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class="search-field no-livesearch" placeholder="Search…" value="" name="s" title="Search…" /></form> </li> </ul></li></ul></div><div class="desktop-hidden"> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> </div> <script type="text/javascript" id="fixMenuHeight">UNCODE.fixMenuHeight();</script> <div class="main-wrapper"> <div class="main-container"> <div class="page-wrapper"> <div class="sections-container"> <script type="text/javascript">UNCODE.initHeader();</script><article id="post-281" class="page-body style-light-bg post-281 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-open-science"> <div class="post-wrapper"> <div class="post-body"><div class="post-content un-no-sidebar-layout"><div data-parent="true" class="vc_row postpage inverted-device-order row-container" id="row-unique-1"><div class="row limit-width row-parent"><div class="wpb_row row-inner"><div class="wpb_column pos-top pos-center align_left column_parent col-lg-2 author_block one-internal-gutter"><div class="uncol style-light" ><div class="uncoltable"><div class="uncell no-block-padding" ><div class="uncont"><div class="uncode-info-box top-avatar" ><span class="author-wrap"><a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/author/mdpimag/"><span class="uncode-ib-avatar uncode-ib-avatar-size-xl"><img alt='MDPI Magazine' src='https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/10/defaultavatar.png' srcset='https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2021/10/defaultavatar.png 2x' class='avatar avatar-80 photo avatar-default' height='80' width='80' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/></span></a><span class="author-info"> <a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/author/mdpimag/">MDPI Magazine</a></span></span><span class="uncode-ib-separator"></span><span class="date-info">13 September 2013</span><span class="uncode-ib-separator"></span><span class="category-info"> <a href="https://blog.mdpi.com/category/open-science/" title="View all posts in Open Science" class="">Open Science</a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="wpb_column pos-top pos-center align_left column_parent col-lg-8 single-internal-gutter"><div class="uncol style-light" ><div class="uncoltable"><div class="uncell no-block-padding" ><div class="uncont"><div class="uncode-single-media post_heading_image text-left"><div class="single-wrapper" style="max-width: 100%;"><div class="tmb tmb-light tmb-media-first tmb-media-last tmb-content-overlay tmb-no-bg"> <div class="t-inside"><div class="t-entry-visual"><div class="t-entry-visual-tc"><div class="uncode-single-media-wrapper"> <img decoding="async" class="adaptive-async wp-image-11333" src="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2013/09/23CORP-Blog-Banner-23-10-20-6-uai-258x144.jpg" width="258" height="144" alt="bile acid diarrhea" data-uniqueid="11333-151006" data-guid="https://mdpiblog.wordpress.sciforum.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2013/09/23CORP-Blog-Banner-23-10-20-6.jpg" data-path="2013/09/23CORP-Blog-Banner-23-10-20-6.jpg" data-width="1128" data-height="631" data-singlew="8" data-singleh="" data-crop="" data-fixed=""></div> </div> </div></div> </div></div></div><div class="vc_custom_heading_wrap "><div class="heading-text el-text" ><h2 class="h2" ><span>Good News for Bile Acid Diarrhea</span></h2></div><div class="clear"></div></div><div class="uncode_text_column" ><p>Bile acid diarrhea is a common cause of chronic diarrhea and can be highly debilitating, causing a significant reduction in the quality of life. It is unfortunately under-recognized and under-diagnosed by clinicians as the cause for this common affliction. This is mostly due to current definitive testing requiring expensive and advanced nuclear medicine technology that is not commonly available or not used at all in some countries (such as the US).</p> <p>It is important to distinguish bile acid diarrhea from the less common, but more widely recognized cause of chronic diarrhea, ulcerative colitis, because the effective treatment strategies and medications are very different.</p> <h2>Article in <em>Sensors</em></h2> <p>In the <i>Sensors</i><b><i> </i></b><a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors/special_issues/ssfso">Special Issue Sensing of Scent, Fragrance, Smell, and Odor Emissions from Biota Sources</a>, Covington et al. demonstrate for the first time the possibility to use a simpler and more cost effective method for distinguishing bile acid diarrhea cases from healthy controls and ulcerative colitis patients based on the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from patient urine samples.</p> <p>VOCs and other gases are produced from colonic fermentation and are released through body fluids, thus providing biomarkers in urine, faeces, breath and other biological waste products to assess and monitor gastrointestinal diseases.</p> <h2>Application of sensors for bile acid diarrhea</h2> <p>In ‘<a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/13/9/11899">Application of a Novel Tool for Diagnosing Bile Acid Diarrhoea</a>‘<i>,</i> the ‘Fox’, an ‘electronic nose’ instrument that aims to mimic biological olfactory capabilities, was used to detect and also recognize odours that emanate from a urine sample. In short, this instrument ‘sniffed’ the enclosed gas space directly above the urine sample, also known as the ‘headspace’, for VOCs. Also tested was FAIMS (Field Asymmetric Ion Mobility Spectrometry), a fairly recent technology that separates chemical compounds based on their ion mobility in high electric fields, but importantly achieves this separation at room temperature and at atmospheric pressure.