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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychology,_sociology,_purpose_and_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychology,_sociology,_purpose_and_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Psychology, sociology, purpose and effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Psychology,_sociology,_purpose_and_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Psychology, sociology, purpose and effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Psychology,_sociology,_purpose_and_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Solidarity_and_group_cohesion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solidarity_and_group_cohesion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Solidarity and group cohesion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solidarity_and_group_cohesion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Laboratory_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laboratory_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Laboratory studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laboratory_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naturalistic_surveys_and_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naturalistic_surveys_and_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Naturalistic surveys and studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naturalistic_surveys_and_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_and_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_and_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Views and theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_and_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dominance_over_new_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominance_over_new_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Dominance over new members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dominance_over_new_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Selection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protection_from_exploitation_of_automatic_benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protection_from_exploitation_of_automatic_benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Protection from exploitation of automatic benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protection_from_exploitation_of_automatic_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Prevention</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prevention subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anti-hazing_messaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-hazing_messaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Anti-hazing messaging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-hazing_messaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Scope</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scope-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Scope subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Scope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_of_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Republic of Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ragging_in_South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ragging_in_South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Ragging in South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ragging_in_South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hazing_incidents_at_European_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hazing_incidents_at_European_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Hazing incidents at European universities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hazing_incidents_at_European_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hazing_deaths_at_Asian_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hazing_deaths_at_Asian_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Hazing deaths at Asian universities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hazing_deaths_at_Asian_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_examples_in_the_USA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_examples_in_the_USA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable examples in the USA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_examples_in_the_USA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintada" title="Quintada – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Quintada" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizutage" title="Bizutage – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bizutage" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%88%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9" title="Καψόνι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καψόνι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novatada" title="Novatada – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Novatada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasiberri-sari" title="Hasiberri-sari – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hasiberri-sari" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="خوارسازی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خوارسازی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizutage" title="Bizutage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bizutage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EA%B3%A0%EC%8B%9D" title="신고식 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신고식" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpeloncoan" title="Perpeloncoan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perpeloncoan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busun" title="Busun – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Busun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonnismo" title="Nonnismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nonnismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%95%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8" title="זובור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זובור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontgroening_(studenten)" title="Ontgroening (studenten) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ontgroening (studenten)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otrz%C4%99siny" title="Otrzęsiny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Otrzęsiny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trote_estudantil" title="Trote estudantil – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Trote estudantil" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Хейзинг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хейзинг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antzianismu" title="Antzianismu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Antzianismu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="නවක වදය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නවක වදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazing" title="Hazing – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hazing" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Хејзинг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хејзинг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nollning" title="Nollning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nollning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" title="เฮซซิง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เฮซซิง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Гейзинг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гейзинг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_c%C5%A9_b%E1%BA%AFt_n%E1%BA%A1t_ma_m%E1%BB%9Bi" title="Ma cũ bắt nạt ma mới – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ma cũ bắt nạt ma mới" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q879295#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Rituals of humiliation used to initiate someone into a group</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bizutage_pilote_gazelle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Bizutage_pilote_gazelle.jpg/220px-Bizutage_pilote_gazelle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Bizutage_pilote_gazelle.jpg/330px-Bizutage_pilote_gazelle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Bizutage_pilote_gazelle.jpg/440px-Bizutage_pilote_gazelle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>Hazing of a <a href="/wiki/French_military" class="mw-redirect" title="French military">French military</a> pilot in 1997 at 1,000 hours of flight time</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Hazing</b> (<a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>), <b>initiation</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>beasting</b><sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>), <b>bastardisation</b> (<a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a>), <b>ragging</b> (<a href="/wiki/South_Asian_English" title="South Asian English">South Asian English</a>) or <b>deposition</b> refers to any activity expected of someone in joining or participating in a group that humiliates, degrades, abuses, or endangers them regardless of a person's willingness to participate.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hazing is seen in many different types of social groups, including <a href="/wiki/Gang" title="Gang">gangs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Team_sport" title="Team sport">sports teams</a>, <a href="/wiki/School" title="School">schools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clique" title="Clique">cliques</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Universities">universities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Military unit">military units</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">prisons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities" title="Fraternities and sororities">fraternities and sororities</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Workplace" title="Workplace">workplaces</a> in some <a href="/wiki/Workplace_bullying" title="Workplace bullying">cases</a>. The initiation rites can range from relatively benign pranks to protracted patterns of behavior that rise to the level of abuse or criminal misconduct.<sup id="cite_ref-foley_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foley-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hazing is often prohibited by <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a> or institutions such as colleges and universities because it may include either <a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">physical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">psychological abuse</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">humiliation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nudity" title="Nudity">nudity</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">sexual abuse</a>. Hazing activities have sometimes caused injuries or deaths. </p><p>While one explanation for hazing is that it increases <a href="/wiki/Group_cohesion" class="mw-redirect" title="Group cohesion">group cohesion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">solidarity</a>, laboratory and observational evidence on its impacts on <a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">solidarity</a> are inconclusive. Other explanations include displaying <a href="/wiki/Expressions_of_dominance" title="Expressions of dominance">dominance</a>, eliminating less committed members, and protecting groups that provide large automatic benefits for membership from exploitation by new members. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terms">Terms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Initiation" title="Initiation">Initiation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">Rite of passage</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hazing" title="Special:EditPage/Hazing">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In some languages, terms with a religious theme or etymology are preferred, such as <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">purgatory</a> (e.g. <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bapt%C3%AAme_(folklore_%C3%A9tudiant)" class="extiw" title="fr:Baptême (folklore étudiant)">baptême</a></i></span> in Belgian French, <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">doop</i></span> in Belgian Dutch, <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">chrzest</i></span> in Polish) or variations on a theme of <a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFvet%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Naïveté">naïveté</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">rite of passage</a> such as a derivation from a term for freshman, for example <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/bizutage" class="extiw" title="fr:bizutage">bizutage</a></i></span> in European French, <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">ontgroening</i></span> ('de-<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/greenhorn" class="extiw" title="wikt:greenhorn">green[horn]ing</a>') in Dutch and Afrikaans (South Africa and Namibia), <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">novatada</i></span> in Spanish, from <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">novato</i></span>, meaning newcomer or rookie or a combination of both, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finnish</a> <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">mopokaste</i></span> (literally 'moped baptism').<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvian</a>, the word <span title="Latvian-language text"><i lang="lv">iesvētības</i></span>, which means 'in-blessings', is used, also standing for religious rites of passage, especially <a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">confirmation</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a>, the term used is <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">nollning</i></span>, literally 'zeroing', as the first-year hazees still are 'zeroes' before attending their first year.