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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Māori seats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Māori_seats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developments_in_voting_rights_and_eligibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developments_in_voting_rights_and_eligibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Developments in voting rights and eligibility</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Developments_in_voting_rights_and_eligibility-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Developments in voting rights and eligibility subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Developments_in_voting_rights_and_eligibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secret_ballot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secret_ballot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Secret ballot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secret_ballot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Māori_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Māori_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Māori representation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Māori_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Male_suffrage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Male_suffrage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Male suffrage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Male_suffrage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_suffrage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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</li> <li id="toc-2011_referendum_and_Electoral_Commission_2012_report" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2011_referendum_and_Electoral_Commission_2012_report"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>2011 referendum and Electoral Commission 2012 report</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2011_referendum_and_Electoral_Commission_2012_report-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2024_electoral_review" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2024_electoral_review"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>2024 electoral review</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2024_electoral_review-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_boundaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_boundaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Electoral boundaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_boundaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Representation_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representation_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Representation statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Representation_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Political parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="width:20em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_New_Zealand" title="Politics of New Zealand">Politics of New Zealand</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/125px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/188px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/250px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="699" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_New_Zealand" title="Constitution of New Zealand">Constitution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">The Crown</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">Monarch</a> <dl><dd>King <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></span></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand" title="Governor-General of New Zealand">Governor-General</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_New_Zealand" title="List of governors-general of New Zealand">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Cindy_Kiro" title="Cindy Kiro">Cindy Kiro</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Government" title="New Zealand Government">Executive Government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_governments" title="List of New Zealand governments">List of governments</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sixth_National_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Sixth National Government of New Zealand">current</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_New_Zealand" title="Cabinet of New Zealand">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministers_in_the_New_Zealand_Government" title="Ministers in the New Zealand Government">Ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_New_Zealand" title="List of prime ministers of New Zealand">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Luxon" title="Christopher Luxon">Christopher Luxon</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_New_Zealand" title="Executive Council of New Zealand">Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sector_organisations_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Public sector organisations in New Zealand">State services departments</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/54th_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="54th New Zealand Parliament">54th New Zealand Parliament</a></div> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King-in-Parliament" title="King-in-Parliament">King-in-Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="New Zealand House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives">Speaker</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Brownlee" title="Gerry Brownlee">Gerry Brownlee</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_(New_Zealand)" title="Official Opposition (New Zealand)">Official Opposition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_Zealand" title="Elections in New Zealand">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_New_Zealand" title="List of political parties in New Zealand">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_electorates" title="New Zealand electorates">Electorates</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electoral system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_reform_in_New_Zealand" title="Electoral reform in New Zealand">Electoral reform</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(New_Zealand)" title="Electoral Commission (New Zealand)">Electoral Commission</a></li> <li>Recent elections: <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>General: <a href="/wiki/2014_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2014 New Zealand general election">2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2017_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2017 New Zealand general election">2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2020_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2020 New Zealand general election">2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2023_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2023 New Zealand general election">2023</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Local: <a href="/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_local_elections" title="2013 New Zealand local elections">2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2016_New_Zealand_local_elections" title="2016 New Zealand local elections">2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_New_Zealand_local_elections" title="2019 New Zealand local elections">2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2022_New_Zealand_local_elections" title="2022 New Zealand local elections">2022</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_New_Zealand" title="Referendums in New Zealand">Referendums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_funding_in_New_Zealand" title="Political funding in New Zealand">Political funding and election expenses</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_New_Zealand" title="Judiciary of New Zealand">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="Supreme Court of New Zealand">Supreme Court</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_New_Zealand" title="Chief Justice of New Zealand">Chief Justice</a>: <a href="/wiki/Helen_Winkelmann" title="Helen Winkelmann">Helen Winkelmann</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_New_Zealand" title="Court of Appeal of New Zealand">Court of Appeal</a> <dl><dd>President: <a href="/wiki/Mark_Cooper_(judge)" title="Mark Cooper (judge)">Mark Cooper</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="High Court of New Zealand">High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="District Court of New Zealand">District Court</a></li> <li>Other courts: <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Employment_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="Employment Court of New Zealand">Employment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="Environment Court of New Zealand">Environment</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>Courts Martial Appeal</li></ul></div> <div class="hlist" style="white-space:nowrap;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Land_Court" title="Māori Land Court">Māori Land</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Waitangi_Tribunal" title="Waitangi Tribunal">Waitangi Tribunal</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_New_Zealand" title="Law of New Zealand">Law of New Zealand</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_New_Zealand" title="Local government in New Zealand">Local government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_New_Zealand" title="Regions of New Zealand">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_authorities_of_New_Zealand" title="Territorial authorities of New Zealand">Territorial authorities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayors_in_New_Zealand" title="Mayors in New Zealand">Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_boards_in_New_Zealand" title="Community boards in New Zealand">Community boards</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_New_Zealand" title="Foreign relations of New Zealand">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Trade_(New_Zealand)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (New Zealand)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(New_Zealand)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (New Zealand)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winston_Peters" title="Winston Peters">Winston Peters</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_New_Zealand" title="List of diplomatic missions of New Zealand">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_New_Zealand" title="List of diplomatic missions in New Zealand">in New Zealand</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_nationality_law" title="New Zealand nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_passport" title="New Zealand passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_New_Zealand_citizens" title="Visa requirements for New Zealand citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_New_Zealand" title="Visa policy of New Zealand">Visa policy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_and_the_United_Nations" title="New Zealand and the United Nations">New Zealand and the United Nations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_New_Zealand" title="Anarchism in New Zealand">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_politics_in_New_Zealand" title="Christian politics in New Zealand">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_conservatism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic conservatism in New Zealand">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_New_Zealand" title="Environmental movement in New Zealand">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascism in New Zealand">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_New_Zealand" title="Feminism in New Zealand">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_liberalism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic liberalism in New