malay <a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">supremacists</a> dominated party of <a href="/wiki/United_Malays_National_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="United Malays National Organisation">United Malays National Organisation</a> (UMNO). The UMNO was the most influential part of the existing political coalition, and also championed Islamic values.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> Despite the coalition's multi-racial appearance, UMNO founding president <a href="/wiki/Onn_Jaafar" title="Onn Jaafar">Onn Jaafar</a> has once said that their movement did not adhere to any ideology other than "<a href="/wiki/Malayisation" title="Malayisation">Malayism</a>", defined by Malay scholar <a href="/wiki/Ariffin_Omar" title="Ariffin Omar">Ariffin Omar</a> as the belief that the interests of the Malay race must be upheld over anything else.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETing200935-189">[188]</a> From 1968, the inability of MCA to preserve ethnic Chinese Malaysian interests, particularly with regards to their culture, education, and language, resulted in the formation of another ethnic Chinese representative party, the <a href="/wiki/Parti_Gerakan_Rakyat_Malaysia" title="Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia">Malaysian People's Movement Party</a> (GERAKAN) led by Chinese overseas-educated elite, although this party also joined the Alliance Party coalition in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins200891-190">[189]</a> The growing <a href="/wiki/Islamisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamisation">Islamisation</a> with "Islamic version of non-tolerant and open", increasing <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Malaysia" title="Racism in Malaysia">racism</a> within the Malay party members throughout the coalition imposing further into the country social demographics as well as the government discriminative policies on their education and employment, caused further disenchantment among non-Malays, especially ethnic Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> This subsequently caused dwindling support from ethnic Chinese Malaysians when many original strongholds of MCA <a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_electoral_districts" title="List of Malaysian electoral districts">constituents</a> and even Gerakan turned to the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Action_Party" title="Democratic Action Party">Democratic Action Party</a> (DAP) as the latter were seen as more vocal on their rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinerÖzbudun1987136-193">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoplin19919-194">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECase2013105-195">[194]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2018_Malaysian_general_election" title="2018 Malaysian general election">recent country general election in 2018</a> saw the fall of National Front coalition following additional aid from Bornean parliamentary seats particularly in Sabah that were won by <a href="/wiki/Pakatan_Harapan" title="Pakatan Harapan">Pakatan Harapan</a> coalition ally of <a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">regionalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Sabah_Heritage_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah Heritage Party">Sabah Heritage Party</a> (WARISAN) as well from another indigenous party of <a href="/wiki/United_Pasokmomogun_Kadazandusun_Murut_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation">United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation</a> (UPKO) as a result of similar growing frustration over long-time manipulation of the state demographics and resources with lack of development through the administration of the Malay-led supremacists government of UMNO with frequent labelling as "fixed deposit state".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESipalanMenon2018-196">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Borneo_Post2019-197">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2018-198">[197]</a> During the election, the DAP won a large amount of seats due to the support of many Chinese constituents and subsequently diminished MCA influence among ethnic Chinese Malaysians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChengMokhtar2018-199">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDayley2018203-200">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESukumaran2019-201">[200]</a> Although the Malaysian Chinese population is increasing in every <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a>, the proportion of ethnic Chinese among the country's total population has been declining in recent decades because of a lower <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rate</a> and high <a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">emigration</a> rate. There are significant concerns about the loss of political representation. According to a report by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_diaspora" title="Malaysian diaspora">Malaysian diaspora</a> around the world in 2010 included around a million people, most of them ethnic Chinese. The large number of emigrants, many of whom are young with education or skills, constitutes a significant "<a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight" title="Human capital flight">brain drain</a>" from the country, especially towards the country's immediate neighbour <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contributions_towards_local_medical_practice">Contributions towards local medical practice</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Chinese&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Contributions towards local medical practice">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_Chinese_Medicine_Shop,_George_Town,_Penang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Traditional_Chinese_Medicine_Shop%2C_George_Town%2C_Penang.jpg/220px-Traditional_Chinese_Medicine_Shop%2C_George_Town%2C_Penang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Traditional_Chinese_Medicine_Shop%2C_George_Town%2C_Penang.jpg/330px-Traditional_Chinese_Medicine_Shop%2C_George_Town%2C_Penang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Traditional_Chinese_Medicine_Shop%2C_George_Town%2C_Penang.jpg/440px-Traditional_Chinese_Medicine_Shop%2C_George_Town%2C_Penang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1790" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption>An ethnic Chinese woman in Malaysia grinds and cuts up dried <a href="/wiki/Chinese_herbology" title="Chinese herbology">herbs</a> to make <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">traditional Chinese medicine</a>.</figcaption></figure> Aside from their economic dominance, ethnic Chinese Malaysians are known for their contribution in the country <a href="/wiki/Healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare">healthcare</a> sectors with their traditional health practice. Around 3,000 medicine shops in the country sell traditional Chinese medicine with development support also given by the country <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Malaysia)" title="Ministry of Health (Malaysia)">Health Ministry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevensonTaiYuan2014282-203">[202]</a> Chinese traditional health practice services in the country generally encompass the zhong yi 中医 (Chinese medicine), <a href="/wiki/Qigong" title="Qigong">qigong</a> (气功), <a href="/wiki/Chiropractic_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiropractic care">chiropractic care</a> (整骨), <a href="/wiki/Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">acupuncture</a> (针灸) and several others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeh2017-204">[203]</a> In 2012, the Traditional and Complementary Medicine Bill (T&CM) was passed by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Malaysia" title="Parliament of Malaysia">Parliament of Malaysia</a> for the establishment of "Traditional and Complementary Medicine Council or Majlis Perubatan Tradisional dan Komplementari" to register and regulate traditional and complementary medicine practitioners, including traditional Chinese medicine practitioners as well Malay, indigenous and Indians traditional medicine which followed by the enforcement of T&CM Act in the following year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Health_Malaysia201510-205">[204]</a> Since most of the traditional medicine pharmacies are family-apprentice trade, most of the traditional medicine practitioners are not registered as a doctor under the health department despite the support given by the Health Ministry with most can practice the career without needed to be registered under government law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevensonTaiYuan2014282-203">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Chinese&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_independent_high_school" title="Chinese independent high school">Chinese independent high school</a> and <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Malaysia" title="Education in Malaysia">Education in Malaysia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sabah_Tshung_Tsin_Secondary_School.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Sabah_Tshung_Tsin_Secondary_School.JPG/220px-Sabah_Tshung_Tsin_Secondary_School.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Sabah_Tshung_Tsin_Secondary_School.JPG/330px-Sabah_Tshung_Tsin_Secondary_School.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Sabah_Tshung_Tsin_Secondary_School.JPG/440px-Sabah_Tshung_Tsin_Secondary_School.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Co-curricular activities in <a href="/wiki/Sabah_Tshung_Tsin_Secondary_School" title="Sabah Tshung Tsin Secondary School">Tshung Tsin Secondary School</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_independent_high_school" title="Chinese independent high school">Chinese independent high school</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a>.</figcaption></figure> In educational aspects, Malaysia is the only country outside China and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> with a comprehensive and complete Chinese education system and the only Southeast Asian country that has perpetuated the Chinese education system established since the colonial era as a result of heavy brokerage and lobbying efforts by ethnic Chinese Malaysians political leaders with continual funding from local Chinese communities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurdt-ChristiansenHancock2014145-206">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAng2017-207">[206]</a> The first Chinese schools had been established in the country in the 19th century during the British colonial administration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamTan2000230-208">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2002b35-209">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharneyYeohTong2003147-210">[209]</a> At the same time, Christian missions from China also founded schools for Chinese students to nurture Church workers, this are most notable among many Chinese Christians of Hakka origin in Sabah and the Fuzhou in Sarawak.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> Following the country's independence, some of the Chinese independent schools who were influenced by the new national agenda and desperately needed government financial support were willingly converted into <a href="/wiki/English-medium_education" title="English-medium education">English medium-schools</a>. However, these schools were later scrupulously converted into <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> medium-schools following the massive elimination of English medium-schools by the Malay-dominated regime in the 1970s in an effort to impose the Malay language as the only medium of instructions in all schools in the aftermath of ethnic riots in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurdt-ChristiansenHancock2014145-206">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAng2017-207">[206]</a> The following period was considered a dark time for local Chinese education and witnessed a growing belief in the idea that the ethnic Chinese in Malaysia had to proceed on a basis of self-reliance and vigilance in order to preserve their language rights as the national education policy was seen as exclusionary and discriminatory for non-Malays, summed up in the aphorism "non-Malays belong to Malaysia but Malaysia only belongs to the Malays".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurdt-ChristiansenHancock2014145-206">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeeHillYin201675-212">[211]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SMJK_Confucian,_100-year_anniversary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/SMJK_Confucian%2C_100-year_anniversary.jpg/220px-SMJK_Confucian%2C_100-year_anniversary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/SMJK_Confucian%2C_100-year_anniversary.jpg/330px-SMJK_Confucian%2C_100-year_anniversary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/SMJK_Confucian%2C_100-year_anniversary.jpg/440px-SMJK_Confucian%2C_100-year_anniversary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>SMJK Confucian in Kuala Lumpur, an example of converted Chinese independent school to government-funded "SMJK" (literally <a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekolah_menengah_jenis_kebangsaan" class="extiw" title="ms:Sekolah menengah jenis kebangsaan">Sekolah Menengah Jenis Kebangsaan</a>).</figcaption></figure> Although other remaining Chinese independent schools or 独中 were also included in the national school system in 1996, these independent schools still did not receive any financial assistance from the federal government and its United Examinations Certificate (UEC) or 统考 is not recognised by the government, making students who finish their studies from the local Chinese independent schools unable to enroll in government-funded public <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary institutions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeeHillYin201677-213">[212]</a> Since late 1970, ethnic Chinese Malaysians had expanded their own Mandarin-language primary schools where around 90% of their children were enrolled based on the figures from 2006.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelsonMeermanRahman2008201-214">[213]</a> These schools gained a reputation for not only maintaining good discipline but also providing the high-quality education that the Malay schools were seen by some to lack. This perceived superiority attracted significant interest among <a href="/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)">Bumiputera</a> parents with various analyses placing the number of Bumiputera students enrollment in Chinese schools between 60,000 and 100,000 in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelsonMeermanRahman2008201-214">[213]</a> The federal government's failure to impose Malay as the sole unifying language throughout the country's educational systems unlike in China with <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> or Indonesia with <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian language</a> are mainly attributed to the racial-based policy enforcement of ethnic inclusion and exclusion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeeHillYin201678-215">[214]</a> Some argue that the educational policies imposed by the federal government over the years in regard to minority language education have created negative consequences for Malaysian youth: a mounting <a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight" title="Human capital flight">brain drain</a> in particular. A study from 2000 found that the country had lost an ample amount of talented and skilled youth to other more favourable countries as the result of students from the large non-Malay minority language communities being forced to go to university abroad because they did not attend Malay language schools.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDefillippiArthurLindsay2009117-216">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFongZubair201715-217">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Chinese&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Malaysia" title="Culture of Malaysia">Culture of Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cultural_sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cultural sphere">East Asian cultural sphere</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inside_the_Baba_and_Nyonya_Heritage_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Inside_the_Baba_and_Nyonya_Heritage_Museum.jpg/220px-Inside_the_Baba_and_Nyonya_Heritage_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Inside_the_Baba_and_Nyonya_Heritage_Museum.jpg/330px-Inside_the_Baba_and_Nyonya_Heritage_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Inside_the_Baba_and_Nyonya_Heritage_Museum.jpg/440px-Inside_the_Baba_and_Nyonya_Heritage_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="1166" /></a><figcaption>Inside the former house of a Peranakan (Baba-Nyonya or 峇峇娘惹) in <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> which has now been <a href="/wiki/Baba_Nyonya_Heritage_Museum" title="Baba Nyonya Heritage Museum">converted into a museum</a>, a Nyonya can be seen sitting inside wearing the traditional <a href="/wiki/Kebaya#Kebaya_Encim_or_Peranakan" title="Kebaya">kebaya</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese cultural influences</a> made their mark when <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">ancient trade relations</a> were established with the <a href="/wiki/Nanyang_(region)" title="Nanyang (region)">Nanyang</a> (南洋) region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbie1992-218">[217]</a> The massive ethnic Chinese migration during the British colonial period causing a subsequent strong influence on the country's culture, including in cuisine and the language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENazriShahrimFarahMursyid2017-219">[218]</a> Aside from the Chinese cultural influence on local culture, ethnic Chinese from the first wave migration before English arrival had mainly adopted a localised culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeeChoong200683-220">[219]</a> The Baba-Nyonya in Malacca had a very strong Malay influence in their clothing and food although still maintaining their Chinese heritage of religion, name, and identity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Star2008-221">[220]</a> Their food are made with Malay ingredients and recipes but produced using the Chinese method while their houses are constructed with the infusion of <a href="/wiki/Victorian_architecture" title="Victorian architecture">Victorian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_architecture" title="Chinese architecture">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malay_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay architecture">Malay</a> elements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Star2008-221">[220]</a> Together with the Peranakans in Penang, both sides use a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> and Malay despite the Penang Peranakans speak mainly Hokkien with some borrowed words from Malay words while in Malacca, the Peranakans have adopted Malay <a href="/wiki/Patois" title="Patois">patois</a> with some Hokkien words.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGovernment_of_Penang-222">[221]</a> The food prepared by Penang Peranakans also infuses both Chinese and Malay elements, albeit with an additional <a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thai influence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGovernment_of_Penang-222">[221]</a> The Peranakans in the east coast of Malaysia in Kelantan and Terengganu have much closer ties with the Malay and <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Siamese" title="Malaysian Siamese">Siamese</a> community there since most of them has adopted the Malay and Siamese lifestyle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinzeler197445–61-223">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENazriHanapiTeo2011112-224">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHong2015-225">[224]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NaTukKong003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/NaTukKong003.jpg/220px-NaTukKong003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/NaTukKong003.jpg/330px-NaTukKong003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/NaTukKong003.jpg/440px-NaTukKong003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Na_Tuk_Kong" title="Na Tuk Kong">Na Tuk Kong</a> (拿督公) shrine in West Malaysia.</figcaption></figure> Further, close blood relations between ethnic Chinese and local indigenous in northern <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> since the early kingdoms period produced the "Sino-Natives" persons in Sabah as a result of <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">inter-marriage</a> between ethnic Chinese there and natives of Sabah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang2018141-226">[225]</a> Instead of speaking Chinese languages, these communities spoke the localized <a href="/wiki/Sabah_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah Malay">Sabah Malay</a> dialect as their main <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> since the 14th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang2018141-226">[225]</a> The close relations are marked with earliest records of the "Kina" term which is widely used by the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Dusun_people" title="Dusun people">Dusun</a> to refer to the Chinese ethnicity including for the Dusun homeland mountain of "<a href="/wiki/Mount_Kinabalu" title="Mount Kinabalu">Mount Kinabalu</a>" (Chinese widow mountain), "<a href="/wiki/Kinabatangan_River" title="Kinabatangan River">Kinabatangan River</a>" (Chinese river) and several other places such as the Kinabalu mountain stream of "Kinataki", a small river in the northeastern coast of "Kinabañgun" and a Chinese land in <a href="/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">Labuan Island</a>, the "Kinabenua".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESt._John1863327-227">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitehead1893155-228">[227]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Na_Tuk_Kong" title="Na Tuk Kong">Na Tuk Kong</a> shrine for example shown another sign of assimilation with local culture, where it refers to local Malay guardian spirits worshipped by some ethnic Chinese in West Malaysia and neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> and Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELin2017126-229">[228]</a> The term Na Tuk originated from the Malay word of <a href="/wiki/Datuk" title="Datuk">Datuk</a> (grandfather) which then merged with Kong (公, sometimes addressed as 'Kung' meaning elderly male), similar with <a href="/wiki/Tudigong" title="Tudigong">Tu Ti Kung</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E5%85%AC" class="extiw" title="zh:土地公">土地公</a>), an earth deity worshipped in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHock19968-230">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELin2017125–126-231">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Chinese&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Malaysian Chinese cuisine">Malaysian Chinese cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuisine_of_Chinese_Malaysian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cuisine_of_Chinese_Malaysian.jpg/220px-Cuisine_of_Chinese_Malaysian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cuisine_of_Chinese_Malaysian.jpg/330px-Cuisine_of_Chinese_Malaysian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Cuisine_of_Chinese_Malaysian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption>Some of the examples of ethnic Chinese influenced Malaysian cuisine, clockwise from top-right: <a href="/wiki/Grass_jelly" title="Grass jelly">grass jelly</a> (凉粉) with <a href="/wiki/Bandung_(drink)" title="Bandung (drink)">Bandung</a> (玫瑰露加奶), <a href="/wiki/Yong_tau_foo" title="Yong tau foo">yong tau foo</a> (酿豆腐), <a href="/wiki/Kuih" title="Kuih">Nyonya steamed layer cake</a> (娘惹千层糕) and <a href="/wiki/Laksa" title="Laksa">laksa noodle</a> (叻沙).</figcaption></figure> The ethnic Chinese cuisine in Malaysia is derived from the culinary traditions of their early immigrants and descendants, who have adopted or modified their culinary traditions under the influence of Malaysian culture. Additionally due to the immigration of Chinese to the country, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese cuisine</a> has now become an inseparable part in the country’s cultural mixture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201224-232">[231]</a> When Chinese merchants sailed their <a href="/wiki/Junk_(ship)" title="Junk (ship)">junks</a> across the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a>, they visited ports in Borneo and Malacca, which had a profound influence on the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201224-232">[231]</a> Since the local king at that time enjoyed Chinese cuisine, the traders would bring along cooks with them to the island. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYuan200019-233">[232]</a> They introduced ingredients in Chinese cooking such as <a href="/wiki/Noodles" class="mw-redirect" title="Noodles">noodles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bean_sprouts" class="mw-redirect" title="Bean sprouts">bean sprouts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">tofu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soy_sauce" title="Soy sauce">soy sauce</a> which are by now widely used by every ethnic group in the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton200513-234">[233]</a> Apart from introducing new ingredients , these earlier traders also discovered ingredients among the local population along the coast, such as the expensive <a href="/wiki/Edible_bird%27s_nest" title="Edible bird's nest">edible bird's nest</a> with the best quality nests claiming to come from Borneo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen197642-235">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunlop1994251-236">[235]</a> Since a vast majority of Chinese Malaysians today are descendants of immigrants from <a href="/wiki/South_China" title="South China">southern China</a>, local Chinese cuisine is predominantly based from <a href="/wiki/Fujian_cuisine" title="Fujian cuisine">Fujian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine" title="Cantonese cuisine">Cantonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hakka_cuisine" title="Hakka cuisine">Hakka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teochew_cuisine" title="Teochew cuisine">Teochew</a> cuisines. Their technique of <a href="/wiki/Stir_frying" title="Stir frying">stir frying</a> ingredients and adding a small portion of <a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">cooking oil</a> over high heat in a <a href="/wiki/Wok" title="Wok">wok</a> (锅) is widely adopted among the nation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton200513-234">[233]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nyonya_kuih_kitchen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Nyonya_kuih_kitchen.jpg/220px-Nyonya_kuih_kitchen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Nyonya_kuih_kitchen.jpg/330px-Nyonya_kuih_kitchen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Nyonya_kuih_kitchen.jpg/440px-Nyonya_kuih_kitchen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4632" data-file-height="3088" /></a><figcaption>The Nyonya making various traditional <a href="/wiki/Kuih" title="Kuih">kuih</a>.