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Portugal, the term <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Praxe" title="Praxe">praxe</a></i></span>, which means 'practice' or 'habit', is used for initiation. </p><p>At education establishments in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka, this practice involves existing students baiting new students and is called <a href="/wiki/Ragging" title="Ragging">ragging</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Polish schools, hazing is known as <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">kocenie</i></span> (literally 'catting', coming from the noun <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">kot</i></span> cat)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. It often features cat-related activities, like competitive milk-drinking <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Other popular tasks include measuring a long distance (i.e., hallways) with matches. Less loaded names for hazing are <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">otrzęsiny</i></span> (related to the verb <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">otrząsać</i></span> 'get over, rally' but also 'shake off/out'—as being a novice is a negative state that should be quit) and <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">chrzciny</i></span> mentioned above. </p><p>Hazings are sometimes concentrated in a single session, which may be called a <i><a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">hell</a> night</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prolonged to a <i>hell week</i>, or over a long period, resembling <a href="/wiki/Fagging" title="Fagging">fagging</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> military, the term used was <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">nonnismo</i></span>, from <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">nonno</i></span> (literally 'grandfather'), a jargon term used for the soldiers who had already served for most of their draft period. A similar equivalent term exists in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian military">Russian military</a>, where a hazing phenomenon known as <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Dedovshchina" title="Dedovshchina">dedovshchina</a></i></span> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">дедовщи́на</span></span>) exists, meaning roughly 'grandfather' or the slang term 'gramps' (referring to the senior corps of soldiers in their final year of <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hazing" title="Special:EditPage/Hazing">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>One way of initiating a new member into a <a href="/wiki/Street_gang" class="mw-redirect" title="Street gang">street gang</a> is for multiple other members of the gang to <a href="/wiki/Assault" title="Assault">assault</a> the new member with a beating.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hazing activities can involve ridicule and humiliation within the group or in public, while other hazing incidents are akin to pranks. A <a href="/wiki/Snipe_hunt" title="Snipe hunt">snipe hunt</a> is such a prank when a newcomer or credulous person is given an impossible task. Examples of snipe hunts include being sent to find a tin of Tartan paint or a "dough repair kit" in a bakery,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in the early 1900s, rookies in the Canadian military were ordered to obtain a "brass magnet" when <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a> is not <a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetism" title="Ferromagnetism">magnetic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Spanking is done mainly in the form of <a href="/wiki/Paddle_(spanking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paddle (spanking)">paddling</a> among fraternities, sororities, and similar clubs. This practice is also used in the military.<sup id="cite_ref-Glavin_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glavin-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1922_Cover_of_College_Humor_Magazine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/1922_Cover_of_College_Humor_Magazine.jpg/220px-1922_Cover_of_College_Humor_Magazine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/1922_Cover_of_College_Humor_Magazine.jpg/330px-1922_Cover_of_College_Humor_Magazine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/1922_Cover_of_College_Humor_Magazine.jpg/440px-1922_Cover_of_College_Humor_Magazine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2262" data-file-height="3094" /></a><figcaption>Paddling depicted on 1922 cover of <a href="/wiki/College_Humor_(magazine)" title="College Humor (magazine)">College Humor magazine</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The hazee may be humiliated by being hosed or by sprinklers or buckets, covered with dirt or with (sometimes rotten) food, or even urinated upon. Olive or <a href="/wiki/Baby_Oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Baby Oil">baby oil</a> may be used to "show off" the bare skin, for wrestling, or just for slipperiness (e.g., to complicate pole climbing). Cleaning may be limited to a dive into the water, hosing down, or even paddling the worst off. They may have to do tedious cleaning, including swabbing the decks or cleaning the toilets with a toothbrush. In fraternities, pledges often must clean up a mess intentionally made by brothers, including fecal matter, urine, and dead animals.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Servitude such as waiting on others (as at fraternity parties) or other forms of housework may be involved, often with obedience tests. Sometimes, the hazee may be made to eat raw eggs, peppers, hot sauce, or drink too much alcohol. Some hazing even includes eating or drinking vile things such as bugs or rotting food.<sup id="cite_ref-Glavin_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glavin-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catlin_Okipa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Catlin_Okipa.jpg/220px-Catlin_Okipa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Catlin_Okipa.jpg/330px-Catlin_Okipa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Catlin_Okipa.jpg/440px-Catlin_Okipa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>Native American <a href="/wiki/Mandan#Religion" title="Mandan">okipa</a> ceremony as witnessed by <a href="/wiki/George_Catlin" title="George Catlin">George Catlin</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1835</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The hazee may have to wear an imposed piece of clothing, outfit, item, or something else worn by the victim in a way that would bring negative attention to the wearer. Examples include a uniform (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Toga" title="Toga">toga</a>), a leash or collar (also associated with <a href="/wiki/Bondage_(BDSM)" title="Bondage (BDSM)">bondage</a>), infantile and other humiliating dress and attire.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Markings may also be made on clothing or bare skin. They are painted, written, tattooed, or shaved on, sometimes collectively forming a message (one letter, syllable, or word on each pledge) or may receive <a href="/wiki/Tarring_and_feathering" title="Tarring and feathering">tarring and feathering</a> (or rather a mock version using some glue) or <a href="/wiki/Human_branding" title="Human branding">branding</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Submission to senior members of the group is common. Abject "etiquette" required of pledges or subordinates may include prostration, kneeling, literal groveling, and kissing body parts.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other physical feats may be required, such as <a href="/wiki/Calisthenics" title="Calisthenics">calisthenics</a> and other physical tests, such as <a href="/wiki/Mud_wrestling" title="Mud wrestling">mud wrestling</a>, forming a <a href="/wiki/Human_pyramid" title="Human pyramid">human pyramid</a>, or climbing a greased pole. Exposure to the elements may be required, such as swimming or diving in cold water or snow.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Orientation tests may be held, such as abandoning pledges without transport. Dares include jumping from some height, stealing from police or rival teams, and obedience.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Blood_wings" title="Blood wings">Blood pinning</a> among military aviators (and many other elite groups) to celebrate becoming new pilots is done by piercing their chests with the sharp pins of aviator wings.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On a pilot's <a href="/wiki/First_solo_flight" title="First solo flight">first solo flight</a>, they are often drenched with water and have the back of their shirt cut off to celebrate the achievement. Cutting off the back of the shirt originates from the days of tandem trainers, where the instructor sat behind the students and tugged on the back of their shirts to get their attention. Cutting off the back of the shirt symbolizes that the instructor does not need to do that anymore.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On their first <i><a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_equator" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossing the equator">crossing the equator</a></i> in military and commercial navigation, each "pollywog" is subjected to a series of tests, usually including running or crawling a gauntlet of abuse and various scenes supposedly situated at King Neptune's court. A <i>pledge auction</i> is a variation on the <a href="/wiki/Slave_auction_(BDSM)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave auction (BDSM)">slave auction</a>, where people bid on the paraded pledges.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Hazing also occurs for apprentices in some trades. In printing, it consists of applying bronze blue to the apprentice's <a href="/wiki/Penis" title="Penis">penis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Testicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Testicles">testicles</a>, a color made by mixing black printers ink and dark blue printers ink, which takes a long time to wash off.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Similarly, mechanics get their groins smeared with old dirty grease.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychology,_sociology,_purpose_and_effects"><span id="Psychology.2C_sociology.2C_purpose_and_effects"></span>Psychology, sociology, purpose and effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Psychology, sociology, purpose and effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solidarity_and_group_cohesion">Solidarity and group cohesion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Solidarity and group cohesion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One theory proposed to explain hazing behaviors is that it increases solidarity among a group's inductees, between the inductees and existing members, or between new members and the group.<sup id="cite_ref-Cimino2022_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cimino2022-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 409">: 409 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Laboratory_studies">Laboratory studies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Laboratory studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Attempts at replicating hazing in laboratory studies have yielded inconclusive results concerning group solidarity.<sup id="cite_ref-Cimino2022_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cimino2022-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 410">: 410 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Keating2005_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keating2005-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1959 study by Aronson and Mills found that students made to read embarrassing material to join a discussion group reported liking the group more.<sup id="cite_ref-Aronson1959_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aronson1959-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, a 1991 experiment by Hautaluoma et al. found that severe initiations could sometimes lead to lower liking for a group.<sup id="cite_ref-Hautaluoma1991_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hautaluoma1991-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laboratory-based recreations of hazing may be limited in informativeness because they are only able to impose brief unpleasant experiences whose severity is limited by <a href="/wiki/Research_ethics" title="Research ethics">ethical restrictions</a> on laboratory research. Real-world hazing may last months, may be far more severe, and may involve a confluence of different feelings, in contrast to the relatively simple distress induced in laboratory experiments.<sup id="cite_ref-Keating2005_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keating2005-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cimino2013_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cimino2013-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 137">: 137 </span></sup> Researcher Aldo Cimino also points out that laboratory groups are "ephemeral", whereas real-world organizations that engage in hazing are "serious and enduring coalitions".<sup id="cite_ref-Cimino2022_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cimino2022-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 410">: 410 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Naturalistic_surveys_and_studies">Naturalistic surveys and studies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Naturalistic surveys and studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Surveys and studies examining real-world hazing have also yielded inconclusive results about its impacts on group solidarity.<sup id="cite_ref-Cimino2022_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cimino2022-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 410">: 410 </span></sup> </p><p>A 2022 study of new members of an American social fraternity that engaged in hazing found that hazing was "not substantially related to feelings of solidarity".<sup id="cite_ref-Cimino2022_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cimino2022-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 414">: 414 </span></sup> </p><p>A 2016 survey of members of sororities and fraternities in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> found that mentally severe, but not physically severe, initiation rituals were linked to lower affiliation with fellow inductees and that the humiliation experienced by inductees explained this relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 86–87">: 86–87 </span></sup> </p><p>A 2007 survey of student-athletes conducted by Van Raalte <i>et al.</i> found that hazing was associated with lower task cohesion and had no apparent relation to social cohesion; by contrast, appropriate <a href="/wiki/Team_building" title="Team building">team building activities</a> had a positive impact on social cohesion but had little impact on task cohesion.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study, which included activities like "tattooing" and "engaging in or simulating sex acts" as "acceptable team building" activities because respondents categorized them as appropriate,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been criticized for using an improper definition for hazing.