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environmental barrier</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: environmental barrier"> <meta name="keywords" content="environmental barrier"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="environmental barrier"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 7403</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: environmental barrier</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7403</span> Temperature-Dependent Barrier Characteristics of Inhomogeneous Pd/n-GaN Schottky Barrier Diodes Surface</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Al-Heuseen">K. Al-Heuseen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20R.%20Hashim"> M. R. Hashim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of Pd/n-GaN Schottky barrier were studied at temperatures over room temperature (300-470K). The values of ideality factor (n), zero-bias barrier height (φB0), flat barrier height (φBF) and series resistance (Rs) obtained from I-V-T measurements were found to be strongly temperature dependent while (φBo) increase, (n), (φBF) and (Rs) decrease with increasing temperature. The apparent Richardson constant was found to be 2.1x10-9 Acm-2K-2 and mean barrier height of 0.19 eV. After barrier height inhomogeneities correction, by assuming a Gaussian distribution (GD) of the barrier heights, the Richardson constant and the mean barrier height were obtained as 23 Acm-2K-2 and 1.78eV, respectively. The corrected Richardson constant was very closer to theoretical value of 26 Acm-2K-2. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrical%20properties" title="electrical properties">electrical properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gaussian%20distribution" title=" Gaussian distribution"> Gaussian distribution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pd-GaN%20Schottky%20diodes" title=" Pd-GaN Schottky diodes"> Pd-GaN Schottky diodes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermionic%20emission" title=" thermionic emission"> thermionic emission</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7401/temperature-dependent-barrier-characteristics-of-inhomogeneous-pdn-gan-schottky-barrier-diodes-surface" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7401.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">277</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7402</span> Assessment the Capacity of Retention of a Natural Material for the Protection of Ground Water</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hakim%20Aguedal">Hakim Aguedal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdelkader%20Iddou"> Abdelkader Iddou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdalla%20Aziz"> Abdalla Aziz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdelhadi%20Bentouami"> Abdelhadi Bentouami</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ferhat%20Bensalah"> Ferhat Bensalah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salah%20Bensadek"> Salah Bensadek </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The major environmental risk of soil pollution is the contamination of groundwater by infiltration of organic and inorganic pollutants that can cause a serious pollution. To prevent the migration of this pollution through this structure, many studies propose the installation of layers, which play a role of a barrier that inhibiting the contamination of groundwater by limiting or slowing the flow of rainwater carrying pollution through the layers of soil. However, it is practically impossible to build a barrier layer that let through only water, but it is possible to design a structure with low permeability, which reduces the infiltration of dangerous pollutant. In an environmental context of groundwater protection, the main objective of this study was to investigate the environmental and appropriate suitability method to preserve groundwater, by establishment of a permeable reactive barrier (PRB) intermediate in soil. Followed the influence of several parameters allow us to find the most effective materials and the most appropriate way to incorporate this barrier in the soil. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ground%20water" title="Ground water">Ground water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protection" title=" protection"> protection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=permeable%20reactive%20Barrier" title=" permeable reactive Barrier"> permeable reactive Barrier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20pollution." title=" soil pollution."> soil pollution.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22346/assessment-the-capacity-of-retention-of-a-natural-material-for-the-protection-of-ground-water" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22346.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">556</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7401</span> Predicting the Adsorptive Capacities of Biosolid as a Barrier in Soil to Remove Industrial Contaminants</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Aguedal">H. Aguedal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Hentit"> H. Hentit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Aziz"> A. Aziz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20R.%20Merouani"> D. R. Merouani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Iddou"> A. Iddou</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The major environmental risk of soil pollution is the contamination of groundwater by infiltration of organic and inorganic pollutants that can cause a serious pollution. To protect the groundwater, in this study, we proceeded to test the reliability of a bio solid as barrier to prevent the migration of a very dangerous pollutant ‘Cadmium’ through the different soil layers. The follow-up the influence of several parameters, such as: turbidity, pluviometry, initial concentration of cadmium and the nature of soil, allow us to find the most effective manner to integrate this barrier in the soil. From the results obtained, we noted the effective intervention of the barrier. Indeed, the recorded passing quantities are lowest for the highest rainfall; we noted that the barrier has a better affinity towards higher concentrations; the most retained amounts of cadmium has been in the top layer of the two types of soil, while the lowest amounts of cadmium are recorded in the inner layers of soils. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adsorption%20of%20cadmium" title="adsorption of cadmium">adsorption of cadmium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=barrier" title=" barrier"> barrier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=groundwater%20pollution" title=" groundwater pollution"> groundwater pollution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protection" title=" protection"> protection</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32763/predicting-the-adsorptive-capacities-of-biosolid-as-a-barrier-in-soil-to-remove-industrial-contaminants" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32763.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">364</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7400</span> Acoustics Barrier Design to Reduce Railway Noise by Using Maekawa's Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malinda%20Sabrina">Malinda Sabrina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khoerul%20Anwar"> Khoerul Anwar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Railway noise generated by pass-by train has been described as a form of environmental pollutants especially for the residential area near the railway. Many studies have shown, that environmental noise particularly transportation noise has negative effects on people which resulting in annoyance and specific health problems such as cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairment and sleep disturbance. Therefore, various attempts are made to reduce the noise. One method of reducing such noise to acceptable noise levels is to build acoustically barrier walls. The objective of this study was to review the method of reducing railway noise and obtain the preliminary design of the acoustics barrier on the edge of railway tracks close to the residential area. The design of this barrier is using the Maekawa's method. Measurements have been performed in residential areas around the railroads in the Karawang - Indonesia with the absence of an acoustical barrier. From the observation, it was found that the railway was passed by five trains within thirty minutes. With the limited distance between the railway tracks and the location of the residential area as well as the street of residents, then it was obtained that a reduction in sound pressure level is 25 dBA. Maximum sound pressure level obtained is 86.9 dBA then by setting the barrier as high as 4 m at a distance, 2.5 m from the railway, the noise level received by residents in the settlement around the railway line becomes 61.9 dBA. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acoustics%20barrier" title="acoustics barrier">acoustics barrier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maekawa%27s%20method" title=" Maekawa's method"> Maekawa's method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=noise%20attenuation" title=" noise attenuation"> noise attenuation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=railway%20noise" title=" railway noise"> railway noise</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89421/acoustics-barrier-design-to-reduce-railway-noise-by-using-maekawas-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89421.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">200</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7399</span> Barriers to Marital Expectation among Individuals with Hearing Impairment in Oyo State</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adebomi%20M.%20Oyewumi">Adebomi M. Oyewumi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sunday%20Amaize"> Sunday Amaize</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study was designed to examine the barriers to marital expectations among unmarried persons with hearing impairment in Oyo State, Nigeria. Descriptive survey research design was adopted. Purposive sampling technique was used to select one hundred participants made up forty-four (44) males and fifty-six (56) females, all with varying degrees of hearing impairment. Eight research questions were raised and answered. The instrument used was Marital Expectations Scale with reliability coefficient of 0.86. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics tools of frequency count and simple percentage as well as inferential statistics tools of T-TEST and ANOVA. The findings revealed that there was a significant relationship existing among the main identified barriers (environmental barrier, communication barrier, hearing loss, unemployment and poor sexuality education) to the marital expectations of unmarried persons with hearing impairment. The joint contribution of the independent variables (identified barriers) to the dependent variable (marital expectations) was significant, F = 5.842, P < 0.05, accounting for about 89% of the variance. The relative contribution of the identified barriers to marital expectations of unmarried persons with hearing impairment is as follows: environmental barrier (β = 0.808, t = 5.176, P < 0.05), communication barrier (β = 0.533, t = 3.305, P < 0.05), hearing loss (β = 0.550, t = 2.233, P < 0.05), unemployment (β = 0.431, t = 2.102, P < 0.05), poor sexuality education (β = 0.361, t = 1.985, P < 0.05). Environmental barrier proved to be the most potent contributor to the poor marital expectations among unmarried persons with hearing impairment. Therefore, it is recommended that society dismantles the nagging environmental barrier through positive identification with individuals suffering from hearing impairment. In this connection, members of society should change their negative attitudes and do away with all the wrong notions about the marital ability of individuals with hearing impairment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20barrier" title="environmental barrier">environmental barrier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hearing%20impairment" title=" hearing impairment"> hearing impairment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=marriage" title=" marriage"> marriage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=marital%20expectations" title=" marital expectations"> marital expectations</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43792/barriers-to-marital-expectation-among-individuals-with-hearing-impairment-in-oyo-state" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43792.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">369</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7398</span> The Materiality of Noise Barriers: Sustainability Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mostafa%20Gabr">Mostafa Gabr</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rania%20Abdul%20Galil"> Rania Abdul Galil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nihal%20Salim"> Nihal Salim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Various interventions are applied in cities with the aim to improve living and acoustic environmental conditions. Noise is one of the most influential and critical factors in the environment that has an effect on the QOL (quality of life) and urban environment. It ranks second among environmental pollution issues according to EEAA. Traffic noise is a major source of noise. Noise barriers are one of the physical techniques in landscape design used to reduce the impact of noise pollution in urban areas. Roadways noise pollution can be best controlled by a noise barrier. The aim of this paper is to consider all facets of sustainability when designing a comfortable acoustic environment in roadways, through different strategies related to planning and the design process. The study focuses on the relation between the design of noise barriers as a landscape noise mitigation installation and their materiality in so far as it influences the sustainability of the open space and the acceptability of users. According to previous studies, design of noise barrier mainly depends on cost as a decisive factor. This study asserts that environmental and socioeconomic costs associated are equally important. Hence, the paper presents a strategy for sustainable soundscape design. It builds a framework focusing on materiality considering the environmental and socioeconomic impact of noise barriers shaping urban open space around the road ways, and the different academic and market positions on noise barrier types and materials. Finally, it concludes with a matrix of the relation between the noise barrier design consideration and the three pillars of sustainability (social, economic and environmental). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20noise%20level" title="traffic noise level">traffic noise level</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acoustic%20sustainability" title=" acoustic sustainability"> acoustic sustainability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=noise%20barrier" title=" noise barrier"> noise barrier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=noise%20reduction" title=" noise reduction"> noise reduction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=noise%20control" title=" noise control"> noise control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acoustical%20level" title=" acoustical level"> acoustical level</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59955/the-materiality-of-noise-barriers-sustainability-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59955.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">482</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7397</span> Characteristics of the Severe Rollover Crashes in the UAE Using In-Depth Crash Investigation Data</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yaser%20E.%20Hawas">Yaser E. Hawas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Md.%20Didarul%20Alam"> Md. Didarul Alam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Rollover crashes are complex events entailing interactions of driver, road, vehicle, and environmental factors. The primary objective of this paper is to present an empirical approach that can be used to characterise the rollover crashes and to identify some of the important factors that may lead to rollovers. Among the studied factors are the vehicle types and the rollover occurrence rate after hitting various barrier types. The carried analysis indicated that 71% of the rollover crashes occurred after impact and the type of rollover initiation is “trip/turn over” (nearly 50%). It was also found that light trucks (LTVs) vehicles are more likely to rollover than the sedan vehicles. Barrier impacts are associated with increased incidence of rollover. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=empirical" title="empirical">empirical</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hitting%20barrier" title=" hitting barrier"> hitting barrier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=in-depth%20crash%20investigation" title=" in-depth crash investigation"> in-depth crash investigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rollover" title=" rollover"> rollover</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=severe%20crash" title=" severe crash"> severe crash</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82681/characteristics-of-the-severe-rollover-crashes-in-the-uae-using-in-depth-crash-investigation-data" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82681.