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branches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Links_and_branches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Merger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Merger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Merger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Merger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-London_and_Birmingham_railway_gallery_for_1838" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#London_and_Birmingham_railway_gallery_for_1838"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>London and Birmingham railway gallery for 1838</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-London_and_Birmingham_railway_gallery_for_1838-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">London & Birmingham Railway</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:London_%26_Birmingham_Railway_Coat_of_Arms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/London_%26_Birmingham_Railway_Coat_of_Arms.jpg/250px-London_%26_Birmingham_Railway_Coat_of_Arms.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/London_%26_Birmingham_Railway_Coat_of_Arms.jpg/375px-London_%26_Birmingham_Railway_Coat_of_Arms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/London_%26_Birmingham_Railway_Coat_of_Arms.jpg/500px-London_%26_Birmingham_Railway_Coat_of_Arms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="2009" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">London & Birmingham Railway coat of arms on the original Euston station gates displayed at the <a href="/wiki/National_Railway_Museum" title="National Railway Museum">National Railway Museum</a> in York</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates of operation</th><td class="infobox-data">1833–1846</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/London_and_North_Western_Railway" title="London and North Western Railway">London and North Western Railway</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Technical</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge" title="Track gauge">Track gauge</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span> (<span class="nowrap">1,435 mm</span>) <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1249493202">.mw-parser-output .RMbox{box-shadow:0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.14),0 1px 5px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.12),0 3px 1px -2px rgba(0,0,0,.2)}.mw-parser-output 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dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:left;margin-right:5px;white-space:nowrap"><ul class="navbar-brackets" style="font-size:113.63636363636%;color:#FFF"><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:London_and_Birmingham_Railway" title="Template:London and Birmingham Railway"><abbr title="View this template" style="font-size:113.63636363636%;color:#FFF">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:London_and_Birmingham_Railway" title="Template talk:London and Birmingham Railway"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="font-size:113.63636363636%;color:#FFF">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:London_and_Birmingham_Railway" title="Special:EditPage/Template:London and Birmingham Railway"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="font-size:113.63636363636%;color:#FFF">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div style="margin-left:55px"><div style="white-space:nowrap;margin-right:55px;font-size:113.63636363636%">London and<br />Birmingham Railway</div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height:normal;padding:4px 5px"><div class="selfreference noprint" style="text-align:right;font-size:97%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Railway_line_legend" title="Template:Railway line legend">Legend</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="border-bottom: 5px solid var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);padding:3px 5px;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;color:#252525;background:#EEEEEE"><div style="margin:0;font-size:113.63636363636%">1837 – July 1846</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 6px"> <table class="nogrid routemap" style="font-size:107.95454545455%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="KBHFa"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BSicon_KBHFa.svg/20px-BSicon_KBHFa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BSicon_KBHFa.svg/30px-BSicon_KBHFa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BSicon_KBHFa.svg/40px-BSicon_KBHFa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Curzon_Street_railway_station_(1838%E2%80%931966)" title="Birmingham Curzon Street railway station (1838–1966)">Birmingham Curzon Street</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="pHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/20px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/30px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/40px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hampton-in-Arden_railway_station" title="Hampton-in-Arden railway station">Hampton-in-Arden</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="BHF"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/20px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/30px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/40px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Coventry_railway_station" title="Coventry railway station">Coventry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="pHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/20px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/30px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/40px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Brandon_and_Wolston_railway_station" title="Brandon and Wolston railway station">Brandon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="KBHFxe"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/BSicon_KBHFxe.svg/20px-BSicon_KBHFxe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/BSicon_KBHFxe.svg/30px-BSicon_KBHFxe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/BSicon_KBHFxe.svg/40px-BSicon_KBHFxe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HORSECAR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/BSicon_HORSECAR.svg/20px-BSicon_HORSECAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/BSicon_HORSECAR.svg/30px-BSicon_HORSECAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/BSicon_HORSECAR.svg/40px-BSicon_HORSECAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rugby_railway_station" title="Rugby railway station">Rugby</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exTUNNEL1"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/BSicon_exTUNNEL1.svg/20px-BSicon_exTUNNEL1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/BSicon_exTUNNEL1.svg/30px-BSicon_exTUNNEL1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/BSicon_exTUNNEL1.svg/40px-BSicon_exTUNNEL1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><a href="/wiki/Kilsby_Tunnel" title="Kilsby Tunnel">Kilsby Tunnel</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit">1 mi 656 yd</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit">2.21 km</td></tr></tbody></table> )</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="expHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/BSicon_expHST.svg/20px-BSicon_expHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/BSicon_expHST.svg/30px-BSicon_expHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/BSicon_expHST.svg/40px-BSicon_expHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Welton_railway_station" title="Welton railway station">Crick</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Weedon_railway_station" title="Weedon railway station">Weedon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Blisworth_railway_station" title="Blisworth railway station">Blisworth</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="expHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/BSicon_expHST.svg/20px-BSicon_expHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/BSicon_expHST.svg/30px-BSicon_expHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/BSicon_expHST.svg/40px-BSicon_expHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Roade_railway_station" title="Roade railway station">Roade</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/20px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/30px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/BSicon_exHST.svg/40px-BSicon_exHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Wolverton_railway_station" title="Wolverton railway station">Wolverton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="KHSTxa"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BSicon_KHSTxa.svg/20px-BSicon_KHSTxa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BSicon_KHSTxa.svg/30px-BSicon_KHSTxa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BSicon_KHSTxa.svg/40px-BSicon_KHSTxa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HORSECAR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/BSicon_HORSECAR.svg/20px-BSicon_HORSECAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/BSicon_HORSECAR.svg/30px-BSicon_HORSECAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/BSicon_HORSECAR.svg/40px-BSicon_HORSECAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Denbigh_Hall_railway_station" title="Denbigh