<sup id="cite_ref-Cimino2017_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cimino2017-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 142–143">: 142–143 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Views_and_theories">Views and theories</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Views and theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Citing the 1959 study by Aronson and Mills,<sup id="cite_ref-Aronson1959_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aronson1959-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Psychologist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cialdini" title="Robert Cialdini">Robert Cialdini</a> uses the framework of consistency and commitment to explain the phenomenon of hazing and the vigor and zeal to which practitioners of hazing persist in and defend these activities even when they are made illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1959 study shaped the development of <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">cognitive dissonance</a> theory by <a href="/wiki/Leon_Festinger" title="Leon Festinger">Leon Festinger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many people view hazing as an effective way to teach respect and develop discipline and loyalty within the group and believe that hazing is a necessary component of initiation rites.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hazing can be used as a way to engender conformity within a social group, something that can be seen in many sociological studies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, initiation <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rituals</a> when managed effectively can serve to build team cohesion and improve team performance,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while negative and detrimental forms of hazing alienate and disparage individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dissonance can produce feelings of group <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_attraction" title="Interpersonal attraction">attraction</a> or <a href="/wiki/Social_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Social identity">social identity</a> among initiates after the hazing experience because they want to justify the effort used. <a href="/wiki/Reward_system" title="Reward system">Rewards</a> during initiations or hazing rituals matter in that initiates who feel more rewarded express a stronger group identity.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well as increasing group attraction, hazing can produce <a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">conformity</a> among new members.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hazing could also increase feelings of <a href="/wiki/Tend_and_befriend" title="Tend and befriend">affiliation</a> because of the stressful nature of the hazing experience.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, hazing has a hard time of being extinguished by those who saw it to be potentially dangerous like administration in education or law enforcement. </p><p>A 2014 paper by <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Whitehouse" title="Harvey Whitehouse">Harvey Whitehouse</a><sup id="cite_ref-WhitehouseLanman2014_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WhitehouseLanman2014-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> discusses theories that hazing can cause social cohesion though <a href="/wiki/Group_identification" class="mw-redirect" title="Group identification">group identification</a> and <a href="/wiki/Identity_fusion" title="Identity fusion">identity fusion</a>. A 2017 study published in <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Reports" title="Scientific Reports">Scientific Reports</a></i> found that groups that share painful or strong negative experiences can cause visceral<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (June 2017)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> bonding and pro-group behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-WhitehouseJong2017_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WhitehouseJong2017-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dominance_over_new_members">Dominance over new members</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dominance over new members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another theory that seeks to explain hazing is that hazing activities allow senior members to exercise dominance and establish power over newer members.<sup id="cite_ref-Cimino2011_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cimino2011-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 245">: 245 </span></sup> </p><p>Anthropologist Aldo Cimino notes that some elements of hazing are not entirely consistent with the theory that it is a pure display of dominance.<sup id="cite_ref-Cimino2011_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cimino2011-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 252">: 252 </span></sup> Hazing occurs in a "ceremonial or ritualistic" context that creates a distinction between hazing activities and everyday life, which is inconsistent with a desire to set up a lasting dominance hierarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-Cimino2011_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cimino2011-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 250">: 250 </span></sup> Newcomers also gain a far more egalitarian standing after hazing ends, showing that the dynamics that occur during hazing are "profoundly exaggerated relative to the actual social hierarchy".<sup id="cite_ref-Cimino2011_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cimino2011-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 251">: 251 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selection">Selection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Selection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The theory of hazing as a selection mechanism posits that hazing seeks to eliminate prospective members who are not sufficiently committed to a group or who would otherwise be free riders.<sup id="cite_ref-Cimino2011_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cimino2011-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anthropologist Aldo Cimino notes that hazing ordeals can sometimes provide information about how a prospective member values a group by demonstrating the costs they are willing to endure.<sup id="cite_ref-Cimino2011_39-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cimino2011-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 248">: 248 </span></sup> Cimino also notes, however, those common elements of hazing, such as disorientation and intimidation, may cause people to endure hazing rituals regardless of how much they value a group,<sup id="cite_ref-Cimino2011_39-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cimino2011-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 248">: 248 </span></sup> and that hazing occurs even in situations in which less committed inductees are not free to leave, suggesting that selection may not fully explain hazing activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Cimino2011_39-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cimino2011-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 249–250">: 249–250 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protection_from_exploitation_of_automatic_benefits">Protection from exploitation of automatic benefits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Protection from exploitation of automatic benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aldo Cimino proposes that hazing is an <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">evolutionarily</a>-acquired behavior that specifically seeks to protect groups from the exploitation of "automatic benefits"—benefits that are automatically gained by being a member of the group—by newcomers.<sup id="cite_ref-Cimino2011_39-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cimino2011-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 252">: 252 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-hazing_messaging">Anti-hazing messaging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Anti-hazing messaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, universities and hazing-prevention organizations have published messages directed at students that seek to deter students from engaging in hazing activities. This includes messaging focused on the potential harms of hazing, the ineffectiveness of hazing for group bonding, and <a href="/wiki/Social_norms" class="mw-redirect" title="Social norms">social norms</a> statistics that show large majorities in opposition to hazing.<sup id="cite_ref-CiminoOp2023_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CiminoOp2023-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hazing researcher Aldo Cimino has noted that the anti-hazing messaging released by institutions is sometimes inaccurate and that the ambiguous state of current research on hazing makes it difficult to accurately make strong claims about the effects of hazing activities of differing severities.<sup id="cite_ref-CiminoOp2023_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CiminoOp2023-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 297">: 297 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scope">Scope</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Scope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hazing_in_Greek_letter_organizations" title="Hazing in Greek letter organizations">Hazing in Greek letter organizations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mechoneo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Mechoneo.jpg/220px-Mechoneo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Mechoneo.jpg/330px-Mechoneo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Mechoneo.jpg/440px-Mechoneo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption>Tied and blindfolded first-year students from <a href="/wiki/Universidad_de_Talca" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad de Talca">Universidad de Talca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_hazing_deaths_in_the_United_States" title="List of hazing deaths in the United States">List of hazing deaths in the United States</a></div> <p>According to one of the largest US National Surveys regarding hazing including over 60,000 student-athletes from 2,400 colleges and universities:<sup id="cite_ref-Alfred_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alfred-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Over 325,000 athletes at more than 1,000 National Collegiate Athletic Association schools in the US participated in intercollegiate sports during 1998–99. Of these athletes: </p><ul><li>More than a quarter of a million experienced some form of hazing to join a college athletic team.</li> <li>One in five was subjected to unacceptable and potentially illegal hazing. They were kidnapped, beaten, tied up, and abandoned. They were also forced to commit crimes – destroying property, making prank phone calls, or harassing others.</li> <li>Half were required to participate in drinking contests or alcohol-related hazing.</li> <li>Two in five consumed alcohol on recruitment visits, even before enrolling.</li> <li>Two-thirds were subjected to humiliating hazing, such as being yelled at or sworn at, forced to wear embarrassing clothing (if any clothing at all), or forced to deprive themselves of sleep, food, or personal hygiene.</li> <li>One in five participated exclusively in positive initiations, such as team trips or ropes courses.</li></ul></blockquote> <p>The survey found that 79% of college athletes experienced some form of hazing to join their team, yet 60% of the student-athlete respondents indicated that they would not report hazing incidents.<sup id="cite_ref-Alfred_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alfred-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2007 survey at American colleges found that 55% of students in "clubs, teams, and organizations" experienced behavior the survey defined as hazing, including in varsity athletics and <a href="/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities" title="Fraternities and sororities">Greek-letter organizations</a>. This survey found that 47% of respondents experienced hazing before college; in 25% of hazing cases, school staff were aware of the activity. 90% of students who experienced behavior the researchers defined as hazing did not consider themselves to have been hazed, and 95% of those who experienced what they defined as hazing did not report it. The most common hazing-related activities reported in student groups included alcohol consumption, humiliation, isolation, sleep deprivation, and sex acts.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Police forces, especially those with a <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> tradition or sub-units of police forces such as tactical teams, may also have hazing rituals. Rescue services, such as <a href="/wiki/Lifeguard" title="Lifeguard">lifeguards</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or air-sea rescue teams may have hazing rituals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Sanda_Dia" title="Death of Sanda Dia">Death of Sanda Dia</a></div> <p>In Belgium, hazing rituals are a common practice in student clubs (fraternities and sororities, called <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">studentenclubs</i></span> in Dutch and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">cercles étudiants</i></span> in French) and student societies (called <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">studentenverenigingen</i></span>, <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">studentenkringen</i></span> or <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">faculteitskringen</i></span> in Dutch and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">associations étudiantes</i></span> or <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">associations facultaires</i></span> in French). The latter are typically attached to the faculty of the university. In contrast, the first ones are privately operated by hazing committees (Dutch: <i lang="nl">doopcommissies</i>, French: <i lang="fr">comités de baptême</i>), which are usually led by older students who have previously been hazed themselves. Hazing rituals in student societies have generally been safer than those in student clubs, precisely because they are to some extent regulated by universities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>For example, <a href="/wiki/KU_Leuven" title="KU Leuven">KU Leuven</a> drew up a hazing <a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">charter</a> in 2013 following an <a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">animal cruelty</a> incident in the hazing ritual of student club <a href="/wiki/Reuzegom" title="Reuzegom">Reuzegom</a>. The charter was to be signed by student societies, fraternities, and sororities. Signing the charter would have been a pledge to notify the city of the place and time of the hazing ceremony and to abstain from violence, racism, extortion, bullying, sexual assault, discrimination, and the use of vertebrate animals. Reuzegom, as well as the other fraternities and sororities of the Antwerp Guild, refused. In 2018, twenty-year-old student Sanda Dia died from multiple organ failure in the Reuzegom hazing ritual as a result of abuse by fellow Reuzegom members. The killing of a black student in a mostly-white fraternity, some of whose members are alleged to have engaged in racist behaviour, led to controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hazing&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, a few sororities have signed the charter, as well as all student societies. In April 2019, the 28 remaining fraternities in Leuven signed the charter.