</figcaption></figure> Chinese Malaysian cuisine had developed a strong penchant for <a href="/wiki/Spices" class="mw-redirect" title="Spices">spices</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chillies" class="mw-redirect" title="Chillies">chillies</a> where any local Chinese <a href="/wiki/Kopi_tiam" title="Kopi tiam">kopi tiam</a> or restaurant will offer pickled green or red chillies <a href="/wiki/Sambal" title="Sambal">sambal</a> for noodles and rice-based meals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton200513-234">[233]</a> They borrowed <a href="/wiki/Curry_tree" title="Curry tree">curry leaves</a> from the Indians and have since adapted English <a href="/wiki/Worcestershire_sauce" title="Worcestershire sauce">Worcestershire sauce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tomato_sauce" title="Tomato sauce">tomato sauce</a> along with Indian and Malay spices to the <a href="/wiki/Cooking_pot" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooking pot">cooking pot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton200513-234">[233]</a> Among the notable Chinese dishes in the country including the <a href="/wiki/Bak_kut_teh" title="Bak kut teh">bak kut teh</a> (肉骨茶) (pork rib soup with Chinese herbs), <a href="/wiki/Char_kway_teow" title="Char kway teow">char kway teow</a> (炒粿条) (stir fried rice noodle), <a href="/wiki/Dim_sum" title="Dim sum">dim sum</a> (点心) (ready-to-serve dishes), <a href="/wiki/Hae_mee" class="mw-redirect" title="Hae mee">hae mee</a> (虾面) (spicy prawn noodle soup served in savoury broth), <a href="/wiki/Hainanese_chicken_rice" title="Hainanese chicken rice">Hainanese chicken rice</a> (海南鸡饭), kai si hor fun (鸡丝河粉) (flat rice noodle soup with chicken slices, shrimps and bean sprouts), <a href="/wiki/Kolo_mee" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolo mee">kolok or kolo mee</a> (干捞面) (Sarawakian egg noodle served in dark sauce, tomato sauce or chilli sauce), <a href="/wiki/Lor_mee" title="Lor mee">lor mee</a> (卤面) (thick yellow noodle served in dark sauce and thick broth), ngiu chap mee (牛杂面) (special Sabah mixed beef noodle), <a href="/wiki/Pan_mee" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan mee">pan mee</a> (板面) (handmade noodle soup served with pork balls, minced pork, dried anchovies, <a href="/wiki/Wood_ear" title="Wood ear">black fungus</a> and vegetable), sang nyuk mee (生肉面) (special Sabah dry pork noodle or pork noodle soup), <a href="/wiki/Wonton_noodle" class="mw-redirect" title="Wonton noodle">wonton mee</a> (云吞面) (dry noodle or noodle soup served with BBQ pork, minced pork and pork or shrimp dumplings) and <a href="/wiki/Yong_tau_foo" title="Yong tau foo">yong tau foo</a> (酿豆腐) (tofu and mixed vegetables filled with ground pork mixture or fish paste). Many Chinese Malaysians also can cook Malay-style chicken or fish with most versions of <a href="/wiki/Laksa" title="Laksa">laksa</a> (叻唦) are prepared by them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton200513-234">[233]</a> Some examples of basic Chinese Malaysians drinks that are commercially produced in the country include the <a href="/wiki/Black_tea" title="Black tea">black tea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chrysanthemum_tea" title="Chrysanthemum tea">chrysanthemum tea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grass_jelly" title="Grass jelly">grass jelly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_tea" title="Green tea">green tea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jasmine_tea" title="Jasmine tea">jasmine tea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soy_milk" title="Soy milk">soy milk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ipoh_white_coffee" title="Ipoh white coffee">white coffee</a> while popular snacks including the <a href="/wiki/Youtiao" title="Youtiao">cakoi</a> (油炸鬼) (long deep-fried dough), <a href="/wiki/Egg_tart" title="Egg tart">egg tart</a>, hum ji peng (咸煎饼) (circle shaped fried dough with or without fillings), ngoi sing tart (外星塔) (UFO shaped tart), <a href="/wiki/Ngo_hiang" title="Ngo hiang">ngo hiang</a> (炸五香) (various spiced, minced meat rolls prepared in deep fried style and served with vegetables), <a href="/wiki/Baozi" title="Baozi">pau</a> (包) (steamed buns), <a href="/wiki/Popiah" title="Popiah">popiah</a> (薄饼) (fried or plain spring rolls filled with mixed vegetables), and tau sar piah (豆沙饼) (pastry biscuits filled with a sweet or savoury filling).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETan2012137-237">[236]</a> The legacy from the first wave migration created the <a href="/wiki/Peranakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakan">Peranakan</a> (土生华人) (including the Baba-Nyonya (峇峇娘惹)) ethnicity through a blend between Chinese and Malay which subsequently produced the <a href="/wiki/Peranakan_cuisine" title="Peranakan cuisine">Peranakan cuisine</a> where they served Indian-style curries with eating <a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">etiquette</a> different from mainstream ethnic Chinese society by following the Malay usage of fingers than <a href="/wiki/Chopsticks" title="Chopsticks">chopsticks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2010486-238">[237]</a> The Baba-Nyonya also specialized in making a variety of local snacks called <a href="/wiki/Kuih" title="Kuih">kuih</a> which require plenty of patience and skills.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArokiasamy2017451-239">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialects_and_languages">Dialects and languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Chinese&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Dialects and languages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sinophone" title="Sinophone">Sinophone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Language_and_overseas_Chinese_communities#Malaysia" title="Language and overseas Chinese communities">Language and overseas Chinese communities § Malaysia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map-Sinophone_World.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Map-Sinophone_World.png/220px-Map-Sinophone_World.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Map-Sinophone_World.png/330px-Map-Sinophone_World.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Map-Sinophone_World.png/440px-Map-Sinophone_World.png 2x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Sinophone" title="Sinophone">Sinophone</a> world, where <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese languages</a> are spoken as a <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a> among ethnic Chinese in countries where their population is significant: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Chinese-speaking majority (Coastal and central areas of China, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Large Chinese-speaking minority (Highland China, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and inner <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Small Chinese-speaking minority (<a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>)</div></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" align="right" style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; text-align:right; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 85%;"> <caption>Example of Chinese <a href="/wiki/List_of_loanwords_in_Malay" title="List of loanwords in Malay">loanwords in Malay language</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th align="center" style="background-color: #E9E9E9">Loanword </th> <th align="center" style="background-color: #E9E9E9">English description </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right">bihun/mihun </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Rice_vermicelli" title="Rice vermicelli">rice vermicelli</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">cakoi </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Youtiao" title="Youtiao">a long deep-fried dough</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">cawan </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Cup" title="Cup">cup</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">cincai </td> <td align="right">carelessly, in a hurry, random </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">cincau </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Grass_jelly" title="Grass jelly">grass jelly</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">ginseng </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Ginseng" title="Ginseng">root of herbal plants</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">kapcai </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Underbone" title="Underbone">underbone motorcycle</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">kuaci </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Sunflower_seed" title="Sunflower seed">sunflower seed</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">kuetiau </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Char_kway_teow" title="Char kway teow">rice noodle</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">kuih </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Kuih" title="Kuih">snack and dessert</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">longkang </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">drainage</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">mee/mi </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Noodle" title="Noodle">noodle</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">pau </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Baozi" title="Baozi">steamed bun</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">popia/popiah </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Popiah" title="Popiah">fried spring roll</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">samseng </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Gangster" title="Gangster">gangster</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">tauhu </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">tofu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">tauke </td> <td align="right"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/towkay" class="extiw" title="wikt:towkay">big boss</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">teh </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">tongkang </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Junk_(ship)" title="Junk (ship)">Chinese sailing ship</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #E9E9E9;"> <td colspan="2">Source: <a href="#CITEREFAsmah1975">Asmah 1975</a>, p. 40 and <a href="/wiki/Dewan_Bahasa_dan_Pustaka" title="Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka">DBP</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The 1970 Malaysian Census reported the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a> dialects being the largest which accounting for 34.2% of the country Chinese population, followed by <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a> with 22.1%, <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> by 19.8%, <a href="/wiki/Chaozhou_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaozhou Chinese">Chaozhou</a> (Teochew) by 12.4% and <a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a> by 4.7%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201212-172">[171]</a> In 2003, a more detailed statistics for each dialects reported the <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> with 2,020,914, Hakka with 1,092,835, Cantonese with 1,068,008, Teochew with 497,280, <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a> with 251,553, Hainanese with 141,045, Kwongsai with 51,674, <a href="/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-Xian Min">Henghua</a> with 24,654, Hockchia with 14,935 and different other ethnic Chinese with 202,977, for a total of 5,365,875.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmberEmberSkoggard2004698-148">[147]</a> The Malaysian Hokkien are divided into two localised dialects; the <a href="/wiki/Penang_Hokkien" title="Penang Hokkien">Penang Hokkien</a> (northern) comprising <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perlis" title="Perlis">Perlis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Peninsular_Malaysian_Hokkien" title="Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien">Southern Peninsular Hokkien</a> in <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> and neighbouring Singapore.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrongArmstrongMulliner2012218-240">[239]</a> The northern Hokkien contains more Malay loanwords than the southern with the latter maintaining more of their original Hokkien words.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrongArmstrongMulliner2012218-240">[239]</a> Many Hokkien living in Sarawak have been influenced heavily by indigenous language similarly with Hokkien in Kelantan where their language was heavily localised following close interaction with local Malays and <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Siamese" title="Malaysian Siamese">Siamese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrongArmstrongMulliner2012218-240">[239]</a> Localised Hokkien also spoken primarily by the Peranakan community (Baba-Nyonya) in both Malacca and Penang.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheungTan2007171-241">[240]</a> Generally, Hokkien became a contact language among ethnic Chinese of different linguistic background in most parts of Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWurmMühlhäuslerTryon2011698-242">[241]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Cantonese" title="Malaysian Cantonese">Malaysian Cantonese</a> became the contact language in the Malaysia's capital of Kuala Lumpur albeit with a distinct <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> and grammar from standard Cantonese spoken in <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta" title="Pearl River Delta">Pearl River Delta</a> region of China including in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWurmMühlhäuslerTryon2011698-242">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsmah200451-243">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerBenedict2011281-244">[243]</a> Hakka dialect assumes the role of contact language in Sabah but in the rest of the country the language are more commonly used as an intra-group language than a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> within the Chinese community with about 66.2% of Hakka in Johor prefer <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin" title="Malaysian Mandarin">localised Mandarin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201280-245">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlattWeberHo198350-246">[245]</a> Similar studies on <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a> speakers of Fuzhou community in Sarawak also found a general shift of language choice from their own dialect to <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> and English.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall2009240-247">[246]</a> The Chaozhou dialect despite being not a largest dialect group has become a bridge language for trade between Teochew exporters in China and wholesalers in Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaCartier200385-248">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2011124-249">[248]</a> Hainan dialect is another minority and the sub-dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min Chinese</a> dialect family although it is treated in the country as an independent dialect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201218-250">[249]</a> Several others like Henghua are also generally termed as "dialects", which in fact together with the rest are <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">variety of Chinese languages</a> from different Chinese ethnicity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsmah199226-251">[250]</a> Mandarin, which is generally spoken by northern Chinese minority in Sabah become the main <a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">working language</a> among all Chinese in the country with <a href="/wiki/Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Mandarin">Standard Mandarin</a> is used as the <a href="/wiki/Medium_of_instruction" title="Medium of instruction">medium of instruction</a> in local Chinese medium school and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_independent_high_school" title="Chinese independent high school">independent high school</a> although the language still not necessarily spoken in their daily life practice.<a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a> Based on early Malaysian Census in 1970, around 41% of ethnic Chinese Malaysians are able to converse in Mandarin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201216–17-253">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holidays_and_festivities">Holidays and festivities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Chinese&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Holidays and festivities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Malaysia" title="Public holidays in Malaysia">Public holidays in Malaysia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lion_dance_in_Kuala_Lumpur,_Malaysia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lion_dance_in_Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Malaysia.jpg/220px-Lion_dance_in_Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Malaysia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lion_dance_in_Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Malaysia.jpg/330px-Lion_dance_in_Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Malaysia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lion_dance_in_Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Malaysia.jpg/440px-Lion_dance_in_Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Malaysia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lion_dance" title="Lion dance">Lion dance</a> in Malaysia's capital during the Chinese main festivity.</figcaption></figure> With the large presence of ethnic Chinese in the country nationwide, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a> is celebrated as a national public holiday. <a href="/wiki/States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia" title="States and federal territories of Malaysia">11 states and three federal territories</a> in the country celebrate with two days holidays while two remaining states of Kelantan and Terengganu only celebrate a one-day holiday.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGovernment_of_Malaysia2019-254">[253]</a> During the New Year, many Chinese living with their family in the urban areas will celebrate together, while some who may have family in rural areas will return for family reunions. Traditional dinner with the entire family is the most important aspect of the celebration and may include a traditional food tossing of <a href="/wiki/Yusheng" title="Yusheng">yee sang</a>, especially among the Cantonese.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeong19922-255">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK_Travel201634-256">[255]</a> Elders will usually give the young a <a href="/wiki/Red_envelope" title="Red envelope">red envelope</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ang_pow" class="extiw" title="wikt:ang pow">ang pow</a> or angpau). A <a href="/wiki/Chinese_candy_box" title="Chinese candy box">variety of festival sweets</a> are presented in the house for visitors. Most Chinese settlements and <a href="/wiki/Chinatown" title="Chinatown">Chinatown</a> streets will be decorated before the New Year with colorful lanterns. <a href="/wiki/Dragon_dance" title="Dragon dance">Dragon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lion_dance" title="Lion dance">lion</a> dances will be performed with <a href="/wiki/Firecracker" title="Firecracker">firecracker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fireworks" title="Fireworks">fireworks</a> shows also featured as part of the celebrations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK_Travel201634-256">[255]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_New_Year_foods_in_Malaysia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Chinese_New_Year_foods_in_Malaysia.jpg/220px-Chinese_New_Year_foods_in_Malaysia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Chinese_New_Year_foods_in_Malaysia.jpg/330px-Chinese_New_Year_foods_in_Malaysia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Chinese_New_Year_foods_in_Malaysia.jpg/440px-Chinese_New_Year_foods_in_Malaysia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2745" data-file-height="1830" /></a><figcaption>Aside from <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_orange" title="Mandarin orange">mandarin orange</a>, various other snacks are presented for visitors throughout the Chinese New Year.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Chingay_parade" title="Chingay parade">Chingay</a> processions are also being held as part of the New Year festivities especially in Johor Bahru and Penang.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFodorFisher1986297-257">[256]</a> Several other festivals are celebrated through the seasons in a year including the <a href="/wiki/Dongzhi_Festival" title="Dongzhi Festival">Dongzhi Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dragon_Boat_Festival" title="Dragon Boat Festival">Dragon Boat Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungry_Ghost_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungry Ghost Festival">Hungry Ghost Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lantern_Festival" title="Lantern Festival">Lantern Festival</a> (Chap Goh Mei), <a href="/wiki/Mid-Autumn_Festival" title="Mid-Autumn Festival">Mid-Autumn Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nine_Emperor_Gods_Festival" title="Nine Emperor Gods Festival">Nine Emperor Gods Festival</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qingming_Festival" title="Qingming Festival">Qingming Festival</a> which originated from much of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folklore" title="Chinese folklore">Chinese folk beliefs</a> and traditional agricultural society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohHo2009132-258">[257]</a> Throughout the festivals, especially for major Chinese festivals such as the New Year, Hungry Ghost, and Mid-Autumn, Chinese temples will organize cultural and religious activities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETan2018103-259">[258]</a> The Hungry Ghost Festival is generally not observed by most <a href="/wiki/De_teaching" title="De teaching">Dejiao</a> (Zi) group in Malaysia which descended directly from Dejiao association in China, it is only mainly observed by three Zi associations in Kuala Lumpur (Zi Fang Ge), <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Ketam" title="Pulau Ketam">Pulau Ketam</a> (Zi Bang Ge) and <a href="/wiki/Butterworth,_Penang" class="mw-redirect" title="Butterworth, Penang">Butterworth</a> (Zi Wei Gi) with the three calling the festival as Wanyuan Shenghui than Yulan Shanghui.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETan198572-260">[259]</a> The Mooncake Festival is celebrated through the Mid-Autumn Festival where there people will exchange and eat <a href="/wiki/Mooncake" title="Mooncake">mooncake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK_Travel201659–60-261">[260]</a> Traditional <a href="/wiki/Chinese_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese marriage">Chinese weddings</a> remain popular to some ethnic Chinese Malaysian couples even though most have preferred the Western-influenced wearing of white <a href="/wiki/Wedding_dress" title="Wedding dress">wedding dresses</a> and black <a href="/wiki/Black_tie" title="Black tie">jackets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim2014-262">[261]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Chinese&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Chinese folk religion in Southeast Asia">Chinese folk religion in Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Buddhism in Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoism_in_Malaysia" title="Taoism in Malaysia">Taoism in Malaysia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian folk religion</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Kek_Lok_Si" title="Kek Lok Si"><img alt="Kek Lok Si" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/MY-penang-george-kek-lok-si-tempel-garten-1.jpg/150px-MY-penang-george-kek-lok-si-tempel-garten-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/MY-penang-george-kek-lok-si-tempel-garten-1.jpg/225px-MY-penang-george-kek-lok-si-tempel-garten-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/MY-penang-george-kek-lok-si-tempel-garten-1.jpg/300px-MY-penang-george-kek-lok-si-tempel-garten-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Jade_Dragon_Temple" title="Jade Dragon Temple"><img alt="Jade Dragon Temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Tian_Wang_Dian.jpg/150px-Tian_Wang_Dian.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Tian_Wang_Dian.jpg/225px-Tian_Wang_Dian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Tian_Wang_Dian.jpg/300px-Tian_Wang_Dian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Tam_Kung_Temple,_Malaysia" title="Tam Kung Temple, Malaysia"><img alt="Tam Kung Temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Sandakan_Sabah_Tam-Kong-Temple-01.jpg/150px-Sandakan_Sabah_Tam-Kong-Temple-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Sandakan_Sabah_Tam-Kong-Temple-01.jpg/225px-Sandakan_Sabah_Tam-Kong-Temple-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Sandakan_Sabah_Tam-Kong-Temple-01.jpg/300px-Sandakan_Sabah_Tam-Kong-Temple-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3700" data-file-height="2467" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Poh_Tong_Temple" title="Sam Poh Tong Temple"><img alt="Sam Poh Tong Temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sam_Poh_Tong_Temple.jpg/150px-Sam_Poh_Tong_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sam_Poh_Tong_Temple.jpg/225px-Sam_Poh_Tong_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sam_Poh_Tong_Temple.jpg/300px-Sam_Poh_Tong_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4784" data-file-height="3120" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāyāna Buddhism">Mahāyāna Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> temples in Malaysia.</div></div></div></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Chartreuse; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 12242.415657572px; border-left-color:Black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Black"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 5304.5364363156px; border-left-color:DarkOrange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkOrange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkOrange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3182.0515953774px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1323.7769652808px; border-left-color:DarkRed"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkRed"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkRed"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 791.58150883059px; border-left-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 283.33388210251px; border-left-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 59.991083666714px; border-left-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Gold"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religion of ethnic Chinese Malaysians (2010)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Statistics_Malaysia2010b15-263">[262]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (83.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (11.0%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a> (3.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">No religion</a> (0.8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (0.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (0.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Unknown (0.17%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other religion (0.13%)</div> </div> </div></div> Based on the 2000 Malaysian Census, 86.6% of ethnic Chinese Malaysians adhere to <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a> with numerous <a href="/wiki/Chinese_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese temple">Chinese temples and shrines</a> visible nationwide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmberEmberSkoggard2004703-264">[263]</a> More detailed statistics in 2010 found a total of 5,341,687 ethnic Chinese Malaysians adhere to Buddhism, 706,479 are <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christians</a>, 218,261 practising <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religious_sects" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese folk religious sects">Chinese folk religious sects</a>, 49,320 were <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligious</a>, 42,048 are <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslims</a>, 14,878 are <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindus</a>, 11,387 with unknown religion while 8,576 practising other different religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Statistics_Malaysia2010b15-263">[262]</a> Among the common <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_%E7%A5%9E(Chinese_religion)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shen 神(Chinese religion) (page does not exist)">deities</a> worshipped by ethnic Chinese Malaysians in temples are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guan_Yu_%E5%85%B3%E7%BE%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guan Yu 关羽 (page does not exist)">Lord Guan</a> (Guansheng Dijun 关圣帝君), <a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guan Yin</a> (Goddess of Mercy 观世音菩萨), <a href="/wiki/Tua_Pek_Kong" title="Tua Pek Kong">Dabo Gong 大伯公</a> (Earth Deity) and <a href="/wiki/Mazu" title="Mazu">Mazu</a> (Goddess of Sea 妈祖).