Hall railway station">Denbigh Hall</a> <div class="RMsi">(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit">closed</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit">1838</td></tr></tbody></table> )</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="pHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/20px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/30px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/40px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bletchley_railway_station" title="Bletchley railway station">Bletchley</a> <div class="RMsi">(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit">opened</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit">1838</td></tr></tbody></table> )</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Leighton_Buzzard_railway_station" title="Leighton Buzzard railway station">Leighton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="BHF"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/20px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/30px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/40px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Cheddington_railway_station" title="Cheddington railway station">Aylesbury Junction</a> <div class="RMsi">(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit">opened</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit">1839</td></tr></tbody></table> )</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tring_railway_station" title="Tring railway station">Tring</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="pHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/20px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/30px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/40px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Berkhamsted_railway_station" title="Berkhamsted railway station">Berkhamsted</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="pHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/20px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/30px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/40px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hemel_Hempstead_railway_station" title="Hemel Hempstead railway station">Boxmoor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kings_Langley_railway_station" title="Kings Langley railway station">Kings Langley</a> <div class="RMsi">(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit">opened</td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit">1839</td></tr></tbody></table> )</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="TUNNEL1"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/BSicon_TUNNEL1.svg/20px-BSicon_TUNNEL1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/BSicon_TUNNEL1.svg/30px-BSicon_TUNNEL1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/BSicon_TUNNEL1.svg/40px-BSicon_TUNNEL1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi">Watford Tunnel</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Watford_railway_station_(1837-1858)" class="mw-redirect" title="Watford railway station (1837-1858)">Watford</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="pHST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/20px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/30px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/BSicon_pHST.svg/40px-BSicon_pHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Harrow_%26_Wealdstone_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrow & Wealdstone railway station">Harrow</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Willesden_railway_station" title="Willesden railway station">Willesden</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="PUMPHOUSE"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/BSicon_PUMPHOUSE.svg/20px-BSicon_PUMPHOUSE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/BSicon_PUMPHOUSE.svg/30px-BSicon_PUMPHOUSE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/BSicon_PUMPHOUSE.svg/40px-BSicon_PUMPHOUSE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camden_railway_station_(L.%26B.R.)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camden railway station (L.&B.R.) (page does not exist)">Camden</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="KBHFe"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/BSicon_KBHFe.svg/20px-BSicon_KBHFe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/BSicon_KBHFe.svg/30px-BSicon_KBHFe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/BSicon_KBHFe.svg/40px-BSicon_KBHFe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/London_Euston_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="London Euston railway station">London Euston</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="background:;text-align:;"> <hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 3px 0 0;"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="padding:0 0 0 3px;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: 5px solid var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);padding:0px 6px 6px"> <table class="nogrid routemap" style="font-size:107.95454545455%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HORSECAR"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/BSicon_HORSECAR.svg/20px-BSicon_HORSECAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/BSicon_HORSECAR.svg/30px-BSicon_HORSECAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/BSicon_HORSECAR.svg/40px-BSicon_HORSECAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi">stagecoach shuttle<br />April–September 1838</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="PUMPHOUSE"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/BSicon_PUMPHOUSE.svg/20px-BSicon_PUMPHOUSE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/BSicon_PUMPHOUSE.svg/30px-BSicon_PUMPHOUSE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/BSicon_PUMPHOUSE.svg/40px-BSicon_PUMPHOUSE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><a href="/wiki/Stationary_steam_engine" title="Stationary steam engine">stationary steam engine</a><br />(ticket platforms from 1844)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 3px 0 0;"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="padding:0 0 0 3px;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>London and Birmingham Railway</b> (<b>L&BR</b>) was a railway company in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, in operation from 1833 to 1846, when it became part of the <a href="/wiki/London_and_North_Western_Railway" title="London and North Western Railway">London and North Western Railway</a> (L&NWR). </p><p>The 112-mile (180 km) railway line which the company opened in 1838, between London and <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, was the first intercity line to be built into London. It is now the southern section of the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line" title="West Coast Main Line">West Coast Main Line</a>. </p><p>The line was engineered by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stephenson" title="Robert Stephenson">Robert Stephenson</a>. It started at <a href="/wiki/Euston_railway_station" title="Euston railway station">Euston Station</a> in London, went north-west to <a href="/wiki/Rugby_railway_station" title="Rugby railway station">Rugby</a>, where it turned west to <a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a> and on to Birmingham. It terminated at <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Curzon_Street_railway_station_(1838%E2%80%931966)" title="Birmingham Curzon Street railway station (1838–1966)">Curzon Street Station</a>, which it shared with the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Junction_Railway" title="Grand Junction Railway">Grand Junction Railway</a> (GJR), whose adjacent platforms gave an interchange with full connectivity (with through carriages) between <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> and London. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_and_Birmingham_Railway&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_plans">Early plans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_and_Birmingham_Railway&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early plans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As early as 1823, a company was formed with the objective of building a railway between London and Birmingham, and in 1826, the engineer <a href="/wiki/John_Rennie_(railway_engineer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Rennie (railway engineer)">John Rennie</a> surveyed a route through <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banbury" title="Banbury">Banbury</a>, a route later taken by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway">Great Western Railway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1829 a rival company was formed by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Giles" title="Francis Giles">Francis Giles</a> who proposed building a line through <a href="/wiki/Watford_Gap" title="Watford Gap">Watford Gap</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a>. Neither company obtained backing for its scheme, and in late 1830 the two companies decided to merge. The new company appointed <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stephenson" title="Robert Stephenson">Robert Stephenson</a> chief engineer, and after preparing a detailed survey, he chose the route through Watford Gap, largely to avoid possible flooding from the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> at Oxford.