</p> <p>Both of these instruments were able to distinguish chemical signatures of bile acid diarrhea from control samples and other ulcerative colitis at a high rate of greater than 80%. Further studies with larger patient groups are planned to confirm these results, understand the best methods for collecting and testing these samples and to choose the most appropriate technology that can be deployed within a medical setting for the identification of this debilitating disease.</p> <h2>About Dr. Covington</h2> <div class="author-bio"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="alignnone wp-image-309 size-medium" src="https://blog.mdpi.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2013/09/james-covington-3-200x300.jpg" alt="James Covington image for article about bile acid diarrhea" width="200" height="300" /></div> <div class="author-bio">Dr. James Covington is a Professor at the School of Engineering, <a href="https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/eng/people/james_covington/">Warwick University</a>. For over a decade Dr. Covington has been developing novel chemical sensors, sensing materials, as well as micro-systems. These components are common in many gas detectors and so-called electronic noses and attempt to mimic the human olfactory system. These systems can identify the odors of environmental pollutants and also explosives. Dr. Covington has worked closely with medics at University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire and Rotherham Hospital to apply these gas analyzers and electronic noses to the medical domain in an attempt to find new non-invasive and patient friendly methods to help diagnose and monitor patients with gastroenterological diseases.<a title="Covington Website" href="https://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/eng/research/sensors/bsl"><br /> </a></div> <h2>Further Reading</h2> <ul> <li class="reference">Covington, J.A.; Westenbrink, E.W.; Ouaret, N.; Harbord, R.; Bailey, C.; O’Connell, N.; Cullis, J.; Williams, N.; Nwokolo, C.U.; Bardhan, K.D.; Arasaradnam, R.P. Application of a Novel Tool for Diagnosing Bile Acid Diarrhoea. <i>Sensors</i> <b>2013</b>, <em>13</em>, 11899-11912.</li> <li class="reference">Macías, M.M.; Agudo, J.E.; Manso, A.G.; Orellana, C.J.G.; Velasco, H.M.G.; Caballero, R.G. <a title="A Compact and Low Cost Electronic Nose for Aroma Detection" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/13/5/5528">A Compact and Low Cost Electronic Nose for Aroma Detection</a>.<em>Sensors</em> <b>2013</b>, <em>13</em>, 5528-5541.</li> <li class="reference">Fujioka, K.; Arakawa, E.; Kita, J.-I.; Aoyama, Y.; Manome, Y.; Ikeda, K.; Yamamoto, K. <a title="Detection of Aeromonas hydrophila in Liquid Media by Volatile Production Similarity Patterns, Using a FF-2A Electronic Nose" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/13/1/736">Detection of Aeromonas hydrophila in Liquid Media by Volatile Production Similarity Patterns, Using a FF-2A Electronic Nose</a>. <em>Sensors</em> <b>2013</b>, <em>13</em>, 736-745.</li> <li class="reference">Covington, J.A.; Wedlake, L.; Andreyev, J.; Ouaret, N.; Thomas, M.G.; Nwokolo, C.U.; Bardhan, K.D.; Arasaradnam, R.P. <a title="The Detection of Patients at Risk of Gastrointestinal Toxicity during Pelvic Radiotherapy by Electronic Nose and FAIMS: A Pilot Study" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/10/13002">The Detection of Patients at Risk of Gastrointestinal Toxicity during Pelvic Radiotherapy by Electronic Nose and FAIMS: A Pilot Study</a>. <em>Sensors</em> <b>2012</b>, <em>12</em>, 13002-13018.</li> <li class="reference">Fujioka, K.; Shirasu, M.; Manome, Y.; Ito, N.; Kakishima, S.; Minami, T.; Tominaga, T.; Shimozono, F.; Iwamoto, T.; Ikeda, K.; Yamamoto, K.; Murata, J.; Tomizawa, Y. <a title="Objective Display and Discrimination of Floral Odors from Amorphophallus titanum, Bloomed on Different Dates and at Different Locations, Using an Electronic Nose" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/2/2152">Objective Display and Discrimination of Floral Odors from Amorphophallus titanum, Bloomed on Different Dates and at Different Locations, Using an Electronic Nose</a>. <em>Sensors</em> <b>2012</b>, <em>12</em>, 2152-2161.</li> <li class="reference">Tian, X.-Y.; Cai, Q.; Zhang, Y.-M. <a title="Rapid Classification of Hairtail Fish and Pork Freshness Using an Electronic Nose Based on the PCA Method" href="https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/1/260">Rapid Classification of Hairtail Fish and Pork Freshness Using an Electronic Nose Based on the PCA Method</a>. <em>Sensors</em> <b>2012</b>,<em>12</em>, 260-277.</li> </ul> <p>For a more complete list of related open access articles, please see <a title="here" href="https://www.mdpi.com/search?q=electronic+nose&journal=&volume=&authors=&section=&issue=&article_type=&special_issue=&page=&search=Search"><strong>here</strong>.</a></p> <div class="related"></div> </div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="wpb_column pos-top pos-center align_left column_parent col-lg-2 no-internal-gutter"><div class="uncol style-light" ><div class="uncoltable"><div 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