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazing&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hazing" title="Special:EditPage/Hazing">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the Netherlands, the so-called 'traditional fraternities' have an introduction time, including hazing rituals. The pledges go to a camp for a few days, during which they undergo hazing rituals. Meanwhile, they are introduced to the traditions of the fraternity. After camp, there are usually evenings or whole days when the pledges must be present at the fraternity. However, the pressure is released slowly, and the relations become somewhat more equal. Often, pledges collect or perform chores to raise funds for charity. At the end of the hazing period, the new members' inauguration occurs. </p><p>Incidents have occurred, resulting in injuries and death. Often, these incidents happen when members wish to join a house, (prestigious) sub-structure, or commission for which they undergo a second (and usually heavier) hazing ritual. Incidents mostly occur during hazing rituals for these sub-structures since there is less or no control from the fraternity board. Also, these sub-structure hazing rituals often involve excessive alcohol abuse, even when alcohol has become a taboo in the hazing of the fraternity itself. Other situations causing additional risks for incidents are members (often joining the hazing camp but not designated with any responsibility) separating pledges and taking them away from the main group to 'amuse themselves' with them. </p><p>In 1965, a student at <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_University" title="Utrecht University">Utrecht University</a> choked to death during a hazing ritual (<i>Roetkapaffaire</i>). There was public outrage when the perpetrators were convicted to light conditional sentences while left-wing <a href="/wiki/Provo_(movement)" title="Provo (movement)">Provo</a> demonstrators were given unconditional prison sentences for order disturbances. The fact that the magistrates handling the case were all alumni of the same fraternity gave rise to accusations of nepotism and class justice. Two incidents in 1997, leading to one heavy injury and one death, led to sharpened scrutiny over hazing. Hazing incidents have nevertheless occurred since, but justice is becoming keener in persecuting perpetrators. </p><p>The Netherlands has no anti-hazing legislation. Hazing incidents can be handled by internal resolution by the fraternity itself (in the lightest cases) or via the criminal justice system as <a href="/wiki/Assault" title="Assault">assault</a> or, in case of death, <a href="/wiki/Negligent_homicide" title="Negligent homicide">negligent homicide</a> or <a href="/wiki/Manslaughter" title="Manslaughter">manslaughter</a>. Universities generally support student unions (financially and by granting board members a discount on the required number of ECTS credits). Still, in the most extreme case, they can suspend or withdraw recognition and support for such unions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazing&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_hazing_deaths_in_the_Philippines" title="List of hazing deaths in the Philippines">List of hazing deaths in the Philippines</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hazing" title="Special:EditPage/Hazing">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to R. Dayao, hazing, usually in initiation rites of fraternities, has a long history in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and has been a source of public controversy after many cases that resulted in the death of the neophyte. The first recorded death due to hazing in the Philippines was recorded in 1954, with the death of Gonzalo Mariano Albert. Hazing was regulated under the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Hazing_Act_of_1995" title="Anti-Hazing Act of 1995">Anti-Hazing Act of 1995</a> after the death of Leonardo Villa in 1991. Still, many cases, usually causing severe injury or death, continued even after it was enacted, the latest involving <a href="/wiki/Darwin_Dormitorio" class="mw-redirect" title="Darwin Dormitorio">Darwin Dormitorio</a>, a 20-year-old Cadet 4th Class from the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Military_Academy" title="Philippine Military Academy">Philippine Military Academy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_Ireland">Republic of Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazing&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Republic of Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hazing incidents are rare in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> but are known at certain elite educational institutions. </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a>, an all-male society, Knights of the Campanile, was implicated in a hazing incident in 2019, where initiates were taunted, jeered at, told to get in a shower, insulted each other, and required to eat large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">butter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Campus newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/The_University_Times" title="The University Times">The University Times</a></i> was criticised for using secret recording devices to record the event.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dublin_University_Boat_Club" title="Dublin University Boat Club">Dublin University Boat Club</a> is also known for hazing, with rituals including consumption of <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>, stripping to one's underwear, caning with <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> rods, push-ups, being shouted at, standing in the rain, being tied together by shoelaces and crawling a maze while being hit with pillows.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hazing is common at Trinity sports societies and teams. <a href="/wiki/Zeta_Psi" title="Zeta Psi">Zeta Psi</a> fraternity has a presence at Trinity as well, and some hazing has been reported.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hazing also took place at <a href="/wiki/Dublin_City_University" title="Dublin City University">Dublin City University</a>'s Accounting & Finance Society in 2018, where first-years standing for committee positions had to complete a variety of sexualized games. The club was suspended for a year as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A report on <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_games" title="Gaelic games">Gaelic games</a> county players noted that 6% of players reported were aware of forced binge drinking as a form of hazing.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ragging_in_South_Asia">Ragging in South Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazing&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ragging in South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ragging" title="Ragging">Ragging</a></div> <p>Ragging is similar to hazing in educational institutions in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. The word is mainly used in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>. Ragging involves existing students baiting or <a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">bullying</a> new students. It often takes a malignant form wherein the newcomers may be subjected to <a href="/wiki/Psychological_torture" title="Psychological torture">psychological</a> or <a href="/wiki/Physical_torture" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical torture">physical</a> torture.<sup id="cite_ref-definition-ngo_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-definition-ngo-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-definition-ju_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-definition-ju-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/University_Grants_Commission_(India)" title="University Grants Commission (India)">University Grants Commission</a> of India imposed regulations upon Indian universities to help curb ragging. It launched a <a href="/wiki/Toll-free_telephone_number" title="Toll-free telephone number">toll-free</a> 'anti-ragging helpline'.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effectiveness of these measures are unknown; many accused of ragging first-year students are either let out with a warning or saved from legal action by political or <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">caste</a> lobbyists. </p><p>Although ragging is a criminal offense in Sri Lanka under the Prohibition of Ragging and Other Forms of Violence in Educational Institutions Act, No. 20 of 1998, and carries a severe punishment,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> several variations of ragging can be observed in universities around the country. Through the years, this practice has worsened all types of violence, including sexual violence and harassment, and has also claimed the lives of several students.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The university grants commission of Sri Lanka, have set up several pathways to report ragging incidents, including a special office, helpline and a mobile app where students can make a complaint anonymously or seek help.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazing&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hazing" title="Special:EditPage/Hazing">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Hazing" title="Talk:Hazing">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hazing&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2007</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">the English-speaking world</a> and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hazing&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Hazing" title="Talk:Hazing">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EarlyMACHazing.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/EarlyMACHazing.png/220px-EarlyMACHazing.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/EarlyMACHazing.png/330px-EarlyMACHazing.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/EarlyMACHazing.png/440px-EarlyMACHazing.png 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption>The "Scenes of Hazing", as portrayed in an early student yearbook of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Agricultural_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts Agricultural College">Massachusetts Agricultural College</a>. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1879</span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The practice of ritual abuse among social groups is not clearly understood. This is partly due to the secretive nature of the activities, especially within collegiate fraternities and sororities, and partly due to the long-term acceptance of hazing. Thus, it has been difficult for researchers to agree on the underlying social and psychological mechanisms perpetuating hazing. In military circles, hazing is sometimes assumed to test recruits under situations of stress and hostility. Although in no way a recreation of combat, hazing does put people into stressful situations that they are unable to control, which allegedly should weed out the weaker members before being placed in situations where failure to perform will cost lives. A portion of the military training course known as <a href="/wiki/Survival,_Evasion,_Resistance,_and_Escape" class="mw-redirect" title="Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape">Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape</a> (SERE) simulates as closely as is feasible the physical and psychological conditions of a <a href="/wiki/POW" class="mw-redirect" title="POW">POW</a> camp. </p><p>According to opponents, the problem with this approach is that the stress and hostility come from <i>inside</i> the group and not from <i>outside</i> as in actual combat situations, creating suspicion and distrust towards the superiors and comrades-in-arms. Willing participants may be motivated by a desire to prove to senior soldiers their stability in future combat situations, making the unit more secure. Still, blatantly brutal hazing can produce negative results, making the units more prone to break, desert, or mutiny than those without hazing traditions, as observed in the Russian army in <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a>, where units with the strongest traditions of <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru"><a href="/wiki/Dedovshchina" title="Dedovshchina">dedovshchina</a></i></span> were the first to break and desert under enemy fire.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At worst, hazing may lead into <a href="/wiki/Fragging" title="Fragging">fragging</a> incidents. Colleges and universities sometimes avoid publicizing hazing incidents for fear of damaging institutional reputations or incurring financial liability to victims.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 1999 study, a survey of 3,293 collegiate athletes, coaches, athletic directors, and deans found a variety of approaches to prevent hazing, including strong disciplinary and corrective measures for known cases, implementation of athletic, behavioral, and academic standards guiding recruitment; provisions for alternative bonding and recognition events for teams to prevent hazing; and law enforcement involvement in monitoring, investigating, and prosecuting hazing incidents.<sup id="cite_ref-Alfred_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alfred-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover's research suggested half of all college athletes are involved in alcohol-related hazing incidents, while one in five is involved in potentially illegal hazing incidents. Only another one in five was involved in what Hoover described as positive initiation events, such as taking team trips or running obstacle courses. </p><p>Hoover wrote: "Athletes most at risk for any kind of hazing for college sports were men; non-Greek members; and either swimmers, divers, soccer players, or lacrosse players. The campuses where hazing was most likely to occur were primarily in eastern or southern states with no anti-hazing laws. The campuses were rural, residential, and had Greek systems."<sup id="cite_ref-Alfred_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alfred-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Hoover uses the term "Greek" to refer to U.S.-style fraternities and sororities.) Hoover found that non-fraternity members were most at risk of hazing and that football players were most at risk of potentially dangerous or illegal hazing.