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">372</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7396</span> Effect of Epoxy-ZrP Nanocomposite Top Coating on Inorganic Barrier Layer </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haesook%20Kim">Haesook Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ha%20Na%20Ra"> Ha Na Ra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mansu%20Kim"> Mansu Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyun%20Gi%20Kim"> Hyun Gi Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sung%20Soo%20Kim"> Sung Soo Kim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Epoxy-ZrP (α-zirconium phosphate) nanocomposites were coated on inorganic barrier layer such as sputtering and atomic layer deposition (ALD) to improve the barrier properties and protect the layer. ZrP nanoplatelets were synthesized using a reflux method and exfoliated in the polymer matrix. The barrier properties of coating layer were characterized by measuring water vapor transmission rate (WVTR). The WVTR dramatically decreased after epoxy-ZrP nanocomposite coating, while maintaining the optical properties. It was also investigated the effect of epoxy-ZrP coating on inorganic layer after bending and reliability test. The optimal structure composed of inorganic and epoxy-ZrP nanocomposite layers was used in organic light emitting diodes (OLED) encapsulation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%CE%B1-zirconium%20phosphate" title="α-zirconium phosphate">α-zirconium phosphate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=barrier%20properties" title=" barrier properties"> barrier properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=epoxy%20nanocomposites" title=" epoxy nanocomposites"> epoxy nanocomposites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OLED%20encapsulation" title=" OLED encapsulation"> OLED encapsulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67636/effect-of-epoxy-zrp-nanocomposite-top-coating-on-inorganic-barrier-layer" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67636.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">357</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7395</span> Semiconductor Nanofilm Based Schottky-Barrier Solar Cells</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mariyappan%20Shanmugam">Mariyappan Shanmugam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bin%20Yu"> Bin Yu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Schottky-barrier solar cells are demonstrated employing 2D-layered MoS2 and WS2 semiconductor nanofilms as photo-active material candidates synthesized by chemical vapor deposition method. Large area MoS2 and WS2 nanofilms are stacked by layer transfer process to achieve thicker photo-active material studied by atomic force microscopy showing a thickness in the range of ~200 nm. Two major vibrational active modes associated with 2D-layered MoS2 and WS2 are studied by Raman spectroscopic technique to estimate the quality of the nanofilms. Schottky-barrier solar cells employed MoS2 and WS2 active materials exhibited photoconversion efficiency of 1.8 % and 1.7 % respectively. Fermi-level pinning at metal/semiconductor interface, electronic transport and possible recombination mechanisms are studied in the Schottky-barrier solar cells. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=two-dimensional%20nanosheet" title="two-dimensional nanosheet">two-dimensional nanosheet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=graphene" title=" graphene"> graphene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hexagonal%20boron%20nitride" title=" hexagonal boron nitride"> hexagonal boron nitride</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20cell" title=" solar cell"> solar cell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Schottky%20barrier" title=" Schottky barrier"> Schottky barrier</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22592/semiconductor-nanofilm-based-schottky-barrier-solar-cells" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22592.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">330</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7394</span> Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of High Barrier Polymer Packaging for Selecting Resource Efficient and Environmentally Low-Impact Materials</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Kliaugait%C4%97">D. Kliaugaitė</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20K"> J. K</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stani%C5%A1kis"> Staniškis</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study tree types of multilayer gas barrier plastic packaging films were compared using life cycle assessment as a tool for resource efficient and environmentally low-impact materials selection. The first type of multilayer packaging film (PET-AlOx/LDPE) consists of polyethylene terephthalate with barrier layer AlOx (PET-AlOx) and low density polyethylene (LDPE). The second type of polymer film (PET/PE-EVOH-PE) is made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and co-extrusion film PE-EVOH-PE as barrier layer. And the third one type of multilayer packaging film (PET-PVOH/LDPE) is formed from polyethylene terephthalate with barrier layer PVOH (PET-PVOH) and low density polyethylene (LDPE). All of analyzed packaging has significant impact to resource depletion, because of raw materials extraction and energy use and production of different kind of plastics. Nevertheless the impact generated during life cycle of functional unit of II type of packaging (PET/PE-EVOH-PE) was about 25% lower than impact generated by I type (PET-AlOx/LDPE) and III type (PET-PVOH/LDPE) of packaging. Result revealed that the contribution of different gas barrier type to the overall environmental problem of packaging is not significant. The impact are mostly generated by using energy and materials during raw material extraction and production of different plastic materials as plastic polymers material as PE, LDPE and PET, but not gas barrier materials as AlOx, PVOH and EVOH. The LCA results could be useful in different decision-making processes, for selecting resource efficient and environmentally low-impact materials. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=life%20cycle%20assessment" title="life cycle assessment">life cycle assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer%20packaging" title=" polymer packaging"> polymer packaging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resource%20efficiency" title=" resource efficiency"> resource efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=materials%20extraction" title=" materials extraction"> materials extraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polyethylene%20terephthalate" title=" polyethylene terephthalate"> polyethylene terephthalate</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2272/comparative-life-cycle-assessment-of-high-barrier-polymer-packaging-for-selecting-resource-efficient-and-environmentally-low-impact-materials" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2272.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">362</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7393</span> Characterization of current–voltage (I–V) and capacitance–voltage–frequency (C–V–f) features of Au/GaN Schottky diodes </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdelaziz%20Rabehi">Abdelaziz Rabehi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of Au/GaN Schottky diodes were measured at room temperature. In addition, capacitance–voltage–frequency (C–V–f) characteristics are investigated by considering the interface states (Nss) at frequency range 100 kHz to 1 MHz. From the I–V characteristics of the Schottky diode, ideality factor (n) and barrier height (Φb) values of 1.22 and 0.56 eV, respectively, were obtained from a forward bias I–V plot. In addition, the interface states distribution profile as a function of (Ess − Ev) was extracted from the forward bias I–V measurements by taking into account the bias dependence of the effective barrier height (Φe) for the Schottky diode. The C–V curves gave a barrier height value higher than those obtained from I–V measurements. This discrepancy is due to the different nature of the I–V and C–V measurement techniques. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Schottky%20diodes" title="Schottky diodes">Schottky diodes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=frequency%20dependence" title=" frequency dependence"> frequency dependence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=barrier%20height" title=" barrier height"> barrier height</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interface%20states" title=" interface states "> interface states </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5577/characterization-of-current-voltage-i-v-and-capacitance-voltage-frequency-c-v-f-features-of-augan-schottky-diodes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5577.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">302</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7392</span> Homogeneous Anti-Corrosion Coating of Spontaneously Dissolved Defect-Free Graphene</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20K.