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmberEmberSkoggard2004703-264">[263]</a> Commonly found in ethnic Chinese homes and shops are <a href="/wiki/Altars" class="mw-redirect" title="Altars">altars</a> installed for deities of their affinities together with <a href="/wiki/Chinese_ancestral_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese ancestral worship">ancestral worship</a>. Most of the deities are of Chinese origin but it is still common to see a few local deities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmberEmberSkoggard2004703-264">[263]</a> Most, if not all cities in Malaysia include the presence of Chinese Buddhist temples and societies. However, there exists towns with only Buddhist statues, although some may have one or two other Chinese deities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmberEmberSkoggard2004703-264">[263]</a> Other <a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Buddhist branches</a> of <a href="/wiki/Therav%C4%81da" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravāda">Theravāda</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a> traditions (<a href="/wiki/Vajray%C4%81na" class="mw-redirect" title="Vajrayāna">Vajrayāna</a>) also have Chinese members and some of the buildings of these branches were built with the funds and <a href="/wiki/Philanthropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Philanthropic">philanthropic</a> efforts from local Chinese Buddhists, examples being the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Maha_Vihara,_Brickfields" title="Buddhist Maha Vihara, Brickfields">Buddhist Maha Vihara</a> in Kuala Lumpur and <a href="/wiki/Wat_Chayamangkalaram" title="Wat Chayamangkalaram">Wat Chayamangkalaram</a> in Penang.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmberEmberSkoggard2004703-264">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhoo2012313-265">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETan201835-266">[265]</a> Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Institutional_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutional religion">institutional religion</a> of Buddhism, Christianity and Islam, ethnic Chinese who follow traditional folk religion do not have separate names for their belief and practices, as similar to the indigenous Malaysians such as <a href="/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Iban</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Orang_Asli" title="Orang Asli">Orang Asli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETan_Lee_Ooi20188-267">[266]</a> They describe their religious beliefs as either bai shen or bai fo (worshipping deities) which does usually include the worshipping of Buddha since Mahayana Buddhist deities are also commonly worshipped by the followers of Chinese traditional religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETan_Lee_Ooi20188-267">[266]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palm_Sunday_at_St_Ignatius_Church_in_Petaling_Jaya,_Selangor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Palm_Sunday_at_St_Ignatius_Church_in_Petaling_Jaya%2C_Selangor.jpg/220px-Palm_Sunday_at_St_Ignatius_Church_in_Petaling_Jaya%2C_Selangor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Palm_Sunday_at_St_Ignatius_Church_in_Petaling_Jaya%2C_Selangor.jpg/330px-Palm_Sunday_at_St_Ignatius_Church_in_Petaling_Jaya%2C_Selangor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Palm_Sunday_at_St_Ignatius_Church_in_Petaling_Jaya%2C_Selangor.jpg/440px-Palm_Sunday_at_St_Ignatius_Church_in_Petaling_Jaya%2C_Selangor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Malaysian Chinese <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Malaysia" title="Catholic Church in Malaysia">Catholics</a> during <a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a> at St Ignatius Church in <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a>.</figcaption></figure> Chinese Christians, including both <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> presence, are mainly visible with their active missionary activities especially among ethnic Chinese in East Malaysia, having a large proportion compared to other regions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2010485–486-268">[267]</a> The majority of Christians in West Malaysia also are of Chinese origin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoh200555-269">[268]</a> Most early Chinese churches including <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodists" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodists">Methodists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presbyterians" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterians">Presbyterians</a> have their origins from missionary migrants that introduced the missions established in China to Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmberEmberSkoggard2004703-264">[263]</a> The number of Chinese Muslims is very small compared to Chinese Christians since the latter religion is seen as more tolerant, mainly due to the general perception that embracing <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malaysia" title="Islam in Malaysia">Islam in Malaysia</a> is to become <a href="/wiki/Malayisation" title="Malayisation">Malayised</a>, in addition to the ethnic rivalry between Malay and Chinese that makes Islam as less desirable to ethnic Chinese Malaysians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmberEmberSkoggard2004703-264">[263]</a> A majority of Chinese Malaysians, especially those who have received Chinese education, follow Confucian values and to a lesser extent, Taoism. Some that are more traditional may hold more conservative views on <a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">filial piety</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_relation" title="Social relation">social relations</a>, while also consulting <a href="/wiki/Chinese_horoscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese horoscope">Chinese horoscopes</a> as well on Chinese <a href="/wiki/Geomancy" title="Geomancy">geomancy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Feng_shui" title="Feng shui">feng shui</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmberEmberSkoggard2004703-264">[263]</a> Taoist activities gain increasing interests and significance among Chinese Malaysians although it is not deeply practiced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPas199836-270">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhoo20142-271">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Chinese&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Malaysia" title="Portal:Malaysia">Malaysia portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Taiwan" title="Portal:Taiwan">Taiwan portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysians_of_Chinese_descent" title="List of Malaysians of Chinese descent">List of Malaysians of Chinese descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Chinese folk religion in Southeast Asia">Chinese folk religion in Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Chinese" title="Thai Chinese">Thai Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Singaporeans" title="Chinese Singaporeans">Singaporean Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Indonesian Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Brunei" title="Ethnic Chinese in Brunei">Bruneian Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Filipino">Filipino Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cambodian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Cambodian">Cambodian Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Myanmar" title="Chinese people in Myanmar">Burmese Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Chinese" title="Laotian Chinese">Laotian Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoa_people" title="Hoa people">Vietnamese Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Korea" title="Chinese people in Korea">Korean Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Malaysia_relations" title="China–Malaysia relations">China–Malaysia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Malaysia_relations" title="Hong Kong–Malaysia relations">Hong Kong–Malaysia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Malaysia–Taiwan relations">Malaysia–Taiwan relations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Chinese&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:KotaKinabalu_Sabah_Gaya-Street-Sunday-Market-12.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gaya Street, Kota Kinabalu, a Chinatown in Sabah."><img alt="Gaya Street, Kota Kinabalu, a Chinatown in Sabah." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/KotaKinabalu_Sabah_Gaya-Street-Sunday-Market-12.jpg/120px-KotaKinabalu_Sabah_Gaya-Street-Sunday-Market-12.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/KotaKinabalu_Sabah_Gaya-Street-Sunday-Market-12.jpg/180px-KotaKinabalu_Sabah_Gaya-Street-Sunday-Market-12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/KotaKinabalu_Sabah_Gaya-Street-Sunday-Market-12.jpg/240px-KotaKinabalu_Sabah_Gaya-Street-Sunday-Market-12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gaya_Street,_Kota_Kinabalu" title="Gaya Street, Kota Kinabalu">Gaya Street, Kota Kinabalu</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Chinatown" title="Chinatown">Chinatown</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinatown_welcome_gate_at_Jalan_Padungan,_Kuching,_Sarawak,_Malaysia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinatown, Kuching, a Chinatown in Kuching."><img alt="Chinatown, Kuching, a Chinatown in Kuching." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Chinatown_welcome_gate_at_Jalan_Padungan%2C_Kuching%2C_Sarawak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/120px-Chinatown_welcome_gate_at_Jalan_Padungan%2C_Kuching%2C_Sarawak%2C_Malaysia.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Chinatown_welcome_gate_at_Jalan_Padungan%2C_Kuching%2C_Sarawak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/180px-Chinatown_welcome_gate_at_Jalan_Padungan%2C_Kuching%2C_Sarawak%2C_Malaysia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Chinatown_welcome_gate_at_Jalan_Padungan%2C_Kuching%2C_Sarawak%2C_Malaysia.jpg/240px-Chinatown_welcome_gate_at_Jalan_Padungan%2C_Kuching%2C_Sarawak%2C_Malaysia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Kuching" title="Chinatown, Kuching">Chinatown, Kuching</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Chinatown" title="Chinatown">Chinatown</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kuching" title="Kuching">Kuching</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Malaysia_-_075_-_Penang_-_Chinatown_street_in_Georgetown_(3922215749).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kimberley Street is considered the heart of Chinatown in George Town, Penang.[271]"><img alt="Kimberley Street is considered the heart of Chinatown in George Town, Penang.[271]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Malaysia_-_075_-_Penang_-_Chinatown_street_in_Georgetown_%283922215749%29.jpg/120px-Malaysia_-_075_-_Penang_-_Chinatown_street_in_Georgetown_%283922215749%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Malaysia_-_075_-_Penang_-_Chinatown_street_in_Georgetown_%283922215749%29.jpg/180px-Malaysia_-_075_-_Penang_-_Chinatown_street_in_Georgetown_%283922215749%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Malaysia_-_075_-_Penang_-_Chinatown_street_in_Georgetown_%283922215749%29.jpg/240px-Malaysia_-_075_-_Penang_-_Chinatown_street_in_Georgetown_%283922215749%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kimberley Street is considered the heart of Chinatown in <a href="/wiki/George_Town,_Penang" title="George Town, Penang">George Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-272">[271]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pekan_Cina_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pekan Cina dan Pekan Melayu a Chinatown and Malaytown in Kedah."><img alt="Pekan Cina dan Pekan Melayu a Chinatown and Malaytown in Kedah." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Pekan_Cina_-_panoramio.jpg/120px-Pekan_Cina_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Pekan_Cina_-_panoramio.jpg/180px-Pekan_Cina_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Pekan_Cina_-_panoramio.jpg/240px-Pekan_Cina_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pekan_Cina_dan_Pekan_Melayu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pekan Cina dan Pekan Melayu (page does not exist)">Pekan Cina dan Pekan Melayu</a> a <a href="/wiki/Chinatown" title="Chinatown">Chinatown</a> and Malaytown in <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jonker_Street@Malacca.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Jonker Walk, a Chinatown in Malacca."><img alt="Jonker Walk, a Chinatown in Malacca." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Jonker_Street%40Malacca.JPG/120px-Jonker_Street%40Malacca.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Jonker_Street%40Malacca.JPG/180px-Jonker_Street%40Malacca.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Jonker_Street%40Malacca.JPG/240px-Jonker_Street%40Malacca.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jonker_Walk" title="Jonker Walk">Jonker Walk</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Chinatown" title="Chinatown">Chinatown</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinatown_Gate,_Kuala_Terengganu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinatown Gateway, a Chinatown in Kuala Terengganu, Terrengganu."><img alt="Chinatown Gateway, a Chinatown in Kuala Terengganu, Terrengganu." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Chinatown_Gate%2C_Kuala_Terengganu.jpg/120px-Chinatown_Gate%2C_Kuala_Terengganu.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Chinatown_Gate%2C_Kuala_Terengganu.jpg/180px-Chinatown_Gate%2C_Kuala_Terengganu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Chinatown_Gate%2C_Kuala_Terengganu.jpg/240px-Chinatown_Gate%2C_Kuala_Terengganu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1944" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chinatown_Gateway" title="Chinatown Gateway">Chinatown Gateway</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Chinatown" title="Chinatown">Chinatown</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Terengganu" title="Kuala Terengganu">Kuala Terengganu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terrengganu</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Chinese&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Of the 8,820 Malaysian-born people resident in New Zealand in 1991, only 1,383 were <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malay" title="Malaysian Malay">Malay</a>; most of the rest were Chinese Malaysians. In the <a href="/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_census" title="2013 New Zealand census">2013 New Zealand census</a>, 16,350 people were born in Malaysia. Of these, more than five-eighths gave their ethnicity as Chinese or Malaysian Chinese. The next most numerous were Malays, with smaller groups of <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indians" title="Malaysian Indians">Indians</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian peoples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalrond2015-4">[4]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Chinese&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Chinese&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DOSM2020-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DOSM2020_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOSM2020_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOSM2020_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOSM2020_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOSM2020_1-4">e</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Key Findings of Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020: Urban and Rural". <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia" title="Department of Statistics Malaysia">Department of Statistics Malaysia</a>: 273–355. December 2022. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-967-253-683-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-967-253-683-3"><bdi>978-967-253-683-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Statistics+Malaysia&rft.atitle=Key+Findings+of+Population+and+Housing+Census+of+Malaysia+2020%3A+Urban+and+Rural&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E273-%3C%2Fspan%3E355&rft.date=2022-12&rft.isbn=978-967-253-683-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Infrastructure_and_Regional_Development_Australia20162-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Infrastructure_and_Regional_Development_Australia20162_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDepartment_of_Infrastructure_and_Regional_Development_Australia2016">Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development Australia 2016</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Statistics_Singapore201031-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Statistics_Singapore201031_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDepartment_of_Statistics_Singapore2010">Department of Statistics Singapore 2010</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalrond2015-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalrond2015_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalrond2015">Walrond 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/society/article/3003797/why-are-so-many-malaysians-penang-settling-hong-kong">About 15,000 Malaysians now live in Hong Kong, according to the Consulate-General. Though the Consulate does not record what state they come from, Penangites are widely thought to be the largest group in the city.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/279530/countries-with-the-largest-number-of-overseas-chinese">"Countries with the largest number of overseas Chinese"</a>. Statista. 14 October 2024. Retrieved 11 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=Countries+with+the+largest+number+of+overseas+Chinese&rft.date=2024-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F279530%2Fcountries-with-the-largest-number-of-overseas-chinese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndaya1982">Andaya 1982</a>, p. 17  • <a href="#CITEREFZepp1989">Zepp 1989</a>, pp. 19–21  • <a href="#CITEREFWong1999">Wong 1999</a>, p. 132  • <a href="#CITEREFMunoz2006">Munoz 2006</a>, p. 178  • <a href="#CITEREFLee2013">Lee 2013</a>, p. 542  • <a href="#CITEREFWanMairRobertsSwofford2013">Wan et al. 2013</a>, pp. 7–11 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyal_Society_(Great_Britain)1924157-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyal_Society_(Great_Britain)1924157_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoyal_Society_(Great_Britain)1924">Royal Society (Great Britain) 1924</a>, p. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman201111-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman201111_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman2011">Runciman 2011</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong19982-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong19982_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWong1998">Wong 1998</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuillotLombardPtak1998162-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuillotLombardPtak1998162_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuillotLombardPtak1998">Guillot, Lombard & Ptak 1998</a>, p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman201114-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman201114_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman2011">Runciman 2011</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezina201658-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrezina201658_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrezina2016">Brezina 2016</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sc2218.wikifoundry.com/page/Ma+Huan+(1433)">"Ma Huan (1433) - Anthropology & the Human Condition"</a>. sc2218.wikifoundry.com. Retrieved 16 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sc2218.wikifoundry.com&rft.atitle=Ma+Huan+%281433%29+-+Anthropology+%26+the+Human+Condition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsc2218.wikifoundry.com%2Fpage%2FMa%2BHuan%2B%281433%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaHuanFeng1970109-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaHuanFeng1970109_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaHuanFeng1970">Ma, Huan & Feng 1970</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2007133-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2007133_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGordon2007">Gordon 2007</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETan198829-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETan198829_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTan1988">Tan 1988</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurcell1947115–125-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurcell1947115–125_19-0">^</a> <a 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href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Chinese&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> Academic publications and journal articles <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mypenang.gov.my/culture-heritage/heritage-zones/peranakan/">the original</a> on 9 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peranakan&rft.pub=Government+of+Penang&rft.au=Government+of+Penang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmypenang.gov.my%2Fculture-heritage%2Fheritage-zones%2Fperanakan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_Statistics_Malaysia2020" class="citation web cs1">Department of Statistics Malaysia (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=155&bul_id=OVByWjg5YkQ3MWFZRTN5bDJiaEVhZz09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09.html">"Current population and estimates, Malaysia 2020 Group"</a>. Retrieved 15 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Current+population+and+estimates%2C+Malaysia+2020+Group&rft.date=2020&rft.au=Department+of+Statistics+Malaysia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dosm.gov.my%2Fv1%2Findex.php%3Fr%3Dcolumn%2FcthemeByCat%26cat%3D155%26bul_id%3DOVByWjg5YkQ3MWFZRTN5bDJiaEVhZz09%26menu_id%3DL0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_Statistics_Malaysia2021" class="citation web cs1">Department of Statistics Malaysia (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=155&bul_id=ZjJOSnpJR21sQWVUcUp6ODRudm5JZz09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09">"Current population and estimates, Malaysia 2021 Group"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.therakyatpost.com/2020/02/07/is-it-malaysian-chinese-or-chinese-malaysian/">the original</a> on 12 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Rakyat+Post&rft.atitle=Is+it+%22Malaysian+Chinese%22+or+%22Chinese+Malaysian%22%3F&rft.date=2020-02-07&rft.aulast=Dorall&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.therakyatpost.com%2F2020%2F02%2F07%2Fis-it-malaysian-chinese-or-chinese-malaysian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenang_San_Kiang_Association2020" class="citation web cs1">Penang San Kiang Association (July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.penangsankiang.org/archive.php?file=1">"History of Penang San Kiang Association [The early years]"</a>. Penang San Kiang Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200712021914/http://www.penangsankiang.org/archive.php?file=1">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Penang+San+Kiang+Association+%5BThe+early+years%5D&rft.pub=Penang+San+Kiang+Association&rft.date=2020-07&rft.au=Penang+San+Kiang+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.penangsankiang.org%2Farchive.php%3Ffile%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> Print <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._John1863" class="citation book cs1">St. John, Spenser (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeinforestsfa03johngoog">Life in the Forests of the Far East</a>. 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F.A. Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780395716915" title="Special:BookSources/9780395716915"><bdi>9780395716915</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malaysia%3A+A+Survey&rft.pub=F.A.+Praeger&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=9780395716915&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Gungwu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Nt4AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dkuomintang%2Bbritish%2Bborneo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWernham1968" class="citation book cs1">Wernham, R. B. (1968). The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 3, Counter-Reformation and Price Revolution, 1559-1610. CUP Archive. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-04543-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-04543-8"><bdi>978-0-521-04543-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Modern+History%3A+Volume+3%2C+Counter-Reformation+and+Price+Revolution%2C+1559-1610&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-521-04543-8&rft.aulast=Wernham&rft.aufirst=R.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYat1969" class="citation book cs1">Yat, Hoong Yip (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z181AAAAMAAJ&q=chinese+tin+mining+perak">The Development of the Tin Mining Industry of Malaya</a>. University of Malaya Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+the+Tin+Mining+Industry+of+Malaya&rft.pub=University+of+Malaya+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Yat&rft.aufirst=Hoong+Yip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz181AAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dchinese%2Btin%2Bmining%2Bperak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalaysian_Historical_Society1969" class="citation book cs1">Malaysian Historical Society (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=anguAQAAIAAJ&q=kwongsai+specialise">Malaysia in History</a>. 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CUP Archive. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01032-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01032-0"><bdi>978-0-521-01032-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%80%9B%E6%B6%AF%E5%8B%9D%E8%A6%A7%3A+%27The+Overall+Survey+of+the+Ocean%27s+Shores%27+%26%2391%3B1433%26%2393%3B&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-521-01032-0&rft.aulast=Ma&rft.aufirst=Huan&rft.au=Huan%2C+Ma&rft.au=Feng%2C+Chengjun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlesCheng1971" class="citation book cs1">Charles, T. 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Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+May+Thirteenth+Incident+and+Democracy+in+Malaysia&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Charles&rft.aufirst=T.+Goh&rft.au=Cheng%2C+Teik+Goh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D85KEAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dmca%2B13%2Bparty%2Bseats%2B1969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhoo1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Khoo_Kay_Kim" title="Khoo Kay Kim">Khoo, Kay Kim</a> (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westernmalaystat0000khoo">The Western Malay States, 1850-1873: the effects of commercial development on Malay politics</a>. Oxford University Press. <q>The Chinese were already playing a leading role in the industry, but war with the Dutch in the 1780s adversely affected the tin trade because many of the Chinese miners left the state.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Western+Malay+States%2C+1850-1873%3A+the+effects+of+commercial+development+on+Malay+politics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Khoo&rft.aufirst=Kay+Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwesternmalaystat0000khoo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJournal_of_the_Siam_Society1974" class="citation book cs1">Journal of the Siam Society (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VdIVAQAAIAAJ&q=Sun+Yat-sen%27s+campaign+among+the+overseas+Chinese+also+contributed+to+a+growing+nationalism">The Journal of the Siam Society</a>. 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GGKEY:10PX1CT790B.