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data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Japó_(1779-1784)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japó_(1779-1784)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Japó (1779-1784)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japó_(1779-1784)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India,_1785-1792" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India,_1785-1792"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>India, 1785-1792</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India,_1785-1792-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Batàvia,_1792-1793" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Batàvia,_1792-1793"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Batàvia, 1792-1793</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Batàvia,_1792-1793-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xina,_1794-1795" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xina,_1794-1795"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Xina, 1794-1795</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xina,_1794-1795-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retorn_a_Europa,_1796-1812" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retorn_a_Europa,_1796-1812"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Retorn a Europa, 1796-1812</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retorn_a_Europa,_1796-1812-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Llegat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Llegat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Llegat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Llegat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Isaac Titsingh</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un 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Disponible en 27 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Isaac Titsingh" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC" title="اسحاق تدينج - àrab egipci" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اسحاق تدينج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="àrab egipci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh - txec" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Isaac Titsingh" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Isaac Titsingh" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Isaac Titsingh" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Isaac Titsingh" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Isaac Titsingh" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Isaac Titsingh" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ایزاک تیتسینگ - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایزاک تیتسینگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh - finès" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Isaac Titsingh" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Isaac Titsingh" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A7_%D7%98%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" title="איזק טיטסינג - hebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איזק טיטסינג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Isaac Titsingh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Isaac Titsingh" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%81%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="イサーク・ティチング - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イサーク・ティチング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh - lituà" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Isaac Titsingh" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Isaac Titsingh" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh - noruec bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Isaac Titsingh" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruec bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Isaac Titsingh" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Isaac Titsingh" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3,_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Титсинг, Исаак - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Титсинг, Исаак" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh - sicilià" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Isaac Titsingh" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Isaac Titsingh" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Isaac Titsingh" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh - uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Isaac Titsingh" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E8%92%82%E8%BF%9B" title="伊萨克·蒂进 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伊萨克·蒂进" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%82%E8%BF%9B" title="蒂进 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蒂进" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Titsingh&action=history"><span>Mostra l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Enlla%C3%A7os/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Una llista de totes les pàgines wiki que enllacen amb aquesta [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Què hi enllaça</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Seguiment/Isaac_Titsingh" rel="nofollow" title="Canvis recents a pàgines enllaçades des d'aquesta pàgina [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Canvis