Zealand">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_New_Zealand" title="Populism in New Zealand">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_New_Zealand" title="Republicanism in New Zealand">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_New_Zealand" title="Socialism in New Zealand">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_New_Zealand" title="Political history of New Zealand">Political history of New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_voting_in_New_Zealand" title="History of voting in New Zealand">History of voting in New Zealand</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;;text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_politics" title="Māori politics">Māori politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_nuclear-free_zone" title="New Zealand nuclear-free zone">Nuclear-free zone</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/48px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/64px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_Zealand" title="Portal:New Zealand">New Zealand portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_New_Zealand" title="Template:Politics of New Zealand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_New_Zealand" title="Template talk:Politics of New Zealand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_New_Zealand" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of New Zealand"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>New Zealand parliamentary electoral system</b> has been based on the principle of <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">mixed-member proportional</a> (MMP) since the <a href="/wiki/1996_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1996 New Zealand general election">1996 election</a>. MMP was introduced following a referendum in <a href="/wiki/1993_New_Zealand_voting_method_referendum#1993_electoral_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1993 New Zealand voting method referendum">1993</a>. It replaced the <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_electoral_system" class="mw-redirect" title="First-past-the-post electoral system">first-past-the-post</a> (FPP) system New Zealand had previously used for most of its history. Under the MMP system, New Zealanders have two <a href="/wiki/Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">secret ballot</a> votes to elect members of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">Parliament</a> (MPs). The first vote is for a candidate from an <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_electorates" title="New Zealand electorates">electorate</a>, a geographic electoral district. The second is the party vote for the <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_New_Zealand" title="List of political parties in New Zealand">political party</a> the voter wants to form the government. </p><p>The timing of <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_Zealand" title="Elections in New Zealand">elections</a> is governed by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act_1986" title="Constitution Act 1986">Constitution Act 1986</a> and political conventions. Generally, parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_Zealand#General_elections" title="Elections in New Zealand">general elections</a> are held approximately every three years and are conducted by the independent <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(New_Zealand)" title="Electoral Commission (New Zealand)">Electoral Commission</a>. </p><p>New Zealand's Parliament has a <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">single house</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="New Zealand House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>, usually with 120 MPs, although the number can increase due to a small number of <a href="/wiki/Overhang_seat" title="Overhang seat">overhang seats</a>, depending on the outcome of the electoral process. The total number of MPs a party has in a <a href="/wiki/List_of_parliaments_of_New_Zealand" title="List of parliaments of New Zealand">term of parliament</a> is in principle <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">determined by its share of the party vote</a>. The <a href="/wiki/54th_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="54th New Zealand Parliament">54th Parliament</a>, elected in 2023, comprises 123 <a href="/wiki/Legislative_seat" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative seat">seats</a>: 72 were filled by <a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2023_New_Zealand_general_election#Electorate_results" title="Results of the 2023 New Zealand general election">electorate MPs</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the remaining seats filled by <a href="/wiki/List_MP" title="List MP">list MPs</a> selected from ranked <a href="/wiki/Party_lists_in_the_2023_New_Zealand_general_election" title="Party lists in the 2023 New Zealand general election">party lists</a>. </p><p>In 1893, New Zealand was the first self-governing country to grant <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">women the right to vote</a>. This meant that, theoretically, New Zealand had <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> from 1893, meaning all adults 21 years of age and older were allowed to vote (in 1969 the voting age was lowered from 21 to 20. It was lowered further to 18 in 1974).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the voting rules that applied to the European settlers did not apply to <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a>, and their situation is still unique in that <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_electorates" title="Māori electorates">seven seats</a> in Parliament are elected by Māori voters alone. </p><p>In contemporary New Zealand, generally all <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_permanent_residency" title="New Zealand permanent residency">permanent residents</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_nationality_law" title="New Zealand nationality law">citizens</a> aged 18 or older are eligible to vote. The main exceptions include citizens who have lived overseas continuously for too long, and convicted persons who are detained in a psychiatric hospital or serving a prison term of more than three years.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Term_of_parliament">Term of parliament</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Term of parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_parliaments_of_New_Zealand" title="List of parliaments of New Zealand">List of parliaments of New Zealand</a></div> <p>Although parliamentary elections are held at least every three years, this has not always been the case. In New Zealand's early colonial history, the parliamentary term could last up to five years – as established by the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Constitution_Act_1852" title="New Zealand Constitution Act 1852">New Zealand Constitution Act 1852</a>. The term was reduced to three years in 1879 because of concerns about the growing power of central government.<sup id="cite_ref-The_term_of_parliament_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_term_of_parliament-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since then, the term has been altered three times – mainly in times of international crisis. During the First World War it was extended to five years. In the early 1930s, it was pushed out to four years. This proved to be unpopular with the electorate and after the election of 1935, the term was reduced to three years again. It was extended to four years once again during the Second World War, but returned to three years afterwards. In 1956, the term of three years was '<a href="/wiki/Entrenched_clause" title="Entrenched clause">entrenched</a>' in the Electoral Act which means that it can only be changed by achieving a majority in a national referendum or by a vote of 75% of all members of Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-The_term_of_parliament_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_term_of_parliament-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013 the Government established an advisory panel to conduct a review of constitutional issues – including an examination of the term of parliament. Other issues discussed at public meetings held by the panel were the number of MPs New Zealand should have, whether a written constitution is needed, and whether all legislation should be consistent with the Bill of Rights Act.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Key" title="John Key">John Key</a> and Opposition leader <a href="/wiki/David_Shearer" title="David Shearer">David Shearer</a> expressed support for an extension of the parliamentary term to four years.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main argument put forward in support of a longer term is that "Governments need time to establish and then implement new policies". </p><p>The last referendum on the term of parliament was in <a href="/wiki/1990_New_Zealand_parliamentary_term_referendum" title="1990 New Zealand parliamentary term referendum">1990</a> and found nearly 70% of the voters were opposed to extending the term. An <a href="/wiki/1967_New_Zealand_parliamentary_term_referendum" title="1967 New Zealand parliamentary term referendum">1967 New Zealand parliamentary term referendum</a> was held, and nearly 70 of the votes were also opposed to extending the term. </p><p>An opinion poll on the news website <a href="/wiki/Stuff_(website)" title="Stuff (website)">Stuff</a> in early 2013 found that of 3,882 respondents, 61% were in favour of changing to a four-year term.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An 2020 poll found that 61% of respondents supported changing to a four-year term and 25% were against it. The rest were undecided.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Māori_seats"><span id="M.C4.81ori_seats"></span>Māori seats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Māori seats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_electorates" title="Māori electorates">Māori electorates</a></div> <p>A unique feature of New Zealand's electoral system is that a number of seats in Parliament are reserved exclusively for <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a>. However, this was not always the case. In the early colonial era, Māori could not vote in elections unless they owned land as individuals. European colonists were quite happy with this state of affairs because, according to NZ History online, "they did not think Māori were yet 'civilised' enough to exercise such an important responsibility".<sup id="cite_ref-nzhistory.net.nz_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nzhistory.net.nz-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, Māori were dealing directly with the Crown in regard to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Treaty of Waitangi">Treaty of Waitangi</a> and had little interest in the '<a href="/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81" title="Pākehā">pākehā</a> parliament'.<sup id="cite_ref-nzhistory.net.nz_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nzhistory.net.nz-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand wars">wars of the 1860s</a>, some settlers began to realise it was necessary to bring Māori into the British system if the two sides were to get along. After much debate, in 1867 Parliament passed the Maori Representation Act, which established four electorates solely for Māori. The four Māori seats were a very minor concession; the settlers had 72 seats at the time and, on a per capita basis, Māori should have got up to 16 seats.