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<meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Commons:De minimis - Wikimedia Commons"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:De_minimis/es"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Commons:De_minimis/es&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/commons.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/commons.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikimedia Commons"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:De_minimis/es"> <link rel="license" 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class="noprint">From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository</div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="contentSub2"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav"></div> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#searchInput">Jump to search</a> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-pt-translate-header noprint" dir="ltr" lang="en">This page is a <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Commons%3ADe+minimis&action=page&filter=&language=es">translated version</a></span> of a page <a href="/wiki/Commons:De_minimis" title="Commons:De minimis">Commons:De minimis</a> and the translation is 85% complete. Changes to the translation template, respectively the source language can be submitted through <a href="/wiki/Commons:De_minimis" title="Commons:De minimis">Commons:De minimis</a> and have to be approved by a <a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Translation_administrators" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Translation administrators">translation administrator</a>.</div><div class="mw-pt-translate-header" dir="ltr" lang="en"><span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Outdated translations are marked like this.</span></div><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="es" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-pt-languages noprint navigation-not-searchable" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-pt-languages-label">Other languages:</div><ul class="mw-pt-languages-list"><li><a href="/wiki/Commons:De_minimis/id" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--med" title="Commons:Sedikit (15% translated)" lang="id" dir="ltr">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:De_minimis/de" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--complete" title="Commons:De minimis (100% translated)" lang="de" dir="ltr">Deutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:De_minimis" class="mw-pt-languages-ui mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--complete" title="Commons:De minimis (100% translated)" lang="en" dir="ltr">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:De_minimis/eo" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--low" title="Commons:De minimis/eo (3% translated)" lang="eo" dir="ltr">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:De_minimis/nl" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--complete" title="Commons:De minimis/nl (100% translated)" lang="nl" dir="ltr">Nederlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:De_minimis/ca" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--high" title="Commons:De minimis (75% translated)" lang="ca" dir="ltr">català</a></li> <li><span class="mw-pt-languages-selected mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--high" lang="es" dir="ltr">español</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:De_minimis/fr" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--high" title="Commons:De minimis (93% translated)" lang="fr" dir="ltr">français</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:De_minimis/it" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--med" title="Commons:De minimis (25% translated)" lang="it" dir="ltr">italiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:De_minimis/pl" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--low" title="Commons:De minimis/pl (3% translated)" lang="pl" dir="ltr">polski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:De_minimis/pt" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--med" title="Commons:De minimis (35% translated)" lang="pt" dir="ltr">português</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:De_minimis/pt-br" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--high" title="Commons:De minimis (85% translated)" lang="pt-BR" dir="ltr">português do Brasil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:De_minimis/be-tarask" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--high" title="Вікісховішча:Пра найменшае (85% translated)" lang="be-tarask" dir="ltr">беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:De_minimis/ky" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--high" title="Викиказына:Минималдуу нерселер жөнүндө (De minimis) (85% translated)" lang="ky" dir="ltr">кыргызча</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:De_minimis/ru" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--high" title="Commons:De minimis (85% translated)" lang="ru" dir="ltr">русский</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:De_minimis/zh" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--med" title="共享资源:最低限度 (53% translated)" lang="zh" dir="ltr">中文</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:De_minimis/ja" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--high" title="Commons:デ・ミニミス (85% translated)" lang="ja" dir="ltr">日本語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:De_minimis/ko" class="mw-pt-progress mw-pt-progress--high" title="공용:사소한 이용 (95% translated)" lang="ko" dir="ltr">한국어</a></li></ul></div> <p><span id="shortcut" class="coordinates" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Shortcuts" title="Commons:Shortcuts">Shortcut</a>: <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commons:DM&redirect=no">COM:DM</a></span></span> </p> <div id="policy" class="notice metadata translatedpolicy" lang="es"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r351006004">.mw-parser-output .translatedpolicy{border-top:2px solid #ddd;border-bottom:2px solid #ddd;margin:10px;padding:7px}</style> <b>This page is a translation of an <a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_policies" title="Category:Commons policies">official policy</a> on Wikimedia Commons. It may be incomplete, out of date and/or unreliable. Bear in mind that <a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Language_policy" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Language policy">the only official text is the English version</a>.</b></div> <div class="copyright-navbox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r356016536">.mw-parser-output .copyright-navbox{float:right;box-sizing:content-box;width:282px;margin:5px 0 10px 10px;border:1px solid #72777d;padding:5px;background-color:white}.mw-parser-output .copyright-navbox-title{border:1px solid #72777d;border-bottom:none;padding:5px;background-color:#ccf;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .copyright-navbox-caption{font-size:smaller}@media all and (max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .copyright-navbox{float:none;width:auto!important;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .copyright-navbox>div{float:none!important;width:auto!important}.mw-parser-output .copyright-navbox-images img{max-width:100%}}</style><div class="copyright-navbox-title"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Blue_copyright.svg/20px-Blue_copyright.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Blue_copyright.svg/30px-Blue_copyright.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Blue_copyright.svg/40px-Blue_copyright.