CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '91e88644fa76fe1a',cH: '4F53MxS70EX4b6MV0LuRSKHlZb4.ClmL_CDbaxUFPa8-1741669607-1.2.1.1-0tvVPkBhpS8FpfjEHh6hvpTDWe3UQQkQyU6cEHgPQPx6lhHQqw5gvR1vdAWcQuSv',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Isyaka%20Abdulkadir&__cf_chl_tk=sthkjuYdYTchNp2czMVK2.Hu0PN4RM1cL6SrilJX0aI-1741669607-1.0.1.1-aDWbEEVaLEJTou_8WcMLEHeMBFRaPmUsUroqAFv108E",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1741669607',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Isyaka%20Abdulkadir&__cf_chl_f_tk=sthkjuYdYTchNp2czMVK2.Hu0PN4RM1cL6SrilJX0aI-1741669607-1.0.1.1-aDWbEEVaLEJTou_8WcMLEHeMBFRaPmUsUroqAFv108E",md: "L16Z1dQQJAdnil.8.JLqm.n4qJ_w_4qfG7_4C3cSi1k-1741669607-1.2.1.1-vVmZApNGm3oEq6wQ9XCSSISONmQJacFw_DOGKq5Q8aMfO1ThS9A6FMFm1SbJJ4ulRxdpfp0.lArAdjwA_NmwjYneGZzIM5qHch1JoVFIQ2LprmN4gvRrWN1SdSMxwnKVGGQGIGT1h8rU.lRM1oFPLgLq7YeHNVyZ5RFpmdmyg_x2G2CggMGZBxLX3kvXveCUhlDtCG_bwlVGI30CdOp9q9IkgBYLkkweDIGzjfR3WICwGTTPAJSKRUVNR0U5K3XMcb1TKUvhmI.jF7T8G8Es9C1eV_0PLIsV6cMxSTAEP_VgfJaRiNqIzwz7jahn1IV_JqR1WWA07vBjpdybwVdQk8C_BYqis1P_QZ7rKcnybhG3mdR_63Q2wktUVYGdWAIAIVl4.yNfgnL1XkaMobrVOz_X0UrLqEyyrQf02oZiBUlpMbOp7myzrF42n5K0eBJYcuvRwGBLTvyQ8ydqW_Q3tj9xLablkb3rGGOQhhwE8XOGUqORZm5WOCVqT_LvYrm8StsDNkCKL4pCBvgQE9PqDO393O27IIaN.TcaAPWXr7M4jMzOfe5ER60R4sMSQkyrCPug4Du9gbEO7_anZ6e1h5ulp2ahMbhHfGz87c8OG7Jiw_HrAQ1lfB0eynS5mGDUk4qcTB2uLJD3SF.KU9Q6HPlpa.IVq7g1Mrgrd.y58v4lTBKFCNo0.yV396mZ7yYlEVm2r6aPjkYY3oU6lpbl1wcoEG16yByTyZoa7B.lNxmvPSzbJaPNuhSYCZxXWj8XVlIOi3Ugz1LuPiS0NdXKTMOStd5wYt2yocLLCb2U8UTkos.gh2qCTDobcS6vbNH4UqKdFNYpzY1YOLIVJN0eKEDXAvh4Q4MDGA85yTw4Ia.9mtNTmdMjnbRDIfkoS3mZV1hEBhrOwtaYyVUT5mN9VzLJS2VCqEa6sBxLl.tSSV9Zc5vOlCgT50IRID1BOnAnA4_scxWR5ydyVJ0JGctSSvBFxjxMHLXW_gVCf_8ycY2ymezaCwleQ3RJ5uttnpTvFd6NBIv_rzu1yeeH0oepwQXZSPVSTa3yw2.HXBnXrA1C7FUibJJFydbxE6VaKsk2evXnWSMrIG1IWUDk33Ft8QufU.8sTLDO5k5i4Skk6DAFLS6yB1CY3eU5f4NSWraSIzZD0mE.EMgWHGIKP7xy0ZPWR8p4aKHV9oAjDrQO946sYajjlhRc6XMkG0gIQ9FrcGyxp7BeZArvDjGKuI55D3ahJFK0xb8DtqpPTrE3AEfcyUOIw1HbM3N7PmVuFExF8kqc7Yd0Cddwgo_lkzfK8g",mdrd: "623GZSspOwCBdM0APswG8e7hG7phZViCWj1DLREfhcY-1741669607-1.2.1.1-Qd9UrK.KVcjE_.HaP3G98OZ152jkNVTOmURy5_5P6nYRA5WPN6kPTdyi4RZyRF9wfaYjRc67yLMO59SQkYcSFa4t4Zrnxv0YMCwIkkdoJBAZpTKIkaOhqWOGwGxUSnlaH99_8haiv0zaohNLY0mbGA3ArIfaCFKRPTMLQOG796kn.fMKzicbRDu0CvWe3ct43mfu_Dej12xnYZbACzOCKcAPdFacejBF1pmv8YqikSXQVjRrlUit0ozixP7IsVIpjxo2u1xUdOzZBPAOsJ_2lslztfV.LAXfdUhk5TdVRTCT1wPCFXZ5j3xllkezNkzgQatX4IzKMCfXiAlXSQ1Jw60sL_ciUwk4ZqOVs2ZueGD1r5GaqBkkmE3nurY_l3LZyP.bIhPGJk78d_.aHaU9r1Ekt7.NXxezMHWwukMZPLuZbY.QxD8Y9QjChQV2lTCUpXlZ3dzRDFdyjYCAyeUevV4p4ZSLPxcOpCHmfsgaSEKdc7mSaRxanDt7YgGq6MBRMEqYD_E7YTllY8bdftYICg_nF4pybBQ_yWUaTtXfuHgBnnmgsBb.dgXudCDnyG_KztWzfbGecpCbej4b1YzIXrACIvPZF70Iq9WxHR1SPc2tfGnvIZibWBucBYFqpkTJqeHTFf.p99DJRcceFvUsL2j2ZBinOI8hmdFrM_VXNZd00eYxZRFHEiV6KM8GZ0.1tfnm.WsIj4skOLx6AmZuqZrZiHMzJzf.R1KCN.HoHmNk1sxg6wewp4j7h.vF9lR8iVA3G2KE0VNGXtNmtZzlVHfmaDO69APLdPyfSbKxhGXTf19KRYE7e.EyIRbSi.AffJZGSJzNOGEDrO_XSM7urEgWy.mOBmQLN3raQu.qWJGBp6V_j2mxiTGAbmfEzv2GOEzb4r8d0ncbGNkj0oz7.lIK4D_xXW6Hxeo1N80zM4b0l9nTOe.8xfP_Q.Wxi8tAwjZseaGfcSRTRpryfiSPFVXqfDDJfLfqeDbLm5w_MSamQyJPQlEbSGWY9jIhv4yKX_TSpWirrbP9awvHp2Q8jc9UCF9l8BHTdop6Ww5MTpBFiSOPK3ilHxd9yTqOjqNtUyXJImESMudsZItnXp32W37A8ASzhgJONSys7oft6n5eVtaSYsTrK3dEGVkeXrc3hQ3zEi2Oxje3e9Uta.G9NQV3i8FflsWGajoHVaiga0oeT7FcabBdMEEUimzFUEu0MIrSEcFFMy8xEfbe1tvS7ZRzyOpGyadSK3hbQNEOf278Ug5g_MFWzK3K1iFPOum_qQ4Q_eZtkuulX9udfewqhosFYCNHK6tTLEJ.Z9m.vxwFD6pBJaM3y6Go6pPpJF6djMexYJBA6xenSlXQB4.gydaP00OUfoB.kaJ5wrMyjsPzw9sbs7Egt5ow46CamGOQCqFffrXP2_HGa7kGGZStmFNiWjUmTMdDWAYnShlsaw7DK2Ak4oH8hC1Rft3OSvCUwlqRdaTOAyjT7a6YUZtf_TUN8ikVXpuqAim.8fSKuQIS7t.TG.2pmNy4cS4ymjXSi9rWmKllUVbNG_ernSjZyRiZe7ZGrq068uGn1mh_0BH3d44uH6hzb9vAZRVmdtX83wEN3rCjH3LWAr2koFS9DJ5cCcr_6cBV0kzb8YHH4cYGf_h1xIhdldYYZPfftksxBsuCJTwjx_lIHEVvkZdViumLSqquJhw3SlVV7.eS5Xxhj4ZofGT15InOiVQ1_v5oWdNiTLy.cibbnRgfwahZ8eOF.88MnGEf3Hwm5xXACLrvItsNf85p_5gFXLOLkR.zcU5KXIKTKL_4DUfsxnXJq3m5Y5rh6YDf4C66Wo9KhxKL6YX6ZOY1hjEBcVag91u9w2RTPSWqupJA5FctiI27HRKojGmsdql5dmRh2kr0o3MoFMzzPDidD1WgdNigF5n_EEQxYXrqgxgCI3pzAWpVbQTqg5aBnjJ.pYzEESG2F0JkGwIbH9aysmXxzx38IKBqkPlfIAKMQehdY75VGyhwqA"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91e88644fa76fe1a';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=Isyaka%20Abdulkadir&__cf_chl_rt_tk=sthkjuYdYTchNp2czMVK2.Hu0PN4RM1cL6SrilJX0aI-1741669607-1.0.1.1-aDWbEEVaLEJTou_8WcMLEHeMBFRaPmUsUroqAFv108E" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>