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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Wikipedia policies on the romanization of Greek names, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Greek)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Greek)">Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Greek)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Qoppa_Q-and-Z-shaped.svg/40px-Qoppa_Q-and-Z-shaped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Qoppa_Q-and-Z-shaped.svg/60px-Qoppa_Q-and-Z-shaped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Qoppa_Q-and-Z-shaped.svg/80px-Qoppa_Q-and-Z-shaped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="45"></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains non-classical letters of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> that may not render correctly in your browser. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters#Ancient_scripts" title="Help:Special characters">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Mojibake" title="Mojibake">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of the intended symbols.</div></div> </div> Romanization of Greek is the <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">letter</a>-mapping) or <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)" title="Transcription (linguistics)">transcription</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pronunciation" title="Pronunciation">sound</a>-mapping) of text from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Tables">2 Tables</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Ancient_Greek">2.1 Ancient Greek</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Modern_Greek">2.2 Modern Greek</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Diacritical_marks">2.3 Diacritical marks</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Numerals">2.4 Numerals</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Punctuation_marks">2.5 Punctuation marks</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Uncommon_letters">2.6 Uncommon letters</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Standardization">3 Standardization</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#See_also">4 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#References">5 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#External_links">6 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Greek&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The conventions for <a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">writing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanizing</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> differ markedly. The sound of the <a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English letter</a> <a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a> (<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced bilabial stop">/b/</a>) was written as β in ancient Greek but is now written as the <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography#Digraphs_and_diphthongs" title="Greek orthography">μπ</a>, while the modern β sounds like the English letter <a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a> (<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">/v/</a>) instead. The <a href="/wiki/Greek_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek names">Greek name</a> Ἰωάννης became <a href="/wiki/Johannes" title="Johannes">Johannes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and then <a href="/wiki/John_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="John (name)">John</a> in English, but in modern Greek has become Γιάννης; this might be written as <a href="/wiki/Yannis" title="Yannis">Yannis</a>, Jani, Ioannis, Yiannis, or Giannis, but not Giannes or Giannēs as it would be for ancient Greek. The word Άγιος might variously appear as Hagiοs, Agios, Aghios, or Ayios, or simply be <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translated</a> as "<a href="/wiki/Holy" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy">Holy</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a>" in English forms of <a href="/wiki/Greek_placenames" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek placenames">Greek placenames</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Traditional English renderings of Greek names originated from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> systems established in antiquity. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman alphabet">Roman alphabet</a> itself was a form of the <a href="/wiki/Cumaean_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumaean alphabet">Cumaean alphabet</a> derived from the <a href="/wiki/Euboean_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Euboean alphabet">Euboean script</a> that valued <a href="/wiki/Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">Χ</a> as /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless velar stop">k</a><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/ and <a href="/wiki/Heta" title="Heta">Η</a> as /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/ and used variant forms of Λ and Σ that became <a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a> and <a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> When this script was used to write the classical Greek alphabet, ⟨κ⟩ was replaced with ⟨c⟩, ⟨αι⟩ and ⟨οι⟩ became ⟨æ⟩ and ⟨œ⟩, and ⟨ει⟩ and ⟨ου⟩ were simplified to ⟨i⟩ (more rarely—corresponding to an earlier pronunciation—⟨e⟩) and ⟨u⟩. <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">Aspirated consonants</a> like ⟨θ⟩, ⟨φ⟩, initial-⟨ρ⟩, and ⟨χ⟩ simply wrote out the sound: ⟨th⟩, ⟨ph⟩, ⟨rh⟩, and ⟨ch⟩. Because <a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English orthography</a> has changed so much from the original <a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Greek</a>, modern scholarly transliteration now usually renders ⟨κ⟩ as ⟨k⟩ and the diphthongs ⟨αι, οι, ει, ου⟩ as ⟨ai, oi, ei, ou⟩.<a href="#cite_note-ala-lc-3">[3]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Greeklish" title="Greeklish">Greeklish</a>" has also spread within <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> itself, owing to the rapid spread of digital <a href="/wiki/Telephony" title="Telephony">telephony</a> from cultures using the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>. Since Greek <a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">typefaces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">fonts</a> are not always supported or robust, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> email and chatting has adopted a variety of formats for rendering Greek and Greek shorthand using Latin letters. Examples include "8elo" and "thelw" for θέλω, "3ava" for ξανά, and "yuxi" for ψυχή. Owing to the difficulties encountered in transliterating and transcribing both ancient and modern Greek into the Latin alphabet, a number of regulatory bodies have been established. The <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Organization_for_Standardization" title="Hellenic Organization for Standardization">Hellenic Organization for Standardization</a> (ELOT), in cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO), released a system in 1983 which has since been formally adopted by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the United Kingdom and United States. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Tables">Tables</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Greek&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Tables" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> The following tables list several romanization schemes from the Greek alphabet to modern English. Note, however, that the ELOT, UN, and ISO formats for Modern Greek intend themselves as translingual and may be applied in any language using the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greek">Ancient Greek</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Greek&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient Greek" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a> and <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> romanization scheme employs its "Ancient or Medieval Greek" system for all works and authors up to the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a> in 1453,<a href="#cite_note-ala-lc-3">[3]</a> although <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Greek">Byzantine Greek</a> was pronounced distinctly and some have considered "Modern" Greek to have begun as early as the 12th century.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> For treatment of <a href="/wiki/Polytonic_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytonic orthography">polytonic Greek letters</a>—for example, ᾤ—see also the <a href="#Diacritical_marks">section on romanizing Greek diacritical marks</a> below. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> </th> <th title="Classical Latinate">Classical[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </th> <th title="Modern Scholarship"><a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">ALA-LC</a><a href="#cite_note-ala-lc-3">[3]</a> (2010) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Beta_Code" title="Beta Code">Beta Code</a><a href="#cite_note-TLGr-5">[5]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><big><a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">α</a></big></td> <td>a</td> <td>a</td> <td>A </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography#Digraphs_and_diphthongs" title="Greek orthography">αι</a></big></td> <td>ae</td> <td>ai</td> <td>AI </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><a href="/wiki/Beta" title="Beta">β</a></big></td> <td>b</td> <td>b</td> <td>B </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><big><a href="/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma">γ</a></big></td> <td>g</td> <td>g</td> <td rowspan="2">G </td></tr> <tr> <td>n<a href="#cite_note-gamma-6">[n. 1]</a></td> <td>n<a href="#cite_note-gamma-6">[n. 1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><a href="/wiki/Delta_(letter)" title="Delta (letter)">δ</a></big></td> <td>d</td> <td>d</td> <td>D </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><a href="/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon">ε</a></big></td> <td>e</td> <td>e</td> <td>E </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography#Digraphs_and_diphthongs" title="Greek orthography">ει</a></big></td> <td>e or i</td> <td>ei</td> <td>EI </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><a href="/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta">ζ</a></big></td> <td>z</td> <td>z</td> <td>Z </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><a href="/wiki/Eta" title="Eta">η</a></big></td> <td>e</td> <td>ē</td> <td>H </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><a href="/wiki/Theta" title="Theta">θ</a></big></td> <td>th</td> <td>th</td> <td>Q </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><a href="/wiki/Iota" title="Iota">ι</a></big></td> <td>i</td> <td>i</td> <td>I </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><a href="/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa">κ</a></big></td> <td>c</td> <td>k</td> <td>K </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">λ</a></big></td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>L </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><a href="/wiki/Mu_(letter)" title="Mu (letter)">μ</a></big></td> <td>m</td> <td>m</td> <td>M </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><a href="/wiki/Nu_(letter)" title="Nu (letter)">ν</a></big></td> <td>n</td> <td>n</td> <td>N </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><a href="/wiki/Xi_(letter)" title="Xi (letter)">ξ</a></big></td> <td>x</td> <td>x</td> <td>C </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><a href="/wiki/Omicron" title="Omicron">ο</a></big></td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>O </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography#Digraphs_and_diphthongs" title="Greek orthography">οι</a></big></td> <td>oe</td> <td>oi</td> <td>OI </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><big><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography#Digraphs_and_diphthongs" title="Greek orthography">ου</a></big></td> <td>u</td> <td rowspan="2">ou</td> <td rowspan="2">OU </td></tr> <tr> <td>o </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><a href="/wiki/Pi_(letter)" title="Pi (letter)">π</a></big></td> <td>p</td> <td>p</td> <td>P </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><big><a href="/wiki/Rho" title="Rho">ρ</a></big></td> <td>rh<a href="#cite_note-rh-7">[n. 2]</a></td> <td>rh<a href="#cite_note-rh-7">[n. 2]</a></td> <td rowspan="2">R </td></tr> <tr> <td>r</td> <td>r </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><a href="/wiki/Medial_sigma" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial sigma">σ</a></big></td> <td rowspan="2">s</td> <td rowspan="2">s</td> <td>S / S1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><a href="/wiki/Final_sigma" class="mw-redirect" title="Final sigma">ς</a></big></td> <td>S / S2 / J </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><a href="/wiki/Tau" title="Tau">τ</a></big></td> <td>t</td> <td>t</td> <td>T </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><big><a href="/wiki/Upsilon" title="Upsilon">υ</a></big></td> <td>y</td> <td>y</td> <td rowspan="2">U </td></tr> <tr> <td>u<a href="#cite_note-diphth_u-8">[n. 3]</a></td> <td>u<a href="#cite_note-diphth_u-8">[n. 3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography#Digraphs_and_diphthongs" title="Greek orthography">υι</a></big></td> <td>ui or yi</td> <td>ui</td> <td>UI </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><a href="/wiki/Phi" title="Phi">φ</a></big></td> <td>ph</td> <td>ph</td> <td>F </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><a href="/wiki/Khi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khi">χ</a></big></td> <td>ch</td> <td>ch</td> <td>X </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><a href="/wiki/Psi_(Greek)" title="Psi (Greek)">ψ</a></big></td> <td>ps</td> <td>ps</td> <td>Y </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><a href="/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">ω</a></big></td> <td>o</td> <td>ō</td> <td>W </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-gamma-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gamma_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gamma_6-1">b</a> Before another velar stop, i.e. in the combinations γγ, γκ, γξ, γχ </li> <li id="cite_note-rh-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rh_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rh_7-1">b</a> In ancient Greek, word-initial <a href="/wiki/Rho" title="Rho">rho</a>—a rho at the beginning of a word or name—and the second in a pair of medial rhos were always considered to involve <a href="/wiki/Rough_breathing" title="Rough breathing">rough breathing</a> whether <a href="#Diacritical_marks">marked</a> or not. </li> <li id="cite_note-diphth_u-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-diphth_u_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-diphth_u_8-1">b</a> In the diphthongs αυ, ευ, ηυ, ου, υι, ωυ. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Greek">Modern Greek</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Greek&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern Greek" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/ELOT" class="mw-redirect" title="ELOT">ELOT</a> approved in 1982 the ELOT 743 standard, revised in 2001,<a href="#cite_note-elot-full-document-9">[6]</a> whose Type 2 (Greek: Τύπος 2, romanized: Typos 2) <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)" title="Transcription (linguistics)">transcription</a> scheme has been adopted by the Greek and Cypriot governments as standard for romanization of names on <a href="/wiki/Greek_passport" title="Greek passport">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_passport" title="Cypriot passport">Cypriot passports</a>. It also comprised a Type 1 (Greek: Τύπος 1, romanized: Typos 1) <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a> table, which was extensively modified in the second edition of the standard. International versions of ELOT 743, with an English language standard document, were approved by the UN (V/19, 1987) and the British and American governments. The ISO approved in 1997 its version, <a href="/wiki/ISO_843" title="ISO 843">ISO 843</a>, with a different Type 1 transliteration system, which was adopted four years later by ELOT itself, while the U.N. did not update its version. So the transcriptions of Modern Greek into Latin letters used by ELOT, UN and ISO are essentially equivalent, while there remain minor differences in how they approach reversible transliteration. The <a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a> and <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> romanization scheme employs its "Modern Greek" system for all works and authors following the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a> in 1453.<a href="#cite_note-ala-lc-3">[3]</a> In the table below, the special rules for vowel combinations (αι, αυ, ει, ευ, ηυ, οι, ου, ωυ) only apply when these letters function as <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a>. There are also words where the same letters stand side by side incidentally but represent separate vowels. In these cases each of the two letters is transcribed separately according to the normal rules for single letters. Such cases are marked in Greek orthography by either having an <a href="#Diacritical_marks">accent</a> on the first rather than the second vowel letter, or by having a <a href="#Diacritical_marks">diaeresis</a> ( <big>¨</big> ) over the second letter. For treatment of <a href="/wiki/Accent_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Accent mark">accents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaereses</a>—for example, ϊ—also see the <a href="#Diacritical_marks">section on romanizing Greek diacritical marks</a> below. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" style="background:#D0E8FF"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Greek</a> </th> <th colspan="2" style="background:#FFE0E0">Transcription </th> <th colspan="4" style="background:#D0FFD0">Transliteration </th> <th rowspan="2">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th>BGN/PCGN<a href="#cite_note-sixty2-10">[7]</a> (1962) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/ELOT" class="mw-redirect" title="ELOT">ELOT</a> 743 (Type 2 - transcription) (1982; 2001) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Group_of_Experts_on_Geographical_Names" title="United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names">UN</a><a href="#cite_note-UNCSGN5-11">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[11]</a> (1987) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_843" title="ISO 843">ISO</a><a href="#cite_note-un-15">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-sixty2-10">[7]</a> (1997) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/ELOT" class="mw-redirect" title="ELOT">ELOT</a> 743, 2nd ed. (Type 1 - transliteration)<a href="#cite_note-elot-13">[10]</a> (2001) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">ALA-LC</a><a href="#cite_note-ala-lc-3">[3]</a> (2010) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">α</a></big> </th> <td>a </td> <td>a </td> <td>a </td> <td>a </td> <td>a </td> <td>a </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography#Digraphs_and_diphthongs" title="Greek orthography">αι</a></big> </th> <td>e </td> <td>ai </td> <td>ai </td> <td>ai </td> <td>ai </td> <td>ai </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><big><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography#Digraphs_and_diphthongs" title="Greek orthography">αυ</a></big> </th> <td rowspan="2">av </td> <td>av </td> <td>av̱ </td> <td rowspan="2">au </td> <td rowspan="2">au </td> <td rowspan="2">au </td> <td>before vowels or voiced consonants </td></tr> <tr> <td>af </td> <td>af </td> <td>before voiceless consonants and word-finally </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><a href="/wiki/Beta" title="Beta">β</a></big> </th> <td>v </td> <td>v </td> <td>v </td> <td>v </td> <td>v </td> <td>v </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><big><a href="/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma">γ</a></big> </th> <td>g </td> <td rowspan="2">g </td> <td rowspan="2">g </td> <td rowspan="2">g </td> <td rowspan="2">g </td> <td rowspan="2">g </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>y </td> <td>before front vowels </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography#Digraphs_and_diphthongs" title="Greek orthography">γγ</a></big> </th> <td>ng </td> <td>ng </td> <td>ṉg </td> <td>gg </td> <td>gg </td> <td>ng </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><big><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography#Digraphs_and_diphthongs" title="Greek orthography">γκ</a></big> </th> <td>g </td> <td rowspan="2">gk </td> <td rowspan="2">gk </td> <td rowspan="2">gk </td> <td rowspan="2">gk </td> <td>gk </td> <td>word-initially </td></tr> <tr> <td>ng </td> <td>ng </td> <td>word-medially </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography#Digraphs_and_diphthongs" title="Greek orthography">γξ</a></big> </th> <td>nx </td> <td>nx </td> <td>ṉx </td> <td>gx </td> <td>gx </td> <td>nx </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography#Digraphs_and_diphthongs" title="Greek orthography">γχ</a></big> </th> <td>nkh </td> <td>nch </td> <td>ṉch </td> <td>gch </td> <td>gch </td> <td>nch </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><big><a href="/wiki/Delta_(letter)" title="Delta (letter)">δ</a></big> </th> <td>dh </td> <td rowspan="2">d </td> <td rowspan="2">d </td> <td rowspan="2">d </td> <td rowspan="2">d </td> <td rowspan="2">d </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>d </td> <td>in the combination νδρ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><a href="/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon">ε</a></big> </th> <td>e </td> <td>e </td> <td>e </td> <td>e </td> <td>e </td> <td>e </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography#Digraphs_and_diphthongs" title="Greek orthography">ει</a></big> </th> <td>i </td> <td>ei </td> <td>ei </td> <td>ei </td> <td>ei </td> <td>ei </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><big><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography#Digraphs_and_diphthongs" title="Greek orthography">ευ</a></big> </th> <td rowspan="2">ev </td> <td>ev </td> <td>ev̱ </td> <td rowspan="2">eu </td> <td rowspan="2">eu </td> <td rowspan="2">eu </td> <td>before vowels or voiced consonants </td></tr> <tr> <td>ef </td> <td>ef </td> <td>before voiceless consonants and word-finally </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><a href="/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta">ζ</a></big> </th> <td>z </td> <td>z </td> <td>z </td> <td>z </td> <td>z </td> <td>z </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><a href="/wiki/Eta" title="Eta">η</a></big> </th> <td>i </td> <td>i </td> <td>i̱ </td> <td>ī </td> <td>ī / i¯ </td> <td>ē </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><big><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography#Digraphs_and_diphthongs" title="Greek orthography">ηυ</a></big> </th> <td rowspan="2">iv </td> <td>iv </td> <td>i̱v̱ </td> <td rowspan="2">īu </td> <td rowspan="2">īu / i¯u </td> <td rowspan="2">ēu </td> <td>before vowels or voiced consonants </td></tr> <tr> <td>if </td> <td>i̱f̱ </td> <td>before voiceless consonants and word-finally </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><a href="/wiki/Theta" title="Theta">θ</a></big> </th> <td>th </td> <td>th </td> <td>th </td> <td>th </td> <td>th </td> <td>th </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><a href="/wiki/Iota" title="Iota">ι</a></big> </th> <td>i </td> <td>i </td> <td>i </td> <td>i </td> <td>i </td> <td>i </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><a href="/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa">κ</a></big> </th> <td>k </td> <td>k </td> <td>k </td> <td>k </td> <td>k </td> <td>k </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">λ</a></big> </th> <td>l </td> <td>l </td> <td>l </td> <td>l </td> <td>l </td> <td>l </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><a href="/wiki/Mu_(letter)" title="Mu (letter)">μ</a></big> </th> <td>m </td> <td>m </td> <td>m </td> <td>m </td> <td>m </td> <td>m </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><big><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography#Digraphs_and_diphthongs" title="Greek orthography">μπ</a></big> </th> <td>b </td> <td>b </td> <td>b </td> <td rowspan="2">mp </td> <td rowspan="2">mp </td> <td>b </td> <td>word-initially </td></tr> <tr> <td>mp </td> <td>mb </td> <td>mp </td> <td>mp </td> <td>word-medially </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><a href="/wiki/Nu_(letter)" title="Nu (letter)">ν</a></big> </th> <td>n </td> <td>n </td> <td>n </td> <td>n </td> <td>n </td> <td>n </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="3"><big><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography#Digraphs_and_diphthongs" title="Greek orthography">ντ</a></big> </th> <td>d </td> <td rowspan="3">nt </td> <td rowspan="3">nt </td> <td rowspan="3">nt </td> <td rowspan="3">nt </td> <td>ḏ / d_ </td> <td>word-initially </td></tr> <tr> <td>nd </td> <td rowspan="2">nt </td> <td>word-medially and word-finally </td></tr> <tr> <td>nt </td> <td>in the combination ντζ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><a href="/wiki/Xi_(letter)" title="Xi (letter)">ξ</a></big> </th> <td>x </td> <td>x </td> <td>x </td> <td>x </td> <td>x </td> <td>x </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><a href="/wiki/Omicron" title="Omicron">ο</a></big> </th> <td>o </td> <td>o </td> <td>o </td> <td>o </td> <td>o </td> <td>o </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography#Digraphs_and_diphthongs" title="Greek orthography">οι</a></big> </th> <td>i </td> <td>oi </td> <td>oi </td> <td>oi </td> <td>oi </td> <td>oi </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography#Digraphs_and_diphthongs" title="Greek orthography">ου</a></big> </th> <td>ou </td> <td>ou </td> <td>ou </td> <td>ou </td> <td>ou </td> <td>ou </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><a href="/wiki/Pi_(letter)" title="Pi (letter)">π</a></big> </th> <td>p </td> <td>p </td> <td>p </td> <td>p </td> <td>p </td> <td>p </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><a href="/wiki/Rho" title="Rho">ρ</a></big> </th> <td>r </td> <td>r </td> <td>r </td> <td>r </td> <td>r </td> <td>r </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><a href="/wiki/Medial_sigma" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial sigma">σ</a> / <a href="/wiki/Final_sigma" class="mw-redirect" title="Final sigma">ς</a></big> </th> <td>s </td> <td>s </td> <td>s </td> <td>s </td> <td>s </td> <td>s </td> <td>ς (σίγμα τελικό - final sigma) is used as the final letter in a word. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><a href="/wiki/Tau" title="Tau">τ</a></big> </th> <td>t </td> <td>t </td> <td>t </td> <td>t </td> <td>t </td> <td>t </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><a href="/wiki/Upsilon" title="Upsilon">υ</a></big> </th> <td>i </td> <td>y </td> <td>y </td> <td>y </td> <td>y </td> <td>y </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography#Digraphs_and_diphthongs" title="Greek orthography">υι</a></big> </th> <td>i </td> <td>yi </td> <td>yi </td> <td>yi </td> <td>yi </td> <td>ui </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><a href="/wiki/Phi" title="Phi">φ</a></big> </th> <td>f </td> <td>f </td> <td>f </td> <td>f </td> <td>f </td> <td>ph </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><a href="/wiki/Khi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khi">χ</a></big> </th> <td>kh </td> <td>ch </td> <td>ch </td> <td>ch </td> <td>ch </td> <td>ch </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><a href="/wiki/Psi_(Greek)" title="Psi (Greek)">ψ</a></big> </th> <td>ps </td> <td>ps </td> <td>ps </td> <td>ps </td> <td>ps </td> <td>ps </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><a href="/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">ω</a></big> </th> <td>o </td> <td>o </td> <td>o̱ </td> <td>ō </td> <td>ō / o¯ </td> <td>ō </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><big><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography#Digraphs_and_diphthongs" title="Greek orthography">ωυ</a></big> </th> <td>oy </td> <td>ou </td> <td>o̱y </td> <td>ōy </td> <td>ōy / o¯y </td> <td>ōu </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diacritical_marks">Diacritical marks</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Greek&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Diacritical marks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Greek diacritics</a></div> The traditional <a href="/wiki/Polytonic_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytonic orthography">polytonic orthography</a> of Greek uses <a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">several distinct diacritical marks</a> to render what was originally the <a href="/wiki/Pitch_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch accent">pitch accent</a> of Ancient Greek and the presence or absence of word-initial /h/. In 1982, <a href="/wiki/Monotonic_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotonic orthography">monotonic orthography</a> was officially introduced for modern Greek. The only diacritics that remain are the <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> (indicating stress) and the <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaeresis</a> (indicating that two consecutive vowels should not be combined). When a Greek <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a> is accented, the accent mark is placed over the second letter of the pair. This means that an accent over the first letter of the pair indicates vowels which should be taken (and romanized) separately. Although the second vowel is not marked with a superfluous diaeresis in Greek, the first-edition ELOT 743 and the UN systems place a diaeresis on the Latin vowel for the sake of clarity.<a href="#cite_note-babi-16">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNCSGN5-11">[8]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Diacritical marks</a> </caption> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <th rowspan="2">Greek </th> <th colspan="3">Ancient </th> <th colspan="5">Modern </th> <th rowspan="2">Name </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <th title="Classical Latinate">Classical </th> <th title="Modern Scholarship">ALA-LC<a href="#cite_note-ala-lc-3">[3]</a> (2010) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Beta_Code" title="Beta Code">Beta Code</a><a href="#cite_note-TLGr-5">[5]</a> <a href="#cite_note-17">[n. 1]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/ELOT" class="mw-redirect" title="ELOT">ELOT</a><a href="#cite_note-elot-13">[10]</a> (2001) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Group_of_Experts_on_Geographical_Names" title="United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names">UN</a><a href="#cite_note-UNCSGN5-11">[8]</a> (1987) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/BGN/PCGN_romanization" title="BGN/PCGN romanization">BGN/ PCGN</a> <a href="#cite_note-bgn96-18">[14]</a> (1996) </th> <th>ISO<a href="#cite_note-sixty2-10">[7]</a> (1997) </th> <th>ALA-LC<a href="#cite_note-ala-lc-3">[3]</a> (2010) </th></tr> <tr> <td><big><big> ́ </big></big></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td>/</td> <td colspan="4"><big><big><a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">´</a></big></big><a href="#cite_note-19">[n. 2]</a></td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics#Accents" title="Greek diacritics">accent</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics#Accents" title="Greek diacritics">acute accent</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><big> ̀ </big></big></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td>\</td> <td><big><big><a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">`</a></big></big></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td><big><big>´</big></big></td> <td><big><big><a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">`</a></big></big></td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics#Accents" title="Greek diacritics">grave accent</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><big> ῾ </big></big></td> <td colspan="2">h<a href="#cite_note-spir-20">[n. 3]</a></td> <td>(</td> <td>h<a href="#cite_note-spir-20">[n. 3]</a></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td></td> <td>h<a href="#cite_note-spir-20">[n. 3]</a></td> <td>h<a href="#cite_note-spir-20">[n. 3]</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics#Breathings" title="Greek diacritics">rough breathing</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><big> ᾿ </big></big></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td>)</td> <td><big><big><a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">'</a></big></big></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td></td> <td><big><big><a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">'</a></big></big></td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics#Coronis" title="Greek diacritics">coronis</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics#Breathings" title="Greek diacritics">smooth breathing</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><big> ˜ </big></big> <big> ̑ </big></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td>=</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">ˆ</a></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td><big><big>´</big></big></td> <td><big><big><a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">ˆ</a></big></big></td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics#Accents" title="Greek diacritics">circumflex</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><big> ¨ </big></big></td> <td colspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-bob-21">[n. 4]</a></td> <td>+</td> <td colspan="4"><big><big><a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">¨</a></big></big><a href="#cite_note-bob-21">[n. 4]</a></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-bob-21">[n. 4]</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics#Diaeresis" title="Greek diacritics">diaeresis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><big> ͺ </big></big></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td>|</td> <td><big><big><a href="/wiki/Cedilla" title="Cedilla">¸</a></big></big></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td></td> <td><big><big><a href="/wiki/Cedilla" title="Cedilla">¸</a></big></big></td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics#Subscript" title="Greek diacritics">iota subscript</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> These marks are placed after the letter so that, e.g., Ἐν is written E)N and τῷ is written TW=|. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> In systems where the υ in αυ, ευ, and ηυ is romanized as a consonant v or f, the stressed diphthongs αύ, εύ, and ηύ are romanized with the accent mark over the initial vowel. This should be distinguished from Greek άυ, έυ, and ήυ, which would be romanized as separate letters and not as diphthongs: áÿ, éÿ, and íÿ or ī́ÿ or í̱ÿ. </li> <li id="cite_note-spir-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spir_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-spir_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-spir_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-spir_20-3">d</a> In the ALA-LC system, the h is supplied even where the rough breathing is not marked in ancient and medieval Greek (for example, initial ρ was always considered to possess rough breathing) but not in Greek after 1453. <ul><li>On a vowel: h before the vowel.</li> <li>On a diphthong: h before the first vowel.</li> <li>On ρ: h after the r.