<sup id="cite_ref-nzhistory.net.nz_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nzhistory.net.nz-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All Māori men (but not women) over the age of 21 were given the right to vote and to stand for Parliament. </p><p>Full-blooded Māori had to vote in the Māori seats and only Māori with mixed parentage ('half-castes') were allowed to choose whether they voted in European electorates or Māori electorates. Some voters having the choice between the two voting systems (settler seats versus Māori seats) continued until 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-nzhistory.net.nz_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nzhistory.net.nz-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From time to time there was public discussion about whether New Zealand still needed separate seats for Māori – which some considered to be a form of apartheid. Māori were only allowed to stand for election in European seats (or general electorates) from 1967. </p><p>In 1985, a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Electoral_System" title="Royal Commission on the Electoral System">Royal Commission on the Electoral System</a> was established. It concluded that "separate seats had not helped Maori and that they would achieve better representation through a proportional party-list system". The Commission recommended that if a mixed-member proportional (MMP) system was adopted, the Māori seats should be abolished. However, most Māori wanted to keep them and the seats were not only retained under MMP, their "number would now increase or decrease according to the results (population numbers) of the regular Māori electoral option". As a result, in 1996 before the first MMP election, the number of Māori seats increased to five – the first increase in 129 years. In 2002, it went up to seven.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Developments_in_voting_rights_and_eligibility">Developments in voting rights and eligibility</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Developments in voting rights and eligibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_voting_in_New_Zealand" title="History of voting in New Zealand">History of voting in New Zealand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polling3_NZ_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Polling3_NZ_2008.jpg/220px-Polling3_NZ_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Polling3_NZ_2008.jpg/330px-Polling3_NZ_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Polling3_NZ_2008.jpg/440px-Polling3_NZ_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ballot_box" title="Ballot box">Ballot boxes</a> and voting booths at a <a href="/wiki/Polling_station" title="Polling station">voting place</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secret_ballot">Secret ballot</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Secret ballot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In European seats, the <a href="/wiki/Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">secret ballot</a> was introduced in 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Māori continued to use a verbal system – whereby electors had to tell the polling official which candidate they wanted to vote for. Māori were not allowed a secret ballot until 1938 and even voted on a different day. According to <a href="/wiki/NZ_History_online" class="mw-redirect" title="NZ History online">NZ History online</a>: "Up until 1951 Maori voted on a different day from Europeans, often several weeks later." It was not until 1951 that voting in the four Māori electorates was held on the same day as voting in the general election.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NZ History also states: "There were also no electoral rolls for the Maori seats. Electoral officials had always argued that it would be too difficult to register Maori voters (supposedly because of difficulties with language, literacy and proof of identity). Despite frequent allegations of electoral irregularities in the Maori seats, rolls were not used until the 1949 election."<sup id="cite_ref-nzhistory.net.nz_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nzhistory.net.nz-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, voters cast their secret ballot at <a href="/wiki/Polling_place" class="mw-redirect" title="Polling place">polling places</a> or via <a href="/wiki/Postal_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Postal vote">postal vote</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Special_vote" title="Special vote">Special votes</a> are cast by electors who were not enrolled or they were voting outside of their normal electorate.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Māori_representation"><span id="M.C4.81ori_representation"></span>Māori representation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Māori representation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Māori representation by four Māori members was introduced<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1868, see <a href="/wiki/First_M%C4%81ori_elections" title="First Māori elections">First Māori elections</a>. Most Māori land was held collectively, so most Māori did not meet the <a href="/wiki/Property_qualification" title="Property qualification">property qualification</a> for voting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Male_suffrage">Male suffrage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Male suffrage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Universal male suffrage was introduced in the <a href="/wiki/1881_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1881 New Zealand general election">1881 New Zealand general election</a>, following a law change in 1879.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously there had been a property qualification for voting, and this was often listed in earlier electoral rolls.<sup id="cite_ref-nineteenth-century_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nineteenth-century-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Special electorates for gold miners in the South Island for which the only qualification was holding a mining licence, the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Fields_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Gold Fields (New Zealand electorate)">Gold Fields</a> electorate and the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Field_Towns_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Gold Field Towns (New Zealand electorate)">Gold Field Towns</a> electorate took part in the <a href="/wiki/1866_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1866 New Zealand general election">1866</a>. They existed between 1862 and 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-nineteenth-century_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nineteenth-century-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_suffrage"><span id="Women.27s_suffrage"></span>Women's suffrage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Women's suffrage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">Women's suffrage in New Zealand</a></div> <p>In early colonial New Zealand, as in most Western countries, women were totally excluded from political affairs. Led by <a href="/wiki/Kate_Sheppard" title="Kate Sheppard">Kate Sheppard</a>, a women's suffrage movement began in New Zealand in the late 19th century, and the legislative council finally passed a bill allowing women to vote in 1893.<sup id="cite_ref-The_right_to_vote_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_right_to_vote-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This made New Zealand the first country in the world to give women the vote. However, they were not allowed to stand as candidates until 1919, and the first female Member of Parliament (<a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_McCombs" title="Elizabeth McCombs">Elizabeth McCombs</a>) was not elected until 1933<sup id="cite_ref-The_right_to_vote_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_right_to_vote-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 40 years later. Although there have been three female Prime Ministers (<a href="/wiki/Jenny_Shipley" title="Jenny Shipley">Jenny Shipley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Clark" title="Helen Clark">Helen Clark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Jacinda Ardern</a>), women remain somewhat under-represented in Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-The_right_to_vote_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_right_to_vote-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/2011_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2011 New Zealand general election">election in 2011</a>, 39 MPs (almost one third) were women. After the 2011 election, on a global ranking New Zealand is 21st in terms of its representation of women in Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prisoners'_right_to_vote"><span id="Prisoners.27_right_to_vote"></span>Prisoners' right to vote</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Prisoners' right to vote"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_of_prisoners_in_New_Zealand" title="Voting rights of prisoners in New Zealand">Voting rights of prisoners in New Zealand</a></div> <p>The voting rights of prisoners in New Zealand have been in a near constant state of flux since the earliest elections – currently prisoners serving terms longer than three years cannot vote.<sup id="cite_ref-Scotcher2022_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scotcher2022-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_National_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Fifth National Government of New Zealand">National government</a> passed the Electoral (Disqualification of Convicted Prisoners) Amendment Bill which removed the right of all sentenced prisoners to vote (regardless of the length of sentence imposed). The <a href="/wiki/Attorney-General_(New_Zealand)" title="Attorney-General (New Zealand)">Attorney-General</a> stated that the new law was inconsistent with the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Bill_of_Rights_Act_1990" title="New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990">Bill of Rights Act</a>, which says that "every New Zealand citizen who is over the age of 18 years has the right to vote and stand in genuine periodic elections of members of the House of Representatives".<sup id="cite_ref-Prisoners_and_the_Right_to_Vote_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prisoners_and_the_Right_to_Vote-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Electoral Disqualification Bill was also opposed by the Law Society and the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Commission_(New_Zealand)" title="Human Rights Commission (New Zealand)">Human Rights Commission</a> who pointed out that, in addition to being inconsistent with the Bill of Rights, the legislation was also incompatible with various international treaties that New Zealand is party to. </p><p>Law Society Human Rights committee member, Jonathan Temm, in a written submission, told Parliament's law and order committee that: "It is critical for the function of our democracy that we do not interfere with the right to vote." With specific reference to decisions made by courts in Canada, Australia and South Africa, and by the European Court of Human Rights in respect of the United Kingdom, she pointed out that "every comparable overseas jurisdiction has had a blanket ban (against prisoners' voting) struck down in the last 10 years".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, the Electoral Act was amended so that only persons serving a sentence of imprisonment for a term of three years or more are disenfranchised – this restores the law to the position prior to 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-Scotcher2022_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scotcher2022-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_day">Election day</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Election day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until the <a href="/wiki/1938_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1938 New Zealand general election">1938 election</a>, elections were held on a weekday. In 1938 and in <a href="/wiki/1943_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1943 New Zealand general election">1943</a>, elections were held on a Saturday. In <a href="/wiki/1946_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1946 New Zealand general election">1946</a> and <a href="/wiki/1949_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1949 New Zealand general election">1949</a>, elections were held on a Wednesday.