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="197" data-file-height="197"/></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules/es" title="Commons:Copyright rules/es">Derechos de autor</a></div><div style="width:;text-align:center; line-height:normal; float:none; border:1px solid gray; font-size:smaller; margin-bottom:5px; padding:5px;background:#f8f8f8;"> <div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_subject_matter/es" title="Commons:Copyright rules by subject matter/es">Reglas de derechos de autor por tema</a></span></li><li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/es" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/es">Reglas de derechos de autor por territorio</a></span></li><li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_tags/es" title="Commons:Copyright tags/es">Marcas de derechos de autor</a></span></li><li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Cheque/es" title="Commons:Cheque/es">Cheque</a></span></li><li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Commissioned_works" title="Commons:Commissioned works">Commissioned works</a></span></li><li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Currency/es" title="Commons:Currency/es">Moneda</a></span></li><li><i><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">De minimis</a></span></i></li><li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Derivative_works/es" title="Commons:Derivative works/es">Obras derivadas</a></span></li><li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Freedom_of_panorama/es" title="Commons:Freedom of panorama/es">Libertad de panorama</a></span></li><li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Government_works/es" title="Commons:Government works/es">Government works</a></span></li><li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Stamps/es" title="Commons:Stamps/es">Sellos</a></span></li><li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Threshold_of_originality/es" title="Commons:Threshold of originality/es">Umbral de originalidad</a></span></li><li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Unprotected_works/es" title="Commons:Unprotected works/es">Obras no protegidas</a></span></li><li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commons:When_to_use_the_PD-signature_tag/es" title="Commons:When to use the PD-signature tag/es">Cuándo usar la etiqueta PD-signature</a></span></li></ul></div> </div><div class="copyright-navbox-images"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Virgin_America_airplane_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Esta fotografía es aceptable como las imágenes protegidas que aparecen en las pantallas son de minimis."><img alt="Esta fotografía es aceptable como las imágenes protegidas que aparecen en las pantallas son de minimis." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Virgin_America_airplane_interior.jpg/282px-Virgin_America_airplane_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="282" height="376" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Virgin_America_airplane_interior.jpg/423px-Virgin_America_airplane_interior.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Virgin_America_airplane_interior.jpg/564px-Virgin_America_airplane_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816"/></a></span><div class="copyright-navbox-caption">Esta fotografía es aceptable como las imágenes protegidas que aparecen en las pantallas son <i>de minimis</i>.</div></div></div> <p><i><b>De minimis</b></i> es un significado de expresión latino <i>sobre cosas mínimas</i>, normalmente en el locution <i>de minimis no curat lex</i> ("La ley no se se preocupa con bagatelas"). Uso <i>de minimis</i> de un obra <a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules/es" title="Commons:Copyright rules/es">protegida por derechos de autor</a> es un uso tan trivial que el consentimiento del dueño de copyright no es requerido. </p><p>En algunos casos Commons archivos con contenido protegido por derechos de autor consideró aceptable cuando <i>de minimis</i> puede ser identificado con la plantilla <a href="/wiki/Template:De_minimis" title="Template:De minimis"><span style="font-family:monospace,monospace;">{{De minimis}}</span></a>. Aun así, la mayoría vasta de tales archivos es <i>no</i> identificado de este modo. </p><p><span id="What_is_"de_minimis"?"></span> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#¿Qué_significa_"de_minimis"?"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">¿Qué significa "de minimis"?</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Un_ejemplo"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Un ejemplo</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Directrices"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Directrices</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Estados_Unidos"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Estados Unidos</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Leyes_de_países_específicos"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Leyes de países específicos</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Bélgica"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Bélgica</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Canadá"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Canadá</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#República_Checa"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>República Checa</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Unión_Europea"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Unión Europea</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Finlandia"><span class="tocnumber">5.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Finlandia</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Francia"><span class="tocnumber">5.6</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Francia</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Alemania"><span class="tocnumber">5.7</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Alemania</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Islandia"><span class="tocnumber">5.8</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Islandia</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Irlanda"><span class="tocnumber">5.9</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Irlanda</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Israel"><span class="tocnumber">5.10</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Israel</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Japón"><span class="tocnumber">5.11</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Japón</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Países_Bajos"><span class="tocnumber">5.12</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Países Bajos</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Marruecos"><span class="tocnumber">5.13</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Marruecos</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Perú"><span class="tocnumber">5.14</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Perú</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#San_Cristóbal_y_Nieves"><span class="tocnumber">5.15</span> <span class="toctext"><span>San Cristóbal y Nieves</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Singapur"><span class="tocnumber">5.16</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Singapur</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Eslovenia"><span class="tocnumber">5.17</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Eslovenia</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Corea_del_Sur"><span class="tocnumber">5.18</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Corea del Sur</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Suecia"><span class="tocnumber">5.19</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Suecia</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Reino_Unido"><span class="tocnumber">5.20</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Reino Unido</span></span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Recortes_de_imágenes_de_minimis"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Recortes de imágenes <i>de minimis</i></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Ejemplos"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Ejemplos</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Véase_también"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Véase también</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Notas"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Notas</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="¿Qué_significa_"de_minimis"?" data-mw-thread-id="h-¿Qué_significa_"de_minimis"?"><span id=".C2.BFQu.C3.A9_significa_.22de_minimis.22.3F"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-¿Qué_significa_"de_minimis"?"></span>¿Qué significa "de minimis"?<span data-mw-comment-end="h-¿Qué_significa_"de_minimis"?"