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-bob-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bob_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bob_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bob_21-2">c</a> The diaeresis mark indicates that adjacent vowels should be taken separately and not as a single diphthong. </li> </ol></div></div> Apart from the diacritical marks native to Greek itself or used to romanize its characters, <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguists</a> also regularly mark <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">vowel length</a> with <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macrons</a> ( ¯ ) marking <a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">long vowels</a> and rounded <a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">breves</a> ( ˘ ) marking <a href="/wiki/Short_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Short vowel">short vowels</a>. Where these are romanized, it is common to mark the long vowels with macrons over the Latin letters and to leave the short vowels unmarked; such macrons should not be confused or conflated with those used by some systems to mark <a href="/wiki/Eta" title="Eta">eta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Omega" title="Omega">omega</a> as distinct from <a href="/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon">epsilon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iota" title="Iota">iota</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Omicron" title="Omicron">omicron</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numerals">Numerals</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Greek&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Numerals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></div> Greece's early <a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a> were based on a small sample of letters (including <a href="/wiki/Heta" title="Heta">heta</a>) arranged in multiples of 5 and 10, likely forming the inspiration for the later <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_numerals" title="Etruscan numerals">Etruscan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a>. This early system was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a> which employed the entire alphabet, including the <a href="#Uncommon_letters">nonstandard letters digamma</a>, <a href="#Uncommon_letters">stigma</a>, or sigma-tau (placed between epsilon and zeta), <a href="#Uncommon_letters">koppa</a> (placed between pi and rho), and <a href="#Uncommon_letters">sampi</a> (placed after omega). As revised in 2001, ELOT 743 provides for the uncommon characters to be given (in Greek) as <a href="/wiki/Dollar_sign" title="Dollar sign">$</a> for stigma, <a href="/wiki/Plus_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Plus sign">+</a> for koppa, and <a href="/wiki/Slash_(punctuation)" title="Slash (punctuation)">/</a> for sampi. These symbols are not given lower-case equivalents.<a href="#cite_note-elot-13">[10]</a> When used as numbers, the letters are used in combination with the upper keraia numeral sign ⟨<a href="/wiki/%CA%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ʹ">ʹ</a>⟩ to denote numbers from 1 to 900 and in combination with the lower keraia ⟨<a href="/wiki/%CD%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="͵">͵</a>⟩ to denote multiples of 1000. (For a full table of the signs and their values, see <a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a>.) These values are traditionally romanized as <a href="/wiki/Roman_numeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman numeral">Roman numerals</a>, so that Αλέξανδρος Γ' ο Μακεδών would be translated as <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander III of Macedon">Alexander III of Macedon</a> and transliterated as Aléxandros III o Makedṓn rather than Aléxandros G' or Aléxandros 3. <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greek</a> laws and other official documents of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> which employ these numerals, however, are to be formally romanized using "decimal" <a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-elot-13">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punctuation_marks">Punctuation marks</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Greek&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Punctuation marks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Greek_punctuation" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek punctuation">Greek punctuation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Obelism" title="Obelism">obelism</a></div> Ancient Greek text did not mark word division with <a href="/wiki/Space_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Space (typography)">spaces</a> or <a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">interpuncts</a>, instead running the words together (<a href="/wiki/Scripta_continua" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripta continua">scripta continua</a>). In the Hellenistic period, a variety of symbols arose for <a href="/wiki/Greek_punctuation" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek punctuation">punctuation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Obelism" title="Obelism">editorial marking</a>; such punctuation (or the lack thereof) are variously romanized, inserted, or ignored in different modern editions. Modern <a href="/wiki/Greek_punctuation" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek punctuation">Greek punctuation</a> generally follows <a href="/wiki/French_punctuation" class="mw-redirect" title="French punctuation">French</a> with the notable exception of Greek's use of a separate <a href="/wiki/Question_mark" title="Question mark">question mark</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Erotimatiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Erotimatiko">erotimatiko</a>, which is shaped like the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latinate</a> <a href="/wiki/Semicolon" title="Semicolon">semicolon</a>. Greek punctuation which has been given formal romanizations include: <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Greek_punctuation" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek punctuation">Punctuation marks</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Greek </th> <th><a href="/wiki/ELOT" class="mw-redirect" title="ELOT">ELOT</a><a href="#cite_note-elot-13">[10]</a> (2001) </th> <th>ISO<a href="#cite_note-sixty2-10">[7]</a> (1997) </th> <th>Name </th></tr> <tr> <td><big><big> ; </big></big></td> <td><big><big><a href="/wiki/Question_mark" title="Question mark">?</a></big></big></td> <td><big><big><a href="/wiki/Question_mark" title="Question mark">?</a></big></big></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greek_question_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek question mark">Greek question mark</a> (<a href="/wiki/Erotimatiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Erotimatiko">erotimatiko</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><big> . </big></big></td> <td><big><big><a href="/wiki/Period_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Period mark">.</a></big></big></td> <td><big><big><a href="/wiki/Period_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Period mark">.</a></big></big></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">full stop</a> (<a href="/wiki/Teleia" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleia">teleia</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><big> · </big></big></td> <td><big><big><a href="/wiki/Semicolon" title="Semicolon">;</a></big></big></td> <td><big><big><a href="/wiki/Semicolon" title="Semicolon">;</a></big></big></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greek_semicolon" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek semicolon">Greek semicolon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ano_teleia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ano teleia">ano teleia</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><big> : </big></big></td> <td><big><big><a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">:</a></big></big></td> <td><big><big><a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">:</a></big></big></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ano_kato_teleia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ano kato teleia">ano kato teleia</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><big> , </big></big></td> <td><big><big><a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">,</a></big></big></td> <td><big><big><a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">,</a></big></big></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">comma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">komma</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><big> ! </big></big></td> <td><big><big><a href="/wiki/Exclamation_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclamation point">!</a></big></big></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Exclamation_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclamation point">exclamation point</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thavmastiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Thavmastiko">thavmastiko</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><big> ’ </big></big></td> <td><big><big><a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">'</a></big></big></td> <td><big><big>'</big></big></td> <td>apostrophe (<a href="/wiki/Apostrofos" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostrofos">apostrofos</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><big> ‿ </big></big> <big><big> ͜</big></big></td> <td><big><big><a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">-</a></big></big></td> <td><big><big><a href="/wiki/-" class="mw-redirect" title="-">-</a></big></big></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Papyrological_hyphen" class="mw-redirect" title="Papyrological hyphen">papyrological hyphen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enotikon" class="mw-redirect" title="Enotikon">enotikon</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uncommon_letters">Uncommon letters</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Greek&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Uncommon letters" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic Greek alphabets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_ligatures" title="Greek ligatures">Greek ligatures</a></div> There are many <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">archaic forms and local variants</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>. <a href="/wiki/Beta" title="Beta">Beta</a>, for example, might appear as round Β or pointed <a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_16.