<sup id="cite_ref-Alfred_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alfred-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the May issue of the <i>American Journal of Emergency Medicine</i>, Michelle Finkel reported that hazing injuries are often not recognized for their actual cause in emergency medical centers. The doctor said hazing victims sometimes hide the real cause of injuries out of shame or to protect those who caused the harm. In protecting their abusers, hazing victims can be compared with victims of domestic violence, Finkel wrote.<sup id="cite_ref-AJEM_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJEM-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finkel cites hazing incidents including "beating or kicking to the point of <a href="/wiki/Physical_trauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical trauma">traumatic injury</a> or death, burning or <a href="/wiki/Branding_persons" class="mw-redirect" title="Branding persons">branding</a>, excessive <a href="/wiki/Calisthenics" title="Calisthenics">calisthenics</a>, being forced to eat unpleasant substances and psychological or sexual abuse of both males and females". Reported coerced sexual activity is sometimes considered "horseplay" rather than rape, she wrote.<sup id="cite_ref-AJEM_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJEM-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finkel quoted from Hank Nuwer's book <i>Wrongs of Passage</i>, which counted 56 hazing deaths between 1970 and 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2005, controversy arose over a video showing <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a> fighting naked and intoxicated as part of a hazing ritual. The fight culminated with one soldier receiving a kick to the face, rendering him unconscious.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The victim, according to the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, said "It's just Marine humour".<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Marine who leaked the video said "The guy laid out was inches from being dead." Under further investigation, the Marines had just returned from a six-month tour of Iraq and were in their "cooling down" period, in which they spend two weeks at a naval base before they are allowed back into society. The man who suffered the kick to the head did not press charges.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2008, Dr. Elizabeth Allan and Dr. Mary Madden from the University of Maine conducted a national hazing study. This investigation is the most comprehensive study of hazing to date. It includes responses from more than 11,000 undergraduate students at 53 colleges and universities in different regions of the United States and interviews with more than 300 students and staff at 18 of these campuses. Through the vision and efforts of many, this study fills a significant gap in the research and extends the breadth and depth of knowledge and understanding about hazing. Ten initial findings are described in the report, "Hazing in View: College Students at Risk". These include: </p> <ol><li>More than half of college students in clubs, teams, and organizations experience hazing.</li> <li>Nearly half (47%) of students have experienced hazing before coming to college.</li> <li>Alcohol consumption, humiliation, isolation, sleep deprivation, and sex acts are hazing practices common across student groups.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hazing_incidents_at_European_universities">Hazing incidents at European universities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazing&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Hazing incidents at European universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>1495</b>: <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_University" title="Leipzig University">Leipzig University</a> banned the hazing of <a href="/wiki/Freshmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshmen">freshmen</a> by other students: "Statute Forbidding Any One to Annoy or Unduly Injure the Freshmen. Each and every one attached to this university is forbidden to offend with insult, torment, harass, drench with water or urine, throw on or defile with dust or any filth, mock by whistling, cry at them with a terrifying voice, or dare to molest in any way whatsoever physically or severely, any, who are called freshmen, in the market, streets, courts, colleges and living houses, or any place whatsoever, and particularly in the present college, when they have entered to matriculate or are leaving after matriculation."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1997</b>: During the hazing period of a Dutch fraternity, a pledge was run over by members when he was sleeping drunk in the grass. A few weeks later, a pledge, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinout_Pfeiffer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reinout Pfeiffer (page does not exist)">Reinout Pfeiffer</a>, died after drinking a large quantity of <a href="/wiki/Jenever" title="Jenever">jenever</a> as part of an initiation ritual for his student house attached to the same fraternity. These incidents prompted Dutch fraternities to regulate their hazing rituals more strictly.</li> <li><b>2005</b>: A few months later, in May 2005, a Dutch student almost died from <a href="/wiki/Water_intoxication" title="Water intoxication">water intoxication</a> after participating in a hazing <a href="/wiki/Drinking_game" title="Drinking game">drinking game</a> in which the liquor was replaced by water.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>2005</b>: The victim of a high-profile hazing attack in Russia, <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Sychyov" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrey Sychyov">Andrey Sychyov</a>, required the amputation of his legs and genitalia after he was forced to <a href="/wiki/Squatting_position" title="Squatting position">squat</a> for four hours whilst being beaten and tortured by a military group on New Year's Eve, 2005. President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> spoke out about the incident and ordered Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Ivanov" title="Sergei Ivanov">Sergei Ivanov</a> "to submit proposals on legal and organizational matters to improve educational work in the army and navy".<sup id="cite_ref-Peter_Finn_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peter_Finn-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>2010</b>: In a hazing incident in the Netherlands, pledges were asked to 'baffle the members' with a stunt. They decided to do so by dressing one of them in a <a href="/wiki/Sinterklaas" title="Sinterklaas">Sinterklaas</a> costume, dousing the suit in lamp oil, and setting it on fire. The victim jumped in the water in his burning costume and suffered second-degree burns, needing medical treatment. The student who set the victim's costume on fire was sentenced to 50 hours of unpaid work.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>2016</b>: In August 2016, a student in a Dutch fraternity suffered serious head injuries after a member forced him to lie on the floor, placed his foot on his head, and exercised pressure on the skull. The perpetrator was convicted to a prison sentence of 31 days (of which 30 days were conditional), 240 hours of unpaid labor, and €5,066.80 damage compensation to the victim.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The perpetrator appealed against this verdict, after which it was reduced in appeal to a fine of €1,000.</li> <li><b>2016</b>: In December 2016, <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">Newcastle University</a> student Ed Farmer, 20, died from a cardiac arrest and immense brain damage after an initiation ceremony into the Agricultural Society. Events included <a href="/wiki/Head_shaving" title="Head shaving">head shaving</a>, being sprayed with paint used to mark stock, drinking vodka from a pig's head, and bobbing for apples in a mixture of urine and alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Farmer was known to have drunk 27 vodka shots in three hours.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initiation ceremonies have been strictly banned by the university.</li> <li><b>2018</b>: Three Flemish Belgian students, from the <a href="/wiki/KU_Leuven" title="KU Leuven">KU Leuven</a> were hospitalized after consuming a large amount of <a href="/wiki/Fish_sauce" title="Fish sauce">fish sauce</a> as part of a hazing ritual. One slipped into a coma and died, likely due to a combination of the high concentration of <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a> in the sauce and <a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">hypothermia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hazing_deaths_at_Asian_universities">Hazing deaths at Asian universities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazing&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Hazing deaths at Asian universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>1993–2007</b>: In Indonesia, 35 people died as a result of hazing initiation rites in the Institute of Public Service (IPDN). The most recent was in April 2007 when <a href="/wiki/Cliff_Muntu" title="Cliff Muntu">Cliff Muntu</a> died after being beaten by the seniors.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1997</b>: Selvanayagam Varapragash, a first-year engineering student at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Peradeniya" title="University of Peradeniya">University of Peradeniya</a>, was murdered on the campus due to hazing. He was subjected to sadistic <a href="/wiki/Ragging" title="Ragging">ragging</a>, and in a post-mortem examination, a large quantity of toothpaste was found in his rectum.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>2002</b>: Rupa Rathnaseeli, a 22-year-old student of the <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Agriculture,_University_of_Peradeniya" title="Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya">Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, became paralyzed as a result of jumping from the second floor of the hostel "Ramanathan Hall" to escape the physical <a href="/wiki/Ragging" title="Ragging">ragging</a> carried out by older students. It was reported that she was about to have a candle inserted into her vagina just before she jumped out of the hostel building.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She committed suicide in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>2007</b>: On June 26 at the <a href="/wiki/Tokitsukaze_stable_hazing_scandal" title="Tokitsukaze stable hazing scandal">Tokitsukaze stable</a>, 17-year-old <a href="/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo">sumo</a> wrestler Takashi Saito was beaten to death by his fellow <a href="/wiki/Rikishi" title="Rikishi">rikishi</a> with a beer bottle and metal baseball bat at the direction of his trainer, <a href="/wiki/Futatsury%C5%AB_Jun%27ichi" title="Futatsuryū Jun'ichi">Jun'ichi Yamamoto</a>. Though Saito's cause of death was originally reported as heart failure, his father demanded an <a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">autopsy</a>, which uncovered evidence of the beating. Both Yamamoto and the other rikishi were charged with manslaughter.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_examples_in_the_USA">Notable examples in the USA</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazing&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notable examples in the USA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These examples are limited to incidents in the USA which did not lead to death. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_hazing_deaths_in_the_United_States" title="List of hazing deaths in the United States">List of hazing deaths in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ragging_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragging in India">Ragging in India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ragging_in_Sri_Lanka#Major_incidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragging in Sri Lanka">Ragging in Sri Lanka § Major incidents</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_hazing_deaths_in_the_Philippines" title="List of hazing deaths in the Philippines">List of hazing deaths in the Philippines</a></div> <ul><li><b>1684</b>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> Student, Joseph Webb, was expelled for hazing.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1873</b>: A <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i> headline read: "<a href="/wiki/West_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="West Point">West Point</a>. 'Hazing' at the Academy – An Evil That Should be Entirely Rooted Out"<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1900</b>: Oscar Booz began at <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">West Point</a> in June 1898 in good physical health. Four months later, he resigned due to health problems. He died in December 1900 of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>. During his long struggle with the illness, he blamed the illness on hazing he received at West Point in 1898, claiming he had hot sauce poured down his throat on three occasions as well as several other grueling hazing practices, such as brutal beatings and having hot wax poured on him in the night. His family claimed that scarring from the hot sauce made him more susceptible to the infection, causing his death. Among other things, Booz claimed that his devotion to Christianity made him a target and that he was tormented for reading his Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-San_Francisco_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-San_Francisco-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd>The practice of hazing at West Point entered the national spotlight following his death. Congressional hearings investigated his death and the pattern of systemic hazing of first-year students, and serious efforts were made to reform the system and end hazing at West Point.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ambrose_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ambrose-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Booz_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booz-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>1903</b>: Three young boys in <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, aged 11, 10, and 7, read about hazing practices in college and decided to try it themselves. They built a fire in a pasture behind the schoolhouse, leading 9-year-old Ralph Canning to the spot. They heated several stones until they were red hot. The boys forced Canning to both sit and stand on the hot stones and held him there despite his screams. The boys then either walked or jumped on him (depending on the source). He was finally allowed to leave, and he crawled home, where he died two weeks later. The public was stunned by the young age of the perpetrators.