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1950, the legal requirement to hold elections on a Saturday was introduced,<sup id="cite_ref-Key_dates_in_electoral_reform_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Key_dates_in_electoral_reform-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this first applied to the <a href="/wiki/1951_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1951 New Zealand general election">1951 election</a>. Beginning with the <a href="/wiki/1957_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1957 New Zealand general election">1957 election</a>, a convention was formed to hold general elections on the last Saturday of November. This convention was upset by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Muldoon" title="Robert Muldoon">Robert Muldoon</a> calling a snap election, which was held on Saturday 14 July <a href="/wiki/1984_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1984 New Zealand general election">1984</a>. The next year an election could have been held on the last Saturday of November would have been 1996, except the day for that election was brought forward slightly to avoid the need for a by-election after <a href="/wiki/Hawkes_Bay_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Hawkes Bay (New Zealand electorate)">Hawkes' Bay</a> MP <a href="/wiki/Michael_Laws" title="Michael Laws">Michael Laws</a> resigned in April that year (by-elections are not required if a general election is to take place within six months of the vacancy). Since then, only the <a href="/wiki/1999_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1999 New Zealand general election">1999 election</a> and <a href="/wiki/2011_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2011 New Zealand general election">2011 election</a> have been held on the traditional day. </p><p>In the twenty-first century, a new convention seems to have arisen: since the <a href="/wiki/2005_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2005 New Zealand general election">2005 election</a>, all elections except three have been held on the second-last Saturday of September. The exceptions were in 2011, which was held in November to avoid clashing with fixtures of the New Zealand-hosted <a href="/wiki/2011_Rugby_World_Cup" title="2011 Rugby World Cup">Rugby World Cup</a>, in 2020, which was delayed from the second-last Saturday of September due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, and in 2023. </p><p>Prior to 1951, elections in <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_electorates" title="Māori electorates">Māori electorates</a> were held on different days than elections in general electorates.<sup id="cite_ref-Key_dates_in_electoral_reform_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Key_dates_in_electoral_reform-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The table below shows election dates starting with the first election that was held on a Saturday in 1938:<sup id="cite_ref-General_elections_1853–2005_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-General_elections_1853–2005-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Key</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#ffdead;">Election held on last Saturday of November </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E6CCFF;">Election held on second-last Saturday of September </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#f0f0f0;"> <td align="centre"><b>Parliament</b> </td> <td align="centre"><b>general election</b> </td> <td align="centre"><b>notes</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/26th_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="26th New Zealand Parliament">26th</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1938_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1938 New Zealand general election">15 October 1938</a> </td> <td>First election held on a Saturday; Māori election held the previous day </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/27th_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="27th New Zealand Parliament">27th</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1943_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1943 New Zealand general election">25 September 1943</a> </td> <td>General election on a Saturday; Māori election held the previous day </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/28th_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="28th New Zealand Parliament">28th</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1946_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1946 New Zealand general election">27 November 1946</a> </td> <td>General election on a Wednesday; Māori election held the previous day </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/29th_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="29th New Zealand Parliament">29th</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1949_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1949 New Zealand general election">30 November 1949</a> </td> <td>General election on a Wednesday; Māori election held the previous day </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/30th_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="30th New Zealand Parliament">30th</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1951_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1951 New Zealand general election">1 September 1951</a> </td> <td>Snap election due to <a href="/wiki/1951_New_Zealand_waterfront_dispute" title="1951 New Zealand waterfront dispute">waterfront strike</a>; <p>general and Māori election legislated to be held on a Saturday from now on </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/31st_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="31st New Zealand Parliament">31st</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1954_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1954 New Zealand general election">13 November 1954</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/32nd_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="32nd New Zealand Parliament">32nd</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/1957_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1957 New Zealand general election">30 November 1957</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/33rd_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="33rd New Zealand Parliament">33rd</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/1960_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1960 New Zealand general election">26 November 1960</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/34th_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="34th New Zealand Parliament">34th</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/1963_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1963 New Zealand general election">30 November 1963</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/35th_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="35th New Zealand Parliament">35th</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/1966_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1966 New Zealand general election">26 November 1966</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/36th_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="36th New Zealand Parliament">36th</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/1969_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1969 New Zealand general election">29 November 1969</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/37th_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="37th New Zealand Parliament">37th</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/1972_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1972 New Zealand general election">25 November 1972</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/38th_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="38th New Zealand Parliament">38th</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/1975_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1975 New Zealand general election">29 November 1975</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/39th_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="39th New Zealand Parliament">39th</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/1978_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1978 New Zealand general election">25 November 1978</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/40th_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="40th New Zealand Parliament">40th</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/1981_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1981 New Zealand general election">28 November 1981</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/41st_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="41st New Zealand Parliament">41st</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1984_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1984 New Zealand general election">14 July 1984</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Muldoon" title="Robert Muldoon">Muldoon</a>'s snap election </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/42nd_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="42nd New Zealand Parliament">42nd</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1987_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1987 New Zealand general election">15 August 1987</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/43rd_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="43rd New Zealand Parliament">43rd</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1990_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1990 New Zealand general election">27 October 1990</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/44th_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="44th New Zealand Parliament">44th</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1993_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1993 New Zealand general election">6 November 1993</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/45th_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="45th New Zealand Parliament">45th</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1996_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1996 New Zealand general election">12 October 1996</a> </td> <td>Called early to circumvent a by-election in <a href="/wiki/Hawkes_Bay_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Hawkes Bay (New Zealand electorate)">Hawkes Bay</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/46th_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="46th New Zealand Parliament">46th</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/1999_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1999 New Zealand general election">27 November 1999</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/47th_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="47th New Zealand Parliament">47th</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2002_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2002 New Zealand general election">27 July 2002</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Helen_Clark" title="Helen Clark">Clark</a>'s early election </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/48th_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="48th New Zealand Parliament">48th</a> </td> <td style="background:#E6CCFF;"><a href="/wiki/2005_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2005 New Zealand general election">17 September 2005</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/49th_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="49th New Zealand Parliament">49th</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2008_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2008 New Zealand general election">8 November 2008</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/50th_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="50th