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 13px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png" data-width="13" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/19px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/26px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> throughout Greece but is also found in the forms <a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_12.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Greek_Beta_12.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_12.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 13px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Greek_Beta_12.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_12.svg.png" data-width="13" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Greek_Beta_12.svg/19px-Greek_Beta_12.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Greek_Beta_12.svg/26px-Greek_Beta_12.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> (at <a href="/wiki/Gortyn" title="Gortyn">Gortyn</a>), <a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Greek_Beta_01.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 13px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Greek_Beta_01.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_01.svg.png" data-width="13" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Greek_Beta_01.svg/19px-Greek_Beta_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Greek_Beta_01.svg/26px-Greek_Beta_01.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> and <a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_10.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Greek_Beta_10.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_10.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 13px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Greek_Beta_10.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_10.svg.png" data-width="13" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Greek_Beta_10.svg/19px-Greek_Beta_10.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Greek_Beta_10.svg/26px-Greek_Beta_10.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> (<a href="/wiki/Thera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thera">Thera</a>), <a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Greek_Beta_03.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 13px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Greek_Beta_03.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_03.svg.png" data-width="13" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Greek_Beta_03.svg/19px-Greek_Beta_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Greek_Beta_03.svg/26px-Greek_Beta_03.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a>), <a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_05.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Greek_Beta_05.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_05.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 13px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Greek_Beta_05.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_05.svg.png" data-width="13" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Greek_Beta_05.svg/19px-Greek_Beta_05.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Greek_Beta_05.svg/26px-Greek_Beta_05.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> (<a href="/wiki/Melos" class="mw-redirect" title="Melos">Melos</a>), <a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 13px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg.png" data-width="13" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg/19px-Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg/26px-Greek_Beta_Corinth_1.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> (<a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a>), <a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_Byzantium_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Greek_Beta_Byzantium_1.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_Byzantium_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 13px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Greek_Beta_Byzantium_1.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_Byzantium_1.svg.png" data-width="13" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Greek_Beta_Byzantium_1.svg/19px-Greek_Beta_Byzantium_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Greek_Beta_Byzantium_1.svg/26px-Greek_Beta_Byzantium_1.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> (<a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>), and even <a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Gamma_C-shaped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Greek_Gamma_C-shaped.svg/13px-Greek_Gamma_C-shaped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 13px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Greek_Gamma_C-shaped.svg/13px-Greek_Gamma_C-shaped.svg.png" data-width="13" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Greek_Gamma_C-shaped.svg/19px-Greek_Gamma_C-shaped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Greek_Gamma_C-shaped.svg/26px-Greek_Gamma_C-shaped.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> (<a href="/wiki/Cyclades" title="Cyclades">Cyclades</a>).<a href="#cite_note-22">[15]</a> Well into the modern period, classical and medieval Greek was also set using a wide array of <a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligatures</a>, symbols combining or abbreviating various sets of letters, such as those included in <a href="/wiki/Claude_Garamond" title="Claude Garamond">Claude Garamond</a>'s 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Grecs_du_roi" title="Grecs du roi">grecs du roi</a>. For the most part, such variants—as <a href="/wiki/Pi_(letter)#Variant_pi" title="Pi (letter)">ϖ</a> and <a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Pi_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 13px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png" data-width="13" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> for <a href="/wiki/Pi_(letter)" title="Pi (letter)">π</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_ligatures" title="Greek ligatures">ϛ</a> for <a href="/wiki/Sigma_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigma (letter)">σ</a><a href="/wiki/Tau_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tau (letter)">τ</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greek_ligatures" title="Greek ligatures">ϗ</a> for <a href="/wiki/Greek_ligatures" title="Greek ligatures">και</a>—are just silently emended to their standard forms and transliterated accordingly. Letters with no equivalent in the classical Greek alphabet such as <a href="/wiki/Heta" title="Heta">heta</a> (Ͱ & ͱ), meanwhile, usually take their nearest English equivalent (in this case, <a href="/wiki/H" title="H">h</a>) but are too uncommon to be listed in formal transliteration schemes. Uncommon Greek letters which have been given formal romanizations include: <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Uncommon letters</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Greek</a> </th> <th>ISO<a href="#cite_note-sixty2-10">[7]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">ALA-LC</a><a href="#cite_note-ala-lc-3">[3]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Beta_Code" title="Beta Code">Beta Code</a><a href="#cite_note-TLGr-5">[5]</a> </th> <th>Name </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ϝ ϝ Ͷ ͷ</td> <td>w</td> <td>w</td> <td>V</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma">digamma</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ϙ ϙ Ϟ ϟ</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>ḳ</td> <td>#3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Koppa_(letter)" title="Koppa (letter)">koppa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ϡ ϡ Ͳ ͳ</td> <td colspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>#5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sampi" title="Sampi">sampi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ϻ ϻ</td> <td colspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>#711</td> <td><a href="/wiki/San_(letter)" title="San (letter)">san</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ϲ ϲ</td> <td>s</td> <td>s</td> <td>S / S3</td> <td>lunate <a href="/wiki/Sigma" title="Sigma">sigma</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ϳ ϳ</td> <td>j</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>#401</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yot_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yot (letter)">yot</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Standardization">Standardization</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Greek&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Standardization" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> The sounds of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> have diverged from both those of Ancient Greek and their descendant letters in English and other languages. This led to a variety of romanizations for names and placenames in the 19th and 20th century. The <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Organization_for_Standardization" title="Hellenic Organization for Standardization">Hellenic Organization for Standardization</a> (ELOT) issued its system in cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) in 1983. This system was adopted (with minor modifications) by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>' Fifth Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names at <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> in 1987,<a href="#cite_note-UNCSGN5-11">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-un-15">[12]</a> by the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Committee_on_Geographical_Names_for_British_Official_Use" title="Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use">Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use</a> (PCGN) and by the United States' <a href="/wiki/United_States_Board_on_Geographic_Names" title="United States Board on Geographic Names">Board on Geographic Names</a> (BGN) in 1996,<a href="#cite_note-bgn96-18">[14]</a> and by the ISO itself in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-un-15">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-isogreek-23">[16]</a> Romanization of names for official purposes (as with passports and identity cards) were required to use the ELOT system within Greece until 2011, when a legal decision permitted Greeks to use irregular forms<a href="#cite_note-24">[17]</a> (such as "<a href="/wiki/Demetrios" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrios">Demetrios</a>" for Δημήτριος) provided that official identification and documents also list the standard forms (as, for example, "Demetrios OR Dimitrios").<a href="#cite_note-25">[18]</a> Other romanization systems still encountered are the BGN/PCGN's earlier 1962 system<a href="#cite_note-un-15">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-sixty2-10">[7]</a> and the system employed by the <a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a> and the United States' <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ala-lc-3">[3]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Greek&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical compound">Classical compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Greek" title="Cyrillization of Greek">Cyrillization of Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_words_of_Greek_origin" title="English words of Greek origin">English words of Greek origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_and_Greek_words_commonly_used_in_systematic_names" title="List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names">List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Main_page" class="extiw" title="wikt:Main page">Wiktionary</a>'s articles on <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:Ancient_Greek_romanization_and_pronunciation" class="extiw" title="wikt:Wiktionary:Ancient Greek romanization and pronunciation">Ancient Greek romanization and pronunciation</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Greek_numerals" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Greek numerals">numerals</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Greek_punctuation" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Greek punctuation">punctuation</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:Greek_transliteration" class="extiw" title="wikt:Wiktionary:Greek transliteration">Modern Greek transliteration</a>.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Greek&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Dubin, Marc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fJ3gVGqB1uQC&pg=PP8">Rough Guide to the Dodecanese & East Aegean Islands, p. vi</a>. Rough Guides (London), 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Jeffery, Lilian H. The Local Scripts of Archaic Greece, p. 79. Clarendon Press (Oxford), 1961. </li> <li id="cite_note-ala-lc-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ala-lc_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ala-lc_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ala-lc_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ala-lc_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ala-lc_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ala-lc_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ala-lc_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ala-lc_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ala-lc_3-8">i</a> The Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/roman.html">ALA-LC Romanization Tables</a>: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/greek.pdf">Greek</a>". 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Greece/II/Section_II.%E2%80%94Post-Classical_Greek_History.#The_modern_language_and_literature" class="extiw" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Greece/II/Section II.—Post-Classical Greek History.">Greece</a>" in the Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th ed., Vol. XI. 1880. </li> <li id="cite_note-TLGr-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TLGr_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TLGr_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TLGr_5-2">c</a> Thesaurus Linguae Graecae. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221210442/http://www.tlg.uci.edu/encoding/BCM2013.pdf">The TLG Beta Code Manual 2013</a>". University of California (Irvine), 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-elot-full-document-9"><a href="#cite_ref-elot-full-document_9-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHellenic_Organization_for_Standardization" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Organization_for_Standardization" title="Hellenic Organization for Standardization">Hellenic Organization for Standardization</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sete.gr/files/Media/Egkyklioi/040707Latin-Greek.pdf">"ELOT 743, 2ī Ekdosī" <bdi lang="el">ΕΛΟΤ 743 2η Έκδοση</bdi></a> [ELOT 743, 2nd ed.] (PDF) (in Greek). Retrieved 11 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ELOT+743%2C+2%C4%AB+Ekdos%C4%AB+%CE%95%CE%9B%CE%9F%CE%A4+743+2%CE%B7+%CE%88%CE%BA%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B7&rft.au=Hellenic+Organization+for+Standardization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsete.gr%2Ffiles%2FMedia%2FEgkyklioi%2F040707Latin-Greek.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Greek" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sixty2-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sixty2_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sixty2_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sixty2_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sixty2_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sixty2_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sixty2_10-5">f</a> Pedersen, Thomas T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transliteration.eki.ee">Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts</a>: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Greek.pdf">Greek</a>". 31 July 2005. Accessed 22 April 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-UNCSGN5-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNCSGN5_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNCSGN5_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNCSGN5_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNCSGN5_11-3">d</a> Department of Technical Co-operation for Development. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/ungegn/docs/5th-uncsgn-doc/5-uncsgn-rpt-en.pdf">"Fifth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names: Montreal, 18—31 August 1987", Vol. I. "Report of the Conference", pp. 42–43</a>. United Nations (New York), 1987. </li> <li id="cite_note-babis-12"><a href="#cite_ref-babis_12-0">^</a> Μπάμπης Κουτρούλης [Bámpīs Koutroúlīs, Babis G. Kutrulis]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teicrete.gr/users/kutrulis/Ergalia/ELOT743.htm">Μετατροπή του ελληνικού αλφαβήτου με λατινικούς χαρακτήρες (ΕΛΟΤ 743)</a> [Metatropī́ tou ellīnikoú alfavī́tou me latinikoús charaktī́res (ELOT 743), "Conversion of the Greek alphabet to Latin characters (ELOT 743)"]. Accessed 3 October 2014. 2008. (in Greek) </li> <li id="cite_note-elot-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-elot_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-elot_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-elot_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-elot_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-elot_13-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-elot_13-5">f</a> Ελληνικός Οργανισμός Τυποποίησης [Ellīnikós Organismós Typopoíīsīs, "<a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Organization_for_Standardization" title="Hellenic Organization for Standardization">Hellenic Organization for Standardization</a>"]. ΕΛΟΤ 743, 2η Έκδοση [ELOT 743, 2ī Ekdosī, "ELOT 743, 2nd ed."]