%20Bin%20Subhan">M. K. Bin Subhan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Cullen"> P. Cullen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Howard"> C. Howard</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A recent study by the World Corrosion Organization estimated that corrosion related damage causes $2.5tr worth of damage every year. As such, a low cost easily scalable solution is required to the corrosion problem which is economically viable. Graphene is an ideal anti-corrosion barrier layer material due to its excellent barrier properties and chemical stability, which makes it impermeable to all molecules. However, attempts to employ graphene as a barrier layer has been hampered by the fact that defect sites in graphene accelerate corrosion due to the inert nature of graphene which promotes galvanic corrosion at the expense of the metal. The recent discovery of spontaneous dissolution of charged graphite intercalation compounds in aprotic solvents enables defect free graphene platelets to be employed for anti-corrosion applications. These ‘inks’ of defect-free charged graphene platelets in solution can be coated onto a metallic surfaces via electroplating to form a homogeneous barrier layer. In this paper, initial data showing homogeneous coatings of graphene barrier layers on steel coupons via electroplating will be presented. This easily scalable technique also provides a controllable method for applying different barrier thicknesses from ultra thin layers to thick opaque coatings making it useful for a wide range of applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anti-corrosion" title="anti-corrosion">anti-corrosion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=defect-free" title=" defect-free"> defect-free</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electroplating" title=" electroplating"> electroplating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=graphene" title=" graphene"> graphene</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109506/homogeneous-anti-corrosion-coating-of-spontaneously-dissolved-defect-free-graphene" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109506.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">131</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7391</span> Various Modification of Electrochemical Barrier Layer Thinning of Anodic Aluminum Oxide</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20J.%20St%C4%99pniowski">W. J. Stępniowski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20Florkiewicz"> W. Florkiewicz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Norek"> M. Norek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Michalska-Doma%C5%84ska"> M. Michalska-Domańska</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Ko%C5%9Bciuczyk"> E. Kościuczyk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Czujko"> T. Czujko</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, two options of anodic alumina barrier layer thinning have been demonstrated. The approaches varied with the duration of the voltage step. It was found that too long step of the barrier layer thinning process leads to chemical etching of the nanopores on their top. At the bottoms pores are not fully opened what is disadvantageous for further applications in nanofabrication. On the other hand, while the duration of the voltage step is controlled by the current density (value of the current density cannot exceed 75% of the value recorded during previous voltage step) the pores are fully opened. However, pores at the bottom obtained with this procedure have smaller diameter, nevertheless this procedure provides electric contact between the bare aluminum (substrate) and electrolyte, what is suitable for template assisted electrodeposition, one of the most cost-efficient synthesis method in nanotechnology. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anodic%20aluminum%20oxide" title="anodic aluminum oxide">anodic aluminum oxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anodization" title=" anodization"> anodization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=barrier%20layer%20thinning" title=" barrier layer thinning"> barrier layer thinning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanopores" title=" nanopores"> nanopores</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17451/various-modification-of-electrochemical-barrier-layer-thinning-of-anodic-aluminum-oxide" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17451.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">322</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7390</span> Use of Recycled PVB as a Protection against Carbonation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michael%20Tup%C3%BD">Michael Tupý</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V%C3%ADt%20Petr%C3%A1nek"> Vít Petránek</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper is focused on testing of the poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB) layer which had the function of a CO2 insulating protection against concrete and mortar carbonation. The barrier efficiency of PVB was verified by the measurement of diffusion characteristics. Two different types of PVB were tested; original extruded PVB sheet and PVB sheet made from PVB dispersion which was obtained from recycled windshields. The work deals with the testing CO2 diffusion when polymer sheets were exposed to a CO2 atmosphere (10% v/v CO2) with 0% RH. The excellent barrier capability against CO2 permeability of original and also recycled types of PVB layers was observed. This application of PVB waste can bring advantageous use in civil engineering and significant environmental contribution. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=windshield" title="windshield">windshield</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=poly%28vinyl%20butyral%29" title=" poly(vinyl butyral)"> poly(vinyl butyral)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mortar" title=" mortar"> mortar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diffusion" title=" diffusion"> diffusion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbonatation" title=" carbonatation"> carbonatation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer%20waste" title=" polymer waste"> polymer waste</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10092/use-of-recycled-pvb-as-a-protection-against-carbonation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10092.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">423</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7389</span> Double Gaussian Distribution of Nonhomogeneous Barrier Height in Metal/n-type GaN Schottky Contacts</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Mamor">M. Mamor</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> GaN-based compounds have attracted much interest in the fabrication of high-power, high speed and high-frequency electronic devices. Other examples of GaN-based applications are blue and ultraviolet (UV) light-emitting diodes (LEDs). All these devices require high-quality ohmic and Schottky contacts. Gaining an understanding of the electrical characteristics of metal/GaN contacts is of fundamental and technological importance for developing GaN-based devices. In this work, the barrier characteristics of Pt and Pd Schottky contacts on n-type GaN were studied using temperature-dependent forward current-voltage (I-V) measurements over a wide temperature range 80–400 K. Our results show that the barrier height and ideality factor, extracted from the forward I-V characteristics based on thermionic emission (TE) model, exhibit an abnormal dependence with temperature; i.e., by increasing temperature, the barrier height increases whereas the ideality factor decreases. This abnormal behavior has been explained based on the TE model by considering the presence of double Gaussian distribution (GD) of nonhomogeneous barrier height at the metal/GaN interface. However, in the high-temperature range (160-400 K), the extracted value for the effective Richardson constant A* based on the barrier inhomogeneity (BHi) model is found in fair agreement with the theoretically predicted value of about 26.9 A.cm-2 K-2 for n-type GaN. This result indicates that in this temperature range, the conduction current transport is dominated by the thermionic emission mode. On the other hand, in the lower temperature range (80-160 K), the corresponding effective Richardson constant value according to the BHi model is lower than the theoretical value, suggesting the presence of other current transport, such as tunneling-assisted mode at lower temperatures. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Schottky%20diodes" title="Schottky diodes">Schottky diodes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inhomogeneous%20barrier%20height" title=" inhomogeneous barrier height"> inhomogeneous barrier height</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GaN%20semiconductors" title=" GaN semiconductors"> GaN semiconductors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Schottky%20barrier%20heights" title=" Schottky barrier heights"> Schottky barrier heights</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/179086/double-gaussian-distribution-of-nonhomogeneous-barrier-height-in-metaln-type-gan-schottky-contacts" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/179086.