New Zealand Parliament">50th</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/2011_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2011 New Zealand general election">26 November 2011</a> </td> <td>First election where date announced at beginning of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/51st_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="51st New Zealand Parliament">51st</a> </td> <td style="background:#E6CCFF;"><a href="/wiki/2014_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2014 New Zealand general election">20 September 2014</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/52nd_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="52nd New Zealand Parliament">52nd</a> </td> <td style="background:#E6CCFF;"><a href="/wiki/2017_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2017 New Zealand general election">23 September 2017</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/53rd_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="53rd New Zealand Parliament">53rd</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2020_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2020 New Zealand general election">17 October 2020</a> </td> <td>Postponed to this date from <span style="background:#E6CCFF;">19 September 2020</span>, due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand">COVID-19 pandemic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/54th_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="54th New Zealand Parliament">54th</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2023_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2023 New Zealand general election">14 October 2023</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Advance_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Advance voting">Advance voting</a> is also available in the two weeks before election day; voters can visit polling places during this period. In the 2020 election, 57% of voters cast an advanced vote.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mixed-member_proportional_(MMP)_representation"><span id="Mixed-member_proportional_.28MMP.29_representation"></span>Mixed-member proportional (MMP) representation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mixed-member proportional (MMP) representation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Zealand_MMP_voting_paper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/New_Zealand_MMP_voting_paper.jpg/250px-New_Zealand_MMP_voting_paper.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="374" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/New_Zealand_MMP_voting_paper.jpg/375px-New_Zealand_MMP_voting_paper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/New_Zealand_MMP_voting_paper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>A sample MMP ballot paper</figcaption></figure> <p>Until 1994, New Zealand used the <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post</a> (FPP) electoral system, whereby the candidate who received the most votes in each single-member constituency was elected from that constituency. This system favoured the <a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">two-party dominance</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party" title="New Zealand National Party">National Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">Labour Party</a>. Smaller parties found it hard to gain representation; for example, despite gaining 16% of the vote in 1978 and 21% in 1981, the <a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_(New_Zealand)" title="Social Credit Party (New Zealand)">New Zealand Social Credit Party</a> won only one and two seats, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spurred by public disillusionment in the political system, Labour campaigned in 1981 and 1984 on a promise to establish a Royal Commission into the electoral system. Following their election into government in 1984, Labour established the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Electoral_System" title="Royal Commission on the Electoral System">Royal Commission on the Electoral System</a>, and the commission's 1986 report recommended the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">mixed-member proportional representation</a> (MMP). After the government sidelining the issue for years, the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_National_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Fourth National Government of New Zealand">Bolger National government</a> responded to public pressure by holding an <a href="/wiki/Electoral_reform_in_New_Zealand" title="Electoral reform in New Zealand">indicative referendum</a> on the electoral system in 1992. With a turnout of 55 percent, an overwhelming majority of 85 percent voted for change, and 70 percent preferred MMP. A second, <a href="/wiki/Electoral_reform_in_New_Zealand" title="Electoral reform in New Zealand">binding referendum</a> was held in 1993 asking voters to choose between FPP and MMP; with a turnout of 85 percent, MMP won the vote by 54 to 46 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1994, Parliament officially adopted an MMP electoral system. Its defining characteristic is a mix of members of Parliament (MPs) from single-seat electorates and MPs elected from a party list, with each party's share of seats determined by its share of the party vote nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first MMP election was held in 1996. As a result, National and Labour usually lost their complete dominance in the House. Neither party would again have a majority of seats, and run a majority government, until the <a href="/wiki/2020_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2020 New Zealand general election">2020 election</a> saw Labour winning 65 of the 120 seats. </p><p>Under MMP, New Zealand voters have two votes. The first vote is the <i>electorate vote</i>. It determines the local representative for that <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_electorates" title="New Zealand electorates">electorate</a> (geographic electoral district). (See also: <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Electoral_boundaries">Electoral boundaries</a>). The electorate vote works on a plurality system whereby whichever candidate gets the greatest number of votes in each electorate wins the seat. The second vote is the <i>party vote</i>. This determines the number of seats each party is entitled to overall – in other words, the proportionality of the House. </p><p>There are two thresholds in the New Zealand MMP system:<sup id="cite_ref-Proposals_Paper_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proposals_Paper-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Any party which receives 5% or more of the party vote (the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_threshold" title="Electoral threshold">electoral threshold</a>) is entitled to a share of the nominally 120 seats in the House of Representatives even if the party does not win an electorate seat.<sup id="cite_ref-Sainte-Laguë_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sainte-Laguë-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, in the 2008 election, the Green Party failed to win any electorate seats, but won 6.7% of the party vote and so earned nine seats in Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-Proposals_Paper_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proposals_Paper-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Any party that wins one or more electorate seats (the electorate threshold) is entitled to a share of the nominally 120 seats in the House of Representatives, based on the percentage of the party vote, even if it does not win at least 5% of the party vote.<sup id="cite_ref-Sainte-Laguë_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sainte-Laguë-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, the ACT Party won only 3.6% of the party vote, but ACT got a total of five seats in the House because an ACT candidate won the <a href="/wiki/Epsom_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Epsom (New Zealand electorate)">Epsom</a> electorate; this has been called the "coat-tailing" rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Proposals_Paper_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proposals_Paper-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Seats in parliament are allocated to electorate MPs first, and then parties fulfil their remaining quota (based on their share of the party vote) from their list members. A <a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">closed list</a> is used, and list seats are allocated by the <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method" title="Sainte-Laguë method">Sainte-Laguë method</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Sainte-Laguë_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sainte-Laguë-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which favours minor parties more than the alternative <a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a party has more electoral district seats than it is entitled to based on the proportional party vote, then it receives <a href="/wiki/Overhang_seat" title="Overhang seat">overhang seats</a>. A party is allowed to keep any overhang seats it wins and the other parties are not awarded compensation seats.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This first occurred following the 2005 general election, when the Māori Party won 4 electorates, despite its overall party vote (2.1%) only entitling it to 3 seats; thus, it received one overhang seat and the 48th Parliament subsequently consisted of 121 MPs.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only parties registered with the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(New_Zealand)" title="Electoral Commission (New Zealand)">Electoral Commission</a> can submit party lists; unregistered parties can contest elections but cannot provide party lists.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all registered parties submit a party list. Reasons for this may vary and include missing the deadline. The following registered parties did not submit party lists: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>General election </th> <th>Party </th> <th>Source </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1996_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1996 New Zealand general election">1996</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Republican_Party_(1995)" title="New Zealand Republican Party (1995)">Republican Party</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/1999_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1999 New Zealand general election">1999</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asia_Pacific_United_Party" title="Asia Pacific United Party">Asia Pacific United Party</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mana_Wahine_Te_Ira_Tangata" title="Mana Wahine Te Ira Tangata">Mana Wahine Te Ira Tangata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Te_Tawharau" title="Te Tawharau">Te Tawharau</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2002_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2002 New Zealand general election">2002</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Libertarianz" title="Libertarianz">Libertarianz</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2005_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2005 New Zealand general election">2005</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">n/a </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2008_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2008 New Zealand general election">2008</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2011_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2011 New Zealand general election">2011</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/2014_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2014 New Zealand general election">2014</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alliance_(New_Zealand_political_party)" title="Alliance (New Zealand political party)">Alliance</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Internet_Party_(New_Zealand)" title="Internet Party (New Zealand)">Internet Party</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mana_Movement" title="Mana Movement">Mana Movement</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2017_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2017 New Zealand general election">2017</a> </td> <td>n/a </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2020_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2020 New Zealand general election">2020</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mana_Movement" title="Mana Movement">Mana Movement</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2023_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2023 New Zealand general election">2023</a> </td> <td>Democratic Alliance </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The 2014 case of the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Party_(New_Zealand)" title="Internet Party (New Zealand)">Internet Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mana_Movement" title="Mana Movement">Mana Movement</a> not submitting lists was due to their forming an electoral alliance called <a href="/wiki/Internet_Party_and_Mana_Movement" title="Internet Party and Mana Movement">Internet MANA</a>. This alliance had to be registered as a separate party, but the individual component parties were not deregistered, and are thus listed as not having submitted a list. Internet Mana was deregistered in December 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strategic_voting">Strategic voting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Strategic voting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Strategic_voting" title="Strategic voting">Strategic (or tactical) voting</a> in New Zealand mainly refers to <a href="/wiki/Split-ticket_voting" title="Split-ticket voting">ticket splitting</a>, where voters give their party vote to Party A and their candidate vote to a candidate from Party B.<sup id="cite_ref-Moser-Scheiner2005_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moser-Scheiner2005-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two largest parties, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party" title="New Zealand National Party">National</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">Labour</a>, have in some instances facilitated this by encouraging their own supporters to vote for the candidates of a smaller party they would like to work with to form a government, especially where the smaller party is not likely to otherwise be represented in Parliament. In addition, candidates of some smaller parties, such as the <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Aotearoa_New_Zealand" title="Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand">Green Party</a>, encourage strategic voting in some electorates they consider they are not likely to win by asking only for voters' party votes and not their candidate votes.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples where strategic voting was encouraged under MMP include: </p> <ul><li>National Party leaders <a href="/wiki/Jim_Bolger" title="Jim Bolger">Jim Bolger</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Key" title="John Key">John Key</a> indicating to voters in <a href="/wiki/Wellington_Central_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Wellington Central (New Zealand electorate)">Wellington Central</a> (in <a href="/wiki/1996_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1996 New Zealand general election">1996</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Epsom_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Epsom (New Zealand electorate)">Epsom</a> (in <a href="/wiki/2011_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2011 New Zealand general election">2011</a> and <a href="/wiki/2014_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2014 New Zealand general election">2014</a>) to vote for the <a href="/wiki/ACT_New_Zealand" title="ACT New Zealand">ACT New Zealand</a> candidate rather than the National candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-endorsement_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-endorsement-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Labour Party leader <a href="/wiki/Helen_Clark" title="Helen Clark">Helen Clark</a> endorsing Green Party co-leader <a href="/wiki/Jeanette_Fitzsimons" title="Jeanette Fitzsimons">Jeanette Fitzsimons</a> for the candidate vote in <a href="/wiki/Coromandel_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Coromandel (New Zealand electorate)">Coromandel</a> in <a href="/wiki/1999_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1999 New Zealand general election">1999</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>National Party leader <a href="/wiki/Bill_English" title="Bill English">Bill English</a> and National candidate <a href="/wiki/Brett_Hudson_(politician)" title="Brett Hudson (politician)">Brett Hudson</a> endorsing Hudson's <a href="/wiki/United_Future" title="United Future">United Future</a> opponent <a href="/wiki/Peter_Dunne" title="Peter Dunne">Peter Dunne</a> in Ōhariu in <a href="/wiki/2017_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2017 New Zealand general election">2017</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Strategic voting, in the traditional sense of voter voting for a less-preferred candidate or party, may still occur where the voter considers their preferred candidate or party may not pass one of the two thresholds. When smaller parties are widely predicted, through political opinion polling, to surpass the electoral threshold, there may be fewer imperatives for strategic voting.<sup id="cite_ref-Small2023_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Small2023-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2011_referendum_and_Electoral_Commission_2012_report">2011 referendum and Electoral Commission 2012 report</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2011 referendum and Electoral Commission 2012 report"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/2011_New_Zealand_voting_system_referendum" title="2011 New Zealand voting system referendum">referendum on the voting system</a> was held in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/2011_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2011 New Zealand general election">2011 general election</a>, with 57.8% of voters voting to keep the existing mixed member proportional (MMP) voting system. Under the Electoral Referendum Act 2010, the majority vote automatically triggered an independent review of the workings of the system by the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Electoral_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Electoral Commission">Electoral Commission</a>. </p><p>The Commission released a consultation paper in February 2012 calling for public submissions on ways to improve the MMP system, with the focus put on six areas: basis of eligibility for list seats (thresholds), by-election candidates, dual candidacy, order of candidates on party lists, overhang, and proportion of electorate seats to list seats. The Commission released its proposal paper for consultation in August 2012, before publishing its final report on 29 October 2012. In the report, the Commission recommended the following:<sup id="cite_ref-MMPproposal_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MMPproposal-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Reducing the party vote threshold from 5 percent to 4 percent. If the 4 percent threshold is introduced, it should be reviewed after three general elections.</li> <li>Abolishing the one electorate seat threshold – a party must cross the party vote threshold to gain list seats.</li> <li>Abolishing the provision of overhang seats for parties not reaching the threshold – the extra electorates would be made up at the expense of list seats to retain 120 MPs</li> <li>Retaining the status quo for by-election candidacy and dual candidacy.</li> <li>Retaining the status quo with closed party lists, but increasing scrutiny in selection of list candidates to ensure parties comply with their own party rules.</li> <li>Parliament should give consideration to fixing the ratio between electorate seats and list seats at 60:40 (72:48 in a 120-seat parliament)</li></ul> <p>Parliament is responsible for implementing any changes to the system, which has been largely unchanged since it was introduced in 1994 for the <a href="/wiki/1996_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1996 New Zealand general election">1996 election</a>. In November 2012, a <a href="/wiki/Private_member%27s_bill" title="Private member's bill">private member's bill</a> under the name of opposition Labour Party member <a href="/wiki/Iain_Lees-Galloway" title="Iain Lees-Galloway">Iain Lees-Galloway</a> was put forward to implement the first two recommendations, but the bill was not chosen in the member's bill ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2014, <a href="/wiki/Judith_Collins" title="Judith Collins">Judith Collins</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Key" title="John Key">John Key</a> said that there was no inter-party consensus on implementing the results of the Commission, so they would not introduce any legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2024_electoral_review">2024 electoral review</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 2024 electoral review"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 2021, the Labour government announced an independent review of New Zealand's electoral law, including aspects of the MMP system.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scope of the review has been set in its terms of reference.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It examined: </p> <ul><li>the overall design of the legislative framework for the electoral system</li> <li>maintaining a fit-for-purpose electoral regime for voters, parties and candidates</li> <li>previous recommendations</li> <li>the term of Parliament.</li></ul> <p>The independent panel leading the review was announced in May 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ministry of Justice published the panel's report on 16 January 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_boundaries">Electoral boundaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Electoral boundaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The number of electorates to be represented in Parliament is calculated in three steps. The less-populated of New Zealand's two principal islands, the <a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a>, has a fixed quota of 16 general electorates. The number of electorates for <a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a> general electors and <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_electorates" title="Māori electorates">Māori electors</a> is calculated so that each electorate across New Zealand has the same number of constituents, within a tolerance of plus or minus 5%. The number of electorates is recalculated, and boundaries redrawn where necessary, after each <a href="/wiki/Quinquennial" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinquennial">quinquennial</a> (five-year) <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_census" title="New Zealand census">New Zealand census</a>. </p><p>Since the boundary review following the 2001 census, there have been 7 Māori electorates. The number of general electorates in the North Island is generally increasing due to disproportional population growth between the North and South Islands. Accordingly, the number of North Island electorates has increased from 44 to 49 since 1996. For each additional electorate created, one fewer list seat is available. At the <a href="/wiki/2023_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2023 New Zealand general election">2023 election</a> there were 65 general electorates and 7 Māori electorates. The next boundary review is expected to take place before the <a href="/wiki/Next_New_Zealand_general_election" title="Next New Zealand general election">next election</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Representation_statistics">Representation statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Representation statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Gallagher_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallagher Index">Gallagher Index</a> is a measurement of how closely the proportions of votes cast for each party is reflected in the number of parliamentary seats gained by that party. The resultant disproportionality figure is a percentage – the lower the index, the better the match.