<sup id="cite_ref-Canning_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canning-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1967</b>: <a href="/wiki/Delta_Kappa_Epsilon" title="Delta Kappa Epsilon">Delta Kappa Epsilon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>. Future US president <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (who at the time was president of the fraternity) was implicated in a scandal where members of the DKE fraternity were accused of branding triangles onto the lower back of pledges. Mr. Bush is quoted as dismissing the injuries as "only a cigarette burn". The fraternity received a fine for their behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>2004</b>: In <a href="/wiki/Sandwich,_Massachusetts" title="Sandwich, Massachusetts">Sandwich, Massachusetts</a>, nine high school football players faced felony charges after a freshman teammate lost his spleen in a hazing ritual.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>2011</b>: Two <a href="/wiki/Andover_High_School_(Massachusetts)" title="Andover High School (Massachusetts)">Andover High School</a> basketball players were expelled, and five were suspended for pressuring first- and second-year students to play "<a href="/wiki/Soggy_biscuit" title="Soggy biscuit">wet biscuit</a>", where the loser was forced to eat a semen-soaked cookie.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>2011</b>: Thirteen students from <a href="/wiki/Florida_Agricultural_and_Mechanical_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University">Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University</a> attacked <a href="/wiki/Drum_major_(marching_band)" title="Drum major (marching band)">drum major</a> Robert Champion on a bus after a marching band performance, beating him to death. Since the 2011 death, a series of reports of abuse and hazing within the band have been documented. In May 2012, two faculty members resigned in connection with a hazing investigation, and 13 people were charged with felony or misdemeanor hazing crimes. Eleven of those individuals faced one count of third-degree felony hazing resulting in death, which is punishable by up to six years in prison. The FAMU incident prompted <a href="/wiki/Rick_Scott" title="Rick Scott">Florida Governor Rick Scott</a> to order all state universities to examine their hazing and harassment policies in December. Scott also asked all university presidents to remind their students, faculty and staff "how detrimental hazing can be".<sup id="cite_ref-cnn.com_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn.com-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>2013</b>: Tyler Lawrence, a student at <a href="/wiki/Wilmington_College_(Ohio)" title="Wilmington College (Ohio)">Wilmington College (Ohio)</a>, lost a testicle as a result of hazing after being forced to lie down nude on a basement floor wet with three inches of water, stuffed with hamburgers, then ball-gagged, and finally being hit in his scrotum with towels and shirts that were tied with balled ends or other objects. Despite being painfully injured, he was then forced to sit up and swallow vinegar-soaked bananas.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>2014</b>: Seven members of the <a href="/wiki/Sayreville_War_Memorial_High_School" title="Sayreville War Memorial High School">Sayreville War Memorial High School</a> football team in <a href="/wiki/Sayreville,_New_Jersey" title="Sayreville, New Jersey">Sayreville, New Jersey</a>, were arrested and charged with sexual assaults on younger players. "In the darkness, a freshman football player would be pinned to the locker-room floor, his arms and feet held down by multiple upperclassmen. Then, the victim would be lifted to his feet" and sexually abused.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six of the team members were sentenced for lesser crimes, and the seventh case was still pending in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>2015</b>: <a href="/wiki/Western_Kentucky_University_swim_team_hazing_scandal" title="Western Kentucky University swim team hazing scandal">Western Kentucky University swim team hazing scandal</a> – After investigations revealed several incidents of hazing within the swimming and diving program at Western Kentucky University, the university placed the entire program on a five-year suspension. As of 2024, the program has yet to be revived.</li> <li><b>2021</b>: Danny Santulli was made to guzzle 1.75 liters of vodka at a <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri" title="University of Missouri">University of Missouri</a> fraternity. He was 18 at the time. The incident left him with severe brain damage, complete loss of eyesight, and unable to walk or communicate in any way.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>2023</b>: The coach of the <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Wildcats_football" title="Northwestern Wildcats football">Northwestern University football team</a> was fired after allegations surfaced of physically and sexually abusive hazing on the team.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazing&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dedovshchina" title="Dedovshchina">Dedovshchina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effort_justification" title="Effort justification">Effort justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupthink" title="Groupthink">Groupthink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazing_in_Greek_letter_organizations" title="Hazing in Greek letter organizations">Hazing in Greek letter organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Identity formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_culture" title="Organizational culture">Organizational culture</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schadenfreude" title="Schadenfreude">Schadenfreude</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sconcing" title="Sconcing">Sconcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_prison_experiment" title="Stanford prison experiment">Stanford prison experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockholm Syndrome">Stockholm Syndrome</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazing&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThompsonJohnstoneBanks2018" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, Jamie; Johnstone, James; Banks, Curt (2018). 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Los Angeles Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=West+Point+Orders+About-Face+on+108-Year+Tradition+of+Hazing+Cadets&rft.date=1990-11-18&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1990-11-18-mn-6568-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHazing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Canning-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Canning_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/63185581">"Many are badly injured, some of the victims disfigured, cases of hazing at girls schools"</a>. The Topeka Daily Capital. 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(September 17, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/education/k_12/articles/2004/09/17/nine_players_suspended_in_football_hazing_injury?pg=full">"Nine players suspended in football hazing injury"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Nine+players+suspended+in+football+hazing+injury&rft.date=2004-09-17&rft.aulast=Ebbert&rft.aufirst=Stephanie%2C+Globe+Staff.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Feducation%2Fk_12%2Farticles%2F2004%2F09%2F17%2Fnine_players_suspended_in_football_hazing_injury%3Fpg%3Dfull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHazing" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131108125018/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/595093636/">"High school athletes face charges in hazing incident"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deseret_News" title="Deseret News">Deseret News</a></i>. Salt Lake City, UT. Associated Press. September 24, 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deseretnews.com/article/595093636/">the original</a> on November 8, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deseret+News&rft.atitle=High+school+athletes+face+charges+in+hazing+incident&rft.date=2004-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseretnews.com%2Farticle%2F595093636%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHazing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eagletribune.com/opinion/x910015271/Editorial-No-fix-to-end-Andover-hazing-scandal">"Editorial: No 'fix' to end Andover hazing scandal"</a>. <i>Eagle-Tribune</i>. North Andover, MA: Eagletribune.com. December 5, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eagle-Tribune&rft.atitle=Editorial%3A+No+%27fix%27+to+end+Andover+hazing+scandal&rft.date=2011-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eagletribune.com%2Fopinion%2Fx910015271%2FEditorial-No-fix-to-end-Andover-hazing-scandal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHazing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn.com-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cnn.com_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2012/05/03/justice/florida-hazing-charges/index.html?hpt=us_c2">"9 charged with hazing at University of Florida fraternity"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. 4 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=9+charged+with+hazing+at+University+of+Florida+fraternity&rft.date=2012-05-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2012%2F05%2F03%2Fjustice%2Fflorida-hazing-charges%2Findex.html%3Fhpt%3Dus_c2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHazing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesmokinggun.com/documents/frat-hazing-costs-pledge-a-testicle-687432">"Fraternity Pledge Loses Testicle In Hazing Ritual"</a>. <i>The Smoking Gun</i>. 2013-11-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Smoking+Gun&rft.atitle=Fraternity+Pledge+Loses+Testicle+In+Hazing+Ritual&rft.date=2013-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesmokinggun.com%2Fdocuments%2Ffrat-hazing-costs-pledge-a-testicle-687432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHazing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2014/10/12/opinion/robbins-sayreville-football-sex-assault/">"Sayreville football team case went far beyond hazing"</a>. CNN. 13 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sayreville+football+team+case+went+far+beyond+hazing&rft.date=2014-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2014%2F10%2F12%2Fopinion%2Frobbins-sayreville-football-sex-assault%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHazing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEpstein2016" class="citation news cs1">Epstein, Sue (January 4, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nj.com/middlesex/index.ssf/2016/01/post_66.html">"Meet the man who will prosecute 5 of N.J.'s most high profile cases in 2016"</a>. <i>The Star-Ledger</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star-Ledger&rft.atitle=Meet+the+man+who+will+prosecute+5+of+N.J.%27s+most+high+profile+cases+in+2016&rft.date=2016-01-04&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Sue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nj.com%2Fmiddlesex%2Findex.ssf%2F2016%2F01%2Fpost_66.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHazing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/college-hazing-missouri-brain-damage-santulli-b2096583.html">"Student left blind after being forced to chug vodka bottle in college 'hazing'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 2022-06-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Student+left+blind+after+being+forced+to+chug+vodka+bottle+in+college+%27hazing%27&rft.date=2022-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fcollege-hazing-missouri-brain-damage-santulli-b2096583.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHazing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espn.com/college-football/story/_/id/37991452/northwestern-fires-football-coach-pat-fitzgerald">"Northwestern fires Fitzgerald amid hazing claims"</a>. <i>ESPN.com</i>. 2023-07-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESPN.com&rft.atitle=Northwestern+fires+Fitzgerald+amid+hazing+claims&rft.date=2023-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com%2Fcollege-football%2Fstory%2F_%2Fid%2F37991452%2Fnorthwestern-fires-football-coach-pat-fitzgerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHazing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazing&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThwing1879" class="citation journal cs1">Thwing, C. F. (January 1879). "College Hazing". <i>Scribners Monthly</i>. <b>17</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">331–</span>334.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scribners+Monthly&rft.atitle=College+Hazing&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E331-%3C%2Fspan%3E334&rft.date=1879-01&rft.aulast=Thwing&rft.aufirst=C.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHazing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReeves" class="citation book cs1">Reeves, Madeleine. <i>Border Work: Spatial Lives of the State in Rural Central Asia (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2014)</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">184–</span>197.