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_L&BR"><span id="The_L.26BR"></span>The L&BR</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_and_Birmingham_Railway&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The L&BR"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The prospectus for the London and Birmingham Railway offered the following inducements to potential investors:<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>First, the opening of new and distant sources of supply of provisions to the metropolis; Second, Easy, cheap and expeditious travelling; Third; The rapid and economical interchange of the great articles of consumption and of commerce, both internal and external; and Lastly, the connexion by railways, of London with Liverpool, the rich pastures of the centre of England, and the greatest manufacturing districts; and, through the port of Liverpool, to afford a most expeditious communication with Ireland.</p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheffin%27s_Map_-_Route_of_London_and_Birmingham_Railway,_1850.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Cheffin%27s_Map_-_Route_of_London_and_Birmingham_Railway%2C_1850.jpg/220px-Cheffin%27s_Map_-_Route_of_London_and_Birmingham_Railway%2C_1850.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Cheffin%27s_Map_-_Route_of_London_and_Birmingham_Railway%2C_1850.jpg/330px-Cheffin%27s_Map_-_Route_of_London_and_Birmingham_Railway%2C_1850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Cheffin%27s_Map_-_Route_of_London_and_Birmingham_Railway%2C_1850.jpg/440px-Cheffin%27s_Map_-_Route_of_London_and_Birmingham_Railway%2C_1850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="855" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cheffins" title="Charles Cheffins">Cheffin</a>'s map - Route of London and Birmingham Railway, 1850</figcaption></figure> <p>The company was created with an initial capitalisation of £5,500,000.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the subscribed funds came from Lancashire, where great profits were being made in the cotton industries.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The construction of the line was the subject of much opposition by landowners, who organised a campaign in the early 1830s to prevent the L&BR from driving a line across their estates. Turbulent public meetings were held in towns in west Hertfordshire to protest against the project, including one held at the King's Arms public house in <a href="/wiki/Berkhamsted" title="Berkhamsted">Berkhamsted</a>. Another was held in <a href="/wiki/Watford" title="Watford">Watford</a> which was attended by wealthy and influential <a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">peers of the realm</a> who had property interests on the planned route of the line: the <a href="/wiki/George_Capel-Coningsby,_5th_Earl_of_Essex" title="George Capel-Coningsby, 5th Earl of Essex">Earl of Essex</a> was keen to protect his <a href="/wiki/Cassiobury_Park" title="Cassiobury Park">Cassiobury Estate</a> from invasion by the "<a href="/wiki/Iron_horse" title="Iron horse">iron horse</a>", as was the <a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">Earl of Clarendon</a>, who owned <a href="/wiki/The_Grove,_Watford" title="The Grove, Watford">The Grove Estate</a>. The anatomist Sir <a href="/wiki/Astley_Cooper" title="Astley Cooper">Astley Cooper</a> was also in attendance, intent on preventing the new railway from cutting across his Gadebridge Estate. On 22 June 1832, <a href="/wiki/John_Cust,_1st_Earl_Brownlow" title="John Cust, 1st Earl Brownlow">Lord Brownlow</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ashridge" title="Ashridge">Ashridge</a> voiced his opposition in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> to "the forcing of the proposed railway through the land and property of so great a proportion of dissentient landowners."<sup id="cite_ref-Birtchnell_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birtchnell-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The L&BR company's first application for an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament">act of Parliament</a> to construct the line was rejected in 1832, due to pressure from landowners and road and canal interests. </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:100%"><span style="font-size:125%">London and Birmingham Railway Act 1833</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816-1837%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816-1837%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816-1837%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816-1837%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816-1837%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816-1837%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/3_%26_4_Will._4" class="mw-redirect" title="3 & 4 Will. 4">3 & 4 Will. 4</a>. c. xxxvi</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6 May 1833</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">Repealed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/London_and_North_Western_Railway_Act_1846" class="mw-redirect" title="London and North Western Railway Act 1846">London and North Western Railway Act 1846</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ffcccc;">Status: Repealed</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Will4/3-4/36/pdfs/ukla_18330036_en.pdf">Text of statute as originally enacted</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:100%"><span style="font-size:125%"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="London_and_Birmingham_Railway_Act_1835"></span><span class="vanchor-text">London and Birmingham Railway Act 1835</span></span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816-1837%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816-1837%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816-1837%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816-1837%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816-1837%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816-1837%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act to enable the London and Birmingham Railway Company to extend and alter the Line of such Railway, and for other Purposes relating thereto.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/5_%26_6_Will._4" class="mw-redirect" title="5 & 6 Will. 4">5 & 6 Will. 4</a>. c. lvi</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3 July 1835</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">Repealed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/London_and_North_Western_Railway_Act_1846" class="mw-redirect" title="London and North Western Railway Act 1846">London and North Western Railway Act 1846</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ffcccc;">Status: Repealed</div></th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:100%"><span style="font-size:125%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="London_and_Birmingham_Railway_Act_1837"></span><span class="vanchor-text">London and Birmingham Railway Act 1837</span></span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act to amend the Acts relating to the London and Birmingham Railway.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/7_Will._4_%26_1_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="7 Will. 4 & 1 Vict.">7 Will. 4 & 1 Vict.</a> c. lxiv</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30 June 1837</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">Repealed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/London_and_North_Western_Railway_Act_1846" class="mw-redirect" title="London and North Western Railway Act 1846">London and North Western Railway Act 1846</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ffcccc;">Status: Repealed</div></th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:100%"><span style="font-size:125%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="London_and_Birmingham_Railway_Act_1839"></span><span class="vanchor-text">London and Birmingham Railway Act 1839</span></span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act to enable the London and Birmingham Railway Company to raise a further Sum of Money.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/2_%26_3_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="2 & 3 Vict.">2 & 3 Vict.</a> c. xxxix</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">14 June 1839</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">Repealed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/London_and_North_Western_Railway_Act_1846" class="mw-redirect" title="London and North Western Railway Act 1846">London and North Western Railway Act 1846</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ffcccc;">Status: Repealed</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Vict/2-3/39/pdfs/ukla_18390039_en.pdf">Text of statute as originally enacted</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:100%"><span style="font-size:125%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="London_and_Birmingham_Railway_Act_1846"></span><span class="vanchor-text">London and Birmingham Railway Act 1846</span></span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act to empower the London and Birmingham Railway Company to enlarge their Stations in London; and for other Purposes.