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Thirty-four phages were purified from culture supernatants and discriminated using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and restriction mapping. From these analyses the genomes of eight representative phages were pyrosequenced, revealing four distinct groups of phages. Three groups of phages, ⌽FL1 to 3, were found to be sequence related, with ⌽FL1A to C and ⌽FL2A and B sharing the greatest identity (87 to 88%), while ⌽FL3A and B share 37 to 41% identity with ⌽FL1 and 2. ⌽FL4A shares 3 to 12% identity with the phages ⌽FL1 to 3. The ⌽FL3A and B phages possess a high DNA sequence identity with the morphogenesis and lysis modules of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris prophages. Homologs of the Streptococcus mitis platelet binding phage tail proteins, PblA and PblB, are encoded on each sequenced E. faecalis phage. Few other phage genes encoding potential virulence functions were identified, and there was little evidence of carriage of lysogenic conversion genes distal to endolysin, as has been observed with genomes of many temperate phages from the opportunist pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. E. faecalis JH2-2 lysogens were generated using the eight phages, and these were examined for their relative fitness in Galleria mellonella. Several lysogens exhibited different effects upon survival of G. mellonella compared to their isogenic parent. The eight phages were tested for their ability to package host DNA, and three were shown to be very effective for generalized transduction of naive host cells of the laboratory strains OG1RF and JH2-2.","publication_date":"2010,1,1","publication_name":"Journal of …","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"8359805"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":0,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Comparative genomics and transduction potential of Enterococcus faecalis temperate bacteriophages","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [1182493]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":8359805,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Comparative genomics and transduction potential of Enterococcus faecalis temperate bacteriophages”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/8359805/mini_magick20190427-28321-sx8qza.png?1556361297" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Comparative genomics and transduction potential of Enterococcus faecalis temperate bacteriophages</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1182493" href="https://novartis.academia.edu/JayendraShankar"><img alt="Profile image of Jayendra Shankar" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/1182493/427091/527636/s65_jayendra.shankar.jpg" />Jayendra Shankar</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2010, Journal of …</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">9 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 1345714; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">To determine the relative importance of temperate bacteriophage in the horizontal gene transfer of fitness and virulence determinants of Enterococcus faecalis, a panel of 47 bacteremia isolates were treated with the inducing agents mitomycin C, norfloxacin, and UV radiation. Thirty-four phages were purified from culture supernatants and discriminated using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and restriction mapping. From these analyses the genomes of eight representative phages were pyrosequenced, revealing four distinct groups of phages. Three groups of phages, ⌽FL1 to 3, were found to be sequence related, with ⌽FL1A to C and ⌽FL2A and B sharing the greatest identity (87 to 88%), while ⌽FL3A and B share 37 to 41% identity with ⌽FL1 and 2. ⌽FL4A shares 3 to 12% identity with the phages ⌽FL1 to 3. The ⌽FL3A and B phages possess a high DNA sequence identity with the morphogenesis and lysis modules of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris prophages. Homologs of the Streptococcus mitis platelet binding phage tail proteins, PblA and PblB, are encoded on each sequenced E. faecalis phage. Few other phage genes encoding potential virulence functions were identified, and there was little evidence of carriage of lysogenic conversion genes distal to endolysin, as has been observed with genomes of many temperate phages from the opportunist pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. E. faecalis JH2-2 lysogens were generated using the eight phages, and these were examined for their relative fitness in Galleria mellonella. Several lysogens exhibited different effects upon survival of G. mellonella compared to their isogenic parent. The eight phages were tested for their ability to package host DNA, and three were shown to be very effective for generalized transduction of naive host cells of the laboratory strains OG1RF and JH2-2.