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Disproportionality<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Number of Parties in Parliament </th></tr> <tr> <td>1946–1993 average</td> <td>11.10%</td> <td>2.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1996_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1996 New Zealand general election">1996</a></td> <td>3.43%</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1999_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1999 New Zealand general election">1999</a></td> <td>2.97%</td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2002_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2002 New Zealand general election">2002</a></td> <td>2.37%</td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2005_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2005 New Zealand general election">2005</a></td> <td>1.13%</td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2008_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2008 New Zealand general election">2008</a></td> <td>3.84%</td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2011_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2011 New Zealand general election">2011</a></td> <td>2.38%</td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2014_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2014 New Zealand general election">2014</a> </td> <td>3.82% </td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2017_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2017 New Zealand general election">2017</a> </td> <td>2.70% </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2020_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2020 New Zealand general election">2020</a> </td> <td>4.16% </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2023_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2023 New Zealand general election">2023</a> </td> <td>2.63% </td> <td>6 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_parties">Political parties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Political parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_New_Zealand" title="List of political parties in New Zealand">List of political parties in New Zealand</a></div> <p>As of March 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system_of_New_Zealand&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there are 19 registered <a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in New Zealand">political parties in New Zealand</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but many other minor parties have registered and deregistered over time since the introduction of MMP </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Party name</th> <th>Founded</th> <th>Registered (under MMP)</th> <th>In parliament </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ACT_New_Zealand" title="ACT New Zealand">ACT New Zealand</a></td> <td>1994</td> <td>17 February 1995</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_Party_Aotearoa_New_Zealand" title="Animal Justice Party Aotearoa New Zealand">Animal Justice Party</a> </td> <td>2022 </td> <td>16 August 2023</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aotearoa_Legalise_Cannabis_Party" title="Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party">Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party</a></td> <td>1990</td> <td>30 May 1996</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Democratic Alliance </td> <td>2023 </td> <td>28 August 2023</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Freedoms_New_Zealand" title="Freedoms New Zealand">Freedoms New Zealand</a></td> <td>2022</td> <td>15 February 2023</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leighton_Baker_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Leighton Baker Party">Leighton Baker Party</a> </td> <td>2023 </td> <td>16 August 2023</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Conservative_Party_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Conservative Party (New Zealand)">New Conservatives</a></td> <td>2011</td> <td>6 October 2011</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Nation_Party" title="New Nation Party">New Nation Party</a></td> <td>2022</td> <td>12 April 2023</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_First" title="New Zealand First">New Zealand First</a></td> <td>1993</td> <td>20 December 1994</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">New Zealand Labour Party</a></td> <td>1916</td> <td>17 February 1995</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Loyal" title="New Zealand Loyal">New Zealand Loyal</a> </td> <td>2023 </td> <td>28 August 2023</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NewZeal" title="NewZeal">NewZeal</a></td> <td>2020</td> <td>9 July 2020</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NZ_Outdoors_%26_Freedom_Party" title="NZ Outdoors & Freedom Party">NZ Outdoors & Freedom Party</a></td> <td>2015</td> <td>11 August 2017</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Te_P%C4%81ti_M%C4%81ori" title="Te Pāti Māori">Te Pāti Māori</a></td> <td>2004</td> <td>9 July 2004</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Aotearoa_New_Zealand" title="Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand">The Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand</a></td> <td>1990</td> <td>17 August 1995</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party" title="New Zealand National Party">The New Zealand National Party</a></td> <td>1936</td> <td>2 December 1994</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Opportunities_Party" title="The Opportunities Party">The Opportunities Party (TOP)</a></td> <td>2016</td> <td>6 March 2017</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vision_NZ" title="Vision NZ">Vision NZ</a></td> <td>2019</td> <td>4 December 2019</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rights_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Rights Party">Women's Rights Party</a> </td> <td>2023 </td> <td>28 August 2023</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Act_1993" title="Electoral Act 1993">Electoral Act 1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_reform_in_New_Zealand" title="Electoral reform in New Zealand">Electoral reform in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_funding_in_New_Zealand" title="Political funding in New Zealand">Political funding in New Zealand</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">including an MP elected in a <a href="/wiki/2023_Port_Waikato_by-election" title="2023 Port Waikato by-election">by-election</a> held shortly after the general election</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson2018" class="citation web cs1">Atkinson, Neil (17 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/voting-rights">"Voting Rights"</a>. <i>Te Ara- The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+Ara-+The+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Voting+Rights&rft.date=2018-05-17&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fvoting-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+system+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/419769/prisoner-voting-bill-passes-in-chaotic-night-at-parliament">"Prisoner voting bill passes in chaotic night at Parliament"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/RNZ" class="mw-redirect" title="RNZ">RNZ</a></i>. 25 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RNZ&rft.atitle=Prisoner+voting+bill+passes+in+chaotic+night+at+Parliament&rft.date=2020-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnz.co.nz%2Fnews%2Fpolitical%2F419769%2Fprisoner-voting-bill-passes-in-chaotic-night-at-parliament&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+system+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_term_of_parliament-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_term_of_parliament_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_term_of_parliament_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150125030327/http://www.elections.org.nz/sites/default/files/bulk-upload/documents/Chapter%206%20the%20term%20of%20parliament.pdf">"The term of parliament"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elections.org.nz/sites/default/files/bulk-upload/documents/Chapter%206%20the%20term%20of%20parliament.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+term+of+parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elections.org.nz%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fbulk-upload%2Fdocuments%2FChapter%25206%2520the%2520term%2520of%2520parliament.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+system+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Publications/Constitutional-Advisory-Panel-Full-Report-2013.pdf">"Constitutional Advisory Panel Full Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.justice.govt.nz</i>. Nzherald.co.nz. November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.justice.govt.nz&rft.atitle=Constitutional+Advisory+Panel+Full+Report&rft.date=2013-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.govt.nz%2Fassets%2FDocuments%2FPublications%2FConstitutional-Advisory-Panel-Full-Report-2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+system+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/politics/news/article.cfm?c_id=280&objectid=10864096">"Editorial: Four year term better for country"</a>. Nzherald.co.nz. 8 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Editorial%3A+Four+year+term+better+for+country&rft.date=2013-02-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fpolitics%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D280%26objectid%3D10864096&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+system+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMace2013" class="citation news cs1">Mace, William (2 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/industries/8371855/Support-from-business-for-longer-terms">"Support from business for longer terms"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Stuff_(website)" title="Stuff (website)">Stuff</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stuff&rft.atitle=Support+from+business+for+longer+terms&rft.date=2013-03-02&rft.aulast=Mace&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Fbusiness%2Findustries%2F8371855%2FSupport-from-business-for-longer-terms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+system+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/431221/support-growing-for-four-year-parliamentary-term-poll-shows">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nzhistory.net.nz-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nzhistory.net.nz_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nzhistory.net.nz_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nzhistory.net.nz_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nzhistory.net.nz_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nzhistory.net.nz_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/maori-and-the-vote/setting-up-seats">"Māori and the vote: Setting up the Māori seats"</a>. <i>New Zealand History</i>. 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Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 12 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+History&rft.atitle=M%C4%81ori+and+the+vote%3A+Change+in+the+20th+century&rft.date=2016-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnzhistory.govt.nz%2Fpolitics%2Fmaori-and-the-vote%2Ftwentieth-century&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+system+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1985" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, James Oakley (1985) [First ed. published 1913]. <i>New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984</i> (4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. 