L’Univers primordial

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BIRTH OF WEB, LHC...</span> <div class="search-block-form block block-search block-search-form-block" data-drupal-selector="search-block-form" role="search"> <form action="/fr/search/node" method="get" id="search-block-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-search js-form-type-search form-item-keys js-form-item-keys form-no-label form-group"> <label for="edit-keys" class="control-label sr-only">Rechercher</label> <div class="input-group"><input title="Indiquer les termes à rechercher" data-drupal-selector="edit-keys" class="form-search form-control" placeholder="Rechercher" type="search" id="edit-keys" name="keys" value="" size="15" maxlength="128" data-toggle="tooltip" /><span class="input-group-btn"><button type="submit" value="Rechercher" class="button js-form-submit form-submit btn-primary btn icon-only"><span class="sr-only">Rechercher</span><span class="icon glyphicon glyphicon-search" aria-hidden="true"></span></button></span></div> </div> <div class="form-actions form-group js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" id="edit-actions"></div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="dropdown cern-menu-lang-switcher"> <a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="true"> <span class="separator">|</span> fr <span class="caret"></span> </a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li><section class="language-switcher-language-url block block-language block-language-blocklanguage-interface clearfix" role="navigation"> <ul class="links"><li hreflang="en" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/499" class="en"><a href="/science/physics/early-universe" class="language-link" hreflang="en" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/499">en</a></li><li hreflang="fr" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/499" class="fr is-active"><a href="/fr/science/early-universe" class="language-link is-active" hreflang="fr" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/499">fr</a></li></ul> </section> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div>  </div>  </nav> </nav> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <main role="main"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div class="container-fluid cern-page-display-page cern-page-display-story_page"> <div class="has-no-column wrapper-center col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="region region-content"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> <div class="layout layout__region story-page-node-layout-content"> <div class="field--items"> </div> <div class="container story-page-legacy-title-no-image"> <h1 class="story-page-node--title text-center mb-2"> L’Univers primordial </h1> <p class="story-page-node--strap text-center mb-4"><b>Toute la matière de l’Univers s’est formée il y a 13,7 milliards d’années, lors d’un événement explosif, le Big Bang</b></p> </div> <div class="container story-page-legacy-body"> <div class="story-page-node--body mt-2 clearfix"> <h2>Le Big Bang</h2> <p>En 1929, l’astronome américain Edwin Hubble découvrit que la distance des galaxies à la Terre était proportionnelle à leur décalage spectral. Il y a décalage spectral lorsqu’une source de lumière s’éloigne de son observateur. La longueur d’onde apparente de la lumière est étirée par effet Doppler vers la partie rouge du spectre. L’observation de Hubble signifiait que les galaxies distantes s'éloignaient de l'observateur, les galaxies les plus lointaines ayant les vitesses apparentes les plus rapides. Si les galaxies s'éloignent de nous aujourd’hui, en conclut Hubble, dans le passé, à un certain moment, elles devaient être très rapprochées les unes des autres.</p> <p>La découverte de Hubble constitua le premier élément d’observation à l’appui de la théorie de l’expansion de l’Univers proposée en 1927 par Georges Lemaître. Selon Lemaître, l’Univers primitif très dense et chaud serait entré en expansion de façon explosive, et cette expansion se poursuit aujourd’hui. Des calculs permirent par la suite d’estimer l’âge de l’Univers à environ 13,7 milliards d’années. En 1998, deux équipes indépendantes d’astronomes du Laboratoire de Berkeley, aux États-Unis, observèrent que les supernovas – des étoiles en explosion – s’éloignaient de la Terre de façon accélérée. Cette découverte leur valut <a href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2011/">le prix Nobel de physique en 2011</a>. Les physiciens supposaient que l’apparition de matière dans l’Univers aurait pour effet de ralentir l’expansion, et qu’à terme l’Univers se replierait sur lui-même sous l’effet de la gravité. Si la théorie ne peut décrire les conditions qui prévalaient au tout début de l'Univers, elle peut aider les physiciens à décrire les premiers instants qui ont suivi le début de l’expansion.</p> <h2>Les origines</h2> <p>Dans les tout premiers instants après le Big Bang, l'Univers était extrêmement chaud et dense. Lorsque l’Univers commença à se refroidir, les conditions permirent aux constituants de base de la matière – les quarks et les électrons, dont nous sommes tous constitués – de faire leur apparition. Quelques millionièmes de seconde plus tard, les quarks se sont assemblés pour produire des protons et des neutrons, lesquels se sont regroupés en quelques minutes pour constituer les noyaux des futurs atomes. Au fur et à mesure que l’Univers poursuivait son expansion et son refroidissement, le rythme s’est ralenti. Il a ainsi fallu 380 000 ans pour que les électrons soient capturés dans l'orbite des noyaux, donnant naissance aux premiers atomes. Il s’agissait essentiellement d’hélium et d’hydrogène, qui sont encore aujourd’hui, et de loin, les éléments les plus répandus dans l’Univers. Les observations actuelles suggèrent que les premières étoiles se sont formées à partir de nuages de gaz environ 150-200 millions d'années après le Big Bang. Désormais, des atomes plus lourds, tels que le carbone, l’oxygène et le fer, sont produits sans cesse au cœur des étoiles et sont projetés dans tout l'Univers lors d'explosions stellaires spectaculaires appelées supernovas.</p> <p>Mais les étoiles et les galaxies ne forment qu’une partie de l’Univers. Les calculs astronomiques et physiques montrent que l'Univers visible ne représente qu’une petite quantité (4 %) de l’ensemble. L’Univers est composé en grande partie (26 %) d’un type inconnu de matière appelé « <a href="/about/physics/dark-matter">matière noire</a> ». Contrairement aux étoiles et galaxies, la matière noire n’émet aucune source de lumière ou de rayonnement électromagnétique. Elle ne peut donc être détectée que par ses effets gravitationnels.</p> <p>Autre élément invisible, encore plus mystérieux, l’ « énergie noire », qui représente environ 70 % de l’ensemble masse-énergie de l’Univers. Toutes les galaxies semblent s’éloigner les unes des autres à un rythme accéléré, ce qui suppose qu’une énergie invisible, l’énergie noire, entre également en jeu.</p> </div> <div class="story-page-node--tags mt-2"> <a href="/tags/big-bang" hreflang="en">Big Bang</a><a href="/tags/supernova" hreflang="en">supernova</a><a href="/tags/astronomy" hreflang="en">astronomy</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer role="contentinfo"> <div class="row cern-footer"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-4 col-md-4 col-lg-4 footer-first-col"> <div class="region region-footercolumn1"> <section id="block-followus" class="block block-block-content block-block-content6d2579e3-b650-496f-b854-0c744e176f43 clearfix"> <div class="block-custom-wrapper block-content block-content--type-basic block-content--view-mode-full ds-1col clearfix"> <div class="field field--name-field-visible-title field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item"> <p>Nous suivre</p> </div> <div class="field 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