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":8359805,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/1345714/Comparative_genomics_and_transduction_potential_of_Enterococcus_faecalis_temperate_bacteriophages"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":8359805,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/1345714/Comparative_genomics_and_transduction_potential_of_Enterococcus_faecalis_temperate_bacteriophages"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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Four temperate phages plaquing on strain H were isolated from sewage. The archetype, HK620, does not plaque on strains C and K12 of E. coli nor on the LT2 strain of Salmonella enterica. Bacterial mutants resistant to a clear plaque mutant of HK620 produce rough colonies. Some are also galactose-negative, a few are histidine auxotrophs, and most show sensitivity to V. HK620 can transduce a wide variety of auxotrophic mutants of E. coli H to prototrophy. It can recombine with V but its virions resemble those of P22.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"General transducing phages like\u003ci\u003eSalmonella\u003c/i\u003ephage P22 isolated using a smooth strain of\u003ci\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/i\u003eas host","attachmentId":119398394,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/125335671/General_transducing_phages_like_i_Salmonella_i_phage_P22_isolated_using_a_smooth_strain_of_i_Escherichia_coli_i_as_host","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/125335671/General_transducing_phages_like_i_Salmonella_i_phage_P22_isolated_using_a_smooth_strain_of_i_Escherichia_coli_i_as_host"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="28489086" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28489086/Phage_mediated_transfer_of_virulence_genes">Phage-mediated transfer of virulence genes</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="136525" href="https://liverpool.academia.edu/HeatherAllison">Heather Allison</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 2001</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Bacteriophages as accessory genetic elements play a crucial role in the dissemination of genes and the promotion of genetic diversity within bacterial populations. Such horizontal transfer of DNA is critical in the emergence of new pathogenic organisms, through the dissemination of genes encoding virulence factors such as toxins, adhesins and agressins. Phages can transfer genes that are not necessary for bacteriophage persistence and are generally recognised by their ability to convert their host bacteria to new phenotypes. This phenomenon is known as phage conversion. If such converting genes encode for virulence factors, the consequences of phage infection may include increased virulence of the host bacteria, and the conversion of a non-pathogenic strain to a potentially dangerous pathogen. A number of virulence factors in bacteria causing diseases in plants, animals and humans are encoded by converting phages, the vast majority of which are temperate as opposed to lytic in nature.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Phage-mediated transfer of virulence genes","attachmentId":48837503,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/28489086/Phage_mediated_transfer_of_virulence_genes","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/28489086/Phage_mediated_transfer_of_virulence_genes"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="68432445" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/68432445/Host_Range_Determinants_Enrichment_Strategy_Reveals_Two_Novel_Phage_Phage_Recombinants_by_an_Isolation_of_Lactococcal_Prolate">Host Range Determinants Enrichment Strategy Reveals Two Novel Phage-Phage Recombinants by an Isolation of Lactococcal Prolate</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31820963" href="https://massey.academia.edu/JasnaRakonjac">Jasna Rakonjac</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2005</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Virulent lactococcal prolate (or c2-like) phages are the second most common phage group that causes fermentation failure in the dairy industry. We have mapped two host range determinants in two lactococcal prolate phages, c2 and 923, for the host strains MG1363 and 112. Each phage replicates on only one of the two host strains: c2 on MG1363 and 923 on 112. Phage-phage recombinants that replicated on both strains were isolated by a new method that does not require direct selection but rather employs an enrichment protocol. After initial mixed infection of strain 112, two rotations, the first of which was carried out on strain MG1363 and the second on 112, permitted continuous amplification of double-plating recombinants while rendering one of the parent phages unamplified in each of the two rotations. Mapping of the recombination endpoints showed that the presence of the N-terminal two-thirds of the tail protein L10 of phage c2 and a 1,562-bp cosR-terminal fragment of phage 923 genome overcame blocks of infection in strains MG1363 and 112, respectively. Both infection inhibition mechanisms act at the stage of DNA entry; in strain MG1363, the infection block acts early, before phage DNA enters the cytoplasm, and in strain 112, it acts late, after most of the DNA has entered the cell but before it undergoes cos-end ligation. These are the first reported host range determinants in bacteriophage of lactic acid bacteria required for overcoming inhibition of infection at the stage of DNA entry and cos-end ligation.