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/9_%26_10_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="9 & 10 Vict.">9 & 10 Vict.</a> c. clii</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">16 July 1846</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The railway route proposals through Hertfordshire were modified; a second parliamentary bill was approved in May 1833 as the <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="London_and_Birmingham_Railway_Act_1833"></span><span class="vanchor-text">London and Birmingham Railway Act 1833</span></span></b> (<a href="/wiki/3_%26_4_Will._4" class="mw-redirect" title="3 & 4 Will. 4">3 & 4 Will. 4</a>. c. xxxvi), and the line received <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a>. Construction began in November of that year. The line would follow the <a href="/wiki/River_Bulbourne" title="River Bulbourne">River Bulbourne</a> instead of the <a href="/wiki/River_Gade" title="River Gade">River Gade</a>, skirting around the edge of Hemel Hempstead to protect Sir Astley Cooper's interests; for this reason, <a href="/wiki/Hemel_Hempstead_railway_station" title="Hemel Hempstead railway station">Hemel Hempstead railway station</a> is located one mile (1.6 km) outside the town centre, at <a href="/wiki/Boxmoor" title="Boxmoor">Boxmoor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Birtchnell_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birtchnell-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction">Construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_and_Birmingham_Railway&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolverton_viaduct.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Wolverton_viaduct.jpg/220px-Wolverton_viaduct.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Wolverton_viaduct.jpg/330px-Wolverton_viaduct.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Wolverton_viaduct.jpg/440px-Wolverton_viaduct.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2965" data-file-height="1310" /></a><figcaption>Making the embankment - Wolverton Valley (<a href="/wiki/Great_Ouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Ouse">Great Ouse</a>), 28 June 1837</figcaption></figure> <p>Peter Lecount, an assistant engineer of the London and Birmingham railway, produced a number of – possibly hyperbolic – comparisons in an effort to demonstrate that the London and Birmingham Railway was "the greatest public work ever executed either in ancient or modern times".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, he suggested that the effort to build the <a href="/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza" title="Great Pyramid of Giza">Great Pyramid of Giza</a> amounted to the lifting of 15,733,000,000 cu ft (445,500,000 m<sup>3</sup>) of stone by 1 foot (0.305 m). </p><p>The railway, excluding a long string of tasks (drainage, ballasting, and so on) involved the lifting of 25,000,000,000 cu ft (710,000,000 m<sup>3</sup>) of material reduced to the weight of stone used in the pyramid. The pyramid involved, he says, the effort of 300,000 men (according to <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>) or 100,000 (according to <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>) for twenty years. The railway involved 20,000 men for five years. In passing, he also noted that the cost of the railway in penny pieces, was enough to more than form a belt of pennies around the equator; and the amount of material moved would be enough to build a wall 1 foot (305 mm) high by one foot wide, more than three times around the equator. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opening">Opening</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_and_Birmingham_Railway&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Opening"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curzon_Street_Station_plaque_-Birmingham_-UK.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Curzon_Street_Station_plaque_-Birmingham_-UK.JPG/220px-Curzon_Street_Station_plaque_-Birmingham_-UK.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Curzon_Street_Station_plaque_-Birmingham_-UK.JPG/330px-Curzon_Street_Station_plaque_-Birmingham_-UK.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Curzon_Street_Station_plaque_-Birmingham_-UK.JPG/440px-Curzon_Street_Station_plaque_-Birmingham_-UK.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Plaque at Curzon Street station commemorating the arrival of the first train from London to Birmingham</figcaption></figure> <p>The line had been planned to open at the same time as the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Junction_Railway" title="Grand Junction Railway">Grand Junction Railway</a> which entered Birmingham from the north. However great difficulty in constructing the <a href="/wiki/Kilsby_Tunnel" title="Kilsby Tunnel">Kilsby Tunnel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire" title="Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire</a> delayed the opening. The first part of the line between Euston Station<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Boxmoor" title="Boxmoor">Boxmoor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hemel_Hempstead" title="Hemel Hempstead">Hemel Hempstead</a>) opened on 20 July 1837. Services were extended to Tring on 16 October 1837. On 9 April 1838 the company opened the north end of the line, between Birmingham and Rugby, and the south end from London to a temporary station at <a href="/wiki/Denbigh_Hall_railway_station" title="Denbigh Hall railway station">Denbigh Hall</a> near <a href="/wiki/Bletchley" title="Bletchley">Bletchley</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Stagecoach" title="Stagecoach">stagecoach</a> shuttle service linking the two parts to allow through journeys to London. The line was officially fully opened on 17 September 1838, with the first passenger train from London to Birmingham arriving that day. The first London-to-Birmingham trains took <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> hours to complete the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">112<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>-mile (181.1 km) journey.<sup id="cite_ref-LibraryofBirmingham_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LibraryofBirmingham-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camden_town_engine_works_and_stationary_steam_engine_chimneys.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Camden_town_engine_works_and_stationary_steam_engine_chimneys.jpg/220px-Camden_town_engine_works_and_stationary_steam_engine_chimneys.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Camden_town_engine_works_and_stationary_steam_engine_chimneys.jpg/330px-Camden_town_engine_works_and_stationary_steam_engine_chimneys.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Camden_town_engine_works_and_stationary_steam_engine_chimneys.jpg/440px-Camden_town_engine_works_and_stationary_steam_engine_chimneys.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3328" data-file-height="2128" /></a><figcaption>Camden Town stationary steam engine chimneys and locomotive workshops in 1838<sup id="cite_ref-Roscoe44_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roscoe44-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><span class="anchor" id="Camden_incline"></span>It has often been claimed that initially, owing to the lack of power available to early locomotives,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> trains from Euston were cable-hauled up the relatively steep incline to <a href="/wiki/Camden_Town" title="Camden Town">Camden</a> by a stationary <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engine</a>. However, this was denied by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lecount" title="Peter Lecount">Peter Lecount</a>, one of the L&BR engineers, who wrote in his 'History of the Railway connecting London and Birmingham' (1839), page 48: "It is not because locomotives cannot draw a train of carriages up this incline that a fixed engine and endless rope are used, for they can and have done so, but because the Company are restricted, by their Act of Parliament, from running locomotive engines nearer London than Camden Town." The railway opened from Euston on 20 July 1837; the stationary engines and rope haulage did not commence until 27 September, and handled all trains from 14 October 1837. Until then, and whenever the rope system was stopped for repairs, locomotives hauled the trains up the incline. From November 1843 some expresses were worked without recourse to the rope, and from 15 July 1844 the rope working ceased permanently. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locomotives">Locomotives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_and_Birmingham_Railway&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Locomotives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lonbirmp_locomotive.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Lonbirmp_locomotive.jpg/220px-Lonbirmp_locomotive.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Lonbirmp_locomotive.jpg/330px-Lonbirmp_locomotive.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Lonbirmp_locomotive.jpg/440px-Lonbirmp_locomotive.