></span></h2></div> <p>La figura legal conocida como de minimis deriva de la máxima de minimis non curat lex, que podría traducirse como "la ley no se ocupa de tonterías". Algunas lagunas legales se suelen considerar tan triviales e inconsecuentes que una corte seguramente no las consideraría lagunas en absoluto. El concepto se aplica a numerosos ámbitos de la legalidad, pero aquí se considera su aplicación en lo referido a las leyes de derechos de autor. </p><p>Si se prueba en una corte, "de minimis" puede ser una defensa adecuada a una acción de infracción de derechos de autor. No se refiere a que quien hace una copia pueda violar la ley y salirse con la suya ya que sería improbable que el dueño de los derechos se molestara a litigar dicho caso, sino que si la copia es de minimis no se estaría violando la ley en lo absoluto. </p><p><span id="An_example"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Un_ejemplo" data-mw-thread-id="h-Un_ejemplo"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Un_ejemplo"></span>Un ejemplo<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Un_ejemplo"></span></h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Porsche_997_GT2_in_front_of_Boutique_de_parfumerie_Guerlain,_356_rue_Saint-Honor%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/A_Porsche_997_GT2_in_front_of_Boutique_de_parfumerie_Guerlain%2C_356_rue_Saint-Honor%C3%A9.jpg/220px-A_Porsche_997_GT2_in_front_of_Boutique_de_parfumerie_Guerlain%2C_356_rue_Saint-Honor%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/A_Porsche_997_GT2_in_front_of_Boutique_de_parfumerie_Guerlain%2C_356_rue_Saint-Honor%C3%A9.jpg/330px-A_Porsche_997_GT2_in_front_of_Boutique_de_parfumerie_Guerlain%2C_356_rue_Saint-Honor%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/A_Porsche_997_GT2_in_front_of_Boutique_de_parfumerie_Guerlain%2C_356_rue_Saint-Honor%C3%A9.jpg/440px-A_Porsche_997_GT2_in_front_of_Boutique_de_parfumerie_Guerlain%2C_356_rue_Saint-Honor%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1910"/></a><figcaption>Un cartel de película protegido por derechos de autor en el fondo, promoviendo <i>The Dark Knight</i>, como parte de una escena callejera</figcaption></figure> <p>Supongamos que sacamos una foto en la ciudad y en la misma aparece un cartel publicitario con contenido protegido por derechos de autor. Hay dos derechos de autor involucrados: el del fotógrafo, y el del cartel, y ambos subsisten en forma independiente. Sacando una foto de un cartel protegido y publicándola sin consentimiento se comete una violación de derechos de autor, sin importar que el fotógrafo cree un segundo derecho de autor propio, incluso si la foto posee un alto grado de trabajo creativo. </p><p>Sin embargo, si la presencia del cartel es circunstancial respecto del tema central de la foto, ésta puede considerarse de minimis: quizás el cartel queda fuera de foco, no se puede apreciar con nitidez o queda semioculto por otros objetos, o aparece en forma imperceptible en el fondo. Una corte no considerará que se haya cometido una violación de derechos de autor simplemente porque se haya incluido en forma accidental una imagen protegida en el fondo. </p><p>Sin embargo, al determinar si la defensa de de minimis es válida para el caso se tomaría todo en cuenta. Si el cartel forma parte de la composición de la foto, o la misma fue tomada con el objeto de que el cartel apareciera en la misma, una argumentación de minimis no es aceptable incluso aunque se intente añadir otros elementos. La descripción de la imagen al subirla también se tiene en cuenta: si se menciona en la misma la presencia del cartel, o se categoriza la imagen de acuerdo al mismo, o se utiliza a la imagen en otros proyectos referenciando al tema contenido en el cartel, entonces la defensa de de minimis no será aceptable. </p><p>Si la existencia del cartel hace la imagen más atractivo, más utilizable, o propenso de causar más de daño económico insignificante al dueño de derechos de autor, entonces un <i>de minimis</i> defensa a un copyright-acción de contravención probablemente fallará. </p><p>Pueda ser pertinente cómo la imagen está descrita o clasificado: sea difícil de argumentar <i>de minimis</i> si la fotografía está descrita cuando ilustrando "un cartel publicitario" y está colocado dentro de la categoría <a href="/wiki/Category:Advertising_posters" title="Category:Advertising posters">Anuncian carteles</a>. </p><p>Una prueba útil puede ser para preguntar si la fotografía sería tan buena o tan útil si el cartel era para ser enmascarado fuera. Si no, entonces es difícil de argumentar que el cartel es de hecho <i>de minimis</i>, incluso si el cartel es pequeño y es "en el fondo". </p><p><span id="Guidelines"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Directrices" data-mw-thread-id="h-Directrices"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Directrices"></span>Directrices<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Directrices"></span></h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commodore_TV_Game_2000K.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Commodore_TV_Game_2000K.jpg/220px-Commodore_TV_Game_2000K.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Commodore_TV_Game_2000K.jpg/330px-Commodore_TV_Game_2000K.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Commodore_TV_Game_2000K.jpg/440px-Commodore_TV_Game_2000K.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3479" data-file-height="2229"/></a><figcaption><span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Los 4 iconos son <i>de minimis</i> en la imagen</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Las variaciones en leyes y usos de las obras hacen que no sea posible definir las reglas en lo absoluto. Sin embargo, como pauta general, un archivo que contenga una obra protegida por derechos de autor X tiene menos probabilidades de cumplir el requisito de "minimis" cuanto más de estos requisitos cumpla: </p> <ul><li>el archivo se utiliza para ilustrar X</li> <li>el archivo se clasifica en relación con X</li> <li>X se menciona en el nombre del archivo</li> <li>X se menciona en la descripción</li> <li>X no puede eliminarse del archivo sin que éste resulte inútil</li> <li>a partir de otras pistas contextuales (por ejemplo, mediante la comparación con una serie de cargas del mismo cargador), X es el motivo de la creación del archivo.</li></ul> <p>Nota: la consideración <i>de minimis</i> aplica a una composición de imagen concreta. Significativo recorte para centrar en el trabajo con derechos de autor puede muy fácilmente cambiar de un "probablemente OK" a un "probablemente no OK". </p> <div class="mw-translate-fuzzy"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th># </th> <th>Caso que podría considerarse <i>de minimis</i> </th> <th>Descripción </th></tr> <tr id="1"> <td>1 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b><bdi>OK</bdi></b> Sí, sin duda </td> <td>Trabajo X con derechos de autor es visible, pero no identificable. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_Goats_with_Genghis_Khan_Equestrian_Statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="X es Genghis Khan Equestrian Estatua"><img alt="X es Genghis Khan Equestrian Estatua" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Mongolian_Goats_with_Genghis_Khan_Equestrian_Statue.jpg/120px-Mongolian_Goats_with_Genghis_Khan_Equestrian_Statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Mongolian_Goats_with_Genghis_Khan_Equestrian_Statue.jpg/180px-Mongolian_Goats_with_Genghis_Khan_Equestrian_Statue.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Mongolian_Goats_with_Genghis_Khan_Equestrian_Statue.jpg/240px-Mongolian_Goats_with_Genghis_Khan_Equestrian_Statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2806" data-file-height="1634"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">X es Genghis Khan Equestrian Estatua</div> </li> </ul> </td></tr> <tr id="2"> <td>2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b><bdi>OK</bdi></b> <div class="mw-translate-fuzzy"> <p>Muy aproximado </p> </div></td> <td>La obra protegida por derechos de autor X es identificable, pero es una intrusión no deseada en el objeto de la imagen que, lamentablemente, no puede eliminarse fácilmente.<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:M5_tractor_RMM.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="X es el anuncio publicitario del fondo, arriba a la derecha"><img alt="X es el anuncio publicitario del fondo, arriba a la derecha" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/M5_tractor_RMM.jpg/120px-M5_tractor_RMM.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/M5_tractor_RMM.jpg/180px-M5_tractor_RMM.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/M5_tractor_RMM.jpg/240px-M5_tractor_RMM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">X es el anuncio publicitario del fondo, arriba a la derecha</div> </li> </ul> </td></tr> <tr id="3"> <td>3 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b><bdi>OK</bdi></b> <div class="mw-translate-fuzzy"> <p>Muy aproximado </p> </div></td> <td>La obra protegida por derechos de autor X es identificable, pero es una pequeña parte de una obra mayor, de modo que la obra mayor no puede mostrarse fácilmente sin mostrar X. X es una parte de la obra mayor, y su inclusión es inevitable. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Louvre_at_night_centered.