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Host Range Determinants Enrichment Strategy Reveals Two Novel Phage-Phage Recombinants by an Isolation of Lactococcal Prolate","attachmentId":78908361,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/68432445/Host_Range_Determinants_Enrichment_Strategy_Reveals_Two_Novel_Phage_Phage_Recombinants_by_an_Isolation_of_Lactococcal_Prolate","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/68432445/Host_Range_Determinants_Enrichment_Strategy_Reveals_Two_Novel_Phage_Phage_Recombinants_by_an_Isolation_of_Lactococcal_Prolate"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="12766417" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12766417/Isolation_of_Lactococcal_Prolate_Phage_Phage_Recombinants_by_an_Enrichment_Strategy_Reveals_Two_Novel_Host_Range_Determinants">Isolation of Lactococcal Prolate Phage-Phage Recombinants by an Enrichment Strategy Reveals Two Novel Host Range Determinants</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31820963" href="https://massey.academia.edu/JasnaRakonjac">Jasna Rakonjac</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Bacteriology, 2005</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Virulent lactococcal prolate (or c2-like) phages are the second most common phage group that causes fermentation failure in the dairy industry. We have mapped two host range determinants in two lactococcal prolate phages, c2 and 923, for the host strains MG1363 and 112. Each phage replicates on only one of the two host strains: c2 on MG1363 and 923 on 112. Phage-phage recombinants that replicated on both strains were isolated by a new method that does not require direct selection but rather employs an enrichment protocol. After initial mixed infection of strain 112, two rotations, the first of which was carried out on strain MG1363 and the second on 112, permitted continuous amplification of double-plating recombinants while rendering one of the parent phages unamplified in each of the two rotations. Mapping of the recombination endpoints showed that the presence of the N-terminal two-thirds of the tail protein L10 of phage c2 and a 1,562-bp cosR-terminal fragment of phage 923 genome overcame blocks of infection in strains MG1363 and 112, respectively. Both infection inhibition mechanisms act at the stage of DNA entry; in strain MG1363, the infection block acts early, before phage DNA enters the cytoplasm, and in strain 112, it acts late, after most of the DNA has entered the cell but before it undergoes cos-end ligation. These are the first reported host range determinants in bacteriophage of lactic acid bacteria required for overcoming inhibition of infection at the stage of DNA entry and cos-end ligation.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Isolation of Lactococcal Prolate Phage-Phage Recombinants by an Enrichment Strategy Reveals Two Novel Host Range Determinants","attachmentId":45952201,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12766417/Isolation_of_Lactococcal_Prolate_Phage_Phage_Recombinants_by_an_Enrichment_Strategy_Reveals_Two_Novel_Host_Range_Determinants","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/12766417/Isolation_of_Lactococcal_Prolate_Phage_Phage_Recombinants_by_an_Enrichment_Strategy_Reveals_Two_Novel_Host_Range_Determinants"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="772524" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/772524/Isolation_and_characterization_of_lytic_phages_fromBacterioides_ruminicola_ssbrevis">Isolation and characterization of lytic phages fromBacterioides ruminicola ssbrevis</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="274601" href="https://uq.academia.edu/AtholKlieve">Athol Klieve</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Current microbiology, 1991</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Two bacteriophages (~bBrb01 and ~bBrb02), lytic to Bacteroides ruminicola ss brevis AR20, were isolated from sewage water. Both phages possessed polyhedral heads and long noncontractile tails, and were classified as Siphoviridae of morphotype B1. Bacteria resistant to phages qSBrb01 and ~bBrb02 arose following lysis of broth cultures. Survivors of ~bBrb01 infection were capsulated but remained susceptible to qbBrb02 infection. Survivors of ~bBrb02 infection were noncapsulated and were resistant to attack by both ~bBrb01 and ~bBrb02. Neither phage lysogenized the host. Both phages contained double-stranded DNA, and their restriction endonuclease digestion patterns indicated that the phage genomes were circularly permuted and terminally redundant. Phage ~bBrb01 genome was examined in greater detail and confirmed to be circularly permuted, of size 33 kb, with a terminal redundancy of 2 kb, or 6% of the length of the genome. Circularly permuted genomes in phages of rumen bacteria do not appear to have been reported previously.