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption>An early L&BR <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bury" title="Edward Bury">Bury</a> <a href="/wiki/2-2-0" title="2-2-0">2-2-0</a> passenger locomotive</figcaption></figure> <p>Initially, it was decided that it would be cheaper to work the railway by a contractor, and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bury" title="Edward Bury">Edward Bury</a> was chosen and awarded the contract in May 1836. The contract stipulated that the company would provide locomotives to Bury's specification, while he would maintain them in good repair and convey each passenger and each ton of goods for a fixed sum at a speed not to exceed <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">22<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> miles per hour (36.2 km/h). </p><p>Bury provided specifications and drawings for a passenger and a goods engine, and by mid-1841 the L&BR was equipped with sixty 2-2-0 passenger engines and thirty 0-4-0 goods engines. They all had inside cylinders and dome-topped fireboxes, and were mounted on inside bar-frames; they were manufactured by seven different firms, including Bury's own. </p><p>Working the line by contract never worked in practice, because of the unforeseen ever-increasing traffic and the demand for higher speeds, so in July 1839 the contract was annulled, and thereafter Bury was engaged as manager of the Locomotive Department in the normal way, on a fixed salary with a profits bonus. </p><p>By the end of the L&BR's separate existence in July 1846, the total stock was about 120 locomotives; some six-wheeled engines had been acquired, but some of these proved inferior to the original four-wheelers. </p><p>The locomotive workshops were established in 1838 at <a href="/wiki/Wolverton_railway_works" title="Wolverton railway works">Wolverton</a>, roughly halfway between the two termini at London and Birmingham. These workshops remained in use for locomotive repairs until 1877, but had been gradually taken over by the Carriage Dept from 1864, and remained as a manufacturing facility up until the 1980s; today just a few parts of the original <a href="/wiki/Wolverton_railway_works" title="Wolverton railway works">Wolverton railway works</a> are used solely for rolling stock maintenance and repair. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stations">Stations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_and_Birmingham_Railway&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Stations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the railway was fully opened, it had sixteen intermediate stations between London and Birmingham. The "first-class" stations (served by all trains) were at <a href="/wiki/Watford_railway_station_(1837%E2%80%931858)" title="Watford railway station (1837–1858)">Watford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tring_railway_station" title="Tring railway station">Tring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leighton_Buzzard_railway_station" title="Leighton Buzzard railway station">Leighton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolverton_railway_station" title="Wolverton railway station">Wolverton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blisworth_railway_station" title="Blisworth railway station">Blisworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weedon_railway_station" title="Weedon railway station">Weedon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_railway_station" title="Rugby railway station">Rugby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coventry_railway_station" title="Coventry railway station">Coventry</a>. Additionally, "second-class" intermediate stations (served by slower second-class trains only) were at <a href="/wiki/Harrow_%26_Wealdstone_station" title="Harrow & Wealdstone station">Harrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boxmoor_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Boxmoor railway station">Boxmoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berkhamsted_railway_station" title="Berkhamsted railway station">Berkhamsted</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_railway_station" title="Bletchley railway station">Bletchley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roade_railway_station" title="Roade railway station">Roade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welton_railway_station" title="Welton railway station">Crick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brandon_and_Wolston_railway_station" title="Brandon and Wolston railway station">Brandon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hampton-in-Arden_railway_station" title="Hampton-in-Arden railway station">Hampton</a>. Roade was later redesignated as first-class due to its stagecoach connections.<sup id="cite_ref-massey_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-massey-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From about 1844 platforms were opened at Camden for tickets to be collected on southbound trains. This became a public station in 1851.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Links_and_branches">Links and branches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_and_Birmingham_Railway&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Links and branches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_and_Birmingham_Railway_1842.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/London_and_Birmingham_Railway_1842.jpg/220px-London_and_Birmingham_Railway_1842.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/London_and_Birmingham_Railway_1842.jpg/330px-London_and_Birmingham_Railway_1842.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/London_and_Birmingham_Railway_1842.jpg/440px-London_and_Birmingham_Railway_1842.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2342" data-file-height="3689" /></a><figcaption>Transfer certificate of the London and Birmingham Railway Company, issued 16. April 1842</figcaption></figure> <p>The first branch from the main line was the <a href="/wiki/Aylesbury_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Aylesbury Railway">Aylesbury Railway</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cheddington_railway_station" title="Cheddington railway station">Aylesbury Railway Junction</a>, seven miles (11 km) of single track, which opened in 1839 and was leased to the L&BR until purchased outright by the <a href="/wiki/LNWR" class="mw-redirect" title="LNWR">LNWR</a> in 1846. The <a href="/wiki/Warwick_and_Leamington_Union_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Warwick and Leamington Union Railway">Warwick and Leamington Union Railway</a>, a branch of almost nine miles (14 km) between Coventry and Leamington, was purchased by the L&BR in 1843 and opened in 1844. </p><p>From 1840, when the <a href="/wiki/Midland_Counties_Railway" title="Midland Counties Railway">Midland Counties Railway</a> made a junction to its line at Rugby, the L&BR also provided through connections from London to the East Midlands and the North East. It also made connections to the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_and_Derby_Junction_Railway" title="Birmingham and Derby Junction Railway">Birmingham and Derby Junction Railway</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hampton-in-Arden" class="mw-redirect" title="Hampton-in-Arden">Hampton-in-Arden</a> between Coventry and Birmingham. </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:100%"><span style="font-size:125%">London and Birmingham Railway Act 1845</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act for enabling the London and Birmingham Railway Company to take a Lease of the West London Railway.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/8_%26_9_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="8 & 9 Vict.">8 & 9 Vict.</a> c. clvi</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">31 July 1845</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1845, the <a href="/wiki/Northampton_and_Peterborough_Railway" title="Northampton and Peterborough Railway">Northampton and Peterborough Railway</a>, a 47-mile (76 km) branch from the main line, was opened from <a href="/wiki/Blisworth_railway_station" title="Blisworth railway station">Blisworth</a>. Also in 1845 branch lines, from <a href="/wiki/Marston_Vale_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Marston Vale Line">Bletchley to Bedford</a> and from <a href="/wiki/Leighton_Buzzard_railway_station" title="Leighton Buzzard railway station">Leighton</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dunstable_North_railway_station" title="Dunstable North railway station">Dunstable</a>, were leased; they opened in 1846 and 1848. The '<i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="London_and_Birmingham_Railway_Act_1845"></span><span class="vanchor-text">London and Birmingham Railway Act 1845</span></span></i> (<a href="/wiki/8_%26_9_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="8 & 9 Vict.">8 & 9 Vict.