. ELOT (Athens), 2001. (in Greek). </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> This system is identical to the first edition of <a href="/wiki/ELOT" class="mw-redirect" title="ELOT">ELOT</a> 743 promulgated in 1982,<a href="#cite_note-babis-12">[9]</a> but since superseded within Greece by the 2001 second edition.<a href="#cite_note-elot-13">[10]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-un-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-un_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-un_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-un_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-un_15-3">d</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Group_of_Experts_on_Geographical_Names" title="United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names">United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names</a>, Working Group on Romanization Systems. Report on the Current Status of United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom1_el.htm">Greek</a>". <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (New York), 2003. Accessed 6 October 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-babi-16"><a href="#cite_ref-babi_16-0">^</a> Μπάμπης Κουτρούλης [Bámpīs Koutroúlīs, Babis G. Kutrulis]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teicrete.gr/users/kutrulis/Ergalia/ELOT743.htm">Μετατροπή του ελληνικού αλφαβήτου με λατινικούς χαρακτήρες (ΕΛΟΤ 743)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721083959/http://www.teicrete.gr/users/kutrulis/Ergalia/ELOT743.htm">Archived</a> 2011-07-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> [Metatropī́ tou ellīnikoú alfavī́tou me latinikoús charaktī́res (ELOT 743), "Conversion of the Greek alphabet to Latin characters (ELOT 743)"]. Accessed 3 October 2014. 2008. (in Greek) </li> <li id="cite_note-bgn96-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bgn96_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bgn96_18-1">b</a> United States <a href="/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency" title="National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency">National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/romanization.html">Romanization Systems and Policies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130213212545/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/romanization.html">Archived</a> 2013-02-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/Romanization/Romanization_Greek.pdf">Romanization System for Greek</a>". 1996. Accessed 2 October 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Jeffery, Lilian H. The local scripts of archaic Greece, p. 23. Clarendon Press (Oxford), 1961. </li> <li id="cite_note-isogreek-23"><a href="#cite_ref-isogreek_23-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a>. "<a href="/wiki/ISO_843" title="ISO 843">ISO 843</a>:1997 (Conversion of Greek characters into Latin characters)". 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.synigoros.gr/langs?i=human-rights.el&l=el">Συνήγορος του Πολίτη</a> [Synī́goros tou Polítī, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.synigoros.gr/langs?i=human-rights.en&l=en">The Greek Ombudsman</a>".] "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.synigoros.gr/?i=human-rights.el.eggrafa_tautotitas.63804">Λατινική γραφή κατά παρέκκλιση ΕΛΟΤ 743 στις ταυτότητες και τα διαβατήρια</a>" [Latinikī́ grafī́ katá parékklisī ELOT 743 stis taftótītes kai ta diavatī́ria, "Latin Script Exceptions to ELOT 743 on Passports and ID Cards"]. Accessed 3 October 2014. (in Greek) </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Hellenic National Passport Center. Press Releases: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.passport.gov.gr/en/anouncements-bulletins/anouncements-bulletins/transliteration-of-the-passport-holders-name-in-latin.html">Transliteration of the Passport Holder's Name in Latin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171114162732/http://www.passport.gov.gr/en/anouncements-bulletins/anouncements-bulletins/transliteration-of-the-passport-holders-name-in-latin.html">Archived</a> 2017-11-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". 12 February 2012. Accessed 3 October 2014. (in English) </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Greek&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.passport.gov.gr/passports/GrElotConverter/GrElotConverter.html">ELOT 743 Converter</a>, a free online tool by the Greek government for official purposes using 2nd-edition ELOT transcription (in Greek)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/#el/en/">Google Translate</a>, a free online tool providing UN transliteration of Modern Greek. Also comes as application</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transliterate.com/">Transliterate.com</a>, a free online tool providing transliteration of Ancient Greek</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transliteration.eki.ee/">Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts</a>, tables in pdf format by Thomas T. Pedersen</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greeklishconverter.com/">Greeklish converter</a> Greeklish to Greek conversion and Greek transliteration with user-selectable options</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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<h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="رومنة اليونانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رومنة اليونانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treuzlizherennadur_ar_gresianeg" title="Treuzlizherennadur ar gresianeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Treuzlizherennadur ar gresianeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliteraci%C3%B3_i_transcripci%C3%B3_de_l%27alfabet_grec" title="Transliteració i transcripció de l'alfabet grec – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Transliteració i transcripció de l'alfabet grec" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AE_%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Λατινογραφή ελληνικών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λατινογραφή ελληνικών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanizaci%C3%B3n_del_griego" title="Romanización del griego – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Romanización del griego" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinigo_de_greka" title="Latinigo de greka – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Latinigo de greka" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisation_du_grec" title="Romanisation du grec – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Romanisation du grec" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanizacija_gr%C4%8Dkog_jezika" title="Romanizacija grčkog jezika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Romanizacija grčkog jezika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinisasi_bahasa_Yunani" title="Latinisasi bahasa Yunani – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Latinisasi bahasa Yunani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translitteratio_linguae_Graecae" title="Translitteratio linguae Graecae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Translitteratio linguae Graecae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcrive_de_elinica_antica" title="Transcrive de elinica antica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Transcrive de elinica antica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_g%C3%B6r%C3%B6g_%C3%A1b%C3%A9c%C3%A9_%C3%A1t%C3%ADr%C3%A1sa" title="A görög ábécé átírása – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A görög ábécé átírása" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perumian_bahasa_Yunani" title="Perumian bahasa Yunani – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perumian bahasa Yunani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanizarea_limbii_grece" title="Romanizarea limbii grece – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Romanizarea limbii grece" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Romanization of Greek" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunancan%C4%B1n_romanizasyonu" title="Yunancanın romanizasyonu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yunancanın romanizasyonu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuy%E1%BB%83n_t%E1%BB%B1_Latinh_ti%E1%BA%BFng_Hy_L%E1%BA%A1p" title="Chuyển tự Latinh tiếng Hy Lạp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chuyển tự Latinh tiếng Hy Lạp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliteraedje_do_grek" title="Transliteraedje do grek – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Transliteraedje do grek" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%8C%96" title="希臘語羅馬化 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="希臘語羅馬化" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 October 2024, at 18:51 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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