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Isolation and characterization of lytic phages fromBacterioides ruminicola ssbrevis","attachmentId":51243947,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/772524/Isolation_and_characterization_of_lytic_phages_fromBacterioides_ruminicola_ssbrevis","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/772524/Isolation_and_characterization_of_lytic_phages_fromBacterioides_ruminicola_ssbrevis"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="68118049" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/68118049/Lysogenization_of_a_Lactococcal_Host_with_Three_Distinct_Temperate_Phages_Provides_Homologous_and_Heterologous_Phage_Resistance">Lysogenization of a Lactococcal Host with Three Distinct Temperate Phages Provides Homologous and Heterologous Phage Resistance</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32392923" href="https://ucc-ie.academia.edu/DouweVanSinderen">Douwe Van Sinderen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Microorganisms</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Lactococcus lactis is the most widely exploited microorganism in global dairy fermentations. Lactococcal strains are described as typically harboring a number of prophages in their chromosomes. The presence of such prophages may provide both advantages and disadvantages to the carrying host. Here, we describe the deliberate generation of three distinct lysogens of the model lactococcal strain 3107 and the impact of additional prophage carriage on phage-resistance and anti-microbial susceptibility. Lysogen-specific responses were observed, highlighting the unique relationship and impact of each lysogenic phage on its host. Both homologous and heterologous phage-resistance profiles were observed, highlighting the presence of possible prophage-encoded phage-resistance factors. Superinfection exclusion was among the most notable causes of heterologous phage-resistance profiles with resistance observed against members of the Skunavirus, P335, P087, and 949 lactococcal phage groups. Throu...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Lysogenization of a Lactococcal Host with Three Distinct Temperate Phages Provides Homologous and Heterologous Phage Resistance","attachmentId":78708671,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/68118049/Lysogenization_of_a_Lactococcal_Host_with_Three_Distinct_Temperate_Phages_Provides_Homologous_and_Heterologous_Phage_Resistance","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/68118049/Lysogenization_of_a_Lactococcal_Host_with_Three_Distinct_Temperate_Phages_Provides_Homologous_and_Heterologous_Phage_Resistance"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="85229979" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/85229979/1_1_Genetically_distant_bacteriophages_elicit_unique_genomic_changes_in_Enterococcus_2_faecalis_3_4">1 1 Genetically distant bacteriophages elicit unique genomic changes in Enterococcus 2 faecalis 3 4</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="135768846" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MoutuseeIslam">Moutusee Islam</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The human microbiota harbors diverse bacterial and bacteriophage (phage) communities. Bacteria evolve to overcome phage infection, thereby driving phage evolution to counter bacterial resistance. Understanding how phages promote genetic alterations in medically relevant bacteria is important as phages continue to become established biologics for the treatment of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections. Before phages are used as standalone or combination antibacterial therapies, we must obtain a deep understanding of the molecular mechanisms of phage infection and how host bacteria alter their genomes to become resistant. We performed coevolution experiments using a single Enterococcus faecalis strain and two distantly related phages, to determine how phage pressure impacts the evolution of the E. faecalis genome. Whole genome sequencing revealed mutations previously demonstrated to be essential for phage infection. We also identified mutations in several genes previously unreported to be associated with phage infection in E. faecalis. Intriguingly, there was only one shared mutation in the E. faecalis genome in response to each of the two phages tested, demonstrating that infection by genetically distinct phages results in different host responses. This study shows that infection of the same host by disparate phages leads to evolutionary trajectories that result in distinct genetic changes. This implies that bacteria respond to phage pressure through host responses that are tailored to specific phages. This work serves as the basis for the study of E. faecalis genome evolution during phage infection and will inform the design of future therapeutics, such as phage cocktails, intended to target MDR E. faecalis. IMPORTANCE Studies characterizing the genome evolution of bacterial pathogens following phage selective pressure are lacking. Phage therapy is experiencing a rebirth in Western medicine. Such .