</a> c. clvi) authorised the L&BR to lease the <a href="/wiki/West_London_Railway" title="West London Railway">West London Railway</a>, and this took effect from 1846 (jointly with the <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway">GWR</a>). The West London Railway has opened in 1844 between Willesden Junction and the canal basin at Kensington. </p><p>The L&BR purchased the <a href="/wiki/Trent_Valley_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Trent Valley Railway">Trent Valley Railway</a> in 1846 on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/LNWR" class="mw-redirect" title="LNWR">LNWR</a>; this fifty-mile (80 km) line connected Rugby on the L&BR with Stafford on the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Junction_Railway" title="Grand Junction Railway">Grand Junction Railway</a> thus creating a more direct line from London to Liverpool and Manchester by avoiding the original route through Birmingham. The <a href="/wiki/Rugby_and_Stamford_Railway" title="Rugby and Stamford Railway">Rugby and Stamford Railway</a>, a further branch into the Eastern Counties was approved in 1846. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Merger">Merger</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_and_Birmingham_Railway&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Merger"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curzon_Street_Station_-Birmingham-UK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Curzon_Street_Station_-Birmingham-UK.jpg/220px-Curzon_Street_Station_-Birmingham-UK.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Curzon_Street_Station_-Birmingham-UK.jpg/330px-Curzon_Street_Station_-Birmingham-UK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Curzon_Street_Station_-Birmingham-UK.jpg/440px-Curzon_Street_Station_-Birmingham-UK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="839" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hardwick" title="Philip Hardwick">Hardwick's</a> Curzon Street station, the Birmingham terminus of the line</figcaption></figure> <p>In July 1846 the L&BR merged with the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Junction_Railway" title="Grand Junction Railway">Grand Junction Railway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_and_Birmingham_Railway" title="Manchester and Birmingham Railway">Manchester and Birmingham Railway</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/London_and_North_Western_Railway" title="London and North Western Railway">London and North Western Railway</a>, which in turn was later absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/London_Midland_and_Scottish_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="London Midland and Scottish Railway">London Midland and Scottish Railway</a>, before finally passing into the hands of the nationalised <a href="/wiki/British_Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="British Railways">British Railways</a> in 1948 to become part of the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line" title="West Coast Main Line">West Coast Main Line</a> as it is known today. The major change to the line during this period was electrification, which was carried out during the mid-1960s as part of BR's Modernisation Plan. </p><p>Neither of the L&BR's original termini, both designed by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Hardwick" title="Philip Hardwick">Philip Hardwick</a>, has survived in its original form. Curzon Street station in Birmingham closed to passenger traffic in 1854 (the original entrance building remains) when it was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_New_Street_railway_station" title="Birmingham New Street railway station">New Street station</a> and the original Euston station in London was demolished in 1962 to make way for the present structure which opened in 1968. On the closure of Curzon Street as a passenger station, the site became the London and North Western Railway goods depot (Birmingham) and became fully operational in 1865. The Curzon Street goods site continued railway operations as a parcel depot until 1966. The remaining parts of the old passenger station received listed building status in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="London_and_Birmingham_railway_gallery_for_1838">London and Birmingham railway gallery for 1838</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_and_Birmingham_Railway&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: London and Birmingham railway gallery for 1838"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Entrance_to_Euston_Station_on_the_London_and_Birmingham_railway.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Euston Arch and Euston station entrance by Edward Radclyffe"><img alt="The Euston Arch and Euston station entrance by Edward Radclyffe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Entrance_to_Euston_Station_on_the_London_and_Birmingham_railway.jpg/220px-Entrance_to_Euston_Station_on_the_London_and_Birmingham_railway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Entrance_to_Euston_Station_on_the_London_and_Birmingham_railway.jpg/330px-Entrance_to_Euston_Station_on_the_London_and_Birmingham_railway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Entrance_to_Euston_Station_on_the_London_and_Birmingham_railway.jpg/440px-Entrance_to_Euston_Station_on_the_London_and_Birmingham_railway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3368" data-file-height="1527" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The <a href="/wiki/Euston_Arch" title="Euston Arch">Euston Arch</a> and Euston station entrance by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Radclyffe_(1809%E2%80%931863)" title="Edward Radclyffe (1809–1863)">Edward Radclyffe</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Willesden_1842_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Willesden railway station (opened July 1842) and Acton Lane level crossing"><img alt="Willesden railway station (opened July 1842) and Acton Lane level crossing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Willesden_1842_station.jpg/220px-Willesden_1842_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Willesden_1842_station.jpg/330px-Willesden_1842_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Willesden_1842_station.jpg/440px-Willesden_1842_station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3067" data-file-height="1545" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Willesden_railway_station" title="Willesden railway station">Willesden railway station</a> (opened July 1842) and Acton Lane level crossing</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harrow_on_the_Hill_on_the_London_and_Birmingham_railway.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Harrow on Hill railway cutting, 1838[13]"><img alt="The Harrow on Hill railway cutting, 1838[13]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Harrow_on_the_Hill_on_the_London_and_Birmingham_railway.jpg/220px-Harrow_on_the_Hill_on_the_London_and_Birmingham_railway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Harrow_on_the_Hill_on_the_London_and_Birmingham_railway.jpg/330px-Harrow_on_the_Hill_on_the_London_and_Birmingham_railway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Harrow_on_the_Hill_on_the_London_and_Birmingham_railway.jpg/440px-Harrow_on_the_Hill_on_the_London_and_Birmingham_railway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3392" data-file-height="1744" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Harrow on Hill railway cutting, 1838<sup id="cite_ref-Roscoe117_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roscoe117-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Berkhampstead_railway_station_1838.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Berkhamsted railway station in 1838 with the Grand Junction Canal to the right[14]"><img alt="Berkhamsted railway station in 1838 with the Grand Junction Canal to the right[14]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Berkhampstead_railway_station_1838.jpg/220px-Berkhampstead_railway_station_1838.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Berkhampstead_railway_station_1838.jpg/330px-Berkhampstead_railway_station_1838.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Berkhampstead_railway_station_1838.jpg/440px-Berkhampstead_railway_station_1838.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3392" data-file-height="1984" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Berkhamsted_railway_station" title="Berkhamsted railway station">Berkhamsted railway station</a> in 1838 with the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Junction_Canal" title="Grand Junction Canal">Grand Junction Canal</a> to the right<sup id="cite_ref-Roscoe_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roscoe-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Denbigh_Hall_Bridge_on_the_London_and_Birmingham_railway.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Denbigh Hall railway bridge"><img alt="Denbigh Hall railway bridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Denbigh_Hall_Bridge_on_the_London_and_Birmingham_railway.jpg/220px-Denbigh_Hall_Bridge_on_the_London_and_Birmingham_railway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Denbigh_Hall_Bridge_on_the_London_and_Birmingham_railway.jpg/330px-Denbigh_Hall_Bridge_on_the_London_and_Birmingham_railway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Denbigh_Hall_Bridge_on_the_London_and_Birmingham_railway.jpg/440px-Denbigh_Hall_Bridge_on_the_London_and_Birmingham_railway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2857" data-file-height="1652" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Denbigh_Hall_railway_bridge" title="Denbigh Hall railway bridge">Denbigh Hall railway bridge</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beechwood_Tunnel,_nr_Coventry_the_London_and_Birmingham_railway.