relacionats</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A0gines_especials" title="Llista totes les pàgines especials [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pàgines 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id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33733479">.mw-parser-output .infobox_bodystyle{font-size:85%;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox_titleclass{color:#202122;background-color:#d6d6c2}.mw-parser-output .infobox_titlestyle_pharaon{color:#202122;background-color:#f1f1de}.mw-parser-output .infobox_aboveclass{color:#202122;background-color:#d6d6c2}.mw-parser-output .infobox_headerclass{color:#202122;background-color:#d6d6c2;border-bottom:2px solid #ccccff;border-top:2px solid #ccccff}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .infobox .extiw{color:#5F9CBB;background-color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox .extiw{color:#5F9CBB;background-color:inherit}}</style> <table class="infobox" style="font-size:90%;width:25em;infobox_bodystyle"><caption class="infobox_titleclass" style="font-weight:bold"><span style="float:left;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plantilla:Infotaula persona"><img alt="Plantilla:Infotaula persona" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg/20px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg/30px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg/40px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="485" /></a></span></span><span class="fn">Isaac Titsingh</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header infobox_headerclass" style="text-align:center">Biografia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Naixement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start">10 gener 1745 <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332779?uselang=ca#P569" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam (Províncies Unides)</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332779?uselang=ca#P19" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Mort</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start">2 febrer 1812 <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332779?uselang=ca#P570" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> (67 anys)<br /><a href="/wiki/Par%C3%ADs" title="París">París</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332779?uselang=ca#P20" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Sepultura</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Cementiri_del_P%C3%A8re-Lachaise" title="Cementiri del Père-Lachaise">cementiri de Père-Lachaise</a>, 39 <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332779?uselang=ca#P119" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox_center_BG"> <a href="/wiki/Ambaixador" title="Ambaixador">Ambaixador</a> </th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox_center_BG"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q98608816" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q98608816">Director of Dutch Bengal</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98608816?uselang=ca" title="Tradueix"><img alt="Tradueix" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> </th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332779?uselang=ca#P39" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header infobox_headerclass" style="text-align:center">Dades personals</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Formació</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Universitat_de_Leiden" title="Universitat de Leiden">Universitat de Leiden</a> <small> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332779?uselang=ca#P69" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></small></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header infobox_headerclass" style="text-align:center">Activitat</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Camp de treball</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Cirurgia" title="Cirurgia">Cirurgia</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332779?uselang=ca#P101" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Ocupació</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Diplom%C3%A0tic" title="Diplomàtic">diplomàtic</a>, <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1437510" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q1437510">col·leccionisme de monedes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historiador" title="Historiador">historiador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Escriptor" title="Escriptor">escriptor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cirurgi%C3%A0" title="Cirurgià">cirurgià</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332779?uselang=ca#P106" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Membre de</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><div style="text-align:start;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332779?uselang=ca#P463" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header infobox_headerclass" style="text-align:center">Premis</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"><div style="text-align:start;"><ul><li>  <a href="/wiki/Membre_de_la_Royal_Society" title="Membre de la Royal Society">Membre de la Royal Society</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332779?uselang=ca#P166" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"><hr /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"><hr /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/44171839" title="Find a Grave: 44171839" rel="nofollow"><img alt="Find a Grave: 44171839" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg/22px-Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg/33px-Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg/44px-Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="140" /></a></span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332779?uselang=ca#identifiers" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Isaac Titsingh </b>(<a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/10_de_gener" title="10 de gener">10 de gener</a> del <a href="/wiki/1745" title="1745">1745</a> - <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%ADs" title="París">París</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_de_febrer" title="2 de febrer">2 de febrer</a> del <a href="/wiki/1812" title="1812">1812</a>) fou un cirurgià, erudit, agent comercial i ambaixador holandès. Titsingh fou elegit membre de la <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> el <a href="/wiki/1797" title="1797">1797</a>; i la carta de la seva nominació ha estat penjada per un altre membre en la pàgina web de la Royal Society.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Els signants de la carta de nominació són: <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Marsden_(orientalista)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Marsden (orientalista) (encara no existeix)">William Marsden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cavendish" title="Henry Cavendish">Henry Cavendish</a>, Admiral <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Dalrymple&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Dalrymple (encara no existeix)">John Dalrymple</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Correa_de_Serra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Correa de Serra (encara no existeix)">José Correa de Serra</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxwell_Garthshore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maxwell Garthshore (encara no existeix)">Maxwell Garthshore</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Larkins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Larkins (encara no existeix)">William Larkins</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lloyd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Lloyd (encara no existeix)">John Lloyd</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Crathorne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Crathorne (encara no existeix)">Henry Crathorne</a>, Sir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Wilkins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Wilkins (encara no existeix)">Charles Wilkins</a>. </p><p>Titsingh dugué a terme una extensa carrera a l'est d'Àsia, com a funcionari de la <a href="/wiki/Companyia_Holandesa_de_les_%C3%8Dndies_Orientals" class="mw-redirect" title="Companyia Holandesa de les Índies Orientals">Companyia Holandesa de les Índies Orientals</a> (la <i>Vereenigde Oostindische Compagne</i> o <i><a href="/wiki/VOC" class="mw-redirect" title="VOC">VOC</a></i>). Ell representà de forma oficial i exclusiva la companyia comercial en els seus contactes amb el <a href="/wiki/Shogunat" title="Shogunat">shogunat Tokugawa</a> del <a href="/wiki/Jap%C3%B3" title="Japó">Japó</a> i va viatjar a <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B2quio" title="Tòquio">Edo</a> dues vegades per a tenir audiències amb el <a href="/wiki/Shogun" class="mw-redirect" title="Shogun">Shogun</a> i altres alts funcionaris del <i><a href="/wiki/Bakufu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakufu">bakufu</a></i>. Posteriorment, va ser el Governador general neerlandès a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chunchura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chunchura (encara no existeix)">Chunchura</a>, ciutat de <a href="/wiki/Bengala_Occidental" title="Bengala Occidental">Bengala Occidental</a>. Titsingh col·laborà així mateix amb <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Cornwallis">Charles Cornwallis</a>, el seu complementari com a Governador general de la <a href="/wiki/Companyia_Anglesa_de_les_%C3%8Dndies_Orientals" class="mw-redirect" title="Companyia Anglesa de les Índies Orientals">Companyia Anglesa de les Índies Orientals</a>. </p><p>El <a href="/wiki/1795" title="1795">1795</a>, Titsingh va representar els interessos <a href="/wiki/Comtat_d%27Holanda" title="Comtat d'Holanda">holandesos</a> i de la VOC a la Xina, on la seva recepció a la cort de l'emperador [Qianlong], conegut abans com a Chien-lung, va contrastar amb la fredor i el rebuig mostrat a l'ambaixador d'Anglaterra. A la Xina, Titsingh va realitzar una tasca molt eficaç tant com a ambaixador del seu país, com també en el seu rol de representant comercial de la VOC. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Japó_(1779-1784)"><span id="Jap.C3.B3_.281779-1784.29"></span>Japó (1779-1784)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Titsingh&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Japó (1779-1784)"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:NagasakiILN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/NagasakiILN.jpg/220px-NagasakiILN.