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="X is the Louvre Pyramid"><img alt="X is the Louvre Pyramid" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Louvre_at_night_centered.jpg/120px-Louvre_at_night_centered.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Louvre_at_night_centered.jpg/180px-Louvre_at_night_centered.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Louvre_at_night_centered.jpg/240px-Louvre_at_night_centered.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="804"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">X is the Louvre Pyramid</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:17723_EscherMuseum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="X es el cuadro de Escher"><img alt="X es el cuadro de Escher" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/17723_EscherMuseum.jpg/120px-17723_EscherMuseum.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/17723_EscherMuseum.jpg/180px-17723_EscherMuseum.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/17723_EscherMuseum.jpg/240px-17723_EscherMuseum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3895" data-file-height="2479"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">X es el cuadro de Escher</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quebec_Remparts_-_Cape_Breton_Screaming_Eagles_-_QJMHL_-_11-11-2012_(23).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="X es el logotipo del equipo"><img alt="X es el logotipo del equipo" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Quebec_Remparts_-_Cape_Breton_Screaming_Eagles_-_QJMHL_-_11-11-2012_%2823%29.jpg/120px-Quebec_Remparts_-_Cape_Breton_Screaming_Eagles_-_QJMHL_-_11-11-2012_%2823%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Quebec_Remparts_-_Cape_Breton_Screaming_Eagles_-_QJMHL_-_11-11-2012_%2823%29.jpg/180px-Quebec_Remparts_-_Cape_Breton_Screaming_Eagles_-_QJMHL_-_11-11-2012_%2823%29.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Quebec_Remparts_-_Cape_Breton_Screaming_Eagles_-_QJMHL_-_11-11-2012_%2823%29.jpg/240px-Quebec_Remparts_-_Cape_Breton_Screaming_Eagles_-_QJMHL_-_11-11-2012_%2823%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">X es el logotipo del equipo</div> </li> </ul> </td></tr> <tr id="4"> <td>4 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_check-constructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b><bdi>OK</bdi></b> <div class="mw-translate-fuzzy"> <p>Muy aproximado </p> </div></td> <td>La obra X protegida por derechos de autor es identificable y forma parte inevitable del tema de la imagen, pero no es esencial para el tema (si se tacha no se inutiliza el archivo) <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Virgin_America_airplane_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="X son las pantallas de los asientos de un avión"><img alt="X son las pantallas de los asientos de un avión" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Virgin_America_airplane_interior.jpg/90px-Virgin_America_airplane_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Virgin_America_airplane_interior.jpg/135px-Virgin_America_airplane_interior.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Virgin_America_airplane_interior.jpg/180px-Virgin_America_airplane_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">X son las pantallas de los asientos de un avión</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Expo_2005_Aichi_Japan_in_Nagakute_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="X son los dos caracteres del centro derecho"><img alt="X son los dos caracteres del centro derecho" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Expo_2005_Aichi_Japan_in_Nagakute_02.jpg/120px-Expo_2005_Aichi_Japan_in_Nagakute_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Expo_2005_Aichi_Japan_in_Nagakute_02.jpg/180px-Expo_2005_Aichi_Japan_in_Nagakute_02.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Expo_2005_Aichi_Japan_in_Nagakute_02.jpg/240px-Expo_2005_Aichi_Japan_in_Nagakute_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">X son los dos caracteres del centro derecho</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:Error mw:File"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Upload&wpDestFile=Crowded_tehran.jpg" class="new" title="File:Crowded tehran.jpg"><span class="mw-file-element mw-broken-media" data-width="120" data-height="120">X es la Torre Milad</span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">X es la Torre Milad</div> </li> </ul> </td></tr> <tr id="5"> <td>5 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Pictogram-voting_question.svg/15px-Pictogram-voting_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Pictogram-voting_question.svg/23px-Pictogram-voting_question.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Pictogram-voting_question.svg/30px-Pictogram-voting_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250"/></span></span> <b><bdi>Maybe</bdi></b> </td> <td><div class="mw-translate-fuzzy"> <p>La obra X protegida por derechos de autor es identificable y forma parte ineludible del tema, y es esencial para el mismo (por ejemplo, si se tacha, el archivo quedaría inservible) <i>pero</i> la obra se muestra con un detalle insuficiente y/o con una claridad insuficiente, por lo que puede aplicarse <i>de minimis</i>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2006_NCAA_Hall_of_Champions_Banners_in_Indianapolis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="X son los banners que cuelgan del techo (DR)"><img alt="X son los banners que cuelgan del techo (DR)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/2006_NCAA_Hall_of_Champions_Banners_in_Indianapolis.jpg/90px-2006_NCAA_Hall_of_Champions_Banners_in_Indianapolis.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/2006_NCAA_Hall_of_Champions_Banners_in_Indianapolis.jpg/135px-2006_NCAA_Hall_of_Champions_Banners_in_Indianapolis.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/2006_NCAA_Hall_of_Champions_Banners_in_Indianapolis.jpg/180px-2006_NCAA_Hall_of_Champions_Banners_in_Indianapolis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">X son los banners que cuelgan del techo (<a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/Image:Banners_CIMG0256.jpg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/Image:Banners CIMG0256.jpg">DR</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museu_Valenci%C3%A0_de_la_Il%C2%B7lustraci%C3%B3_i_la_Modernitat,_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="X son las fotografías colgadas en el museo (DR)"><img alt="X son las fotografías colgadas en el museo (DR)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Museu_Valenci%C3%A0_de_la_Il%C2%B7lustraci%C3%B3_i_la_Modernitat%2C_interior.jpg/120px-Museu_Valenci%C3%A0_de_la_Il%C2%B7lustraci%C3%B3_i_la_Modernitat%2C_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Museu_Valenci%C3%A0_de_la_Il%C2%B7lustraci%C3%B3_i_la_Modernitat%2C_interior.jpg/180px-Museu_Valenci%C3%A0_de_la_Il%C2%B7lustraci%C3%B3_i_la_Modernitat%2C_interior.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Museu_Valenci%C3%A0_de_la_Il%C2%B7lustraci%C3%B3_i_la_Modernitat%2C_interior.jpg/240px-Museu_Valenci%C3%A0_de_la_Il%C2%B7lustraci%C3%B3_i_la_Modernitat%2C_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3664" data-file-height="2706"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">X son las fotografías colgadas en el museo (<a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Museu_Valencia_de_la_Il%C2%B7lustraci%C3%B3_i_la_Modernitat,_interior.JPG" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Museu Valencia de la Il·lustració i la Modernitat, interior.JPG">DR</a>)</div> </li> </ul> </div></td></tr> <tr id="6"> <td>6 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="✘"><img alt="✘" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> Muy desfavorable </td> <td>La obra con derechos de autor X es una parte clave del tema (por ejemplo, es la razón por la que se tomó la foto). Eliminarlo haría que la obra derivada fuera radicalmente diferente, pero potencialmente seguiría siendo útil. <ul><li>Ejemplo: <a href="/wiki/File:Carla_del_Ponte_Mladic_1.jpg" class="mw-redirect" title="File:Carla del Ponte Mladic 1.jpg">File:Carla del Ponte Mladic 1.jpg</a>, que muestra a <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_Del_Ponte" class="extiw" title="es:Carla Del Ponte">es:Carla Del Ponte</a> con una foto con derechos de autor de <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratko_Mladi%C4%87" class="extiw" title="es:Ratko Mladić">es:Ratko Mladić</a>, se utilizó para ilustrar <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratko_Mladi%C4%87" class="extiw" title="es:Ratko Mladić">es:Ratko Mladić</a> (<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ratko_Mladi%C4%87&oldid=145255844">esta versión</a>). La versión recortada, <a href="/wiki/File:Carla_del_Ponte.jpg" title="File:Carla del Ponte.jpg">File:Carla del Ponte.jpg</a>, excluye la obra con derechos de autor, pero es radicalmente diferente (<a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/Image:Carla_del_Ponte_Mladic_1.jpg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/Image:Carla del Ponte Mladic 1.jpg">DR</a>).