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Border+Work%3A+Spatial+Lives+of+the+State+in+Rural+Central+Asia+%28Ithaca%2C+NY%3A+Cornell+University+Press%2C+2014%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E184-%3C%2Fspan%3E197&rft.aulast=Reeves&rft.aufirst=Madeleine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHazing" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazing&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hazing" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:hazing"><i>hazing</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hazing" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hazing">Hazing</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a> references by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://us.imdb.com/find?s=all&q=hazing">word</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070317235603/http://us.imdb.com/find?s=all&q=hazing">Archived</a> 2007-03-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://us.imdb.com/keyword/hazing/">keyword</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051101082218/http://us.imdb.com/keyword/hazing/">Archived</a> 2005-11-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://corpun.com/webmisc.htm">World Corporal Punishment Research</a> Corporal punishment as initiation</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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title="Abuse">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_childhood_experiences" title="Adverse childhood experiences">Adverse childhood experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-social_behaviour" title="Anti-social behaviour">Anti-social behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_neglect" title="Child neglect">neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_abuse" title="Disability abuse">Disability abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_draft" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability draft">military draft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_abuse" title="Elder abuse">Elder abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elder_financial_abuse" title="Elder financial abuse">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_marriage" title="Predatory marriage">Marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incivility" title="Incivility">Incivility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_abuse" title="Institutional abuse">Institutional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">Intimidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">Neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_abuse" title="Professional abuse">Professional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">Psychological abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">Physical abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_abuse" title="Religious abuse">Religious abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_abuse" title="Social abuse">Social abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">Stalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_abuse" title="Structural abuse">Structural abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Substance abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_abuse" title="Alcohol abuse">Alcohol abuse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance_abuse" title="Surveillance abuse">Surveillance abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umpire_abuse" title="Umpire abuse">Referee and umpire abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">Verbal abuse</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abuse#Types_and_contexts_of_abuse" title="Abuse">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abusive_supervision" title="Abusive supervision">Abusive supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_power" title="Abuse of power">Abuse of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlling_behavior_in_relationships" title="Controlling behavior in relationships">Controlling behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_grooming" class="mw-redirect" title="Child grooming">Child grooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Complex post-traumatic stress disorder">Complex post-traumatic stress disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial" title="Denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destabilisation" title="Destabilisation">Destabilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaggeration" title="Exaggeration">Exaggeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_to_facilitate_abuse" title="Isolation to facilitate abuse">Isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just-world_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Just-world hypothesis">Just-world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lie" title="Lie">Lying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological manipulation">Manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimisation_(psychology)" title="Minimisation (psychology)">Minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">Narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playing_the_victim" title="Playing the victim">Playing the victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">Psychological projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">Psychological trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy" title="Psychopathy">Psychopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalization_(psychology)" title="Rationalization (psychology)">Rationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traumatic_bonding" title="Traumatic bonding">Traumatic bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming">Victim blaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bullying214" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bullying" title="Template:Bullying"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bullying" title="Template talk:Bullying"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bullying" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bullying"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bullying214" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abusive_supervision" title="Abusive supervision">Abusive supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberbullying" title="Cyberbullying">Cyberbullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_abuse" title="Disability abuse">Disability bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displaced_aggression" title="Displaced aggression">Displaced aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxing" title="Doxing">Doxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_bullying" title="LGBTQ bullying">LGBTQ bullying</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_the_military" title="Bullying in the military">Military bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">Mobbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_bullying_of_children" class="mw-redirect" title="Parental bullying of children">Parental bullying of children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_victimization" title="Peer victimization">Peer victimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying#Prison_bullying" title="Bullying">Prison bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_aggression" title="Relational aggression">Relational aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_bullying" title="School bullying">School bullying</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_of_students_in_higher_education" title="Bullying of students in higher education">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_bullying" title="Sexual bullying">Sexual bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_harassment" title="Workplace harassment">Workplace harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_bullying" title="Workplace bullying">Workplace bullying</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_bullying_in_academia" title="Workplace bullying in academia">Academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_information_technology" title="Bullying in information technology">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_aspects_of_workplace_bullying" title="Legal aspects of workplace bullying">Legal aspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_the_legal_profession" title="Bullying in the legal profession">Legal profession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_medicine" title="Bullying in medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_nursing" title="Bullying in nursing">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_teaching" title="Bullying in teaching">Teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_leader" title="Toxic leader">Toxic leader</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_workplace" title="Toxic workplace">Toxic workplace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betrayal" title="Betrayal">Betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacklisting" title="Blacklisting">Blacklisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_and_emotional_intelligence" title="Bullying and emotional intelligence">Bullying and emotional intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_assassination" title="Character assassination">Character assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">Coercion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_fear" title="Culture of fear">Culture of fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destabilisation" title="Destabilisation">Destabilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Discrediting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">Embarrassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_accusation" title="False accusation">False accusation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossip" title="Gossip">Gossip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incivility" title="Incivility">Incivility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">Intimidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_to_facilitate_abuse" title="Isolation to facilitate abuse">Isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_up_kick_down" title="Kiss up kick down">Kiss up kick down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_games" title="Mind games">Mind games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_the_goalposts" title="Moving the goalposts">Moving the goalposts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagging" title="Nagging">Nagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_calling" title="Name calling">Name calling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_hominem" title="Ad hominem">Personal attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">Physical abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">Psychological abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudeness" title="Rudeness">Rudeness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcasm" title="Sarcasm">Sarcasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screaming" title="Screaming">Screaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">Shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Smear campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_undermining" title="Social undermining">Social undermining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swatting" title="Swatting">Swatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taunting" title="Taunting">Taunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_incivility" title="Workplace incivility">Workplace incivility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">Verbal abuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_Against_Bullying" title="Act Against Bullying">Act Against Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Bossy" title="Ban Bossy">Ban Bossy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_UK" title="Bullying UK">Bullying UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bystander_Revolution" title="Bystander Revolution">Bystander Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Centre_for_Gender_and_Sexual_Diversity" title="Canadian Centre for Gender and Sexual Diversity">Canadian Centre for Gender and Sexual Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditch_the_Label" title="Ditch the Label">Ditch the Label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRIN_Campaign" title="GRIN Campaign">GRIN Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/It_Gets_Better_Project" title="It Gets Better Project">It Gets Better Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidscape" title="Kidscape">Kidscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_Against_Violence_in_Education" title="Society Against Violence in Education">Society Against Violence in Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Costanza_Baldry" title="Anna Costanza Baldry">Anna Costanza Baldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Craig_(psychologist)" title="Wendy Craig (psychologist)">Wendy Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Espelage" title="Dorothy Espelage">Dorothy Espelage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_P._Farrington" title="David P. Farrington">David P. Farrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelley_Hymel" title="Shelley Hymel">Shelley Hymel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Leymann" title="Heinz Leymann">Heinz Leymann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Namie" title="Gary Namie">Gary Namie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Higgins_Norman" title="James O'Higgins Norman">James O'Higgins Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Olweus" title="Dan Olweus">Dan Olweus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debra_Pepler" title="Debra Pepler">Debra Pepler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Salmivalli" title="Christina Salmivalli">Christina Salmivalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Westhues" title="Kenneth Westhues">Kenneth Westhues</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Adams" title="Andrea Adams">Andrea Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Burfitt-Dons" title="Louise Burfitt-Dons">Louise Burfitt-Dons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Field" title="Tim Field">Tim Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuEllen_Fried" title="SuEllen Fried">SuEllen Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Hackett" title="Liam Hackett">Liam Hackett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizzie_Vel%C3%A1squez" title="Lizzie Velásquez">Lizzie Velásquez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Actions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bullying_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bullying Day">Anti-Bullying Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bullying_Week" title="Anti-Bullying Week">Anti-Bullying Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-bullying_legislation" title="Anti-bullying legislation">Anti-bullying legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Pink" title="International Day of Pink">International Day of Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Stand_Up_to_Bullying_Day" title="International Stand Up to Bullying Day">International Stand Up to Bullying Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Think_Before_You_Speak_(campaign)" title="Think Before You Speak (campaign)">Think Before You Speak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable <a href="/wiki/Bullying_and_suicide" title="Bullying and suicide">suicides</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides_that_have_been_attributed_to_bullying" class="mw-redirect" title="List of suicides that have been attributed to bullying">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_William_Arthur_Gibbs" title="Suicide of William Arthur Gibbs">William Arthur Gibbs</a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Kelly_Yeomans" title="Suicide of Kelly Yeomans">Kelly Yeomans</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Hamed_Nastoh" title="Suicide of Hamed Nastoh">Hamed Nastoh</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Dawn-Marie_Wesley" title="Suicide of Dawn-Marie Wesley">Dawn-Marie Wesley</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Nicola_Ann_Raphael" title="Suicide of Nicola Ann Raphael">Nicola Ann Raphael</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Ryan_Halligan" title="Suicide of Ryan Halligan">Ryan