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New Zealand Ministry of Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Final+Report%3A+Executive+Summary&rft.pub=New+Zealand+Ministry+of+Justice&rft.au=Independent+Electoral+Review&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.govt.nz%2Fassets%2FDocuments%2FPublications%2FIndependent-Electoral-Review-Final-Report-Executive-Summary-and-List-of-Recommendations.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+system+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Levine and Nigel S. Roberts, <i>The Baubles of Office: The New Zealand General Election of 2005</i> (Wellington: Victoria University Press, 2007), pp.33–4 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86473-539-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86473-539-3">978-0-86473-539-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagher" class="citation web cs1">Gallagher, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcd.ie/Political_Science/staff/michael_gallagher/ElSystems/Docts/ElectionIndices.pdf">"Election indices"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Election+indices&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcd.ie%2FPolitical_Science%2Fstaff%2Fmichael_gallagher%2FElSystems%2FDocts%2FElectionIndices.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+system+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11930690">"Political Roundup: Time to scrap or reduce the 5% MMP threshold"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald" title="The New Zealand Herald">The New Zealand Herald</a></i>. 7 October 2017. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1170-0777">1170-0777</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=Political+Roundup%3A+Time+to+scrap+or+reduce+the+5%25+MMP+threshold&rft.date=2017-10-07&rft.issn=1170-0777&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fnz%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D1%26objectid%3D11930690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+system+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elections.org.nz/parties-candidates/registered-political-parties/register-political-parties">"Register of political parties"</a>. Electoral Commission<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Register+of+political+parties&rft.pub=Electoral+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elections.org.nz%2Fparties-candidates%2Fregistered-political-parties%2Fregister-political-parties&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+system+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130212135713/http://www.mmpreview.org.nz/about-mmp">The MMP Voting System – Mixed Member Proportional</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060410130617/http://www.elections.org.nz/mmp/sainte_lague.html">Sainte-Laguë allocation formula</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130209085024/http://www.elections.org.nz/calculator/">Virtual Election Calculator</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Parliament_of_NZ" title="Template:Parliament of NZ"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Parliament_of_NZ" title="Template talk:Parliament of NZ"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Parliament_of_NZ" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Parliament of NZ"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Parliament_of_New_Zealand" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">Parliament of New Zealand</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">Monarch</a> (represented by the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand" title="Governor-General of New Zealand">Governor-General</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Legislative_Council_(1841%E2%80%931853)" title="New Zealand Legislative Council (1841–1853)">Legislative Council</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1841–1853)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Legislative_Council" title="New Zealand Legislative Council">Legislative Council</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(1853–1950)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="New Zealand House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="699" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:House_of_Representatives_crest.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/House_of_Representatives_crest.png/100px-House_of_Representatives_crest.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/House_of_Representatives_crest.png/150px-House_of_Representatives_crest.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/House_of_Representatives_crest.png/200px-House_of_Representatives_crest.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parliamentary<br />officers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative Council</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_New_Zealand_Legislative_Council" title="List of speakers of the New Zealand Legislative Council">Speaker of the Legislative Council</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_Committees_(New_Zealand_Legislative_Council)" title="Chairman of Committees (New Zealand Legislative Council)">Chairman of Committees</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Legislative_Council" title="Leader of the Legislative Council">Leader of the Legislative Council</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(defunct)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House of<br />Representatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives">Speaker of the House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_Committees_(New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives)" title="Chairman of Committees (New Zealand House of Representatives)">Chairman of Committees</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Clerk_of_the_House_of_Representatives" title="Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives">Clerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_(New_Zealand)" title="Leader of the House (New Zealand)">Leader of the House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministers_in_the_New_Zealand_Government" title="Ministers in the New Zealand Government">Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(New_Zealand)" title="Leader of the Opposition (New Zealand)">Leader of the Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_(New_Zealand)" title="Official Opposition (New Zealand)">Shadow Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Leader_of_the_House_(New_Zealand)" title="Shadow Leader of the House (New Zealand)">Shadow Leader of the House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_whip_(New_Zealand)" title="Party whip (New Zealand)">Whips</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative Council</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_squad_(New_Zealand)" title="Suicide squad (New Zealand)">Abolition of the Legislative Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_New_Zealand_Legislative_Council" title="List of members of the New Zealand Legislative Council">Members of the Legislative Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House of<br />Representatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/54th_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="54th New Zealand Parliament">Current</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(<a href="/wiki/53rd_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="53rd New Zealand Parliament">previous</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest-serving_members_of_the_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="List of longest-serving members of the New Zealand Parliament">30+ years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_House_(New_Zealand)" title="Father of the House (New Zealand)">Father or Mother of the House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_of_the_House#New_Zealand" title="Baby of the House">Baby of the House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Procedure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speech_from_the_throne" title="Speech from the throne">Speech from the throne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Question_time#New_Zealand" title="Question time">Question Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_(legislature)" title="Reading (legislature)">Readings of bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_member%27s_bill#New_Zealand" title="Private member's bill">Members' bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives_committees" title="New Zealand House of Representatives committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Consent" title="King's Consent">King's Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_Zealand" title="Elections in New Zealand">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2023 New Zealand general election">Previous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_New_Zealand_general_election" title="Next New Zealand general election">Next</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parliaments_of_New_Zealand" title="List of parliaments of New Zealand">List</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electoral system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">Mixed-member proportional</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(current)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(previously)</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_electorates" title="New Zealand electorates">Electorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_by-elections" title="List of New Zealand by-elections">By-elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_appointments_to_the_New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="List of appointments to the New Zealand House of Representatives">Appointments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_supplementary_elections" title="New Zealand supplementary elections">Supplementary elections</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caretaker_government" title="Caretaker government">Caretaker government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_House" title="General Assembly House">General Assembly House</a>, Auckland <span style="font-size:90%;">(demolished)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Wellington" title="Parliament House, Wellington">Parliament House, Wellington</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(current)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beehive_(New_Zealand)" title="Beehive (New Zealand)">Beehive</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(current executive wing)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliamentary_Library" title="New Zealand Parliamentary Library">Parliamentary Library</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(current)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_House" title="Bowen House">Bowen House</a> <span style="font-size:90%;">(current)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Parliamentary_Association" title="Commonwealth Parliamentary Association">Commonwealth Parliamentary Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislature_broadcasters_in_New_Zealand" title="Legislature broadcasters in New Zealand">Legislature broadcasters in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Debates_(Hansard)" title="Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)"><i>Parliamentary Debates</i> (Hansard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waka-jumping" title="Waka-jumping">Waka-jumping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system_of_New_Zealand&oldid=1258712680">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system_of_New_Zealand&oldid=1258712680</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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