</li> <li>Ejemplo: <a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Mario_Bros_with_Cube_-_Graffiti.JPG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="File:Mario Bros with Cube - Graffiti.JPG (page does not exist)">File:Mario Bros with Cube - Graffiti.JPG</a>, con un grafiti en una escultura ecuatoriana que muestra un personaje de juego protegido por derechos de autor (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario" class="extiw" title="en:Mario">en:Mario</a>), fue utilizado para ilustrar <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Mario_Bros._3" class="extiw" title="de:Super Mario Bros. 3">de:Super Mario Bros. 3</a>. La eliminación del grafiti fue posible, dejando la escultura <a href="/wiki/File:Quito_sculpture_-_Avenida_Brazil_at_corner_with_Avenida_America.jpg" title="File:Quito sculpture - Avenida Brazil at corner with Avenida America.jpg">File:Quito sculpture - Avenida Brazil at corner with Avenida America.jpg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Mario_Bros_with_Cube_-_Graffiti.JPG" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Mario Bros with Cube - Graffiti.JPG">DR</a>).</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr id="7"> <td>7 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="✘"><img alt="✘" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> Definitivamente no </td> <td>La obra X protegida por derechos de autor es la parte central del tema (por ejemplo, es el motivo por el que se tomó la foto). Eliminarlo haría que la obra derivada fuera inútil. <ul><li>Ejemplo: <a href="/wiki/File:Cover_Austria_1938-650px.jpg" title="File:Cover Austria 1938-650px.jpg">File:Cover Austria 1938-650px.jpg</a> se utilizó en <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mixed_franking&oldid=501153152">esta versión de en:Mixed franking</a>. Los sellos eran sólo una pequeña parte del <i>área</i> de la imagen, pero su concepción fue el principal (<a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Cover_Austria_1938-650px.jpg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Cover Austria 1938-650px.jpg">DR</a>).</li> <li>Ejemplo: <a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Swmovies.jpg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="File:Swmovies.jpg (page does not exist)">File:Swmovies.jpg</a> - Foto de una colección de DVDs de Star Wars.</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r355912508">.mw-parser-output .crt-section-header{background-color:#f8f8f8}.mw-parser-output .crt-section-transcludedfrom{float:right;margin-left:5px;margin-right:0;border:1px solid gray;background:linear-gradient(white,#f8f8f8);padding:5px;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .crt-section-header[dir="ltr"] .crt-section-transcludedfrom{float:right;margin-left:5px;margin-right:0}.mw-parser-output .crt-section-header[dir="rtl"] .crt-section-transcludedfrom{float:left;margin-right:5px;margin-left:0}</style><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/United_States/es#De_minimis" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/United States/es">COM:DM United States</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Estados_Unidos" id="United_States" data-mw-thread-id="h-United_States"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-United_States"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/es:Estados_Unidos" class="extiw" title="w:es:Estados Unidos"><span title="country primarily located in North America">Estados Unidos</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-United_States"></span></h2></div></div> </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <p>The United States courts interpret the <i>de minimis</i> defense in three distinct ways: </p> <ol><li>Where a technical violation is so trivial that the law will not impose legal consequences;</li> <li>Where the extent of copying falls below the threshold of substantial similarity (always a required element of actionable copying); and</li> <li>In connection with fair use (not relevant here, since Commons does not allow fair use images).</li></ol> </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <p>It is the first of these that is often of particular concern on Commons. </p> </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <p>As found in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ets-Hokin_v._Skyy_Spirits,_Inc." class="extiw" title="s:Ets-Hokin v. Skyy Spirits, Inc.">Ets-Hokin v. Skyy Spirits, Inc.</a>, a photograph of a bottle is not a derivative work of its label (though in this particular case, the label also happened to be below the <a href="#Threshold_of_originality">threshold of originality</a>): </p> <table class="cquote" style="margin:auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; color: inherit; width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 10px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">We need not, however, decide whether the label is copyrightable because Ets-Hokin's product shots are based on the bottle as a whole, not on the label. The whole point of the shots was to capture the bottle in its entirety. The defendants have cited no case holding that a bottle of this nature may be copyrightable, and we are aware of none. Indeed, Skyy's position that photographs of everyday, functional, noncopyrightable objects are subject to analysis as derivative works would deprive both amateur and commercial photographers of their legitimate expectations of copyright protection. Because Ets-Hokin's product shots are shots of the bottle as a whole—a useful article not subject to copyright protection—and not shots merely, or even mainly, of its label, we hold that the bottle does not qualify as a "preexisting work " within the meaning of the Copyright Act. As such, the photos Ets-Hokin took of the bottle cannot be derivative works. </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 10px;">” </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div><p><span id="FOP"></span> </p><p><span id="Freedom_of_panorama"></span> </p><p><br/> <span id="Country-specific_laws"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Leyes_de_países_específicos" data-mw-thread-id="h-Leyes_de_países_específicos"><span id="Leyes_de_pa.C3.ADses_espec.C3.ADficos"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Leyes_de_países_específicos"></span>Leyes de países específicos<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Leyes_de_países_específicos"></span></h2></div> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Belgium/es#De_minimis" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Belgium/es">COM:DM Belgium</a></div> <h3 id="Bélgica" id="Belgium" data-mw-thread-id="h-Belgium-Leyes_de_países_específicos"><span id="B.C3.A9lgica"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Belgium-Leyes_de_países_específicos"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/es:B%C3%A9lgica" class="extiw" title="w:es:Bélgica"><span title="country in western Europe">Bélgica</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Belgium-Leyes_de_países_específicos"></span></h3></div> <p><br/> </p> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <p>Art. XI.190 of the Code on Economic Law states: </p> <ul><li>Once a work has been lawfully published, its author may not prohibit: [...] 2°. reproduction and communication to the public of a work shown in a place accessible to the public where the aim of reproduction or communication to the public is not the work itself [...].