</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"1 1 Genetically distant bacteriophages elicit unique genomic changes in Enterococcus 2 faecalis 3 4","attachmentId":89992035,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/85229979/1_1_Genetically_distant_bacteriophages_elicit_unique_genomic_changes_in_Enterococcus_2_faecalis_3_4","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/85229979/1_1_Genetically_distant_bacteriophages_elicit_unique_genomic_changes_in_Enterococcus_2_faecalis_3_4"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="63623539" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/63623539/Analysis_of_six_prophages_in_Lactococcus_lactis_IL1403_different_genetic_structure_of_temperate_and_virulent_phage_populations">Analysis of six prophages in Lactococcus lactis IL1403: different genetic structure of temperate and virulent phage populations</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38935927" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ABolotin">A. Bolotin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Nucleic Acids Research, 2001</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">We report the genetic organisation of six prophages present in the genome of Lactococcus lactis IL1403. The three larger prophages (36-42 kb), belong to the already described P335 group of temperate phages, whereas the three smaller ones (13-15 kb) are most probably satellites relying on helper phage(s) for multiplication. These data give a new insight into the genetic structure of lactococcal phage populations. P335 temperate phages have variable genomes, sharing homology over only 10-33% of their length. In contrast, virulent phages have highly similar genomes sharing homology over >90% of their length. Further analysis of genetic structure in all known groups of phages active on other bacterial hosts such as Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Mycobacterium and Streptococcus thermophilus confirmed the existence of two types of genetic structure related to the phage way of life. This might reflect different intensities of horizontal DNA exchange: low among purely virulent phages and high among temperate phages and their lytic homologues. We suggest that the constraints on genetic exchange among purely virulent phages reflect their optimal genetic organisation, adapted to a more specialised and extreme form of parasitism than temperate/lytic phages.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Analysis of six prophages in Lactococcus lactis IL1403: different genetic structure of temperate and virulent phage populations","attachmentId":75991375,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/63623539/Analysis_of_six_prophages_in_Lactococcus_lactis_IL1403_different_genetic_structure_of_temperate_and_virulent_phage_populations","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/63623539/Analysis_of_six_prophages_in_Lactococcus_lactis_IL1403_different_genetic_structure_of_temperate_and_virulent_phage_populations"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="5946585" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5946585/Comparative_genomics_of_phages_and_prophages_in_lactic_acid_bacteria">Comparative genomics of phages and prophages in lactic acid bacteria</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8848218" href="https://independent.academia.edu/StanleyMcshan">Stanley Mcshan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek International Journal of General and Molecular Microbiology, 2002</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Comparative phage genomics has become possible due to the availability of more than 100 complete phage genome sequences and the development of powerful bioinformatics tools. This technology, profiting from classical molecular-biology knowledge, has opened avenues of research for topics, which were difficult to address in the past. Now, it is possible to retrace part of the evolutionary history of phage modules by comparative genomics. The diagnosis of relatedness is hereby not uniquely based on sequence similarity alone, but includes topological considerations of genome organization. Detailed transcription maps have allowed in silico predictions of genome organization to be verified and refined. This comparative knowledge is providing the basis for a new taxonomic classification concept for bacteriophages infecting low G+C-content Gram-positive bacteria based on the genetic organization of the structural gene module. An Sfi21-like and an Sfi11-like genus of Siphoviridae is proposed. The gene maps of many phages show remarkable synteny in their structural genes defining a lambda super-group within Siphoviridae. A hierarchy of relatedness within the lambda super-group suggests elements of vertical evolution in Siphoviridae. Tailed phages are the result of both vertical and horizontal evolution and are thus fascinating objects for the study of molecular evolution. Prophage sequences integrated into the genomes of their bacterial host present theoretical challenges for evolutionary biologists. Prophages represent up to 10% of the genome in some LAB. In pathogenic streptococci prophages confer genes of selective value for the lysogenic cell. The lysogenic conversion genes are located between the lysin gene and the right phage attachment site. Non-attributed genes were found at the same genome position of prophages from lactic streptococci. These genes belong to the few prophage genes transcribed in the lysogen. Prophages from dairy bacteria might therefore also contribute to the evolutionary fitness of non-pathogenic LAB.