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia+in+China%27s+Foreign+Policy&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Camilleri&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH1_ep0QMvTMC%26q%3Dmalaysia%2Bchinese%2Borigin%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsmah1975" class="citation book cs1">Asmah, Omar (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JrNkAAAAMAAJ&q=tauke+malay+loanword">Essays on Malaysian Linguistics</a>. Institute of Language and Literature, Ministry of Education, Malaysia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789836229021" title="Special:BookSources/9789836229021"><bdi>9789836229021</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+on+Malaysian+Linguistics&rft.pub=Institute+of+Language+and+Literature%2C+Ministry+of+Education%2C+Malaysia&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9789836229021&rft.aulast=Asmah&rft.aufirst=Omar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJrNkAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dtauke%2Bmalay%2Bloanword&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen1976" class="citation book cs1">Chen, Esther (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=irVQAQAAIAAJ&q=chinese+bird+nest+borneo+cuisine">Introductory Traditional Chinese Regional Cuisine</a>. The Author.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introductory+Traditional+Chinese+Regional+Cuisine&rft.pub=The+Author&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Esther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DirVQAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dchinese%2Bbird%2Bnest%2Bborneo%2Bcuisine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorneo_Research_Council1977" class="citation book cs1">Borneo Research Council (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e6IMAQAAMAAJ&q=kuomintang+borneo">Borneo Research Bulletin</a>. Borneo Research Council.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Borneo+Research+Bulletin&rft.pub=Borneo+Research+Council&rft.date=1977&rft.au=Borneo+Research+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De6IMAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dkuomintang%2Bborneo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinHill1979" class="citation book cs1">Lin, Sien Chia; Hill, Ronald David (1979). South-East Asia, a systematic geography. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-580398-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-580398-3"><bdi>978-0-19-580398-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South-East+Asia%2C+a+systematic+geography&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-19-580398-3&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Sien+Chia&rft.au=Hill%2C+Ronald+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrauch1981" class="citation book cs1">Strauch, Judith (1981). Chinese Village Politics in the Malaysian State. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-12570-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-12570-4"><bdi>978-0-674-12570-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Village+Politics+in+the+Malaysian+State&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-674-12570-4&rft.aulast=Strauch&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFder_Kroef1981" class="citation book cs1">der Kroef, Justus Maria Van (1981). Communism and South-east Asia. Macmillan International Higher Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-16462-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-16462-2"><bdi>978-1-349-16462-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communism+and+South-east+Asia&rft.pub=Macmillan+International+Higher+Education&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-1-349-16462-2&rft.aulast=der+Kroef&rft.aufirst=Justus+Maria+Van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndaya1982" class="citation book cs1">Andaya, Barbara Watson (1982). History Of Malaysia. Macmillan International Higher Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-16927-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-16927-6"><bdi>978-1-349-16927-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+Of+Malaysia&rft.pub=Macmillan+International+Higher+Education&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-1-349-16927-6&rft.aulast=Andaya&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Watson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaliand1982" class="citation book cs1">Chaliand, Gérard (1982). Guerrilla Strategies: An Historical Anthology from the Long March to Afghanistan. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04443-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04443-2"><bdi>978-0-520-04443-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guerrilla+Strategies%3A+An+Historical+Anthology+from+the+Long+March+to+Afghanistan&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04443-2&rft.aulast=Chaliand&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9rard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlattWeberHo1983" class="citation book cs1">Platt, John; Weber, Heidi; Ho, Mian Lian (1983). Singapore and Malaysia. John Benjamins Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-272-8021-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-272-8021-5"><bdi>90-272-8021-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singapore+and+Malaysia&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=90-272-8021-5&rft.aulast=Platt&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Weber%2C+Heidi&rft.au=Ho%2C+Mian+Lian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoslingLim1983" class="citation book cs1">Gosling, Lee Anthony Peter; Lim, Linda Y. C. (1983). The Chinese in Southeast Asia. Maruzen Asia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-954-10-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-954-10-9"><bdi>978-9971-954-10-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Maruzen+Asia&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-9971-954-10-9&rft.aulast=Gosling&rft.aufirst=Lee+Anthony+Peter&rft.au=Lim%2C+Linda+Y.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan1985" class="citation book cs1">Tan, Chee Beng (1985). The Development and Distribution of Dejiao Associations in Malaysia and Singapore: A Study on a Chinese Religious Organization. Institute of Southeast Asian. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-988-14-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-988-14-2"><bdi>978-9971-988-14-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+and+Distribution+of+Dejiao+Associations+in+Malaysia+and+Singapore%3A+A+Study+on+a+Chinese+Religious+Organization&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-9971-988-14-2&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Chee+Beng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapping1985" class="citation book cs1">Lapping, Brian (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/endofempire00lapp">End of Empire</a>. St Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-25071-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-25071-3"><bdi>978-0-312-25071-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=End+of+Empire&rft.pub=St+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-312-25071-3&rft.aulast=Lapping&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fendofempire00lapp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFodorFisher1986" class="citation book cs1">Fodor, Eugene; Fisher, Robert C. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b4fiAAAAMAAJ&q=Chingay%2C+featuring+colorful+parades+in+Penang+and+Johor+Bahru+by+the+Malayan+Chinese">Fodor's South-East Asia</a>. D. McKay Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780679014089" title="Special:BookSources/9780679014089"><bdi>9780679014089</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fodor%27s+South-East+Asia&rft.pub=D.+McKay+Company&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780679014089&rft.aulast=Fodor&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft.au=Fisher%2C+Robert+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db4fiAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DChingay%252C%2Bfeaturing%2Bcolorful%2Bparades%2Bin%2BPenang%2Band%2BJohor%2BBahru%2Bby%2Bthe%2BMalayan%2BChinese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurney1986" class="citation book cs1">Gurney, Gene (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingdomsofasiami0000gurn">Kingdoms of Asia, the Middle East, and Africa: an illustrated encyclopedia of ruling monarchs from ancient times to the present</a>. Crown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-55256-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-55256-8"><bdi>978-0-517-55256-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kingdoms+of+Asia%2C+the+Middle+East%2C+and+Africa%3A+an+illustrated+encyclopedia+of+ruling+monarchs+from+ancient+times+to+the+present&rft.pub=Crown&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-517-55256-8&rft.aulast=Gurney&rft.aufirst=Gene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkingdomsofasiami0000gurn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinerÖzbudun1987" class="citation book cs1">Weiner, Myron; Özbudun, Ergun (1987). Competitive Elections in Developing Countries. Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-0766-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-0766-9"><bdi>0-8223-0766-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Competitive+Elections+in+Developing+Countries&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-8223-0766-9&rft.aulast=Weiner&rft.aufirst=Myron&rft.au=%C3%96zbudun%2C+Ergun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan1988" class="citation book cs1">Tan, Chee Beng (1988). The Baba of Melaka: culture and identity of a Chinese peranakan community in Malaysia. Pelanduk Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-967-978-155-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-967-978-155-7"><bdi>978-967-978-155-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baba+of+Melaka%3A+culture+and+identity+of+a+Chinese+peranakan+community+in+Malaysia&rft.pub=Pelanduk+Publications&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-967-978-155-7&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Chee+Beng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeck1988" class="citation book cs1">Teck, Ghee Lim (1988). Reflections on Development in Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-988-99-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-988-99-9"><bdi>978-9971-988-99-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reflections+on+Development+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-9971-988-99-9&rft.aulast=Teck&rft.aufirst=Ghee+Lim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuryadinata1989" class="citation book cs1">Suryadinata, Leo (1989). The Ethnic Chinese in the ASEAN States: Bibliographical Essays. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-3035-11-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-3035-11-9"><bdi>978-981-3035-11-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethnic+Chinese+in+the+ASEAN+States%3A+Bibliographical+Essays&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-981-3035-11-9&rft.aulast=Suryadinata&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChingMcKenna1990" class="citation book cs1">Ching, Fatt Yong; McKenna, R. B. (1990). The Kuomintang Movement in British Malaya, 1912-1949. NUS Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-137-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-137-0"><bdi>978-9971-69-137-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kuomintang+Movement+in+British+Malaya%2C+1912-1949&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-137-0&rft.aulast=Ching&rft.aufirst=Fatt+Yong&rft.au=McKenna%2C+R.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoplin1991" class="citation book cs1">Coplin, William D. (1991). Political Risk Yearbook, 1991: Asia & the Pacific. Political Risk Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85271-157-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85271-157-3"><bdi>978-1-85271-157-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Risk+Yearbook%2C+1991%3A+Asia+%26+the+Pacific&rft.pub=Political+Risk+Services&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-85271-157-3&rft.aulast=Coplin&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoranDixon1991" class="citation book cs1">Doran, Charles F.; Dixon, Chris (1991). South East Asia in the World-Economy. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31237-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31237-0"><bdi>978-0-521-31237-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+East+Asia+in+the+World-Economy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31237-0&rft.aulast=Doran&rft.aufirst=Charles+F.&rft.au=Dixon%2C+Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsmah1992" class="citation book cs1">Asmah, Omar (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o45kAAAAMAAJ&q=henghua+dialect+malaysia">The Linguistic Scenery in Malaysia</a>. Institute of Language and Literature, Ministry of Education, Malaysia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789836224033" title="Special:BookSources/9789836224033"><bdi>9789836224033</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Linguistic+Scenery+in+Malaysia&rft.pub=Institute+of+Language+and+Literature%2C+Ministry+of+Education%2C+Malaysia&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9789836224033&rft.aulast=Asmah&rft.aufirst=Omar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do45kAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dhenghua%2Bdialect%2Bmalaysia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeong1992" class="citation book cs1">Leong, Gregory (1992). Festivals of Malaysia. Pelanduk Publications (M). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-967-978-388-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-967-978-388-9"><bdi>978-967-978-388-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Festivals+of+Malaysia&rft.pub=Pelanduk+Publications+%28M%29&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-967-978-388-9&rft.aulast=Leong&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarling1992" class="citation book cs1">Tarling, Nicholas (1992). The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia: Volume 2, The Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-35506-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-35506-3"><bdi>978-0-521-35506-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Southeast+Asia%3A+Volume+2%2C+The+Nineteenth+and+Twentieth+Centuries&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-35506-3&rft.aulast=Tarling&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenkhoff1993" class="citation book cs1">Menkhoff, Thomas (1993). Trade Routes, Trust and Trading Networks: Chinese Small Enterprises in Singapore. Verlag Breitenbach. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88156-589-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-88156-589-9"><bdi>978-3-88156-589-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trade+Routes%2C+Trust+and+Trading+Networks%3A+Chinese+Small+Enterprises+in+Singapore&rft.pub=Verlag+Breitenbach&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-3-88156-589-9&rft.aulast=Menkhoff&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunlop1994" class="citation book cs1">Dunlop, Fiona (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nLoUAQAAIAAJ&q=bird+nest+harvesting+malaysia+chinese+traders">Fodor's Exploring Singapore & Malaysia</a>. Fodor's Travel Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780679026662" title="Special:BookSources/9780679026662"><bdi>9780679026662</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fodor%27s+Exploring+Singapore+%26+Malaysia&rft.pub=Fodor%27s+Travel+Publications&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780679026662&rft.aulast=Dunlop&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnLoUAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dbird%2Bnest%2Bharvesting%2Bmalaysia%2Bchinese%2Btraders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamanathan1994" class="citation book cs1">Ramanathan, Indira (1994). China and the Ethnic Chinese in Malaysia and Indonesia: 1949-1992. Sangam Books Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86132-337-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86132-337-1"><bdi>978-0-86132-337-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+and+the+Ethnic+Chinese+in+Malaysia+and+Indonesia%3A+1949-1992&rft.pub=Sangam+Books+Limited&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-86132-337-1&rft.aulast=Ramanathan&rft.aufirst=Indira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBays1996" class="citation book cs1">Bays, Daniel H. (1996). Christianity in China: From the Eighteenth Century to the Present. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3651-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3651-0"><bdi>978-0-8047-3651-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+China%3A+From+the+Eighteenth+Century+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-3651-0&rft.aulast=Bays&rft.aufirst=Daniel+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouwPost1996" class="citation book cs1">Douw, Leo; Post, Peter (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ci8nAQAAIAAJ&q=Hockchia+specialise">South China: state, culture and social change during the 20th century</a>. North-Holland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780444858115" title="Special:BookSources/9780444858115"><bdi>9780444858115</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+China%3A+state%2C+culture+and+social+change+during+the+20th+century&rft.pub=North-Holland&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780444858115&rft.aulast=Douw&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft.au=Post%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dci8nAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DHockchia%2Bspecialise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHock1996" class="citation book cs1">Hock, Tong Cheu (1996). Malay Keramat, Chinese Worshippers: The Sinicization of Malay Keramats in Malaysia. Department of Malay Studies, National University of Singapore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-00-8755-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-00-8755-5"><bdi>978-981-00-8755-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malay+Keramat%2C+Chinese+Worshippers%3A+The+Sinicization+of+Malay+Keramats+in+Malaysia&rft.pub=Department+of+Malay+Studies%2C+National+University+of+Singapore&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-981-00-8755-5&rft.aulast=Hock&rft.aufirst=Tong+Cheu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeletz1996" class="citation book cs1">Peletz, Michael G. (1996). Reason and Passion: Representations of Gender in a Malay Society. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20070-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20070-8"><bdi>978-0-520-20070-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reason+and+Passion%3A+Representations+of+Gender+in+a+Malay+Society&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20070-8&rft.aulast=Peletz&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon1996" class="citation book cs1">Simon, Roger D. (1996). The City-building Process: Housing and Services in New Milwaukee Neighborhoods, 1880-1910. American Philosophical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-865-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-865-0"><bdi>978-0-87169-865-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+City-building+Process%3A+Housing+and+Services+in+New+Milwaukee+Neighborhoods%2C+1880-1910&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-87169-865-0&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Roger+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeidenbaumHughes1996" class="citation book cs1">Weidenbaum, Murray L.; Hughes, Samuel (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bamboonetworkhow00weid">The Bamboo Network: How Expatriate Chinese Entrepreneurs are Creating a New Economic Superpower in Asia</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-82289-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-82289-1"><bdi>978-0-684-82289-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bamboo+Network%3A+How+Expatriate+Chinese+Entrepreneurs+are+Creating+a+New+Economic+Superpower+in+Asia&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-684-82289-1&rft.aulast=Weidenbaum&rft.aufirst=Murray+L.&rft.au=Hughes%2C+Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbamboonetworkhow00weid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulbeckReidTanYiqi1998" class="citation book cs1">Bulbeck, David; Reid, Anthony; Tan, Lay Cheng; Yiqi, Wu (1998). Southeast Asian Exports Since the 14th Century: Cloves, Pepper, Coffee, and Sugar. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-3055-67-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-3055-67-4"><bdi>978-981-3055-67-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asian+Exports+Since+the+14th+Century%3A+Cloves%2C+Pepper%2C+Coffee%2C+and+Sugar&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-981-3055-67-4&rft.aulast=Bulbeck&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Reid%2C+Anthony&rft.au=Tan%2C+Lay+Cheng&rft.au=Yiqi%2C+Wu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuillotLombardPtak1998" class="citation book cs1">Guillot, C.; Lombard, Denys; Ptak, Roderich (1998). From the Mediterranean to the China Sea: Miscellaneous Notes. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-04098-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-04098-3"><bdi>978-3-447-04098-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Mediterranean+to+the+China+Sea%3A+Miscellaneous+Notes&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-3-447-04098-3&rft.aulast=Guillot&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Lombard%2C+Denys&rft.au=Ptak%2C+Roderich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPas1998" class="citation book cs1">Pas, Julian F. (1998). Historical Dictionary of Taoism. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6637-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6637-9"><bdi>978-0-8108-6637-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Taoism&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6637-9&rft.aulast=Pas&rft.aufirst=Julian+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangWang1998" class="citation book cs1">Wang, Ling-chi; Wang, Gungwu, eds. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinesediaspora00ling">The Chinese Diaspora: Selected Essays</a>. Times Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-210-092-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-210-092-4"><bdi>978-981-210-092-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Diaspora%3A+Selected+Essays&rft.pub=Times+Academic+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-981-210-092-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinesediaspora00ling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong1998" class="citation book cs1">Wong, Danny Tze-Ken (1998). The Transformation of an Immigrant Society: A Study of the Chinese of Sabah. Asean Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-901919-16-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-901919-16-5"><bdi>978-1-901919-16-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transformation+of+an+Immigrant+Society%3A+A+Study+of+the+Chinese+of+Sabah&rft.pub=Asean+Academic&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-901919-16-5&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Danny+Tze-Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuan2000" class="citation book cs1">Yuan, Bingling (2000). Chinese Democracies: A Study of the Kongsis of West Borneo (1776-1884). Research School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies, Universiteit Leiden. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5789-031-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5789-031-4"><bdi>978-90-5789-031-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Democracies%3A+A+Study+of+the+Kongsis+of+West+Borneo+%281776-1884%29&rft.pub=Research+School+of+Asian%2C+African%2C+and+Amerindian+Studies%2C+Universiteit+Leiden&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-5789-031-4&rft.aulast=Yuan&rft.aufirst=Bingling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHak2000" class="citation book cs1">Hak, Ching Oong (2000). Chinese Politics in Malaya, 1942-55: The Dynamics of British Policy. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-967-942-505-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-967-942-505-5"><bdi>978-967-942-505-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Politics+in+Malaya%2C+1942-55%3A+The+Dynamics+of+British+Policy&rft.pub=Universiti+Kebangsaan+Malaysia&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-967-942-505-5&rft.aulast=Hak&rft.aufirst=Ching+Oong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamTan2000" class="citation book cs1">Kam, Hing Lee; Tan, Chee Beng (2000). The Chinese in Malaysia. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983-56-0056-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-983-56-0056-2"><bdi>978-983-56-0056-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+in+Malaysia&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-983-56-0056-2&rft.aulast=Kam&rft.aufirst=Hing+Lee&rft.au=Tan%2C+Chee+Beng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKantowicz2000" class="citation book cs1">Kantowicz, Edward R. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/comingapartcomin0000kant">Coming Apart, Coming Together</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4456-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4456-9"><bdi>978-0-8028-4456-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coming+Apart%2C+Coming+Together&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4456-9&rft.aulast=Kantowicz&rft.aufirst=Edward+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomingapartcomin0000kant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrabble2000" class="citation book cs1">Drabble, John (2000). An Economic History of Malaysia, c.1800-1990: The Transition to Modern Economic Growth. Palgrave Macmillan UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-38946-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-38946-5"><bdi>978-0-230-38946-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Economic+History+of+Malaysia%2C+c.1800-1990%3A+The+Transition+to+Modern+Economic+Growth&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-230-38946-5&rft.aulast=Drabble&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurushotam2000" class="citation book cs1">Purushotam, Nirmala (2000). Negotiating Multiculturalism: Disciplining Difference in Singapore. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-015680-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-015680-5"><bdi>978-3-11-015680-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negotiating+Multiculturalism%3A+Disciplining+Difference+in+Singapore&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-3-11-015680-5&rft.aulast=Purushotam&rft.aufirst=Nirmala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2000" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Warren I. (2000). East Asia at the Center: Four Thousand Years of Engagement with the World. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10109-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10109-7"><bdi>978-0-231-10109-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Asia+at+the+Center%3A+Four+Thousand+Years+of+Engagement+with+the+World&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-231-10109-7&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Warren+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReidRodgers2001" class="citation book cs1">Reid, Anthony; Rodgers, Kristine Alilunas (2001). Sojourners and Settlers: Histories of Southeast China and the Chinese. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2446-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2446-4"><bdi>978-0-8248-2446-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sojourners+and+Settlers%3A+Histories+of+Southeast+China+and+the+Chinese&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2446-4&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Rodgers%2C+Kristine+Alilunas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurmanSherman2001" class="citation book cs1">Thurman, Malcolm Joseph; Sherman, Christine (2001). War Crimes: Japan's World War II Atrocities. Turner Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56311-728-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56311-728-2"><bdi>978-1-56311-728-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Crimes%3A+Japan%27s+World+War+II+Atrocities&rft.pub=Turner+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-56311-728-2&rft.aulast=Thurman&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+Joseph&rft.au=Sherman%2C+Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKratoska2001a" class="citation book cs1">Kratoska, Paul H. (2001a). South East Asia, Colonial History: Imperialism before 1800. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21540-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21540-4"><bdi>978-0-415-21540-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+East+Asia%2C+Colonial+History%3A+Imperialism+before+1800&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-21540-4&rft.aulast=Kratoska&rft.aufirst=Paul+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKratoska2001b" class="citation book cs1">Kratoska, Paul H. (2001b). South East Asia, Colonial History: High imperialism (1890s-1930s). Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21542-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21542-8"><bdi>978-0-415-21542-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+East+Asia%2C+Colonial+History%3A+High+imperialism+%281890s-1930s%29&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-21542-8&rft.aulast=Kratoska&rft.aufirst=Paul+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan2002" class="citation book cs1">Tan, Chee Beng (2002). Chinese Minority in a Malay State: The Case of Terengganu in Malaysia. Eastern Universities Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-210-188-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-210-188-4"><bdi>978-981-210-188-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Minority+in+a+Malay+State%3A+The+Case+of+Terengganu+in+Malaysia&rft.pub=Eastern+Universities+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-981-210-188-4&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Chee+Beng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheah2002" class="citation book cs1">Cheah, Boon Kheng (2002). Malaysia: The Making of a Nation. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-230-175-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-230-175-8"><bdi>978-981-230-175-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malaysia%3A+The+Making+of+a+Nation&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-981-230-175-8&rft.aulast=Cheah&rft.aufirst=Boon+Kheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2002b" class="citation book cs1">Wong, Yoon Wah (2002b). Post-colonial Chinese Literatures In Singapore And Malaysia. World Scientific. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4518-32-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4518-32-1"><bdi>978-981-4518-32-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-colonial+Chinese+Literatures+In+Singapore+And+Malaysia&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-981-4518-32-1&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Yoon+Wah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharneyYeohTong2003" class="citation book cs1">Charney, Michael W.; Yeoh, Brenda S. A.; Tong, Chee Keong (2003). Chinese Migrants Abroad: Cultural, Educational, and Social Dimensions of the Chinese Diaspora. World Scientific. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-279-556-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-279-556-4"><bdi>978-981-279-556-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Migrants+Abroad%3A+Cultural%2C+Educational%2C+and+Social+Dimensions+of+the+Chinese+Diaspora&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-981-279-556-4&rft.aulast=Charney&rft.aufirst=Michael+W.&rft.au=Yeoh%2C+Brenda+S.+A.&rft.au=Tong%2C+Chee+Keong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChin2003" class="citation book cs1">Chin, Peng (2003). My Side of History. Media Masters. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-04-8693-6" title="Special:BookSources/981-04-8693-6"><bdi>981-04-8693-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Side+of+History&rft.pub=Media+Masters&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=981-04-8693-6&rft.aulast=Chin&rft.aufirst=Peng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaCartier2003" class="citation book cs1">Ma, Laurence J. C.; Cartier, Carolyn L. (2003). The Chinese Diaspora: Space, Place, Mobility, and Identity. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1756-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1756-1"><bdi>978-0-7425-1756-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Diaspora%3A+Space%2C+Place%2C+Mobility%2C+and+Identity&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-1756-1&rft.aulast=Ma&rft.aufirst=Laurence+J.+C.&rft.au=Cartier%2C+Carolyn+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkbarzadehSaeed2003" class="citation book cs1">Akbarzadeh, Shahram; Saeed, Abdullah (2003). Islam and Political Legitimacy. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-38056-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-38056-5"><bdi>978-1-134-38056-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Political+Legitimacy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-134-38056-5&rft.aulast=Akbarzadeh&rft.aufirst=Shahram&rft.au=Saeed%2C+Abdullah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsmah2004" class="citation book cs1">Asmah, Omar (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CFkOAQAAMAAJ&q=after+china+and+taiwan">The Encyclopedia of Malaysia: Languages and literature</a>. Archipelago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789813018525" title="Special:BookSources/9789813018525"><bdi>9789813018525</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Malaysia%3A+Languages+and+literature&rft.pub=Archipelago+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9789813018525&rft.aulast=Asmah&rft.aufirst=Omar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCFkOAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dafter%2Bchina%2Band%2Btaiwan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan2004" class="citation book cs1">Tan, Chee Beng (2004). Chinese Overseas: Comparative Cultural Issues. Hong Kong University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-209-661-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-209-661-5"><bdi>978-962-209-661-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Overseas%3A+Comparative+Cultural+Issues&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-962-209-661-5&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Chee+Beng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2004" class="citation book cs1">Wong, Danny Tze-Ken (2004). Historical Sabah: The Chinese. Natural History Publications (Borneo). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983-812-104-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-983-812-104-0"><bdi>978-983-812-104-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Sabah%3A+The+Chinese&rft.pub=Natural+History+Publications+%28Borneo%29&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-983-812-104-0&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Danny+Tze-Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2004" class="citation book cs1">Chen, Min (2004). Asian Management Systems: Chinese, Japanese and Korean Styles of Business. Cengage Learning EMEA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86152-941-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-86152-941-4"><bdi>1-86152-941-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+Management+Systems%3A+Chinese%2C+Japanese+and+Korean+Styles+of+Business&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning+EMEA&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-86152-941-4&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Min&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOoi2004" class="citation book cs1">Ooi, Keat Gin (2004). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-770-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-770-2"><bdi>978-1-57607-770-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia%2C+from+Angkor+Wat+to+East+Timor&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-770-2&rft.aulast=Ooi&rft.aufirst=Keat+Gin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmberEmberSkoggard2004" class="citation book cs1">Ember, Melvin; Ember, Carol R.; Skoggard, Ian (2004). Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Volume I: Overviews and Topics; Volume II: Diaspora Communities. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-48321-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-48321-9"><bdi>978-0-306-48321-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Diasporas%3A+Immigrant+and+Refugee+Cultures+Around+the+World.+Volume+I%3A+Overviews+and+Topics%3B+Volume+II%3A+Diaspora+Communities&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-306-48321-9&rft.aulast=Ember&rft.aufirst=Melvin&rft.au=Ember%2C+Carol+R.&rft.au=Skoggard%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorschberg2004" class="citation book cs1">Borschberg, Peter (2004). Iberians in the Singapore-Melaka Area and Adjacent Regions (16th to 18th Century). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05107-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05107-1"><bdi>978-3-447-05107-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iberians+in+the+Singapore-Melaka+Area+and+Adjacent+Regions+%2816th+to+18th+Century%29&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-447-05107-1&rft.aulast=Borschberg&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStubbs2004" class="citation book cs1">Stubbs, Richard (2004). Hearts and Minds in Guerilla Warfare: The Malayan Emergency, 1948-1960. Eastern Universities Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-210-352-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-210-352-9"><bdi>978-981-210-352-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hearts+and+Minds+in+Guerilla+Warfare%3A+The+Malayan+Emergency%2C+1948-1960&rft.pub=Eastern+Universities+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-981-210-352-9&rft.aulast=Stubbs&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan2004b" class="citation book cs1">Tan, Andrew Tian Huat (2004b). Security Perspectives of the Malay Archipelago: Security Linkages in the Second Front in the War on Terrorism. Edward Elgar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84376-997-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84376-997-2"><bdi>978-1-84376-997-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Security+Perspectives+of+the+Malay+Archipelago%3A+Security+Linkages+in+the+Second+Front+in+the+War+on+Terrorism&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84376-997-2&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Tian+Huat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunnell2004" class="citation book cs1">Bunnell, Tim (2004). Malaysia, Modernity and the Multimedia Super Corridor: A Critical Geography of Intelligent Landscapes. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-51971-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-51971-2"><bdi>978-1-134-51971-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malaysia%2C+Modernity+and+the+Multimedia+Super+Corridor%3A+A+Critical+Geography+of+Intelligent+Landscapes&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-134-51971-2&rft.aulast=Bunnell&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorritt2004" class="citation book cs1">Porritt, Vernon (2004). The Rise and Fall of Communism in Sarawak, 1940-1990. Monash Asia Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-876924-27-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-876924-27-0"><bdi>978-1-876924-27-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Communism+in+Sarawak%2C+1940-1990&rft.pub=Monash+Asia+Institute&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-876924-27-0&rft.aulast=Porritt&rft.aufirst=Vernon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoh2005" class="citation book cs1">Goh, Robbie B. H. (2005). Christianity in Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-230-297-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-230-297-7"><bdi>978-981-230-297-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-981-230-297-7&rft.aulast=Goh&rft.aufirst=Robbie+B.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhooLubis2005" class="citation book cs1">Khoo, Salma Nasution; Lubis, Abdur-Razzaq (2005). Kinta Valley: Pioneering Malaysia's Modern Development. Areca Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983-42113-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-983-42113-0-1"><bdi>978-983-42113-0-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kinta+Valley%3A+Pioneering+Malaysia%27s+Modern+Development&rft.pub=Areca+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-983-42113-0-1&rft.aulast=Khoo&rft.aufirst=Salma+Nasution&rft.au=Lubis%2C+Abdur-Razzaq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutton2005" class="citation book cs1">Hutton, Wendy (2005). The Food of Malaysia: 62 Easy-to-follow and Delicious Recipes from the Crossroads of Asia. Tuttle Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-1637-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-1637-5"><bdi>978-1-4629-1637-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Food+of+Malaysia%3A+62+Easy-to-follow+and+Delicious+Recipes+from+the+Crossroads+of+Asia&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4629-1637-5&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeeChoong2006" class="citation book cs1">Kee, Cheok Cheong; Choong, Kah Wong (2006). Asia Resurgent: Transformation, Growth, and Integration. University of Malaya Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983-100-352-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-983-100-352-7"><bdi>978-983-100-352-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia+Resurgent%3A+Transformation%2C+Growth%2C+and+Integration&rft.pub=University+of+Malaya+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-983-100-352-7&rft.aulast=Kee&rft.aufirst=Cheok+Cheong&rft.au=Choong%2C+Kah+Wong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLimFernando2006" class="citation book cs1">Lim, Huck Chin; Fernando, Jorge (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IfduAAAAMAAJ&q=+Chinese+masons+and+carpenters+were+employed+for+the+construction+of+VOC+buildings">Malacca: voices from the street</a>. Lim Huck Chin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789834277802" title="Special:BookSources/9789834277802"><bdi>9789834277802</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malacca%3A+voices+from+the+street&rft.pub=Lim+Huck+Chin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789834277802&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.aufirst=Huck+Chin&rft.au=Fernando%2C+Jorge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIfduAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2BChinese%2Bmasons%2Band%2Bcarpenters%2Bwere%2Bemployed%2Bfor%2Bthe%2Bconstruction%2Bof%2BVOC%2Bbuildings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaya2006" class="citation book cs1">Maya, Khemlani David (2006). Language Choices and Discourse of Malaysian Families: Case Studies of Families in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. SIRD. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983-2535-98-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-983-2535-98-0"><bdi>978-983-2535-98-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Choices+and+Discourse+of+Malaysian+Families%3A+Case+Studies+of+Families+in+Kuala+Lumpur%2C+Malaysia&rft.pub=SIRD&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-983-2535-98-0&rft.aulast=Maya&rft.aufirst=Khemlani+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuryadinata2006" class="citation book cs1">Suryadinata, Leo (2006). Tongmenghui, Sun Yat-sen and the Chinese in Southeast Asia : a revisit. 華裔馆. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-05-6821-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-05-6821-4"><bdi>978-981-05-6821-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tongmenghui%2C+Sun+Yat-sen+and+the+Chinese+in+Southeast+Asia+%3A+a+revisit&rft.pub=%E8%8F%AF%E8%A3%94%E9%A6%86&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-981-05-6821-4&rft.aulast=Suryadinata&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunoz2006" class="citation book cs1">Munoz, Paul Michel (2006). Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula. Continental Sales, Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4155-67-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4155-67-0"><bdi>978-981-4155-67-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Kingdoms+of+the+Indonesian+Archipelago+and+the+Malay+Peninsula&rft.pub=Continental+Sales%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-981-4155-67-0&rft.aulast=Munoz&rft.aufirst=Paul+Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGomes2007" class="citation book cs1">Gomes, Alberto (2007). Modernity and Malaysia: Settling the Menraq Forest Nomads. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-10077-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-10077-4"><bdi>978-1-134-10077-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modernity+and+Malaysia%3A+Settling+the+Menraq+Forest+Nomads&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-134-10077-4&rft.aulast=Gomes&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoon2007" class="citation book cs1">Voon, Phin Keong (2007). Malaysian Chinese and Nation-building: Historical background and economic perspective. Centre for Malaysian Chinese Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983-3908-02-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-983-3908-02-8"><bdi>978-983-3908-02-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malaysian+Chinese+and+Nation-building%3A+Historical+background+and+economic+perspective&rft.pub=Centre+for+Malaysian+Chinese+Studies&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-983-3908-02-8&rft.aulast=Voon&rft.aufirst=Phin+Keong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakri2007" class="citation book cs1">Bakri, Musa (2007). Towards a competitive Malaysia: development challenges in the twenty-first century. Strategic Information and Research Development Centre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983-3782-20-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-983-3782-20-8"><bdi>978-983-3782-20-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Towards+a+competitive+Malaysia%3A+development+challenges+in+the+twenty-first+century&rft.pub=Strategic+Information+and+Research+Development+Centre&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-983-3782-20-8&rft.aulast=Bakri&rft.aufirst=Musa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheungTan2007" class="citation book cs1">Cheung, Sidney; Tan, Chee Beng (2007). Food and Foodways in Asia: Resource, Tradition and Cooking. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-16461-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-16461-5"><bdi>978-1-134-16461-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+and+Foodways+in+Asia%3A+Resource%2C+Tradition+and+Cooking&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-134-16461-5&rft.aulast=Cheung&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rft.au=Tan%2C+Chee+Beng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKua2007" class="citation book cs1">Kua, Kia Soong (2007). May 13: Declassified Documents on the Malaysian Riots of 1969. SUARAM. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983-41367-6-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-983-41367-6-5"><bdi>978-983-41367-6-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=May+13%3A+Declassified+Documents+on+the+Malaysian+Riots+of+1969&rft.pub=SUARAM&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-983-41367-6-5&rft.aulast=Kua&rft.aufirst=Kia+Soong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2007" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Stewart (2007). When Asia Was the World: Traveling Merchants, Scholars, Warriors, and Monks Who Created the ""Riches of the ""East"". Hachette Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81729-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81729-8"><bdi>978-0-306-81729-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Asia+Was+the+World%3A+Traveling+Merchants%2C+Scholars%2C+Warriors%2C+and+Monks+Who+Created+the+%22%22Riches+of+the+%22%22East%22%22&rft.pub=Hachette+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-306-81729-8&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2008" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Gwynn (2008). Contested Space: Cultural Heritage and Identity Reconstructions : Conservation Strategies Within a Developing Asian City. LIT Verlag Münster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-1366-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-1366-6"><bdi>978-3-8258-1366-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contested+Space%3A+Cultural+Heritage+and+Identity+Reconstructions+%3A+Conservation+Strategies+Within+a+Developing+Asian+City&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-8258-1366-6&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Gwynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharp2008" class="citation book cs1">Sharp, Ilsa (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0DbhAAAAMAAJ&q=hainanese+migration+to+malaya">The E&O Hotel: pearl of Penang</a>. Marshall Cavendish Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789812614827" title="Special:BookSources/9789812614827"><bdi>9789812614827</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+E%26O+Hotel%3A+pearl+of+Penang&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish+Editions&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789812614827&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=Ilsa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0DbhAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dhainanese%2Bmigration%2Bto%2Bmalaya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelsonMeermanRahman2008" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Joan M; Meerman, Jacob; Rahman, Embong (2008). Globalization and National Autonomy: The Experience of Malaysia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-230-817-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-230-817-7"><bdi>978-981-230-817-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalization+and+National+Autonomy%3A+The+Experience+of+Malaysia&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-981-230-817-7&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Joan+M&rft.au=Meerman%2C+Jacob&rft.au=Rahman%2C+Embong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhn2008" class="citation book cs1">Kuhn, Philip A. (2008). Chinese Among Others: Emigration in Modern Times. NUS Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-414-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-414-2"><bdi>978-9971-69-414-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Among+Others%3A+Emigration+in+Modern+Times&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-414-2&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=Philip+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2008" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Robert (2008). The Malayan Emergency and Indonesian Confrontation: The Commonwealth's Wars 1948-1966. Casemate Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-775-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-775-4"><bdi>978-1-84415-775-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Malayan+Emergency+and+Indonesian+Confrontation%3A+The+Commonwealth%27s+Wars+1948-1966&rft.pub=Casemate+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84415-775-4&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhoo2008" class="citation book cs1">Khoo, Salma Nasution (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sunyatseninpenan0000khoo">孫文</a> [Sun Wen [Sun Yat-sen]]. Areca Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983-42834-8-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-983-42834-8-3"><bdi>978-983-42834-8-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%AB%E6%96%87&rft.pub=Areca+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-983-42834-8-3&rft.aulast=Khoo&rft.aufirst=Salma+Nasution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsunyatseninpenan0000khoo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOxford_Business_Group2008" class="citation book cs1">The Report: Malaysia 2008. Oxford Business Group. 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902339-88-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902339-88-7"><bdi>978-1-902339-88-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Report%3A+Malaysia+2008&rft.pub=Oxford+Business+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-902339-88-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheng2009" class="citation book cs1">Cheng, Guan Ang (2009). Southeast Asia and the Vietnam War. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-23837-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-23837-7"><bdi>978-1-135-23837-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia+and+the+Vietnam+War&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-135-23837-7&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Guan+Ang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlussé2009" class="citation book cs1">Blussé, Leonard (2009). Visible Cities: Canton, Nagasaki, and Batavia and the Coming of the Americans. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02843-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02843-2"><bdi>978-0-674-02843-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visible+Cities%3A+Canton%2C+Nagasaki%2C+and+Batavia+and+the+Coming+of+the+Americans&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02843-2&rft.aulast=Bluss%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2009" class="citation book cs1">Ball, Martin J (2009). The Routledge Handbook of Sociolinguistics Around the World: A Handbook. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-26104-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-26104-7"><bdi>978-1-135-26104-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Sociolinguistics+Around+the+World%3A+A+Handbook&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-135-26104-7&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Martin+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDefillippiArthurLindsay2009" class="citation book cs1">Defillippi, Robert; Arthur, Michael; Lindsay, Valerie (2009). Knowledge at Work: Creative Collaboration in the Global Economy. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7269-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7269-1"><bdi>978-1-4051-7269-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Knowledge+at+Work%3A+Creative+Collaboration+in+the+Global+Economy&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-7269-1&rft.aulast=Defillippi&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Arthur%2C+Michael&rft.au=Lindsay%2C+Valerie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohHo2009" class="citation book cs1">Koh, Jaime; Ho, Stephanie (2009). Culture and Customs of Singapore and Malaysia. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35116-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35116-7"><bdi>978-0-313-35116-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Singapore+and+Malaysia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35116-7&rft.aulast=Koh&rft.aufirst=Jaime&rft.au=Ho%2C+Stephanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2010" class="citation book cs1">West, Barbara A. (2010). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1913-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1913-7"><bdi>978-1-4381-1913-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Peoples+of+Asia+and+Oceania&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-1913-7&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Barbara+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiowHosen2010" class="citation book cs1">Liow, Joseph Chinyong; Hosen, Nadirsyah (2010). Islam in Southeast Asia: Critical Concepts in Islamic Studies. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-48477-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-48477-0"><bdi>978-0-415-48477-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+Southeast+Asia%3A+Critical+Concepts+in+Islamic+Studies&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-415-48477-0&rft.aulast=Liow&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Chinyong&rft.au=Hosen%2C+Nadirsyah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTong2010" class="citation book cs1">Tong, Chee Kiong (2010). Identity and Ethnic Relations in Southeast Asia: Racializing Chineseness. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-8909-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-481-8909-0"><bdi>978-90-481-8909-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identity+and+Ethnic+Relations+in+Southeast+Asia%3A+Racializing+Chineseness&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-481-8909-0&rft.aulast=Tong&rft.aufirst=Chee+Kiong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2010" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Su Kim (2010). Kebaya Tales: : Of matriarchs, maidens, mistresses and matchmakers. Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4382-85-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4382-85-4"><bdi>978-981-4382-85-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kebaya+Tales%3A+%3A+Of+matriarchs%2C+maidens%2C+mistresses+and+matchmakers&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish+International+Asia+Pte+Ltd&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-981-4382-85-4&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Su+Kim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauerBenedict2011" class="citation book cs1">Bauer, Robert S.; Benedict, Paul K. (2011). Modern Cantonese Phonology. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-082370-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-082370-7"><bdi>978-3-11-082370-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Cantonese+Phonology&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-11-082370-7&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft.au=Benedict%2C+Paul+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartier2011" class="citation book cs1">Cartier, Carolyn (2011). Globalizing South China. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-9924-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-9924-0"><bdi>978-1-4443-9924-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalizing+South+China&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-9924-0&rft.aulast=Cartier&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabaccíaHoerder2011" class="citation book cs1">Gabaccía, Donna R.; Hoerder, Dirk (2011). Connecting Seas and Connected Ocean Rims: Indian, Atlantic, and Pacific Oceans and China Seas Migrations from the 1830s to the 1930s. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-19316-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-19316-1"><bdi>978-90-04-19316-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Connecting+Seas+and+Connected+Ocean+Rims%3A+Indian%2C+Atlantic%2C+and+Pacific+Oceans+and+China+Seas+Migrations+from+the+1830s+to+the+1930s&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-19316-1&rft.aulast=Gabacc%C3%ADa&rft.aufirst=Donna+R.&rft.au=Hoerder%2C+Dirk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2011" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Gary G. (2011). Asian Business Networks. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-088831-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-088831-7"><bdi>978-3-11-088831-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+Business+Networks&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-11-088831-7&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Gary+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaiHock2011" class="citation book cs1">Lai, To Lee; Hock, Guan Lee (2011). Sun Yat-Sen, Nanyang and the 1911 Revolution. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4345-46-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4345-46-0"><bdi>978-981-4345-46-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sun+Yat-Sen%2C+Nanyang+and+the+1911+Revolution&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-981-4345-46-0&rft.aulast=Lai&rft.aufirst=To+Lee&rft.au=Hock%2C+Guan+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolan2011" class="citation book cs1">Nolan, Victoria (2011). Military Leadership and Counterinsurgency: The British Army and Small War Strategy Since World War II. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85772-087-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85772-087-0"><bdi>978-0-85772-087-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Leadership+and+Counterinsurgency%3A+The+British+Army+and+Small+War+Strategy+Since+World+War+II&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-85772-087-0&rft.aulast=Nolan&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunciman2011" class="citation book cs1">Runciman, Steven (2011). The White Rajah: A History of Sarawak from 1841 to 1946. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-12899-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-12899-5"><bdi>978-0-521-12899-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+White+Rajah%3A+A+History+of+Sarawak+from+1841+to+1946&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-12899-5&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTing2011" class="citation book cs1">Ting, Hui Lee (2011). Chinese Schools in Peninsular Malaysia: The Struggle for Survival. Institute of Southeast Asian. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4279-21-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4279-21-5"><bdi>978-981-4279-21-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Schools+in+Peninsular+Malaysia%3A+The+Struggle+for+Survival&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-981-4279-21-5&rft.aulast=Ting&rft.aufirst=Hui+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWurmMühlhäuslerTryon2011" class="citation book cs1">Wurm, Stephen A.; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Tryon, Darrell T. (2011). Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas: Vol I: Maps. Vol II: Texts. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-081972-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-081972-4"><bdi>978-3-11-081972-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Languages+of+Intercultural+Communication+in+the+Pacific%2C+Asia%2C+and+the+Americas%3A+Vol+I%3A+Maps.+Vol+II%3A+Texts&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-11-081972-4&rft.aulast=Wurm&rft.aufirst=Stephen+A.&rft.au=M%C3%BChlh%C3%A4usler%2C+Peter&rft.au=Tryon%2C+Darrell+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrongArmstrongMulliner2012" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, M. Jocelyn; Armstrong, R. Warwick; Mulliner, Kent (2012). Chinese Populations in Contemporary Southeast Asian Societies: Identities, Interdependence and International Influence. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-12346-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-12346-7"><bdi>978-1-136-12346-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Populations+in+Contemporary+Southeast+Asian+Societies%3A+Identities%2C+Interdependence+and+International+Influence&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-12346-7&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=M.+Jocelyn&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+R.+Warwick&rft.au=Mulliner%2C+Kent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGomez2012" class="citation book cs1">Gomez, Terence (2012). Chinese Business in Malaysia: Accumulation, Accommodation and Ascendance. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-11226-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-11226-3"><bdi>978-1-136-11226-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Business+in+Malaysia%3A+Accumulation%2C+Accommodation+and+Ascendance&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-11226-3&rft.aulast=Gomez&rft.aufirst=Terence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartfield2012" class="citation book cs1">Hartfield, James (2012). Unpatriotic History of the Second World War. John Hunt Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78099-379-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78099-379-9"><bdi>978-1-78099-379-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unpatriotic+History+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=John+Hunt+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-78099-379-9&rft.aulast=Hartfield&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHockSuryadinata2012" class="citation book cs1">Hock, Guan Lee; Suryadinata, Leo (2012). Malaysian Chinese: Recent Developments and Prospects. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4345-08-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4345-08-8"><bdi>978-981-4345-08-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malaysian+Chinese%3A+Recent+Developments+and+Prospects&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-981-4345-08-8&rft.aulast=Hock&rft.aufirst=Guan+Lee&rft.au=Suryadinata%2C+Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutton2012" class="citation book cs1">Hutton, Wendy (2012). Authentic Recipes from Malaysia. Tuttle Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-0539-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-0539-3"><bdi>978-1-4629-0539-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Authentic+Recipes+from+Malaysia&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4629-0539-3&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLahoudJohns2012" class="citation book cs1">Lahoud, Nelly; Johns, A.H. (2012). Islam in World Politics. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-34716-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-34716-2"><bdi>978-1-134-34716-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+World+Politics&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-134-34716-2&rft.aulast=Lahoud&rft.aufirst=Nelly&rft.au=Johns%2C+A.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuryadinata2012" class="citation book cs1">Suryadinata, Leo (2012). Southeast Asian Personalities of Chinese Descent: A Biographical Dictionary, Volume I & II. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4345-21-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4345-21-7"><bdi>978-981-4345-21-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asian+Personalities+of+Chinese+Descent%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary%2C+Volume+I+%26+II&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-981-4345-21-7&rft.aulast=Suryadinata&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan2012" class="citation book cs1">Tan, Chee Beng (2012). Chinese Food and Foodways in Southeast Asia and Beyond. NUS Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-548-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-548-4"><bdi>978-9971-69-548-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Food+and+Foodways+in+Southeast+Asia+and+Beyond&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-548-4&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Chee+Beng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2012" class="citation book cs1">Wang, Xiaomei (2012). Mandarin Spread in Malaysia. The University of Malaya Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983-100-958-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-983-100-958-1"><bdi>978-983-100-958-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mandarin+Spread+in+Malaysia&rft.pub=The+University+of+Malaya+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-983-100-958-1&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Xiaomei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCase2013" class="citation book cs1">Case, William (2013). Politics in Southeast Asia: Democracy or Less. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-87114-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-87114-6"><bdi>978-1-136-87114-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+in+Southeast+Asia%3A+Democracy+or+Less&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-87114-6&rft.aulast=Case&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheah2013" class="citation book cs1">Cheah, Boon Kheng (2013). Red Star Over Malaya. Flipside Digital Content Company Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-736-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-736-5"><bdi>978-9971-69-736-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Star+Over+Malaya&rft.pub=Flipside+Digital+Content+Company+Inc.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-736-5&rft.aulast=Cheah&rft.aufirst=Boon+Kheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamondPlattnerChu2013" class="citation book cs1">Diamond, Larry; Plattner, Marc F.; Chu, Yun-han (2013). Democracy in East Asia: A New Century. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0968-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0968-9"><bdi>978-1-4214-0968-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+in+East+Asia%3A+A+New+Century&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-0968-9&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft.au=Plattner%2C+Marc+F.&rft.au=Chu%2C+Yun-han&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouwHuangIp2013" class="citation book cs1">Douw, Leo; Huang, Cen; Ip, David (2013). Rethinking Chinese Transnational Enterprises: Cultural Affinity and Business Strategies. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-86195-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-86195-6"><bdi>978-1-136-86195-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Chinese+Transnational+Enterprises%3A+Cultural+Affinity+and+Business+Strategies&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-86195-6&rft.aulast=Douw&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft.au=Huang%2C+Cen&rft.au=Ip%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGentile2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gian_Gentile" title="Gian Gentile">Gentile, Gian</a> (2013). Wrong Turn: America s Deadly Embrace of Counterinsurgency. New Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59558-896-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59558-896-8"><bdi>978-1-59558-896-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wrong+Turn%3A+America+s+Deadly+Embrace+of+Counterinsurgency&rft.pub=New+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-59558-896-8&rft.aulast=Gentile&rft.aufirst=Gian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale2013" class="citation book cs1">Hale, Christopher (2013). Massacre in Malaya: Exposing Britain's My Lai. History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-5181-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-5181-4"><bdi>978-0-7509-5181-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Massacre+in+Malaya%3A+Exposing+Britain%27s+My+Lai&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-5181-4&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamblin2013" class="citation book cs1">Hamblin, Jacob Darwin (2013). Arming Mother Nature: The Birth of Catastrophic Environmentalism. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-991159-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-991159-2"><bdi>978-0-19-991159-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arming+Mother+Nature%3A+The+Birth+of+Catastrophic+Environmentalism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-991159-2&rft.aulast=Hamblin&rft.aufirst=Jacob+Darwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosey2013" class="citation book cs1">Josey, Alex (2013). Lee Kuan Yew: The Crucial Years. Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4435-49-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4435-49-9"><bdi>978-981-4435-49-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lee+Kuan+Yew%3A+The+Crucial+Years&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish+International+Asia+Pte+Ltd&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-981-4435-49-9&rft.aulast=Josey&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2013" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Khoon Choy (2013). Golden Dragon And Purple Phoenix: The Chinese And Their Multi-ethnic Descendants In Southeast Asia. World Scientific. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4518-49-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4518-49-9"><bdi>978-981-4518-49-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Golden+Dragon+And+Purple+Phoenix%3A+The+Chinese+And+Their+Multi-ethnic+Descendants+In+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-981-4518-49-9&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Khoon+Choy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeifer2013" class="citation book cs1">Leifer, Michael (2013). Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Southeast Asia. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-12945-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-12945-3"><bdi>978-1-135-12945-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Modern+Politics+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-12945-3&rft.aulast=Leifer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamakrishna2013" class="citation book cs1">Ramakrishna, Kumar (2013). Emergency Propaganda: The Winning of Malayan Hearts and Minds 1948-1958. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-60276-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-60276-4"><bdi>978-1-136-60276-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emergency+Propaganda%3A+The+Winning+of+Malayan+Hearts+and+Minds+1948-1958&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-60276-4&rft.aulast=Ramakrishna&rft.aufirst=Kumar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYong2013" class="citation book cs1">Yong, Kee Howe (2013). The Hakkas of Sarawak: Sacrificial Gifts in Cold War Era Malaysia. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-6798-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-6798-3"><bdi>978-1-4426-6798-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hakkas+of+Sarawak%3A+Sacrificial+Gifts+in+Cold+War+Era+Malaysia&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-6798-3&rft.aulast=Yong&rft.aufirst=Kee+Howe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurdt-ChristiansenHancock2014" class="citation book cs1">Curdt-Christiansen, Xiao Lan; Hancock, Andy (2014). Learning Chinese in Diasporic Communities: Many pathways to being Chinese. John Benjamins Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-7024-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-7024-5"><bdi>978-90-272-7024-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learning+Chinese+in+Diasporic+Communities%3A+Many+pathways+to+being+Chinese&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-90-272-7024-5&rft.aulast=Curdt-Christiansen&rft.aufirst=Xiao+Lan&rft.au=Hancock%2C+Andy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJakobsen2014" class="citation book cs1">Jakobsen, Michael (2014). Ethnic Chinese Entrepreneurship in Malaysia: On Contextualisation in International Business Studies. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-59402-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-59402-4"><bdi>978-1-317-59402-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Chinese+Entrepreneurship+in+Malaysia%3A+On+Contextualisation+in+International+Business+Studies&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-59402-4&rft.aulast=Jakobsen&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhoo2014" class="citation book cs1">Khoo, Boo Eng (2014). A Simple Approach To Taoism. Partridge Singapore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4828-9531-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4828-9531-5"><bdi>978-1-4828-9531-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Simple+Approach+To+Taoism&rft.pub=Partridge+Singapore&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4828-9531-5&rft.aulast=Khoo&rft.aufirst=Boo+Eng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMizushimaSouzaFlynn2014" class="citation book cs1">Mizushima, Tsukasa; Souza, George Bryan; Flynn, Dennis O., eds. (2014). Hinterlands and Commodities: Place, Space, Time and the Political Economic Development of Asia over the Long Eighteenth Century. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28390-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28390-9"><bdi>978-90-04-28390-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinterlands+and+Commodities%3A+Place%2C+Space%2C+Time+and+the+Political+Economic+Development+of+Asia+over+the+Long+Eighteenth+Century&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-90-04-28390-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOng2014" class="citation book cs1">Ong, Weichong (2014). Malaysia's Defeat of Armed Communism: The Second Emergency, 1968-1989. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-62688-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-62688-6"><bdi>978-1-317-62688-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malaysia%27s+Defeat+of+Armed+Communism%3A+The+Second+Emergency%2C+1968-1989&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-62688-6&rft.aulast=Ong&rft.aufirst=Weichong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2014" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Bilveer (2014). Quest for Political Power: Communist Subversion and Militancy in Singapore. Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4634-49-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4634-49-6"><bdi>978-981-4634-49-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quest+for+Political+Power%3A+Communist+Subversion+and+Militancy+in+Singapore&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish+International+Asia+Pte+Ltd&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-981-4634-49-6&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Bilveer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevensonTaiYuan2014" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, Xutian; Tai, Shusheng; Yuan, Chun-su (2014). Handbook Of Traditional Chinese Medicine (In 3 Volumes). World Scientific. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4571-34-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4571-34-0"><bdi>978-981-4571-34-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+Of+Traditional+Chinese+Medicine+%28In+3+Volumes%29&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-981-4571-34-0&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=Xutian&rft.au=Tai%2C+Shusheng&rft.au=Yuan%2C+Chun-su&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid2015" class="citation book cs1">Reid, Anthony (2015). A History of Southeast Asia: Critical Crossroads. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-17961-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-17961-0"><bdi>978-0-631-17961-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Southeast+Asia%3A+Critical+Crossroads&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-631-17961-0&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarver2015" class="citation book cs1">Garver, John W. (2015). China's Quest: The History of the Foreign Relations of the People's Republic, revised and updated. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-026107-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-026107-8"><bdi>978-0-19-026107-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Quest%3A+The+History+of+the+Foreign+Relations+of+the+People%27s+Republic%2C+revised+and+updated&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-026107-8&rft.aulast=Garver&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOoi2015" class="citation book cs1">Ooi, Keat Gin (2015). Brunei – History, Islam, Society and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-65998-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-65998-3"><bdi>978-1-317-65998-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brunei+%E2%80%93+History%2C+Islam%2C+Society+and+Contemporary+Issues&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-65998-3&rft.aulast=Ooi&rft.aufirst=Keat+Gin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComber2015" class="citation book cs1">Comber, Leon (2015). Templer and the Road to Malayan Independence: The Man and His Time. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4620-10-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4620-10-9"><bdi>978-981-4620-10-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Templer+and+the+Road+to+Malayan+Independence%3A+The+Man+and+His+Time&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-981-4620-10-9&rft.aulast=Comber&rft.aufirst=Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Vienne2015" class="citation book cs1">de Vienne, Marie-Sybille (2015). Brunei: From the Age of Commerce to the 21st Century. NUS Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-818-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-818-8"><bdi>978-9971-69-818-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brunei%3A+From+the+Age+of+Commerce+to+the+21st+Century&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-818-8&rft.aulast=de+Vienne&rft.aufirst=Marie-Sybille&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRazak2015" class="citation book cs1">Razak, Abdullah (2015). China-Malaysia Relations and Foreign Policy. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-57197-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-57197-1"><bdi>978-1-317-57197-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China-Malaysia+Relations+and+Foreign+Policy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-57197-1&rft.aulast=Razak&rft.aufirst=Abdullah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrezina2016" class="citation book cs1">Brezina, Corona (2016). Zheng He: China's Greatest Explorer, Mariner, and Navigator. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5081-7149-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5081-7149-2"><bdi>978-1-5081-7149-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zheng+He%3A+China%27s+Greatest+Explorer%2C+Mariner%2C+and+Navigator&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group%2C+Inc&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-5081-7149-2&rft.aulast=Brezina&rft.aufirst=Corona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDK_Travel2016" class="citation book cs1">DK Travel (2016). Malaysia and Singapore. Eyewitness Travel Guides. Dorling Kindersley Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-25431-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-25431-8"><bdi>978-0-241-25431-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malaysia+and+Singapore&rft.series=Eyewitness+Travel+Guides&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley+Limited&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-241-25431-8&rft.au=DK+Travel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaur2016" class="citation book cs1">Kaur, A. (2016). Economic Change in East Malaysia: Sabah and Sarawak since 1850. Palgrave Macmillan UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-37709-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-37709-7"><bdi>978-0-230-37709-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Change+in+East+Malaysia%3A+Sabah+and+Sarawak+since+1850&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-230-37709-7&rft.aulast=Kaur&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanda2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Tai_Landa" title="Janet Tai Landa">Landa, Janet Tai</a> (2016). Economic Success of Chinese Merchants in Southeast Asia: Identity, Ethnic Cooperation and Conflict. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-54019-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-54019-6"><bdi>978-3-642-54019-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Success+of+Chinese+Merchants+in+Southeast+Asia%3A+Identity%2C+Ethnic+Cooperation+and+Conflict&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-642-54019-6&rft.aulast=Landa&rft.aufirst=Janet+Tai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoySaha2016" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Kaushik; Saha, Sourish (2016). Armed Forces and Insurgents in Modern Asia. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-23193-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-23193-6"><bdi>978-1-317-23193-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armed+Forces+and+Insurgents+in+Modern+Asia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-23193-6&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Kaushik&rft.au=Saha%2C+Sourish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamaguchiDeterding2016" class="citation book cs1">Yamaguchi, Toshiko; Deterding, David (2016). English in Malaysia: Current Use and Status. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-31430-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-31430-6"><bdi>978-90-04-31430-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+in+Malaysia%3A+Current+Use+and+Status&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-90-04-31430-6&rft.aulast=Yamaguchi&rft.aufirst=Toshiko&rft.au=Deterding%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWongTan2017" class="citation book cs1">Wong, Bernard; Tan, Chee Beng (2017). China's Rise and the Chinese Overseas. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-86660-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-86660-6"><bdi>978-1-351-86660-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Rise+and+the+Chinese+Overseas&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-351-86660-6&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft.au=Tan%2C+Chee+Beng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin2017" class="citation book cs1">Lin, Francis Chia-Hui (2017). Architectural Theorisations and Phenomena in Asia: The Polychronotypic Jetztzeit. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-58433-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-58433-1"><bdi>978-3-319-58433-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architectural+Theorisations+and+Phenomena+in+Asia%3A+The+Polychronotypic+Jetztzeit&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-319-58433-1&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Francis+Chia-Hui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArokiasamy2017" class="citation book cs1">Arokiasamy, Christina (2017). The Malaysian Kitchen: 150 Recipes for Simple Home Cooking. HMH Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-544-81002-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-544-81002-0"><bdi>978-0-544-81002-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Malaysian+Kitchen%3A+150+Recipes+for+Simple+Home+Cooking&rft.pub=HMH+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-544-81002-0&rft.aulast=Arokiasamy&rft.aufirst=Christina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMa2017" class="citation book cs1">Ma, Hailong (2017). The History of Chinese Muslims' Migration into Malaysia. King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies (KFCRIS). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-603-8206-48-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-603-8206-48-5"><bdi>978-603-8206-48-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Chinese+Muslims%27+Migration+into+Malaysia&rft.pub=King+Faisal+Center+for+Research+and+Islamic+Studies+%28KFCRIS%29&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-603-8206-48-5&rft.aulast=Ma&rft.aufirst=Hailong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDayley2018" class="citation book cs1">Dayley, Robert (2018). Southeast Asia in the New International Era. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-97424-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-97424-3"><bdi>978-0-429-97424-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia+in+the+New+International+Era&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-429-97424-3&rft.aulast=Dayley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan2018" class="citation book cs1">Tan, Chee Beng (2018). Chinese Religion in Malaysia: Temples and Communities. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35787-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35787-7"><bdi>978-90-04-35787-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Religion+in+Malaysia%3A+Temples+and+Communities&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-90-04-35787-7&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Chee+Beng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyson2018" class="citation book cs1">Tyson, Adam (2018). The Political Economy of Brain Drain and Talent Capture: Evidence from Malaysia and Singapore. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-77316-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-77316-7"><bdi>978-0-429-77316-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Economy+of+Brain+Drain+and+Talent+Capture%3A+Evidence+from+Malaysia+and+Singapore&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-429-77316-7&rft.aulast=Tyson&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWadeChin2018" class="citation book cs1">Wade, Geoff; Chin, James K. (2018). China and Southeast Asia: Historical Interactions. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-95212-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-95212-8"><bdi>978-0-429-95212-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+and+Southeast+Asia%3A+Historical+Interactions&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-429-95212-8&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft.au=Chin%2C+James+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang2018" class="citation book cs1">Zhang, Quan (2018). Pacific Rim Objective Measurement Symposium (PROMS) 2016 Conference Proceedings: Rasch and the Future. Springer Singapore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-10-8138-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-10-8138-5"><bdi>978-981-10-8138-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pacific+Rim+Objective+Measurement+Symposium+%28PROMS%29+2016+Conference+Proceedings%3A+Rasch+and+the+Future&rft.pub=Springer+Singapore&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-981-10-8138-5&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Quan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Chinese&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarstens2005" class="citation book cs1">Carstens, Sharon A. (2005). Histories, Cultures, Identities: Studies in Malaysian Chinese Worlds. NUS Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-312-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-312-1"><bdi>978-9971-69-312-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histories%2C+Cultures%2C+Identities%3A+Studies+in+Malaysian+Chinese+Worlds&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-312-1&rft.aulast=Carstens&rft.aufirst=Sharon+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanHoTan2005" class="citation book cs1">Tan, Teong Jin; Ho, Wah Foon; Tan, Joo Lan (2005). The Chinese Malaysian contribution. Centre for Malaysian Chinese Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983-9673-95-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-983-9673-95-1"><bdi>978-983-9673-95-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Malaysian+contribution&rft.pub=Centre+for+Malaysian+Chinese+Studies&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-983-9673-95-1&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Teong+Jin&rft.au=Ho%2C+Wah+Foon&rft.au=Tan%2C+Joo+Lan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSim2012" class="citation book cs1">Sim, Rita (2012). Unmistakably Chinese, Genuinely Malaysian. Centre for Strategic Engagement. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-967-10773-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-967-10773-0-6"><bdi>978-967-10773-0-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unmistakably+Chinese%2C+Genuinely+Malaysian&rft.pub=Centre+for+Strategic+Engagement&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-967-10773-0-6&rft.aulast=Sim&rft.aufirst=Rita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan2013" class="citation journal cs1">Chan, Rachel Suet Kay (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcser.org/journal/index.php/ajis/article/view/876/907">"The Impact of Cultural Globalisation on Identity Formation among the Malaysian Chinese"</a>. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies. 2 (9).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academic+Journal+of+Interdisciplinary+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+Cultural+Globalisation+on+Identity+Formation+among+the+Malaysian+Chinese&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=9&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Rachel+Suet+Kay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcser.org%2Fjournal%2Findex.php%2Fajis%2Farticle%2Fview%2F876%2F907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes2013" class="citation book cs1">Hayes, Elizabeth S. (2013). Spices and Herbs: Lore and Cookery. Courier Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-13782-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-13782-7"><bdi>978-0-486-13782-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spices+and+Herbs%3A+Lore+and+Cookery&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-486-13782-7&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalaysian+Chinese" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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(Malaysia)">Bumiputera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Native (Anak Negeri)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadazan-Dusun" title="Kadazan-Dusun">Kadazan-Dusun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadazan_people" title="Kadazan people">Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusun_people" title="Dusun people">Dusun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwijau" title="Kwijau">Kwijau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotud" title="Lotud">Lotud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangka%27ak" title="Mangka'ak">Mangka'ak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maragang" title="Maragang">Maragang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minokok" title="Minokok">Minokok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumanau_people" title="Rumanau people">Rumanau</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Sungai" title="Orang Sungai">Orang Sungai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dumpas" title="Dumpas">Dumpas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambanuo_people" title="Tambanuo people">Tambanuo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Sama-Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murut_people" title="Murut people">Murut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people" title="Tausūg people">Suluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Ida'an">Ida'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidung_people" title="Tidung people">Tidung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malays" title="Malaysian Malays">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Malays" title="Bruneian Malays">Bruneian Malays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang" title="Lun Bawang">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rungus_people" title="Rungus people">Rungus</a></li> <li>Molbog/Balabak</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisaya_(Borneo)" title="Bisaya (Borneo)">Bisaya</a></li> <li>Bulungan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_people" title="Iranun people">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedayan" title="Kedayan">Kedayan</a></li> <li>Subpan</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Non-native</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butonese_people" title="Butonese people">Butonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Native" title="Sino-Native">Sino-Native</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_people" title="Banjar people">Banjarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidayuh" title="Bidayuh">Bidayuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malays" title="Malaysian Malays">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Malays" title="Cocos Malays">Cocos Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malays" title="Malaysian Malays">Peninsula Malays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Iban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Non-Bumiputera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malaysian Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timorese_in_Malaysia" title="Timorese in Malaysia">Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Malaysians" title="Arab Malaysians">Arab Malaysians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Sabah" title="Malaysians of Indian descent in Sabah">Malaysian Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Malaysia" title="Sikhism in Malaysia">Sikhs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_citizens_in_Malaysia" title="Indonesian citizens in Malaysia">Indonesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Malaysia" title="Filipinos in Malaysia">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Malaysia" title="Pakistanis in Malaysia">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis_in_Malaysia" title="Bangladeshis in Malaysia">Bengalis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia342" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia342" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Malaysia">Ethnic groups in Malaysia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Malaysians" title="Malaysians">Malaysians</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)">Bumiputera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malays" title="Malaysian Malays">Malay</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Malay_people" title="List of Malay people">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Anak Jati</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johorean_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Johorean Malay people">Johorean Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedahan_Malays" title="Kedahan Malays">Kedahan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantanese_Malays" title="Kelantanese Malays">Kelantanese Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaccan_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaccan Malay people">Malaccan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Malays#Sub-ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Malays">Negeri Sembilanese Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedahan_Malays" title="Kedahan Malays">Penangite Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perakian_Malays" title="Perakian Malays">Perakian Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedahan_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kedahan Malay people">Perlisan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang_Malays" title="Pahang Malays">Pahang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selangorian_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Selangorian Malay people">Selangorian Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terengganuan_Malays" title="Terengganuan Malays">Terengganuan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Malays" title="Bruneian Malays">Bruneian Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedayan" title="Kedayan">Kedayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawakian_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarawakian Malay people">Sarawakian Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Anak Dagang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Malays" title="Cocos Malays">Cocos Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chams" title="Chams">Chams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_people" title="Acehnese people">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_people" title="Banjar people">Banjarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak" title="Batak">Batak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_people" title="Mandailing people">Mandailing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bugis-Malay" title="Bugis-Malay">Bugis-Malay</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_Malaysians" title="Javanese Malaysians">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_people" title="Bawean people">Baweanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_people" title="Makassar people">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_Malaysians" title="Minangkabau Malaysians">Minangkabau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerinci_people" title="Kerinci people">Kerinci</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ocu_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ocu people (page does not exist)">Ocu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawa_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rawa (tribe)">Rawa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Malays" title="Burmese Malays">Burmese Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Malays" title="Thai Malays">Patani Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Siamese" title="Malaysian Siamese">Siamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Mixed with other races (excluding Chinese and Indian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Malaysians" title="Arab Malaysians">Arab Malaysians</a></li> <li>Peranakan Eropah (including <a href="/wiki/Kristang_people" title="Kristang people">Kristang</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_Peranakan" title="Jawi Peranakan">Jawi Peranakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Siamese" title="Malaysian Siamese">Malaysian Siamese</a> (Sam-Sam)</li> <li>Peranakan Turki</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Orang_Asal" title="Orang Asal">Orang Asal</a> (Other Indigenous peoples)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Orang_Asli" title="Orang Asli">Peninsular Malaysia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Malay" title="Proto-Malay">Proto-Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jakun_people" title="Jakun people">Jakun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Kanaq" title="Orang Kanaq">Orang Kanaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Laut" title="Orang Laut">Orang Laut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Kuala" title="Orang Kuala">Orang Kuala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Seletar" title="Orang Seletar">Orang Seletar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semelai_people" title="Semelai people">Semelai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temoq_people" title="Temoq people">Temoq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temuan_people" title="Temuan people">Temuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semang" title="Semang">Semang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batek_people" title="Batek people">Batek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanoh_people" title="Lanoh people">Lanoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahai_people" title="Jahai people">Jahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kensiu">Kensiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Kintaq">Kintaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendriq" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendriq">Mendriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mintil" class="mw-redirect" title="Mintil">Mintil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mos_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mos language">Mos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senoi" title="Senoi">Senoi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semai_people" title="Semai people">Semai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah_Meri_people" title="Mah Meri people">Mah Meri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheq_Wong_people" title="Cheq Wong people">Cheq Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temiar_people" title="Temiar people">Temiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jah_Hut_people" title="Jah Hut people">Jah Hut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaq_Beri_people" title="Semaq Beri people">Semaq Beri</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bidayuh" title="Bidayuh">Bidayuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukitan_people" title="Bukitan people">Bukitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selako_people" title="Selako people">Selako</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Ulu" title="Orang Ulu">Orang Ulu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_people_(Borneo)" title="Kayan people (Borneo)">Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelabit_people" title="Kelabit people">Kelabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyah_people" title="Kenyah people">Kenyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiput" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiput">Kiput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang" title="Lun Bawang">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penan_people" title="Penan people">Penan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Bah" title="Punan Bah">Punan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ban_people" title="Sa'ban people">Sa'ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukit_people" title="Ukit people">Ukit</a></li></ul></li> <li>Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisaya_(Borneo)" title="Bisaya (Borneo)">Bisaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau_people" title="Melanau people">Melanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriek_people" title="Miriek people">Miriek</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadazan-Dusun" title="Kadazan-Dusun">Kadazan-Dusun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadazan_people" title="Kadazan people">Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusun_people" title="Dusun people">Dusun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwijau" title="Kwijau">Kwijau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotud" title="Lotud">Lotud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangka%27ak" title="Mangka'ak">Mangka'ak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maragang" title="Maragang">Maragang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minokok" title="Minokok">Minokok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumanau_people" title="Rumanau people">Rumanau</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisaya_(Borneo)" title="Bisaya (Borneo)">Bisaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Ida'an">Ida'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_people" title="Iranun people">Illanun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang" title="Lun Bawang">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murut_people" title="Murut people">Murut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Sungai" title="Orang Sungai">Orang Sungai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dumpas" title="Dumpas">Dumpas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambanuo_people" title="Tambanuo people">Tambanuo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rungus_people" title="Rungus people">Rungus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Sama-Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people" title="Tausūg people">Suluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidung_people" title="Tidung people">Tidong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chinese</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysians_of_Chinese_descent" title="List of Malaysians of Chinese descent">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_people" title="Hoklo people">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_people" title="Hainan people">Hainanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_people" title="Teochew people">Teochew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_people" title="Fuzhou people">Foochow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putian_people" title="Putian people">Henghua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penangite" class="mw-redirect" title="Penangite">Penangite</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mixed_with_Bumiputera21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Mixed with Bumiputera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_Chinese" title="Peranakan Chinese">Peranakan Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Native" title="Sino-Native">Sino-Native</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indians" title="Malaysian Indians">Indian</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysians_of_Indian_descent" title="List of Malaysians of Indian descent">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Malaysian" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarati Malaysian">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Penang" title="Malaysians of Indian descent in Penang">Penangite Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Malaysians" title="Punjabi Malaysians">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malayali" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Malayali">Malayali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Sabah" title="Malaysians of Indian descent in Sabah">Indians in Sabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Sarawak" title="Malaysians of Indian descent in Sarawak">Indians in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankans_in_Malaysia" title="Sri Lankans in Malaysia">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Malaysians" title="Tamil Malaysians">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Telugu" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Telugu">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mixed_with_Malay16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Mixed with Malay</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Chitty" title="Chitty">Chitty</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Mixed without Bumiputera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chindians#Malaysia" title="Chindians">Chindians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Malaysia" title="Immigration to Malaysia">Foreign ethnicities /expatriates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Malaysia" title="Africans in Malaysia">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Malaysians" title="Arab Malaysians">Arab</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hadhrami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadhrami people">Hadhrami</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis_in_Malaysia" title="Bangladeshis in Malaysia">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_in_Malaysia" title="Burmese in Malaysia">Burmese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rohingya_people" title="Rohingya people">Rohingya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese#Malaysia" title="Overseas Chinese">China/Taiwan Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timorese_in_Malaysia" title="Timorese in Malaysia">East Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Malaysia" title="Filipinos in Malaysia">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Malaysians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Malaysians">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Malaysia" title="Iranians in Malaysia">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_migration_to_Malaysia" title="Japanese migration to Malaysia">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia" title="History of the Jews in Malaysia">Jewish</a> (former)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Malaysia" title="Koreans in Malaysia">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_people_in_Malaysia" title="Nepalese people in Malaysia">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Malaysia" title="Pakistanis in Malaysia">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporeans_in_Malaysia" title="Singaporeans in Malaysia">Singaporeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Siamese" title="Malaysian Siamese">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people_in_Malaysia" title="Vietnamese people in Malaysia">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Overseas_Chinese213" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Overseas_Chinese" title="Template:Overseas Chinese"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Overseas_Chinese" title="Template talk:Overseas Chinese"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Overseas_Chinese" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Overseas Chinese"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Overseas_Chinese213" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Overseas Chinese</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Algeria" title="Chinese people in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Egypt" title="Chinese people in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Libya" title="Chinese people in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Morocco" title="Chinese people in Morocco">Morocco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Cape_Verde" title="Chinese people in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Ghana" title="Chinese people in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Mali" title="Chinese people in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Nigeria" title="Chinese people in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Senegal" title="Chinese people in Senegal">Senegal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Ethiopia" title="Chinese people in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Kenya" title="Chinese people in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Tanzania" title="Chinese people in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Uganda" title="Chinese people in Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Cameroon" title="Chinese people in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_the_DRC" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese people in the DRC">Democratic Republic of Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_the_Republic_of_Congo" title="Chinese people in the Republic of Congo">Republic of Congo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Angola" title="Chinese people in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Botswana" title="Chinese people in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Lesotho" title="Chinese people in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Madagascar" title="Chinese people in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Malawi" title="Chinese people in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritians_of_Chinese_origin" title="Mauritians of Chinese origin">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Mozambique" title="Ethnic Chinese in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Namibia" title="Chinese people in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinois_(R%C3%A9union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinois (Réunion)">Réunion</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Seychellois" title="Sino-Seychellois">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_South_Africans" title="Chinese