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/NagasakiILN.jpg/330px-NagasakiILN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/NagasakiILN.jpg/440px-NagasakiILN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1354" data-file-height="921" /></a><figcaption><center><a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> (Japó) i la seva badia. Il·lustració del London News (26 de març, 1853). Era l'únic port obert al comerç amb l'estranger.</center></figcaption></figure> <p>Titsingh va ser l'<i>opperhoofd</i> o agent comercial de la VOC al Japó durant els períodes que comprenen 1779-1780, 1781-1783, i 1784. La importància del cap de la VOC al Japó durant aquesta època cobra especial transcendència degut a l'aïllament del Japó.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Durant aquest període, a causa de les activitats proselitistes desenvolupades per <a href="/wiki/Religi%C3%B3" title="Religió">religiosos</a> durant els anys anteriors, no es permetia l'entrada o sortida de ciutadans japonesos o europeus de l'arxipèlag japonès, i aquell que violava aquesta llei s'exposava a la pena de mort. L'única excepció a aquesta política de "portes tancades" era la "fàbrica" o parada comercial de la VOC a l'illa de <a href="/wiki/Dejima" title="Dejima">Dejima</a>, a la badia de <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> de l'illa japonesa de <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB" title="Kyūshū">Kyūshū</a>. </p><p>En aquest entorn controlat, els comerciants de la VOC eren l'única connexió oficial per al comerç i intercanvis científics i culturals. A l'agent de la VOC se li atorgava nominalment un estatus similar al d'un <i><a href="/wiki/Daimyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimyo">daimyo</a></i> japonès durant la visita anual obligatòria que havia de realitzar el <i>Shogun</i> a <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B2quio" title="Tòquio">Edo</a>. En aquestes rares oportunitats els contactes informals de Titsingh amb oficials <i><a href="/wiki/Bakufu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakufu">bakufu</a></i> i estudiosos <i><a href="/wiki/Rangaku" title="Rangaku">Rangaku</a></i> a Edo poden haver estat tan importants com les seves audiències formals amb el Shogun <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieharu" title="Tokugawa Ieharu">Tokugawa Ieharu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="India,_1785-1792"><span id="India.2C_1785-1792"></span>India, 1785-1792</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Titsingh&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la secció: India, 1785-1792"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El 1785, Titsingh va ser nomenat Director del <i><a href="/wiki/VOC" class="mw-redirect" title="VOC">VOC</a></i> a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chunchura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chunchura (encara no existeix)">Chunchura</a>, Bengala Occidental. Chunchura es troba riu amunt de <a href="/wiki/Calcuta" title="Calcuta">Calcuta</a>, a la riba del <a href="/wiki/Riu_Hugli" title="Riu Hugli">riu Hugli</a>, un dels braços del <a href="/wiki/Delta_del_Ganges" title="Delta del Ganges">delta del Ganges</a>. Sembla que allí hi va gaudir de l'ambient intel·lectual de la comunitat europea. Titsingh fou anomenat "el <a href="/wiki/Mandar%C3%AD" title="Mandarí">Mandarí</a> de Chunchura" per <a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(fil%C3%B2leg)" title="William Jones (filòleg)">William Jones</a>, un filòleg i jurista de Bengala.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Batàvia,_1792-1793"><span id="Bat.C3.A0via.2C_1792-1793"></span>Batàvia, 1792-1793</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Titsingh&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Batàvia, 1792-1793"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Titsingh va tornar a <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Batàvia</a> (actualment <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indon%C3%A8sia" title="Indonèsia">Indonèsia</a>) inicialment amb el càrrec de <i>Ontvanger-Generaal</i> (Tresorer) i posteriorment <i>Commissaris ter Zee</i> (Comissionat marítim). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Xina,_1794-1795"><span id="Xina.2C_1794-1795"></span>Xina, 1794-1795</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Titsingh&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Xina, 1794-1795"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Houckgeest.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Houckgeest.JPG/220px-Houckgeest.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Houckgeest.JPG/330px-Houckgeest.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Houckgeest.JPG/440px-Houckgeest.JPG 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="328" /></a><figcaption>L'única imatge actualment coneguda de Titsingh es troba al llibre de van Braam sobre l'<a href="/wiki/Ambaixador" title="Ambaixador">ambaixador</a> Titsingh davant la <a href="/wiki/Cort_noble" class="mw-redirect" title="Cort noble">Cort</a> de l'<a href="/wiki/Emperador" title="Emperador">Emperador</a> <a href="/wiki/Qianlong" title="Qianlong">Qianlong</a>. Titsingh és l'europeu assegut i amb capell.