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">55</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7388</span> Evaluation of the Impact of Green Infrastructure on Dispersion and Deposition of Particulate Matter in Near-Roadway Areas</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Deeksha%20Chauhan">Deeksha Chauhan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kamal%20Jain"> Kamal Jain</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Pollutant concentration is high in near-road environments, and vegetation is an effective measure to mitigate urban air quality problems. This paper presents the influence of roadside green infrastructure in dispersion and Deposition of Particulate matter (PM) by the ENVI-met Simulations. Six green infrastructure configurations were specified (i) hedges only, (ii) trees only, (iii) a mix of trees and shrubs (iv) green barrier (v) green wall, and (vi) no tree buffer were placed on both sides of the road. The changes in concentrations at all six scenarios were estimated to identify the best barrier to reduce the dispersion and deposition of PM10 and PM2.5 in an urban environment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=barrier" title="barrier">barrier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concentration" title=" concentration"> concentration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dispersion" title=" dispersion"> dispersion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deposition" title=" deposition"> deposition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Particulate%20matter" title=" Particulate matter"> Particulate matter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pollutant" title=" pollutant"> pollutant</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127902/evaluation-of-the-impact-of-green-infrastructure-on-dispersion-and-deposition-of-particulate-matter-in-near-roadway-areas" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127902.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">145</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7387</span> Evaluation of Thermal Barrier Coating According to Temperature and Curvature</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyunwoo%20Song">Hyunwoo Song</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jeong-Min%20Lee"> Jeong-Min Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yongseok%20Kim"> Yongseok Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Junghan%20Yun"> Junghan Yun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jungin%20Byun"> Jungin Byun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jae-Mean%20Koo"> Jae-Mean Koo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chang-Sung%20Seok"> Chang-Sung Seok</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> To avoid the damage of gas turbine blade from high-temperature, thermal barrier coating (TBC) is applied on the blade. However, it is damaged by thermal fatigue during the operation of gas turbine, and this damage lead to delamination of TBC between top coat and bond coat. The blade can be damaged after the failure of TBC, so durability evaluation of TBC should be performed. The durability of thermal barrier coating was decreased according to the increase of temperature, because thermal stress according to increase of temperature. Also, the curvature can be affect to durability of TBC, because the stress is determined by the shape of the TBC. Therefore, the effect of temperature and curvature on the stress should be evaluated. In this study, finite element analysis according to temperature and curvature were performed in the same condition of Kim et al. Finally, the stress was evaluated from the finite element analysis results according to temperature and curvature. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=curvature" title="curvature">curvature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element%20analysis" title=" finite element analysis"> finite element analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20barrier%20coating" title=" thermal barrier coating"> thermal barrier coating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20fatigue" title=" thermal fatigue"> thermal fatigue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temperature" title=" temperature"> temperature</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15429/evaluation-of-thermal-barrier-coating-according-to-temperature-and-curvature" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15429.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">566</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7386</span> Numerical Simulation of Truck Collision with Road Blocker </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Engin%20Metin%20Kaplan">Engin Metin Kaplan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kemal%20Yaman"> Kemal Yaman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, the crash of a medium heavy vehicle onto a designed Road blocker (vehicle barrier) is studied numerically. Structural integrity of the Road blocker is studied by nonlinear dynamic methods under the loading conditions which are defined in the standards. NASTRAN® and LS-DYNA® which are commercial software are used to solve the problem. Outer geometry determination, alignment of the inner part and material properties of the road blocker are studied linearly to yield design parameters. Best design parameters are determined to achieve the most structurally optimized road blocker. Strain and stress values of the vehicle barrier are obtained by solving the partial differential equations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vehicle%20barrier" title="vehicle barrier">vehicle barrier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=truck%20collision" title=" truck collision"> truck collision</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20blocker" title=" road blocker"> road blocker</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crash%20analysis" title=" crash analysis"> crash analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35365/numerical-simulation-of-truck-collision-with-road-blocker" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35365.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">474</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7385</span> PLC Based Automatic Railway Crossing System for India </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tapan%20Upadhyay">Tapan Upadhyay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aqib%20Siddiqui"> Aqib Siddiqui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sameer%20Khan"> Sameer Khan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Railway crossing system in India is a manually operated level crossing system, either manned or unmanned. The main aim is to protect pedestrians and vehicles from colliding with trains, which pass at regular intervals, as India has the largest and busiest railway network. But because of human error and negligence, every year thousands of lives are lost due to accidents at railway crossings. To avoid this, we suggest a solution, by using Programmable Logical Controller (PLC) based automatic system, which will automatically control the barrier as well as roadblocks to stop people from crossing while security warning is given. Often people avoid security warning, and pass two-wheelers from beneath the barrier, while the train is at a distance away. This paper aims at reducing the fatality and accident rate by controlling barrier and roadblocks using sensors which sense the incoming train and vehicles and sends a signal to PLC. The PLC in return sends a signal to barrier and roadblocks. Once the train passes, the barrier and roadblocks retrieve back, and the passage is clear for vehicles and pedestrians to cross. PLC’s are used because they are very flexible, cost effective, space efficient, reduces complexity and minimises errors. Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) is used to monitor the functioning. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=level%20crossing" title="level crossing">level crossing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PLC" title=" PLC"> PLC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensors" title=" sensors"> sensors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SCADA" title=" SCADA"> SCADA</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20135/plc-based-automatic-railway-crossing-system-for-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20135.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">427</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7384</span> Monte Carlo Pathwise Sensitivities for Barrier Options with Application to Coco-Bond Calibration</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thomas%20Gerstner">Thomas Gerstner</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bastian%20von%20Harrach"> Bastian von Harrach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daniel%20Roth"> Daniel Roth</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Monte Carlo pathwise sensitivities approach is well established for smooth payoff functions. In this work, we present a new Monte Carlo algorithm that is able to calculate the pathwise sensitivities for discontinuous payoff functions. Our main tool is the one-step survival idea of Glasserman and Staum. Although this technique yields to new terms per observation, while differentiating, the algorithm is still efficient. As an application, we use the results for a two-dimensional calibration of a Coco-Bond, which we model with different types of discretely monitored barrier options. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monte%20Carlo" title="Monte Carlo">Monte Carlo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discretely%20monitored%20barrier%20options" title=" discretely monitored barrier options"> discretely monitored barrier options</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pathwise%20sensitivities" title=" pathwise sensitivities"> pathwise sensitivities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Coco-Bond" title=" Coco-Bond"> Coco-Bond</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77164/monte-carlo-pathwise-sensitivities-for-barrier-options-with-application-to-coco-bond-calibration" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77164.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">358</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7383</span> Record Peak Current Density in AlN/GaN Double-Barrier Resonant Tunneling Diodes on Free-Standing Gan Substrates by Modulating Barrier Thickness</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fang%20Liu">Fang Liu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jia%20Jia%20Yao"> Jia Jia Yao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guan%20Lin%20Wu"> Guan Lin Wu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ren%20Jie%20Liu"> Ren Jie Liu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhuang%20Guo"> Zhuang Guo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Leveraging plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PA-MBE) on c-plane free-standing GaN substrates, this work demonstrates high-performance AlN/GaN double-barrier resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs) featuring stable and repeatable negative differential resistance (NDR) characteristics at room temperature. By scaling down the barrier thickness of AlN and the lateral mesa size of collector, a record peak current density of 1551 kA/cm2 is achieved, accompanied by a peak-to-valley current ratio (PVCR) of 1.24. This can be attributed to the reduced resonant tunneling time under thinner AlN barrier and the suppressed external incoherent valley current by reducing the dislocation number contained in the RTD device with the smaller size of collector. Statistical analysis of the NDR performance of RTD devices with different AlN barrier thicknesses reveals that, as the AlN barrier thickness decreases from 1.5 nm to 1.25 nm, the average peak current density increases from 145.7 kA/cm2 to 1215.1 kA/cm2, while the average PVCR decreases from 1.45 to 1.1, and the peak voltage drops from 6.89 V to 5.49 V. The peak current density obtained in this work represents the highest value reported for nitride-based RTDs to date, while maintaining a high PVCR value simultaneously. This illustrates that an ultra-scaled RTD based on a vertical quantum-well structure and lateral collector size is a valuable approach for the development of nitride-based RTDs with excellent NDR characteristics, revealing their great potential applications in high-frequency oscillation sources and high-speed switch circuits. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GaN%20resonant%20tunneling%20diode" title="GaN resonant tunneling diode">GaN resonant tunneling diode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=peak%20current%20density" title=" peak current density"> peak current density</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=peak-to-valley%20current%20ratio" title=" peak-to-valley current ratio"> peak-to-valley current ratio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=negative%20differential%20resistance" title=" negative differential resistance"> negative differential resistance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184386/record-peak-current-density-in-alngan-double-barrier-resonant-tunneling-diodes-on-free-standing-gan-substrates-by-modulating-barrier-thickness" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184386.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">62</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7382</span> Investigating the Effect of Ceramic Thermal Barrier Coating on Diesel Engine with Lemon Oil Biofuel</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Karthickeyan">V. Karthickeyan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The demand for energy is anticipated to increase, due to growing urbanization, industrialization, upgraded living standards and cumulatively increasing human population. The general public is becoming gradually aware of the diminishing fossil fuel resources along with the environmental issues, and it has become clear that biofuel is intended to make significant support to the forthcoming energy needs of the native and industrial sectors. Nowadays, the investigation on biofuels obtained from peels of fruits and vegetables have gained the consideration as an environment-friendly alternative to diesel. In the present work, biofuel was produced from non-edible Lemon Oil (LO) using steam distillation process. LO is characterized by its beneficial aspects like low kinematic viscosity and enhanced calorific value which provides better fuel atomization and evaporation. Furthermore, the heating values of the biofuels are approximately equal to diesel. A single cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine was used for this experimentation. An engine modification technique namely Thermal Barrier Coating (TBC) was attempted. Combustion chamber components were thermally coated with ceramic material namely partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ). The benefit of thermal barrier coating is to diminish the heat loss from engine and transform the collected heat into piston work. Performance characteristics like Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) and Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) were analyzed. Combustion characteristics like in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate were analyzed. In addition, the following engine emissions namely nitrogen oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and smoke were measured. The acquired performance combustion and emission characteristics of uncoated engine were compared with PSZ coated engine. From the results, it was perceived that the LO biofuel may be considered as the prominent alternative in the near prospect with thermal barrier coating technique to enrich the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engine. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ceramic%20material" title="ceramic material">ceramic material</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20barrier%20coating" title=" thermal barrier coating"> thermal barrier coating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biofuel%20and%20diesel%20engine" title=" biofuel and diesel engine"> biofuel and diesel engine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102859/investigating-the-effect-of-ceramic-thermal-barrier-coating-on-diesel-engine-with-lemon-oil-biofuel" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102859.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">155</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7381</span> Environmental Threats and Great Barrier Reef: A Vulnerability Assessment of World’s Best Tropical Marine Ecosystems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ravi%20Kant%20Anand">Ravi Kant Anand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nikkey%20Keshri"> Nikkey Keshri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Great Barrier Reef of Australia is known for its beautiful landscapes and seascapes with ecological importance. This site was selected as a World Heritage site in 1981 and popularized internationally for tourism, recreational activities and fishing. But the major environmental hazards such as climate change, pollution, overfishing and shipping are making worst the site of marine ecosystem. Climate change is directly hitting on Great Barrier Reef through increasing level of sea, acidification of ocean, increasing in temperature, uneven precipitation, changes in the El Nino and increasing level of cyclones and storms. Apart from that pollution is second biggest factor which vanishing the coral reef ecosystem. Pollution including over increasement of pesticides and chemicals, eutrophication, pollution through mining, sediment runoff, loss of coastal wetland and oil spills. Coral bleaching is the biggest problem because of the environmental threatening agents. Acidification of ocean water reduced the formation of calcium carbonate skeleton. The floral ecosystem (including sea grasses and mangroves) of ocean water is the key source of food for fishes and other faunal organisms but the powerful waves, extreme temperature, destructive storms and river run- off causing the threat for them. If one natural system is under threat, it means the whole marine food web is affected from algae to whale. Poisoning of marine water through different polluting agents have been affecting the production of corals, breeding of fishes, weakening of marine health and increased in death of fishes and corals. In lieu of World Heritage site, tourism sector is directly affected and causing increasement in unemployment. Fishing sector also affected. Fluctuation in the temperature of ocean water affects the production of corals because it needs desolate place, proper sunlight and temperature up to 21 degree centigrade. But storms, El Nino, rise in temperature and sea level are induced for continuous reduction of the coral production. If we do not restrict the environmental problems of Great Barrier Reef than the best known ecological beauty with coral reefs, pelagic environments, algal meadows, coasts and estuaries, mangroves forests and sea grasses, fish species, coral gardens and the one of the best tourist spots will lost in upcoming years. My research will focus on the different environmental threats, its socio-economic impacts and different conservative measures. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climate%20change" title="climate change">climate change</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=overfishing" title=" overfishing"> overfishing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acidification" title=" acidification"> acidification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eutrophication" title=" eutrophication"> eutrophication</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14272/environmental-threats-and-great-barrier-reef-a-vulnerability-assessment-of-worlds-best-tropical-marine-ecosystems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14272.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">374</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7380</span> Localization of Pyrolysis and Burning of Ground Forest Fires</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pavel%20A.%20Strizhak">Pavel A. Strizhak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Geniy%20V.%20Kuznetsov"> Geniy V. Kuznetsov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ivan%20S.%20Voytkov"> Ivan S. Voytkov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dmitri%20V.%20Antonov"> Dmitri V. Antonov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents the results of experiments carried out at a specialized test site for establishing macroscopic patterns of heat and mass transfer processes at localizing model combustion sources of ground forest fires with the use of barrier lines in the form of a wetted lay of material in front of the zone of flame burning and thermal decomposition. The experiments were performed using needles, leaves, twigs, and mixtures thereof. The dimensions of the model combustion source and the ranges of heat release correspond well to the real conditions of ground forest fires. The main attention is paid to the complex analysis of the effect of dispersion of water aerosol (concentration and size of droplets) used to form the barrier line. It is shown that effective conditions for localization and subsequent suppression of flame combustion and thermal decomposition of forest fuel can be achieved by creating a group of barrier lines with different wetting width and depth of the material. Relative indicators of the effectiveness of one and combined barrier lines were established, taking into account all the main characteristics of the processes of suppressing burning and thermal decomposition of forest combustible materials. We performed the prediction of the necessary and sufficient parameters of barrier lines (water volume, width, and depth of the wetted lay of the material, specific irrigation density) for combustion sources with different dimensions, corresponding to the real fire extinguishing practice. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forest%20fire" title="forest fire">forest fire</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=barrier%20water%20lines" title=" barrier water lines"> barrier water lines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pyrolysis%20front" title=" pyrolysis front"> pyrolysis front</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flame%20front" title=" flame front"> flame front</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105746/localization-of-pyrolysis-and-burning-of-ground-forest-fires" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105746.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">132</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7379</span> Studies on Plasma Spray Deposited La2O3 - YSZ (Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia) Composite Thermal Barrier Coating</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prashant%20Sharma">Prashant Sharma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jyotsna%20Dutta%20Majumdar"> Jyotsna Dutta Majumdar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present study concerns development of a composite thermal barrier coating consisting of a mixture of La2O3 and YSZ (with 8 wt.%, 32 wt.% and 50 wt.% 50% La2O3) by plasma spray deposition technique on a CoNiCrAlY based bond coat deposited on Inconel 718 substrate by high velocity oxy-fuel deposition (HVOF) technique. The addition of La2O3 in YSZ causes the formation of pyrochlore (La2Zr2O7) phase in the inter splats boundary along with the presence of LaYO3 phase. The coefficient of thermal expansion is significantly reduced from due to the evolution of different phases and structural defects in the sprayed coating. The activation energy for TGO growth under isothermal and cyclic oxidation was increased in the composite coating as compared to YSZ coating. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasma%20spraying" title="plasma spraying">plasma spraying</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oxidation%20resistance" title=" oxidation resistance"> oxidation resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20barrier%20coating" title=" thermal barrier coating"> thermal barrier coating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microstructure" title=" microstructure"> microstructure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=X-ray%20method" title=" X-ray method"> X-ray method</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48738/studies-on-plasma-spray-deposited-la2o3-ysz-yttria-stabilized-zirconia-composite-thermal-barrier-coating" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48738.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">351</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7378</span> Application of Flexi-Wall in Noise Barriers Renewal</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Daee">B. Daee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20M.%20El%20Naggar"> H. M. El Naggar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents an experimental study on structural performance of an innovative noise barrier consisting of poly-block, light polyurethane foam (LPF) and polyurea. This wall system (flexi-wall) is intended to be employed as a vertical extension to existing sound barriers in an accelerated construction method. To aid in the wall design, several mechanical tests were conducted on LPF specimens and two full-scale walls were then fabricated employing the same LPF material. The full-scale walls were subjected to lateral loading in order to establish their lateral resistance. A cyclic fatigue test was also performed on a full-scale flexi-wall in order to evaluate the performance of the wall under a repetitive loading condition. The result of the experiments indicated the suitability of flexi-wall in accelerated construction and confirmed that the structural performance of the wall system under lateral loading is satisfactory for the sound barrier application. The experimental results were discussed and a preliminary design procedure for application of flexi-wall in sound barrier applications was also developed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=noise%20barrier" title="noise barrier">noise barrier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polyurethane%20foam" title=" polyurethane foam"> polyurethane foam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=accelerated%20construction" title=" accelerated construction"> accelerated construction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=full-scale%20experiment" title=" full-scale experiment"> full-scale experiment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26586/application-of-flexi-wall-in-noise-barriers-renewal" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26586.