South Africans">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Zambia" title="Chinese people in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Zimbabwe" title="Chinese people in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Caribbean">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Belize" title="Ethnic Chinese in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cubans" title="Chinese Cubans">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Ethnic Chinese in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Guyanese" title="Chinese Guyanese">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Haitians" title="Chinese Haitians">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Jamaicans" title="Chinese Jamaicans">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Surinamese" title="Chinese Surinamese">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Trinidadians_and_Tobagonians" title="Chinese Trinidadians and Tobagonians">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians" title="Chinese Canadians">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Canadians" title="Hong Kong Canadians">from Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Canadians" title="Taiwanese Canadians">from Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians_in_British_Columbia" title="Chinese Canadians in British Columbia">British Columbia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians_in_Greater_Vancouver" title="Chinese Canadians in Greater Vancouver">Vancouver</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians_in_the_Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Chinese Canadians in the Greater Toronto Area">Toronto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_immigration_to_Mexico" title="Chinese immigration to Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Americans" title="Hong Kong Americans">from Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Americans" title="Taiwanese Americans">from Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_Americans_by_location" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Chinese Americans by location">by city and state</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Costa_Rica" title="Chinese people in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Nicaraguans" title="Chinese Nicaraguans">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Panama" title="Ethnic Chinese in Panama">Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Argentines" title="Chinese Argentines">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Brazilians" title="Chinese Brazilians">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Chile" title="Chinese people in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Guyanese" title="Chinese Guyanese">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Peruvians" title="Chinese Peruvians">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Surinamese" title="Chinese Surinamese">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese people in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Venezuelans" title="Chinese Venezuelans">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Kazakhstan" title="Chinese people in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Chinese people in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Japan" title="Chinese people in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Korea" title="Chinese people in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Mongolia" title="Ethnic Chinese in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Brunei" title="Ethnic Chinese in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cambodian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Cambodian">Cambodia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Hokkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Timor-Leste" title="Chinese people in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Indonesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benteng_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Benteng Chinese">Benteng Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Peranakan Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_Bangka-Belitung_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese in Bangka-Belitung Islands">Bangka-Belitung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Maluku" title="Chinese Maluku">Maluku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Chinese" title="Laotian Chinese">Laos</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malaysia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Peranakan / Baba Nyonya / Straits Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Native" title="Sino-Native">Sino-Native</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Myanmar" title="Chinese people in Myanmar">Myanmar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kokang_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokang people">Kokang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthay" class="mw-redirect" title="Panthay">Panthay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Pashu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Filipino">Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sangley" title="Sangley">Sangley</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Singaporeans" title="Chinese Singaporeans">Singapore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationals_in_Singapore" title="Chinese nationals in Singapore">Chinese nationals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Straits-Born Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Chinese" title="Thai Chinese">Thailand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chin_Haw" title="Chin Haw">Chin Haw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Phuket Baba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoa_Chinese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoa Chinese people">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minh_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Minh Hương">Minh Hương</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%A1i_people" title="Ngái people">Ngái</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_N%C3%B9ng" title="Chinese Nùng">Nùng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diu_people" title="San Diu people">San Diu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Bangladesh" title="Chinese people in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_community_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese community in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Pakistan" title="Chinese people in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Chinese people in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Iran" title="Chinese people in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Israel" title="Chinese people in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Turkey" title="Chinese people in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Chinese people in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Denmark" title="Chinese people in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Finland" title="Chinese people in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Norway" title="Chinese people in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Sweden" title="Chinese people in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Belgium" title="Chinese people in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_diaspora_in_France" title="Chinese diaspora in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_community_in_Paris" title="Chinese community in Paris">Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Germany" title="Chinese people in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Ireland" title="Chinese people in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_the_Netherlands" title="Chinese people in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Chinese" title="British Chinese">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong people in the United Kingdom">from Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_community_in_London" title="Chinese community in London">London</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Italy" title="Chinese people in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Portugal" title="Chinese people in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Spain" title="Chinese people in Spain">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Bulgaria" title="Chinese people in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Chinese people in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_of_Romania" title="Chinese of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Chinese_in_Russia" title="Ethnic Chinese in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Serbia" title="Chinese people in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Turkey" title="Chinese people in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Australians" title="Chinese Australians">Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Australians" title="Hong Kong Australians">from Hong Kong</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_Fiji" title="Chinese in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_immigration_to_Hawaii" title="Chinese immigration to Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_Palau" title="Chinese in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Zealanders" title="Chinese New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Chinese people in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_Samoa" title="Chinese in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_Tonga" title="Chinese in Tonga">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1 An <a href="/wiki/Overseas_department" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas department">overseas department</a> of France in the western Indian Ocean. See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Hongkong_Disapora" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Hongkong Disapora">Hong Kong Diaspora</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Chinese&oldid=1275142644">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malaysian_Chinese&oldid=1275142644</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_diaspora_by_country" title="Category:Chinese diaspora by country">Chinese diaspora by country</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_diaspora_in_Malaysia" title="Category:Chinese diaspora in Malaysia">Chinese diaspora in Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Sabah" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Sabah">Ethnic groups in Sabah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Sarawak" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Sarawak">Ethnic groups in Sarawak</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_May_2019" title="Category:EngvarB from May 2019">EngvarB from May 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2019" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2019">Use dmy dates from May 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Malay_(macrolanguage)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Malay (macrolanguage)-language text">Articles containing Malay (macrolanguage)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%22Related_ethnic_groups%22_needing_confirmation" title="Category:"Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation">"Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_using_infobox_ethnic_group_with_image_parameters" title="Category:Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters">Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2020" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2020">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Japanese-language_sources_(ja)" title="Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)">CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Malay-language_sources_(ms)" title="Category:CS1 Malay-language sources (ms)">CS1 Malay-language sources (ms)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 February 2025, at 08:42 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-d8647bfd6-s5cdr","wgBackendResponseTime":145,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.619","walltime":"3.936","ppvisitednodes":{"value":37470,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":747209,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":46532,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":31,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":829764,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3329.058 1 -total"," 27.88% 928.144 189 Template:Cite_book"," 24.05% 800.702 303 Template:Sfn"," 12.80% 426.233 1 Template:Infobox_ethnic_group"," 8.63% 287.446 2 Template:Reflist"," 6.19% 206.032 28 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.04% 167.752 22 Template:Lang"," 4.05% 134.961 2 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1,\n [\"CITEREFCarstens2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCartier2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCase2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaliand1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharlesCheng1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharneyYeohTong2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheah2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheah2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChen1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChen2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheng2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChengMokhtar2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheungTan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChiam2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChin2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChingMcKenna1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClifford1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFComber1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFComber2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoplin1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurdt-ChristiansenHancock2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDK_Travel2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDayley2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDefillippiArthurLindsay2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_of_Information_Malaysia2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_of_Infrastructure_and_Regional_Development_Australia2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_of_Statistics_Malaysia2010a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_of_Statistics_Malaysia2010b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_of_Statistics_Malaysia2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_of_Statistics_Malaysia2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_of_Statistics_Malaysia2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_of_Statistics_Singapore2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiamondPlattnerChu2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDorall2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoranDixon1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDouwHuangIp2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDouwPost1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrabble2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunlop1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmberEmberSkoggard2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmberR._EmberSkoggard2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnloe1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFodorFisher1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFongZubair2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoong2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGabaccíaHoerder2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarver2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGentile2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoh2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGomes2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGomez2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoslingLim1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_Malaysia2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_Penang\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreat_Britain._Colonial_Office1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroeneveldt1876\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuillotLombardPtak1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGurney1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHack1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHak2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHale2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamblin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamby2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHara2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHartfield2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayes2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeng1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHewitt1864\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirschman1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHock1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHockSuryadinata2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHong2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHutton2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHutton2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJakobsen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenkins2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJesudason1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJocelyn_ArmstrongWarwick_ArmstrongMulliner2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJosey2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJournal_of_the_Siam_Society1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalgoorlie_Miner1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamTan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamila_Ghazali2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKantowicz2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaur2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeeChoong2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeeHillYin2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhoo1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhoo2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhoo2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhoo2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhoo2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhooLubis2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhor2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKohChoo2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKohHo2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKratoska2001a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKratoska2001b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKua2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuhn2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLahoudJohns2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaiHock2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLanda2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLapping1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeifer2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeong1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLim2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLim2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLimFernando2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLin2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinHill1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiowHosen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynn_Pan1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMa2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaCartier2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaHuanFeng1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalaysian_Historical_Society1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalott2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaya2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenkhoff1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistry_of_Health_Malaysia2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMizushimaSouzaFlynn2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunoz2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Archives_of_Singapore1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNazar2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNazriHanapiTeo2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNazriShahrimFarahMursyid2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelsonMeermanRahman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiew1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNolan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOng2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOoi2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOoi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOxford_Business_Group2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPas1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeletz1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPenang_San_Kiang_Association2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlattWeberHo1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPng1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorritt2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPurcell1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPurushotam2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._GabaccíaHoerder2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamakrishna2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamanathan1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRazak2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReid2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReidRodgers2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoySaha2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoyal_Society_(Great_Britain)1924\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRunciman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharp2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSim2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimon1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimon_Khoo2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSipalanMenon2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSt._John1863\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevensonTaiYuan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrauch1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStubbs2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSukumaran2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuryadinata1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuryadinata2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuryadinata2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFT\u0026#039;ien1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTan1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTan1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTan1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTan2004b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanHoTan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTan_Lee_Ooi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTarling1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTay2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTay2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeck1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Borneo_Post2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Coverage2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Star2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThurmanSherman2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTin_Industry_(Research_and_Development)_Board1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTing2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTing2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTong2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTreena_Becker2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTregonning1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVoon2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWadeChin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalrond2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWanMairRobertsSwofford2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWang1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWang2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangWang1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeidenbaumHughes1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinerÖzbudun1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWernham1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitehead1893\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinzeler1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWong1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWong1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWong2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWong2002a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWong2002b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWong2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWong2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWongTan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWurmMühlhäuslerTryon2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYamada2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYamaguchiDeterding2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYat1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYong2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYuan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZepp1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhang1934\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhang2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Ruffé1928\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Vienne2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFder_Kroef1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFder_Kroef1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF林2013\"] = 1,\n [\"Divided_nationalism_and_turbulent_era_(1900–1945)\"] = 1,\n [\"Further_conflicts_and_racial_clashes_(1965–1990)\"] = 1,\n [\"Post-turbulent,_further_emergency_and_social_integration_(1946–1962)\"] = 1,\n [\"Present_situation_(1990–present)\"] = 1,\n [\"Struggle_for_equality_under_the_proposed_Malaysian_Malaysia_(1963–1965)\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'s\"] = 2,\n [\"*\"] = 36,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 5,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 189,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 28,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 28,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Cquote\"] = 1,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Ethnic groups in Malaysia\"] = 1,\n [\"Ethnic groups in Sabah\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 27,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 47,\n [\"Historical populations\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox Chinese\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox ethnic group\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 22,\n [\"Legend\"] = 16,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteFoot\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteTag\"] = 1,\n [\"Overseas Chinese\"] = 1,\n [\"Percentage bar\"] = 16,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 5,\n [\"Refend\"] = 5,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 12,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 303,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Zh\"] = 2,\n [\"·\"] = 7,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","400","15.9"],["?","280","11.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","260","10.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","240","9.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","220","8.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","200","7.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","140","5.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","140","5.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","60","2.4"],["type","60","2.4"],["[others]","520","20.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-d8647bfd6-dl766","timestamp":"20250221172726","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script 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