Halligan</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Megan_Meier" title="Suicide of Megan Meier">Megan Meier</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Sladjana_Vidovic" title="Suicide of Sladjana Vidovic">Sladjana Vidovic</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Phoebe_Prince" title="Suicide of Phoebe Prince">Phoebe Prince</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Tyler_Clementi" title="Suicide of Tyler Clementi">Tyler Clementi</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Jamey_Rodemeyer" title="Suicide of Jamey Rodemeyer">Jamey Rodemeyer</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Hubley#Family" title="Allan Hubley">Jamie Hubley</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Kenneth_Weishuhn" title="Suicide of Kenneth Weishuhn">Kenneth Weishuhn</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Audrie_Pott" title="Suicide of Audrie Pott">Audrie Pott</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Amanda_Todd" title="Suicide of Amanda Todd">Amanda Todd</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Jadin_Bell" title="Suicide of Jadin Bell">Jadin Bell</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Rehtaeh_Parsons" title="Suicide of Rehtaeh Parsons">Rehtaeh Parsons</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Rebecca_Sedwick" title="Suicide of Rebecca Sedwick">Rebecca Sedwick</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leelah_Alcorn" title="Leelah Alcorn">Leelah Alcorn</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Conrad_Roy" title="Death of Conrad Roy">Conrad Roy</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Tyrone_Unsworth" title="Suicide of Tyrone Unsworth">Tyrone Unsworth</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Murder%E2%80%93suicide" title="Murder–suicide">Murder–suicides</a><br />(incidents)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Harris_and_Dylan_Klebold" title="Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold">Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Columbine High School massacre">Columbine</a>, 1999</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Weise" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeff Weise">Jeff Weise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Lake_shootings" title="Red Lake shootings">Red Lake</a>, 2005</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seung-Hui_Cho" title="Seung-Hui Cho">Seung-Hui Cho</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting" title="Virginia Tech shooting">Virginia Tech</a>, 2007</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jokela_school_shooting#Perpetrator" title="Jokela school shooting">Pekka-Eric Auvinen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jokela_school_shooting" title="Jokela school shooting">Jokela High School</a>, 2007</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauhajoki_school_shooting#Perpetrator" title="Kauhajoki school shooting">Matti Juhani Saari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kauhajoki_school_shooting" title="Kauhajoki school shooting">Kauhajoki School of Hospitality</a>, 2008</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Sparks_Middle_School_shooting#Perpetrator" title="2013 Sparks Middle School shooting">Jose Horacio Reyes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Sparks_Middle_School_shooting" title="2013 Sparks Middle School shooting">Sparks Middle School</a>, 2013</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Rodger" title="Elliot Rodger">Elliot Rodger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Isla_Vista_killings" title="2014 Isla Vista killings">Isla Vista</a>, 2014</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_blackmail" title="Emotional blackmail">Emotional blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just-world_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Just-world hypothesis">Just-world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT-related_suicides" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT-related suicides">List of LGBT-related suicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_in_the_workplace" title="Machiavellianism in the workplace">Machiavellianism in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism_in_the_workplace" title="Narcissism in the workplace">Narcissism in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_boundaries" title="Personal boundaries">Personal boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">Personality disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playing_the_victim" title="Playing the victim">Playing the victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy_in_the_workplace" title="Psychopathy in the workplace">Psychopathy in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">Self-esteem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dominance_orientation" title="Social dominance orientation">Social dominance orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_people" title="Suicide among LGBTQ people">Suicide among LGBTQ people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming">Victim blaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conformity92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conformity" title="Template:Conformity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conformity" title="Template talk:Conformity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conformity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conformity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conformity92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">Conformity</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Enforcement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proscription" title="Proscription">Proscription</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">Damnatio memoriae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissident" title="Dissident">Dissident</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dissenter" title="Dissenter">Dissenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">Exile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89migr%C3%A9" title="Émigré">Émigré</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sacer" title="Homo sacer">Homo sacer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blacklisting" title="Blacklisting">Blacklisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deplatforming" title="Deplatforming">Deplatforming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcast_(person)" title="Outcast (person)">Outcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">Outlaw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_death" title="Civil death">Civil death</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vogelfrei" title="Vogelfrei">Vogelfrei</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Persona_non_grata" title="Persona non grata">Persona non grata</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_enemy" title="Public enemy">Public enemy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_state" title="Enemy of the state">Enemy of the state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">Shunning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governmental pressure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Group pressure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">Brainwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closure_(sociology)" title="Closure (sociology)">Closure (sociology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_reality" title="Consensus reality">Consensus reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_shock" title="Culture shock">Culture shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_chamber_(media)" title="Echo chamber (media)">Echo chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_consensus_effect" title="False consensus effect">False consensus effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_missing_out" title="Fear of missing out">Fear of missing out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupthink" title="Groupthink">Groupthink</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herd_mentality" title="Herd mentality">Herd mentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identification_(psychology)" title="Identification (psychology)">Identification (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invented_tradition" title="Invented tradition">Invented tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_conformity" title="Memory conformity">Memory conformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_exposure_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Mere exposure effect">Mere exposure effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milieu_control" title="Milieu control">Milieu control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">Mobbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normalization_(sociology)" title="Normalization (sociology)">Normalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normative_social_influence" title="Normative social influence">Normative social influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(sociology)" title="Passing (sociology)">Passing (sociology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_pressure" title="Peer pressure">Peer pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralistic_ignorance" title="Pluralistic ignorance">Pluralistic ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosocial" title="Psychosocial">Psychosocial issue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purity_spiral" title="Purity spiral">Purity spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operant_conditioning" title="Operant conditioning">Operant conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_%27round_the_flag_effect" title="Rally 'round the flag effect">Rally 'round the flag effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contagion" title="Social contagion">Social contagion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_addiction" title="Behavioral addiction">Addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_contagion" title="Behavioral contagion">Behavioral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_Contagion_Models" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime Contagion Models">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysterical_contagion" title="Hysterical contagion">Hysterical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copycat_suicide" title="Copycat suicide">Suicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_contagion" title="Emotional contagion">Emotional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">Social influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">Socialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_of_silence" title="Spiral of silence">Spiral of silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teasing" title="Teasing">Teasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_positivity" title="Toxic positivity">Toxic positivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual pressure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_personality" title="Authoritarian personality">Authoritarian personality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_leadership_style" title="Authoritarian leadership style">Authoritarian leadership style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarian_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing authoritarian personality">Right-wing authoritarian personality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_freak" title="Control freak">Control freak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_personality_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder">Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conformity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compliance_(psychology)" title="Compliance (psychology)">Compliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_reinforcement" title="Communal reinforcement">Communal reinforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countersignaling" title="Countersignaling">Countersignaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creeping_normality" title="Creeping normality">Creeping normality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herd_behavior" title="Herd behavior">Herd behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalization_(sociology)" title="Internalization (sociology)">Internalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normalization_of_deviance" title="Normalization of deviance">Normalization of deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preference_falsification" title="Preference falsification">Preference falsification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_proof" title="Social proof">Social proof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_reality" title="Social reality">Social reality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experiments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asch_conformity_experiments" title="Asch conformity experiments">Asch conformity experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaching_experiment" title="Breaching experiment">Breaching experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milgram_experiment" title="Milgram experiment">Milgram experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_prison_experiment" title="Stanford prison experiment">Stanford prison experiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anticonformity_(psychology)" title="Anticonformity (psychology)">Anticonformity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-social_behaviour" title="Anti-social behaviour">Anti-social behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto-segregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto-segregation">Auto-segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">Deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_advocate" title="Devil's advocate">Devil's advocate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissent" title="Dissent">Dissent</a> / <a href="/wiki/Defection" title="Defection">Defection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissent" title="Political dissent">Political</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eccentricity_(behavior)" title="Eccentricity (behavior)">Eccentricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclecticism" title="Eclecticism">Eclecticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiosyncrasy" title="Idiosyncrasy">Idiosyncrasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insubordination" title="Insubordination">Insubordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_clown" title="Pueblo clown">Pueblo clown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_team" title="Red team">Red team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_value" title="Shock value">Shock value</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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