</li></ul> </div> <p><span id="Freedom_of_panorama"></span> </p> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Canada/es#De_minimis" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Canada/es">COM:DM Canada</a></div> <h3 id="Canadá" id="Canada" data-mw-thread-id="h-Canada-Leyes_de_países_específicos"><span id="Canad.C3.A1"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Canada-Leyes_de_países_específicos"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/es:Canad%C3%A1" class="extiw" title="w:es:Canadá"><span title="country in North America">Canadá</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Canada-Leyes_de_países_específicos"></span></h3></div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <p>Subsection 30.7 of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-42/FullText.html#h-40">Canadian Copyright Act, 1985</a> states: </p> </div> <blockquote style="font-style: italic;"> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <p>It is not an infringement of copyright to incidentally and not deliberately </p> </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <p>(a) include a work or other subject-matter in another work or other subject-matter; or </p> </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <p>(b) do any act in relation to a work or other subject-matter that is incidentally and not deliberately included in another work or other subject-matter. </p> </div> </blockquote> <p><span id="Freedom_of_panorama"></span> </p> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Czech_Republic/es#De_minimis" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Czech Republic/es">COM:DM Czech Republic</a></div> <h3 id="República_Checa" id="Czech_Republic" data-mw-thread-id="h-Czech_Republic-Leyes_de_países_específicos"><span id="Rep.C3.BAblica_Checa"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Czech_Republic-Leyes_de_países_específicos"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/es:Rep%C3%BAblica_Checa" class="extiw" title="w:es:República Checa"><span title="country in Central Europe">República Checa</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Czech_Republic-Leyes_de_países_específicos"></span></h3></div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <p>Under the <i>Consolidated Version of Act No. 121/2000 Coll. as amended up to 216/2006</i>, </p> <ul><li>Copyright is not infringed by anybody who uses a work incidentally, in connection with an intended primary use of another work or element.<span style="color:gray;font-size:80%;"><sup>[121/2000–2006 Art.38c]</sup></span></li></ul> </div> <p><span id="Freedom_of_panorama"></span> </p> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/European_Union/es#De_minimis" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/European Union/es">COM:DM European Union</a></div> <h3 id="Unión_Europea" id="European_Union" data-mw-thread-id="h-European_Union-Leyes_de_países_específicos"><span id="Uni.C3.B3n_Europea"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-European_Union-Leyes_de_países_específicos"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/es:Uni%C3%B3n_Europea" class="extiw" title="w:es:Unión Europea"><span title="political and economic union of 27 European states">Unión Europea</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-European_Union-Leyes_de_países_específicos"></span></h3></div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/es:Directiva_de_la_Uni%C3%B3n_Europea_sobre_derecho_de_autor" class="extiw" title="w:es:Directiva de la Unión Europea sobre derecho de autor">Copyright Directive</a> (<i>Directive 2001/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2001 on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society</i> allows for <i>de minimis</i> exception in Art. 5(3)(i): </p> </div><p><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <ul><li>Member States may provide for exceptions or limitations to the rights provided for in Articles 2 and 3 in the following cases: […] incidental inclusion of a work or other subject-matter in other material.</li></ul> <p>Under the generic conditions of Article 5(5): </p> <ul><li>The exceptions and limitations provided for in paragraphs 1, 2, 3 and 4 shall only be applied in certain special cases which do not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work or other subject-matter and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the rightsholder.</li></ul> </div> <p><span id="Freedom_of_panorama"></span> </p> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Finland/es#De_minimis" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Finland/es">COM:DM Finland</a></div> <h3 id="Finlandia" id="Finland" data-mw-thread-id="h-Finland-Leyes_de_países_específicos"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Finland-Leyes_de_países_específicos"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/es:Finlandia" class="extiw" title="w:es:Finlandia"><span title="country in Northern Europe">Finlandia</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Finland-Leyes_de_países_específicos"></span></h3></div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <p>Under the <i>Copyright Act 404/1961, with amendments up to 608/2015</i>, </p> <ul><li>Works of art made public may be reproduced in pictorial form in material connection with the text: 1) in a critical or scientific presentation; and 2) in a newspaper or a periodical when reporting on a current event, provided that the work has not been created in order to be reproduced in a newspaper or a periodical.<span style="color:gray;font-size:80%;"><sup>[404/1961–2015 Sec.25(1)]</sup></span></li> <li>When a copy of a work of art has, with the consent of the author, been sold or otherwise permanently transferred, the work of art may be incorporated into a photograph, a film, or a television programme if the reproduction is of a subordinate nature in the photograph, film or programme.<span style="color:gray;font-size:80%;"><sup>[404/1961–2015 Sec.25(2)]</sup></span></li></ul> </div> <p><span id="Freedom_of_panorama"></span> </p> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/France/es#De_minimis" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/France/es">COM:DM France</a></div> <h3 id="Francia" id="France" data-mw-thread-id="h-France-Leyes_de_países_específicos"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-France-Leyes_de_países_específicos"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/es:Francia" class="extiw" title="w:es:Francia"><span title="country in Western Europe">Francia</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-France-Leyes_de_países_específicos"></span></h3></div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louvre_at_night_centered.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Louvre_at_night_centered.jpg/160px-Louvre_at_night_centered.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Louvre_at_night_centered.jpg/240px-Louvre_at_night_centered.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Louvre_at_night_centered.jpg/320px-Louvre_at_night_centered.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="804"/></a><figcaption>This photograph is not a copyright violation since it is of the entire plaza, and not just the Louvre Pyramid.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louvre_at_night_centered_censored.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Louvre_at_night_centered_censored.jpg/160px-Louvre_at_night_centered_censored.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Louvre_at_night_centered_censored.jpg/240px-Louvre_at_night_centered_censored.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Louvre_at_night_centered_censored.jpg/320px-Louvre_at_night_centered_censored.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="804"/></a><figcaption>The white triangle in this derivative work covers the copyright protected region of the top image.</figcaption></figure> </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <p>French case law admits an exception if the copyrighted artwork is "accessory compared to the main represented or handled subject" (CA Paris, 27 octobre 1992, <i>Antenne 2 c/ société Spadem</i>, « la représentation d'une œuvre située dans un lieu public n'est licite que lorsqu'elle est accessoire par rapport au sujet principal représenté ou traité »). Thus ruling #567 of March 15, 2005 of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/es:Corte_de_Casaci%C3%B3n_de_Francia" class="extiw" title="w:es:Corte de Casación de Francia">Court of Cassation</a> denied the right of producers of works of arts installed in a public plaza over photographs of the whole plaza: </p> </div><p><sup id="cite_ref-CC567-2005_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CC567-2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <ul><li>Because the Court has noticed that, as it was shown in the incriminated images, the works of Mr X... and Z... blended into the architectural ensemble of the Terreaux plaza, of which it was a mere element, the appeals court correctly deduced that this presentation of the litigious work was accessory to the topic depicted, which was the representation of the plaza, so that the image did not constitute a communication of the litigious work to the public.</li></ul> </div><p><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br/> </p> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <p>French case law states that the said artwork must not be intentionally included as an element of the setting: its presence in the picture must be unavoidable (CA Versailles, 26 janvier 1998, <i>Sté Movie box c/ Spadem et a.