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beechwood Tunnel near Coventry"><img alt="Beechwood Tunnel near Coventry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Beechwood_Tunnel%2C_nr_Coventry_the_London_and_Birmingham_railway.jpg/175px-Beechwood_Tunnel%2C_nr_Coventry_the_London_and_Birmingham_railway.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Beechwood_Tunnel%2C_nr_Coventry_the_London_and_Birmingham_railway.jpg/263px-Beechwood_Tunnel%2C_nr_Coventry_the_London_and_Birmingham_railway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Beechwood_Tunnel%2C_nr_Coventry_the_London_and_Birmingham_railway.jpg/351px-Beechwood_Tunnel%2C_nr_Coventry_the_London_and_Birmingham_railway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1688" data-file-height="1733" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beechwood_Tunnel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beechwood Tunnel (page does not exist)">Beechwood Tunnel</a> near Coventry</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Avon_viaduct_on_the_London_and_Birmingham_railway.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Avon Viaduct at Wolston in 1838[13]"><img alt="The Avon Viaduct at Wolston in 1838[13]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/The_Avon_viaduct_on_the_London_and_Birmingham_railway.jpg/220px-The_Avon_viaduct_on_the_London_and_Birmingham_railway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/The_Avon_viaduct_on_the_London_and_Birmingham_railway.jpg/330px-The_Avon_viaduct_on_the_London_and_Birmingham_railway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/The_Avon_viaduct_on_the_London_and_Birmingham_railway.jpg/440px-The_Avon_viaduct_on_the_London_and_Birmingham_railway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2496" data-file-height="1984" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Brandon_Viaduct" title="Brandon Viaduct">Avon Viaduct</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wolston" title="Wolston">Wolston</a> in 1838<sup id="cite_ref-Roscoe117_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roscoe117-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Birmingham_station_entrance_1838.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Birmingham Terminus, as intended with flanking arches, but these were not built"><img alt="The Birmingham Terminus, as intended with flanking arches, but these were not built" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Birmingham_station_entrance_1838.jpg/220px-Birmingham_station_entrance_1838.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Birmingham_station_entrance_1838.jpg/330px-Birmingham_station_entrance_1838.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Birmingham_station_entrance_1838.jpg/440px-Birmingham_station_entrance_1838.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2664" data-file-height="1625" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Birmingham Terminus, as intended with flanking arches, but these were not built</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lon-Brum-Centenary.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="LMS London and Birmingham Railway Centenary 1938 souvenir, illustrating the 2-2-0 locomotive of Edward Bury"><img alt="LMS London and Birmingham Railway Centenary 1938 souvenir, illustrating the 2-2-0 locomotive of Edward Bury" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Lon-Brum-Centenary.jpg/144px-Lon-Brum-Centenary.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Lon-Brum-Centenary.jpg/216px-Lon-Brum-Centenary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Lon-Brum-Centenary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="227" data-file-height="284" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/London,_Midland_and_Scottish_Railway" title="London, Midland and Scottish Railway">LMS</a> London and Birmingham Railway Centenary 1938 souvenir, illustrating the 2-2-0 locomotive of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bury" title="Edward Bury">Edward Bury</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_and_Birmingham_Railway&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Cooke_Bourne" title="John Cooke Bourne">John Cooke Bourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locomotives_of_the_London_and_North_Western_Railway" title="Locomotives of the London and North Western Railway">Locomotives of the London and North Western Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolverton_railway_works" title="Wolverton railway works">Wolverton railway works</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_and_Birmingham_Railway&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">About £62,200,000 today</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_and_Birmingham_Railway&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Elliott-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFElliott1982" class="citation web cs1">Elliott, Peter H. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.warwickshirerailways.com/lms/lnwr/rugby/station/rugby's_transport_history.pdf">"Rugby's Transport History"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. 56–77<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rugby%27s+Transport+History&rft.pages=56-77&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.warwickshirerailways.com%2Flms%2Flnwr%2Frugby%2Fstation%2Frugby%27s_transport_history.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+and+Birmingham+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Francis1851" class="citation book cs1">John Francis (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.189994"><i>A History of the English Railway</i></a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.189994/page/n28">23</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+English+Railway&rft.pages=23&rft.date=1851&rft.au=John+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.189994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+and+Birmingham+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Tooke1838" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tooke" title="Thomas Tooke">Thomas Tooke</a> (1838). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistorypricesa00tookgoog"><i>A History of Prices, and of the State of the Circulation, from 1793 to 1837</i></a>. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Prices%2C+and+of+the+State+of+the+Circulation%2C+from+1793+to+1837&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Orme%2C+Brown%2C+Green%2C+and+Longmans&rft.date=1838&rft.au=Thomas+Tooke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fahistorypricesa00tookgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+and+Birmingham+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Birtchnell-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Birtchnell_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birtchnell_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirtchnell1960" class="citation book cs1">Birtchnell, Percy (1960). "Our Communications". <i>A Short History of Berkhamsted</i>. Book Stack. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781871372007" title="Special:BookSources/9781871372007"><bdi>9781871372007</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Our+Communications&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Berkhamsted&rft.pub=Book+Stack&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=9781871372007&rft.aulast=Birtchnell&rft.aufirst=Percy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+and+Birmingham+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1852" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Frederick Smeeton (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NIABAAAAQAAJ&q=high+level+bridge&pg=RA2-PA177">"Our Iron Roads: Their History, Construction and Social Influences"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Iron+Roads%3A+Their+History%2C+Construction+and+Social+Influences&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Smeeton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNIABAAAAQAAJ%26q%3Dhigh%2Blevel%2Bbridge%26pg%3DRA2-PA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+and+Birmingham+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In an article in the Staffordshire Advertiser, Saturday 18 August 1838, that refers to the <a href="/wiki/Harrow_train_accident_1838" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrow train accident 1838">1838 Harrow train accident</a>, Euston station is referred to as "the station at Euston grove."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LibraryofBirmingham-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LibraryofBirmingham_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130629144655/http://www.libraryofbirmingham.com/article/historyofcurzonstreetstation/curzonstreetstation">"A Brief History of Curzon Street Station"</a>. libraryofbirmingham.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libraryofbirmingham.com/article/historyofcurzonstreetstation/curzonstreetstation">the original</a> on 29 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Curzon+Street+Station&rft.pub=libraryofbirmingham.