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">291</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7377</span> Analysing Environmental Licensing of Infrastructure Projects in Brazil</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ronaldo%20Seroa%20Da%20Motta">Ronaldo Seroa Da Motta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gabriela%20Santiago"> Gabriela Santiago</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The main contribution of this study is the identification of the factors influencing the environmental licensing process of infrastructure projects in Brazil. These factors will be those that reflect the technical characteristics of the project, the corporate governance of the entrepreneur, and the institutional and regulatory governance of the environmental agency, including the number of interventions by non-licensing agencies. The model conditions these variables to the licensing processing time of 34 infrastructure projects. Our results indicated that the conditions would be more sensitive to the type of enterprise, complexity as in gas pipelines and hydroelectric plants in the most vulnerable biome with a greater value of the enterprise or the entrepreneur's assets, together with the number of employees of the licensing agency. The number of external interventions by other non-licensing institutions does not affect the licensing time. Such results challenge the current criticism that environmental licensing has been often pointed out as a barrier to speed up investments in infrastructure projects in Brazil due to the participation of civil society and other non-licensing institutions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20licensing" title="environmental licensing">environmental licensing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=condionants" title=" condionants"> condionants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brazil" title=" Brazil"> Brazil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=timing%20process" title=" timing process"> timing process</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/113916/analysing-environmental-licensing-of-infrastructure-projects-in-brazil" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/113916.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">134</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7376</span> Evaluating Acid Buffering Capacity of Sewage Sludge Barrier for Inhibiting Remobilization of Heavy Metals in Tailing Impoundment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Huyuan%20Zhang">Huyuan Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yi%20Chen"> Yi Chen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Compacted sewage sludge has been proved to be feasible as a barrier material for tailing impoundment because of its low permeability and retardation of heavy metals. The long-term penetration of acid mine drainage, however, would acidify the barrier system and result in remobilization of previously immobilized heavy metal pollutants. In this study, the effect of decreasing pH on the mobility of three typical heavy metals (Zn, Pb, and Cu) is investigated by acid titration test on sewage sludge under various conditions. The remobilization of heavy metals is discussed based on the acid buffering capacity of sewage sludge-leachate system. Test results indicate that heavy metals are dramatically released out when pH is decreased below 6.2, and their amounts take the order of Zn > Cu > Pb. The acid buffering capacity of sewage sludge decreases with the solid-liquid ratio but increases with the anaerobic incubation time, and it is mainly governed by dissolution of contained carbonate and organics. These results reveal that the sewage sludge possesses enough acid buffering capacity to consume protons within the acid mine drainage. Thus, this study suggests that an explosive remobilization of heavy metals is not expected in a long-term perspective. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acid%20buffering%20capacity" title="acid buffering capacity">acid buffering capacity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=barrier" title=" barrier"> barrier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heavy%20metals" title=" heavy metals"> heavy metals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=remobilization" title=" remobilization"> remobilization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sewage%20sludge" title=" sewage sludge"> sewage sludge</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64033/evaluating-acid-buffering-capacity-of-sewage-sludge-barrier-for-inhibiting-remobilization-of-heavy-metals-in-tailing-impoundment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64033.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">319</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7375</span> Hot Corrosion Behavior of Calcium Zirconate Modified YSZ Coatings</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Naveed%20Ejaz">Naveed Ejaz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Liaqat%20Ali"> Liaqat Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amer%20Nusair"> Amer Nusair</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) serve as thermal barriers against the high temperature of the hot regions of the aircraft turbine engines keeping the surface of the turbine blades, vanes and combustion chamber at comparatively lower temperature. The life of these coatings depends on many in-service environmental factors. Among these factors, the behavior of the bond coat as well as the top coat at high temperature aggravated by the corrosive environments having S, V, Na and Cl plays a key role. The incorporation of the 5-15% CaZrO3 in YSZ coatings was studied after hot corrosion in vanadium oxide environment. It was observed that the reactivity of the V gradually switched from Y to Ca making CaV2O4 instead of YVO4; the percentage of CaV2O4 increased with the increase of CaZrO3 in YSZ. It eventually prevented leaching out of the Y from YSZ leaving the YSZ without any harmful phase change. The thermal insulation was found to be improved in case of CaZrO3 incorporated YSZ coatings as compared to only YSZ coating. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hot%20corrosion" title="hot corrosion">hot corrosion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20barrier%20coatings" title=" thermal barrier coatings"> thermal barrier coatings</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=yttria%20stabilized%20zirconia" title=" yttria stabilized zirconia"> yttria stabilized zirconia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calcium%20zirconate" title=" calcium zirconate"> calcium zirconate</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35456/hot-corrosion-behavior-of-calcium-zirconate-modified-ysz-coatings" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35456.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">404</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7374</span> Characteristics of GaAs/InGaP and AlGaAs/GaAs/InAlGaP Npn Heterostructural Optoelectronic Switches</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Der-Feng%20Guo">Der-Feng Guo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Optoelectronic switches have attracted a considerable attention in the semiconductor research field due to their potential applications in optical computing systems and optoelectronic integrated circuits (OEICs). With high gains and high-speed operations, npn heterostructures can be used to produce promising optoelectronic switches. It is known that the bulk barrier and heterostructure-induced potential spike act important roles in the characteristics of the npn heterostructures. To investigate the effects of bulk barrier and potential spike heights on the optoelectronic switching of the npn heterostructures, GaAs/InGaP and AlGaAs/GaAs/InAlGaP npn heterostructural optoelectronic switches (HSOSs) have been fabricated in this work. It is seen that the illumination decreases the switching voltage Vs and increases the switching current Is, and thus the OFF state is under dark and ON state under illumination in the optical switching of the GaAs/InGaP HSOS characteristics. But in the AlGaAs/GaAs/InAlGaP HSOS characteristics, the Vs and Is present contrary trends, and the OFF state is under illumination and ON state under dark. The studied HSOSs show quite different switching variations with incident light, which are mainly attributed to the bulk barrier and potential spike heights affected by photogenerated carriers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bulk%20barrier" title="bulk barrier">bulk barrier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heterostructure" title=" heterostructure"> heterostructure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optoelectronic%20switch" title=" optoelectronic switch"> optoelectronic switch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=potential%20spike" title=" potential spike"> potential spike</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56272/characteristics-of-gaasingap-and-algaasgaasinalgap-npn-heterostructural-optoelectronic-switches" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56272.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">238</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20barrier&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20barrier&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20barrier&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20barrier&page=5">5</a></li> <li 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