</i>): </p> <ul><li>It can be considered as an illicit representation of a statue by Maillol, the broadcasting of a commercial in which it appears, as it was not included in a film sequence shot in a natural setting—which would explain the brief and non-essential to the main subject, appearance of the sculpture, which is set in the Tuileries gardens, but used as an element of the setting.</li></ul> </div><p><span id="FOP"></span> </p><p><span id="Freedom_of_panorama"></span> </p> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Germany/es#De_minimis" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Germany/es">COM:DM Germany</a></div> <h3 id="Alemania" id="Germany" data-mw-thread-id="h-Germany-Leyes_de_países_específicos"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Germany-Leyes_de_países_específicos"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/es:Alemania" class="extiw" title="w:es:Alemania"><span title="country in Central Europe">Alemania</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Germany-Leyes_de_países_específicos"></span></h3></div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <p>Under § 57 of the 1965 Act on Copyright and Related Rights <i>(Gesetz über Urheberrecht und verwandte Schutzrechte)</i> (UrhG), "any reproduction, distribution, and communication in public of a work shall be admissible if the work is to be regarded as an immaterial supplement in comparison to the actual subject matter of the reproduction, distribution, or communication in public." </p> </div> <p><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The first step in assessing whether a particular use of a work is covered by § 57 is to determine the actual (primary) subject matter reproduced, distributed, or communicated to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary subject matter does not itself need to be protected by copyright.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">To qualify under § 57, the work must not only "fade into the background" or be of "subordinate significance" relative to the primary subject matter; rather, it must not even attain marginal or minor significance.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </p> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <p>According to the Federal Court of Justice, this is the case </p> <ol><li>if it could be omitted or replaced and the average observer would not notice it (or, in the alternative, the overall impression of the primary subject matter would not be at all affected); or</li> <li>if, in light of the circumstances of the case, it bears not even the slightest contextual relationship <i>(inhaltliche Beziehung)</i> to the primary subject matter, but rather is without any significance to it whatsoever due to its randomness and arbitrariness.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <p>The Federal Court of Justice also provided a (non-exhaustive) list of examples where it is "regularly impossible" that the use of a work qualifies as <i>de minimis</i>: </p> </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <ol><li>The work noticeably impacts the style or mood conveyed <i>(erkennbar stil- oder stimmungsbildend)</i>;</li> <li>the work underscores a particular effect or statement;</li> <li>the work serves a dramaturgic purpose; or</li></ol> </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <ol><li>the work is characteristic in any other way.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <p>Note that whether the work can be replaced with another work is relevant only to the extent that if an average observer of the primary subject matter would not notice the work in question because it can be arbitrarily replaced or omitted, this supports a finding of immateriality (see above). However, as soon as it has been established that the work is part of the overall concept (say, because it impacts the mood of the picture), it no longer matters if the work could be replaced: Section 57 does not apply.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <p><b>Examples of de minimis use from court cases:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> </p> </div> <p><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There are very few court decisions discussing the German de minimis provision and the 2014 decision by the Federal Court of Justice, which set out the tests expounded above, was the first by Germany's highest court of civil jurisprudence that revolved around § 57.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">In the case at issue, the Court looked at a photograph in a furniture catalogue depicting several furniture items for sale and a painting on the wall in the background (pictured <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://juris.bundesgerichtshof.de/cgi-bin/rechtsprechung/document.py?Gericht=bgh&Art=en&nr=71060&pos=0&anz=1">here</a>, p 3). The Court held that the publisher could not rely on § 57 for its use of the painting after the lower court found that the painting added a "markedly contrasting colour accent". The Court deemed this sufficient to rule out an immaterial use pursuant to § 57.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">In another decision, the Federal Court of Justice held that the use of a picture of a Spanish city as part of a high-school student's essay on that city does not qualify as <i>de minimis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </p> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <p>In light of the 2014 judgement, older decisions by lower courts will need to be viewed with some caution. That being said, the use of a photograph of an individual wearing a T-shirt with a protected design on the cover page of a magazine (pictured <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191013092722/https://mein-nachbarrecht.de/urteile/aktuelle-urteile/lg-muenchen-i-urteil-vom-24-oktober-2007-21-o-4956-07/">here</a>) was held by the Munich Higher Regional Court in 2008 to fall within the definition of use as an immaterial supplement because the design did not bear any contextual relationship to the primary subject matter due to its randomness and arbitrariness.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> <p><span id="Freedom_of_panorama"></span> </p> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Iceland/es#De_minimis" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Iceland/es">COM:DM Iceland</a></div> <h3 id="Islandia" id="Iceland" data-mw-thread-id="h-Iceland-Leyes_de_países_específicos"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Iceland-Leyes_de_países_específicos"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/es:Islandia" class="extiw" title="w:es:Islandia"><span title="Nordic island country in the North Atlantic Ocean">Islandia</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Iceland-Leyes_de_países_específicos"></span></h3></div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <p>An unofficial translation of Article 10a of the Icelandic copyright act reads: </p> <ul><li>Authors’ exclusive rights under Article 3 (cf. Article 2), shall not apply to the making of reproductions (copies) that are transient or incidental...<span style="color:gray;font-size:80%;"><sup>[73/1972-2018 Art.10a(1)]</sup></span></li></ul> </div> <p><span id="Copyright_tags"></span> </p> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Ireland/es#De_minimis" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Ireland/es">COM:DM Ireland</a></div> <h3 id="Irlanda" id="Ireland" data-mw-thread-id="h-Ireland-Leyes_de_países_específicos"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Ireland-Leyes_de_países_específicos"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/es:Irlanda" class="extiw" title="w:es:Irlanda"><span title="country in Northwestern Europe">Irlanda</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Ireland-Leyes_de_países_específicos"></span></h3></div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <p>Under the <i>Copyright and Related Rights Act, 2000 (No. 28 of 2000)</i>, </p> <ul><li>The copyright in a work is not infringed by its inclusion in an incidental manner in another work.<span style="color:gray;font-size:80%;"><sup>[28/2000 Sec.52(1)]</sup></span></li> <li>A work shall not be regarded as included in an incidental manner in another work where it is included in a manner where the interests of the owner of the copyright are unreasonably prejudiced.