</figcaption></figure> <p>Titsingh fou designat l'ambaixador neerlandès davant la Cort imperial xinesa de cara a les celebracions del seixantè aniversari del regnat de l'Emperador Qianlong. A <a href="/wiki/Pequ%C3%ADn" title="Pequín">Pequín</a>, la delegació de Titsingh incloïa a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andreas_Everardus_van_Braam_Houckgeest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andreas Everardus van Braam Houckgeest (encara no existeix)">Andreas Everardus van Braam Houckgeest</a> i a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chr%C3%A9tien-Louis-Joseph_de_Guignes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chrétien-Louis-Joseph de Guignes (encara no existeix)">Chrétien-Louis-Joseph de Guignes</a>, els informes dels quals sobre l'ambaixada davant la Cort xinesa foren publicats als <a href="/wiki/Estats_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="Estats Units">Estats Units</a> i a <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a>. </p><p>El dur viatge de Titsingh en ple hivern des de <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a> fins a Pequín li permeté de veure zones de la Xina inaccessibles fins aleshores als europeus. La comitiva arribà a Pequín a temps per les celebracions del Nou Any. D'acord amb els estàndards xinesos, Titsingh i la seva del·legació foren rebuts amb inhabituals mostres de respecte i honor a la <a href="/wiki/Ciutat_Prohibida" title="Ciutat Prohibida">Ciutat Prohibida</a> i després a la <i>Yuang ming yuan</i> (el <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vell_Palau_d%27Estiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vell Palau d'Estiu (encara no existeix)">Vell Palau d'Estiu</a>). A diferència de la infructuosa ambaixada britànica de l'any anterior duta a terme per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lord_George_Macartney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lord George Macartney (encara no existeix)">Lord George Macartney</a>, Titsingh s'esforçà especialment a satisfer les exigències de la complexa <a href="/wiki/Etiqueta_(norma)" class="mw-redirect" title="Etiqueta (norma)">etiqueta</a> de la cort imperial, fins i tot en allò relatiu a reverenciar l'Emperador. Ni els xinesos ni els europeus es podien imaginar llavors que aquella seria la darrera aparició d'un ambaixador europeu a la Cort imperial fins després de les <a href="/wiki/Guerres_de_l%27opi" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerres de l'opi">Guerres de l'opi</a> del segle següent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retorn_a_Europa,_1796-1812"><span id="Retorn_a_Europa.2C_1796-1812"></span>Retorn a Europa, 1796-1812</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Titsingh&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la secció: Retorn a Europa, 1796-1812"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Tombstone1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Tombstone1.jpg/220px-Tombstone1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Tombstone1.jpg/330px-Tombstone1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Tombstone1.jpg/440px-Tombstone1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="883" /></a><figcaption>Mary Camper-Titsingh amb la seva neta, Meriah Druliner, al Père-Lachaise — 13 de juliol del 1996</figcaption></figure> <p>Titsingh va tornar finalment a Europa després d'esdevenir el primer a introduir les singulars matemàtiques <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wasan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wasan (encara no existeix)">Wasan</a>/euclidianes dels <i><a href="/wiki/Sangaku" title="Sangaku">sangaku</a></i> a Occident.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Morí a París el 1812 i es troba soterrat al <a href="/wiki/Cementiri_del_P%C3%A8re-Lachaise" title="Cementiri del Père-Lachaise">Cementiri del Père-Lachaise</a>. Sobre la seva làpida hi diu: <i>"Ici repose Isaac Titsingh. Ancien conseiller des Indes hollandaises. Ambassadeur à la Chine et au Japon. Mort à Paris le 2 Février 1812, agé de 68 ans."</i> [Aquí reposa Isaac Titsingh, antic representant de la Companyia Holandesa de les Índies Orientals, Ambaixador a la Xina i al Japó. Mort a París el 2 de febrer del 1812, a l'edat de 68 anys.] </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Llegat">Llegat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Titsingh&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la secció: Llegat"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Ackerman1822.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ackerman1822.jpg/220px-Ackerman1822.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ackerman1822.jpg/330px-Ackerman1822.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Ackerman1822.jpg 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Els treballs de Titsingh proven de situar els japonesos en el context de les seves pròpies narratives. Aquesta portada és de la versió anglesa del 1822 de l'original en llengua francesa que havia estat publicat dos anys abans</figcaption></figure> <p>Les experiències i les recerques erudites de Titsingh al Japó foren la base dels seus llibres, publicats pòstumament. Els més notables foren: </p> <ul><li>Titsingh, Isaac. (1820). <i>Mémoires et Anecdotes sur la Dynastie régnante des Djogouns, Souverains du Japon, avec la description des fêtes et cérémonies observées aux différentes époques de l'année à la Cour de ces Princes, et un appendice contenant des détails sur la poésie des Japonais, leur manière de diviser l'année, etc.;</i> Ouvrage orné de Planches gravées et coloriées, tiré des Originaux Japonais par M. Titsingh; publié avec des Notes et Eclaircissemens Par M. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abel_R%C3%A9musat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abel Rémusat (encara no existeix)">Abel Rémusat</a>. París: Nepveu.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Titsingh, Isaac. (1822). <i>Illustrations of Japan; consisting of Private Memoirs and Anecdotes of the reigning dynasty of The Djogouns, or Sovereigns of Japan; a description of the Feasts and Ceremonies observed throughout the year at their Court; and of the Ceremonies customary at Marriages and Funerals: to which are subjoined, observations on the legal suicide of the Japanese, remarks on their their poetry, an explanation of their mode of reckoning time, particulars respecting the Dosia powder, the preface of a work by Confoutzee on filial piety, &c. &c.</i> by M. Titsingh formerly Chief Agent to the Dutch East India Company at Nangasaki. Translated from the French, by Frederic Shoberl with coloured plates, faithfully copied from Japanese original designs. Londres: Ackermann.</li></ul> <ul><li>Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hayashi_Gah%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hayashi Gahō (encara no existeix)">Hayashi Gahō</a>, (1652)] <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nipon_o_da%C3%AF_itsi_ran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nipon o daï itsi ran (encara no existeix)">Nipon o daï itsi ran</a></i> [també conegut com a <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nihon_%C5%8Cdai_Ichiran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nihon Ōdai Ichiran (encara no existeix)">Nihon Ōdai Ichiran</a></i>]; <i>ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon, tr. par M. Isaac Titsingh avec l'aide de plusieurs interprètes attachés au comptoir hollandais de Nangasaki; ouvrage re., complété et cor. sur l'original japonais-chinois, accompagné de notes et précédé d'un Aperçu d'histoire mythologique du Japon, par M. J.</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Klaproth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julius Klaproth (encara no existeix)"> Klaproth</a>. París: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Asiatic_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Asiatic Society (encara no existeix)">Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cat/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran">—<i>Dos exemplars d'aquest llibre estrany es troben disponibles a la xarxa: (1) el de la llibreria de la Universitat de Michigan, digitalitzat el 30 de gener del 2007; i (2) el de la llibreria de la Universitat Stanford, digitalitzat el 23 de juny del 2006.</i> Cliqueu aquí per llegir el text original en francès.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Titsingh&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist {{#if: | references-column-count references-column-count-{{{col}}}" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup title="Cal donar format a aquesta referència." class="noprint"><span class="noprint" style="color:blue;"><i>[<a href="/wiki/VP:REF" class="mw-redirect" title="VP:REF">enllaç sense format</a>]</i></span></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqCmd=Browse2.tcl&dsqItem=EC/1797/12&dsqKey=RefNo">http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqCmd=Browse2.tcl&dsqItem=EC/1797/12&dsqKey=RefNo</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" since d’abril 2024" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i>[<a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Enlla%C3%A7os_externs#Manteniment_d'enllaços_externs" title="Viquipèdia:Enllaços externs">Enllaç no actiu</a>]</i></span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Catàleg d'exhibició del Museu d'Edo-Tòkio (2000). <i>A Very Unique Collection of Historical Significance: The Kapitan (the Dutch Chief) Collection from the Edo Period — The Dutch Fascination with Japan,</i> p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Catàleg d'exhibició del Museu d'Edo-Tòkio, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, W. (1835). <i>Memoirs of the life, writings and correspondence of Sir William Jones, per Lord Teignmouth.</i> Londres.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Association of American Geographers. (1911). <i>Annals of the Association of American Geographers,</i> (Vol. I) p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S15/04/04O77/index.xml">Princeton University - Rothman helps reveal intricacies of ancient math phenomenon</a>».</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930010653/http://www.arsetmathesis.nl/sangatekst.htm">Sangaku Tekst</a>». Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arsetmathesis.nl/sangatekst.htm">original</a> el 2007-09-30. [Consulta: 20 octubre 2007].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Encara no hi ha cap còpia d'aquest rar llibre disponible a la xarxa, però l'exemplar que posseeix la biblioteca de la Universitat Stanford va ser digitalitzat el 22 de maig del 2006</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Titsingh&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la secció: Bibliografia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33663753">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-center{clear:both;margin:auto}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right plainlinks"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">A <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0gina_principal?uselang=ca">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Isaac_Titsingh" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Isaac Titsingh">Isaac Titsingh</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Association of American Geographers. (1911). <i>Annals of the Association of American Geographers,</i> Vol. I.