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Comparative genomics of phages and prophages in lactic acid bacteria","attachmentId":49080296,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5946585/Comparative_genomics_of_phages_and_prophages_in_lactic_acid_bacteria","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5946585/Comparative_genomics_of_phages_and_prophages_in_lactic_acid_bacteria"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="65661809" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/65661809/TRANSDUCING_PHAGES_IN_ENTEROHEMORRHAGIC_ESCHERICHIA_COLI_O_157_H_7_Bacteriophages">TRANSDUCING PHAGES IN ENTEROHEMORRHAGIC ESCHERICHIA COLI O 157 : H 7 Bacteriophages</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31151657" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EsamAzhar">Esam Azhar</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The continuous battle between humans and the multitude of pathogenic microorganisms in the environment has sought relief in the form of antimicrobials. But the counter attack by pathogenic organisms in the form of multidrug resistance, acquired by various mechanisms such as transformation, transposition, conjugation and transduction is a major reason for concern. Bacteriophages have contributed in a significant way to dissemination of genes encoding antimicrobial resistance, heavy metal resistance and virulence factors through the phenomenon of transduction. This review aims at compiling information about the different mechanisms by which bacteriophages aid in transferring genes involved in antimicrobial resistance to Escherischia coli in various environments.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"TRANSDUCING PHAGES IN ENTEROHEMORRHAGIC ESCHERICHIA COLI O 157 : H 7 Bacteriophages","attachmentId":77160686,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/65661809/TRANSDUCING_PHAGES_IN_ENTEROHEMORRHAGIC_ESCHERICHIA_COLI_O_157_H_7_Bacteriophages","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/65661809/TRANSDUCING_PHAGES_IN_ENTEROHEMORRHAGIC_ESCHERICHIA_COLI_O_157_H_7_Bacteriophages"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":8359805,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":8359805,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_8359805" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="127373586" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127373586/Complete_genome_sequence_of_the_Lactococcus_lactis_temperate_phage_%CF%86LC3_comparative_analysis_of_%CF%86LC3_and_its_relatives_in_lactococci_and_streptococci">Complete genome sequence of the Lactococcus lactis temperate phage φLC3: comparative analysis of φLC3 and its relatives in lactococci and streptococci</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="59216239" href="https://umb.academia.edu/INes">Ingolf Nes</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Virology, 2004</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Complete genome sequence of the Lactococcus lactis temperate phage φLC3: comparative analysis of φLC3 and its relatives in lactococci and streptococci","attachmentId":121114045,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/127373586/Complete_genome_sequence_of_the_Lactococcus_lactis_temperate_phage_%CF%86LC3_comparative_analysis_of_%CF%86LC3_and_its_relatives_in_lactococci_and_streptococci","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/127373586/Complete_genome_sequence_of_the_Lactococcus_lactis_temperate_phage_%CF%86LC3_comparative_analysis_of_%CF%86LC3_and_its_relatives_in_lactococci_and_streptococci"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="112153438" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/112153438/Further_Understanding_of_Bacteriophages_That_Infect_the_Bacterial_Family_Enterobacteriaceae">Further Understanding of Bacteriophages That Infect the Bacterial Family Enterobacteriaceae</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="283751614" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PaulFlake">Paul Flake</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Further Understanding of Bacteriophages That Infect the Bacterial Family Enterobacteriaceae","attachmentId":109471221,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/112153438/Further_Understanding_of_Bacteriophages_That_Infect_the_Bacterial_Family_Enterobacteriaceae","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/112153438/Further_Understanding_of_Bacteriophages_That_Infect_the_Bacterial_Family_Enterobacteriaceae"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="45075302" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45075302/Construction_of_Phage_Mutants">Construction of Phage Mutants</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="67718476" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RVillafane">Robert Villafane</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Methods in Molecular Biology, 2009</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button 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