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.libraryofbirmingham.com%2Farticle%2Fhistoryofcurzonstreetstation%2Fcurzonstreetstation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+and+Birmingham+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roscoe44-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roscoe44_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roscoe, Thomas (1839). The London and Birmingham Railway; with the .... etc., Pub. Charles Tilt. London. Facing p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Ball,_David_Sunderland2001" class="citation book cs1">Michael Ball, David Sunderland (2001). <i>An Economic History of London, 1800–1914</i>. Routledge. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-24691-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-24691-1"><bdi>0-415-24691-1</bdi></a>. <q>the slope had been engineered too steeply for the weak steam locomotives</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Economic+History+of+London%2C+1800%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-415-24691-1&rft.au=Michael+Ball%2C+David+Sunderland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+and+Birmingham+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-massey-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-massey_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gerald-massey.org.uk/Railway/c11_stations.htm">"Notes and Extracts on the History of the London & Birmingham Railway - Chapter 11: The Stations"</a>. <i>The Train Now Departing</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Train+Now+Departing&rft.atitle=Notes+and+Extracts+on+the+History+of+the+London+%26+Birmingham+Railway+-+Chapter+11%3A+The+Stations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgerald-massey.org.uk%2FRailway%2Fc11_stations.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+and+Birmingham+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chronology of London Railways by H.V.Borley page48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1343086">"Curzon Street: The former Principal Building of the Birmingham Terminus for the London-Birmingham Railway"</a>. <i>Historic England</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historic+England&rft.atitle=Curzon+Street%3A+The+former+Principal+Building+of+the+Birmingham+Terminus+for+the+London-Birmingham+Railway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoricengland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1343086&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+and+Birmingham+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roscoe117-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roscoe117_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roscoe117_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roscoe, Thomas (1839). The London and Birmingham Railway; with the .... etc., Pub. Charles Tilt. London. Facing p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roscoe-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roscoe_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roscoe, Thomas (1839). The London and Birmingham Railway; with the .... etc., Pub. Charles Tilt. London. Facing p.. 64.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_and_Birmingham_Railway&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliot1985" class="citation book cs1">Elliot, Peter H. (1985). <i>Rugby's Railway Heritage</i>. Anderson Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907917-06-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-907917-06-2"><bdi>0-907917-06-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rugby%27s+Railway+Heritage&rft.pub=Anderson+Publications&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-907917-06-2&rft.aulast=Elliot&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+and+Birmingham+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould1987" class="citation book cs1">Gould, David (1987). <i>The London & Birmingham Railway 150 Years on</i>. David & Charles. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-8968-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7153-8968-8"><bdi>0-7153-8968-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+London+%26+Birmingham+Railway+150+Years+on&rft.pub=David+%26+Charles&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-7153-8968-8&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+and+Birmingham+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hough, Richard. "The London and Birmingham." <i>History Today</i> (Aug 1951) 1#8 pp 51–57</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack2001" class="citation book cs1">Jack, Harry (2001). <i>Locomotives of the LNWR Southern Division, London & Birmingham Railway & Wolverton Locomotive Works</i>. Railway Correspondence and Travel Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-901115-89-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-901115-89-4"><bdi>0-901115-89-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Locomotives+of+the+LNWR+Southern+Division%2C+London+%26+Birmingham+Railway+%26+Wolverton+Locomotive+Works&rft.pub=Railway+Correspondence+and+Travel+Society&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-901115-89-4&rft.aulast=Jack&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+and+Birmingham+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLecount1839" class="citation book cs1">Lecount, Peter (1839). <i>The History of the Railway connecting London and Birmingham</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Railway+connecting+London+and+Birmingham&rft.date=1839&rft.aulast=Lecount&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+and+Birmingham+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhishaw1842" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Whishaw" title="Francis Whishaw">Whishaw, Francis</a> (1842). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/railwaysgreatbr00whisgoog"><i>The Railways of Great Britain and Ireland Practically Described and Illustrated</i></a> (2nd ed.). London: John Weale. pp. 218–255. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/833076248">833076248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Railways+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland+Practically+Described+and+Illustrated&rft.place=London&rft.pages=218-255&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=John+Weale&rft.date=1842&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F833076248&rft.aulast=Whishaw&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Frailwaysgreatbr00whisgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+and+Birmingham+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1852" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Frederick S. (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ourironroadsthe00goog"><i>Our Iron Roads: Their History, Construction and Social Influences</i></a>. Ingram, Cooke, and co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ourironroadsthe00goog/page/n148">128</a>–129. <q>high level bridge.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Iron+Roads%3A+Their+History%2C+Construction+and+Social+Influences&rft.pages=128-129&rft.pub=Ingram%2C+Cooke%2C+and+co.&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Frederick+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fourironroadsthe00goog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+and+Birmingham+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=London_and_Birmingham_Railway&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:<br /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/London_%26_Birmingham_Railway" class="extiw" title="commons:London & Birmingham Railway"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">London & Birmingham Railway</span></a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:London_%26_Birmingham_Railway" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:London & Birmingham Railway">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crht1837.org/history/lbr">London and Birmingham Railway</a> at Camden Railway Heritage Trust</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds" class="citation web cs1">Reynolds, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hertfordshire-genealogy.co.uk/data/occupations/railways/!-railways-frame.htm">"The Railways of Hertfordshire"</a>. <i>Hertfordshire Genealogy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160329160816/http://hertfordshire-genealogy.co.uk/data/occupations/railways/!-railways-frame.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hertfordshire+Genealogy&rft.atitle=The+Railways+of+Hertfordshire&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hertfordshire-genealogy.co.uk%2Fdata%2Foccupations%2Frailways%2F%21-railways-frame.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+and+Birmingham+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Bradshaw's Monthly Railway and Steam Navigation Guide (XVI)/London and Birmingham"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bradshaw%27s_Monthly_Railway_and_Steam_Navigation_Guide_(XVI)/London_and_Birmingham"><i>March 1843 Timetable</i> </a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bradshaw%27s_Guide" title="Bradshaw's Guide">Bradshaw's Guides</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=March+1843+Timetable&rft.pub=Bradshaw%27s+Guides&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALondon+and+Birmingham+Railway" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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