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cat/books?id=GR4aAAAAMAAJ&q=isaac+titsingh&dq=isaac+titsingh&ie=ISO-8859-1&pgis=1">...click here for digitized citation snippet</a></li> <li>de Guignes, C.-L.-J. (1808). <i>Voyage a Pékin, Manille et l'Ile de France.</i> París.</li> <li>Duyvendak, J.J.L. (1937). "The Last Dutch Embassy to the Chinese Court (1794-1795)." <i>T'oung Pao</i> 33:1-137.</li> <li>Edo-Tokyo Museum exhibition catalog. (2000). <i>A Very Unique Collection of Historical Significance: The Kapitan (the Dutch Chief) Collection from the Edo Period - The Dutch Fascination with Japan.</i> Catalog of "400th Anniversary Exhibition Regarding Relations between Japan and the Netherlands," a joint-project of the Edo-Tokyo Museum, the City of Nagasaki, the National Museum of Ethnology, the National Natuurhistorisch Museum and the National Herbarium of the Netherlands in Leiden, the Netherlands. Tokyo.</li> <li>Jones, W. (1835). <i>Memoirs of the life, writings and correspondence of Sir William Jones, by Lord Teignmouth.</i> Londres.</li> <li>Lequin, F. (2005). <i>Isaac Titsingh in China (1794-1796).</i> Alphen aan den Rijn.</li> <li>Lequin, F. (2002). <i>Isaac Titsingh (1745-1812): een passie voor Japan, leven en werk van de grondlegger van de Europese Japanologie</i> Leiden.</li> <li>Lequin, F. ed. (1990-92). <i>The Private Correspondence of Isaac Titsingh.</i> Amsterdam.</li> <li><i>Nederland's Patriciaat,</i> Vol. 13 (1923). Den Haag.</li> <li>O'Neil, Patricia O. (1995). <i>Missed Opportunities: Late 18th Century Chinese Relations with England and the Netherlands.</i> (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington).</li> <li>Screech, Timon. (2006). <i>Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779-1822.</i> London: <a href="/w/index.php?title=RoutledgeCurzon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RoutledgeCurzon (encara no existeix)">RoutledgeCurzon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0-700-71720-X" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0-700-71720-X">ISBN 0-700-71720-X</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t741111411~db=all">— publisher's info</a></li> <li>van Braam Houckgeest, A.E. (1797). <i>Voyage de l'ambassade de la Compagnie des Indes Orientales hollandaises vers l'empereur de la Chine, dans les années 1794 et 1795</i> Philadelphia; _____. (1798). <i>An authentic account of the embassy of the Dutch East-India Company, to the court of the emperor of China, in the years 1794 and 1795.</i> Londres.</li></ul> <p><br clear="all" /> </p> <table class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin:0 auto;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="30%">Precedit per:<br /><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arend_Willem_Feith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arend Willem Feith (encara no existeix)">Arend Willem Feith</a></b> </td> <td width="40%" style="text-align: center;"><b><a href="/wiki/VOC" class="mw-redirect" title="VOC">VOC</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Opperhoofd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opperhoofd (encara no existeix)">Opperhoofd</a> de<br /><a href="/wiki/Dejima" title="Dejima">Dejima</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/1779" title="1779">1779</a>-<a href="/wiki/1784" title="1784">1784</a> </td> <td width="30%">Succeït per:<br /><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hendrik_Casper_Romberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hendrik Casper Romberg (encara no existeix)">Hendrik Casper Romberg</a></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Control_d%27autoritats" title="Control d'autoritats">Registres d'autoritat</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n90-606214">WorldCat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11926724n">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BPN" class="mw-redirect" title="BPN">BPN</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/persoon/21609973">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/118977458">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCCN" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN">LCCN</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n90606214">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIAF" class="mw-redirect" title="VIAF">VIAF</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://viaf.org/viaf/73860738">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISNI" class="mw-redirect" title="ISNI">ISNI</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/0000000081533634">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUDOC" class="mw-redirect" title="SUDOC">SUDOC</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idref.fr/033740593">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00458834">1</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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