<span style="color:gray;font-size:80%;"><sup>[28/2000 Sec.52(3)]</sup></span></li></ul> <p>According to Pascal Kamina, the Irish legislation is similar to the legislation in the United Kingdom from 1988. </p> </div><p><sup id="cite_ref-Kamina2002_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamina2002-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span id="Freedom_of_panorama"></span> </p> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Israel/es#De_minimis" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Israel/es">COM:DM Israel</a></div> <h3 id="Israel" id="Israel" data-mw-thread-id="h-Israel-Leyes_de_países_específicos"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Israel-Leyes_de_países_específicos"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/es:Israel" class="extiw" title="w:es:Israel"><span title="country in the Middle East">Israel</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Israel-Leyes_de_países_específicos"></span></h3></div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <p>According to 2007 Copyright Act, section 22: </p> <ul><li>An incidental use of a work by way of including it in a photographic work, in a cinematographic work or in a sound recording, as well as the use of a such work in which the work was thus incidentally contained, is permitted; In this matter the deliberate inclusion of a musical work, including its accompanying lyrics, or of a sound recording embodying such musical work, in another work, shall not be deemed to be an incidental use.<span style="color:gray;font-size:80%;"><sup>[2007-2011 Sec.22]</sup></span></li></ul> </div> <p><span id="Freedom_of_panorama"></span> </p> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Japan/es#De_minimis" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Japan/es">COM:DM Japan</a></div> <h3 id="Japón" id="Japan" data-mw-thread-id="h-Japan-Leyes_de_países_específicos"><span id="Jap.C3.B3n"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Japan-Leyes_de_países_específicos"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/es:Jap%C3%B3n" class="extiw" title="w:es:Japón"><span title="island country in East Asia">Japón</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Japan-Leyes_de_países_específicos"></span></h3></div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <p>Copyright Act Article 30-2, amended in 2012, states: </p> <ul><li>Article 30-2: When creating a copyrighted work of photography, sound recording or video recording, other copyrighted items that are incidental subjects of the work because they are hard to be separated from the item that is a subject of the work may be copied or translated along the work being created (only if they are minor components of the work being created). However, if, considering the kinds of the incidentally included works and the manner of the copying or translation, it unfairly is prejudicial to the interest of the copyright holders of the incidentally included works, they may not.</li></ul> </div><p><sup id="cite_ref-Bunka_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bunka-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span id="Freedom_of_panorama"></span> </p> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Netherlands/es#De_minimis" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Netherlands/es">COM:DM Netherlands</a></div> <h3 id="Países_Bajos" id="Netherlands" data-mw-thread-id="h-Netherlands-Leyes_de_países_específicos"><span id="Pa.C3.ADses_Bajos"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Netherlands-Leyes_de_países_específicos"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/es:Pa%C3%ADses_Bajos" class="extiw" title="w:es:Países Bajos"><span title="country in Northwestern Europe with territories in the Caribbean">Países Bajos</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Netherlands-Leyes_de_países_específicos"></span></h3></div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <p>The law of the Netherlands includes an article devoted to a situation where the copyright is not or barely relevant. This is called <i>de minimus</i> or <i>bagatel.</i> Based on this article, it is allowed to include work of other persons in an own work, but only if it is incidental or of minor significance. "Incidental" means that the presence of the copyrighted work is more or less <i>by chance</i>. Of <i>minor significance</i> means the copyrighted work is a small part of the work. </p> </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <p>Translated text from Art.18 of the Auteurswet of the Netherlands: </p> <dl><dd><i>The incidental processing of a copyrighted work as a part of minor significance in another work is not considered an infringement of the copyright of the first mentioned work.</i></dd></dl> </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <dl><dt>Sources</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wetten.overheid.nl/jci1.3:c:BWBR0001886&hoofdstuk=I&paragraaf=6&artikel=18a">Auteurswet art. 18a</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=560596f0-069d-49bc-ae51-1feba07b3d4b">Lexology.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shop.wolterskluwer.nl/Kort-begrip-van-het-intellectuele-eigendomsrecht-sNPKBINTER">Understanding intellectual property (In Dutch)</a></li></ul> </div> <p><span id="Freedom_of_panorama"></span> </p> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Morocco/es#De_minimis" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Morocco/es">COM:DM Morocco</a></div> <h3 id="Marruecos" id="Morocco" data-mw-thread-id="h-Morocco-Leyes_de_países_específicos"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Morocco-Leyes_de_países_específicos"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/es:Marruecos" class="extiw" title="w:es:Marruecos"><span title="sovereign state in North Africa">Marruecos</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Morocco-Leyes_de_países_específicos"></span></h3></div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <p>"It shall be permitted, without the author’s authorization or payment of a fee, to republish, broadcast or communicate to the public by cable an image of a work of architecture, a work of fine art, a photographic work, or a work of applied art which is permanently located in a place open to the public, unless the image of the work is the main subject of such a reproduction, broadcast or communication and if it is used for commercial purposes".<span style="color:gray;font-size:80%;"><sup>[1-05-192/2006 Art.20]</sup></span> </p> </div> <p><span id="Threshold_of_originality"></span> </p> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Peru/es#De_minimis" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Peru/es">COM:DM Peru</a></div> <h3 id="Perú" id="Peru" data-mw-thread-id="h-Peru-Leyes_de_países_específicos"><span id="Per.C3.BA"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Peru-Leyes_de_países_específicos"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/es:Per%C3%BA" class="extiw" title="w:es:Perú"><span title="sovereign state in South America">Perú</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Peru-Leyes_de_países_específicos"></span></h3></div><p> Hay una sutil mención sobre "de minimis" en determinados casos: </p><ul><li>Medios de comunicación para uso privado, actos educativos sin ánimo de lucro o extractos de obras musicales en actos oficiales.<span style="color:gray;font-size:80%;"><sup>[822/1996 Art.41(a, b and c)]</sup></span> Es decir, es el equivalente al <a href="/wiki/Commons:Fair_use/es" title="Commons:Fair use/es">Uso justo</a> y no está permitido a subirse en Commons.</li> <li>Difusión de citas conocidas y de la actualidad en cualquier medio de comunicación.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "La excepción prevista [...] se interpretará de forma restrictiva y no podrá aplicarse a casos contrarios a la práctica habitual".<span style="color:gray;font-size:80%;"><sup>[822/1996 Art. 44-45, 50 y Decisión 351 Art. 22]</sup></span></li> <li><b>No ser objeto de un plagio inteligente</b> (también mencionado en el Artículo 217c del Código Penal, 2007)</li> <li>Parodias: Permitido con base legal.<span style="color:gray;font-size:80%;"><sup>[822/1996 Art. 49]</sup></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jurisprudenciaderechocomercial.blogspot.com/2013/05/indecopi-derecho-de-autor-plagio.html">Resolución N° 0864-2007/TPI-INDECOPI</a> (y también Nº 4372-2013/TPI-INDECOPI) señala que la obra es una infracción si el diseño adopta <a href="/wiki/Commons:Obras_derivadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Commons:Obras derivadas">similitudes o derivaciones</a> de otra sin la intención de parodia (plagio ordinario o sustancial). El mejor ejemplo es la serie de televisión del 2008 <i>Magnolia Merino</i>, que cumple con el concepto de parodia al tratar un tema de interés público desde otro punto de vista artístico con fragmentos basados en el escenario, la personificación y la musicalización de <i>Magaly TeVe</i> (véase Resolución Nº 3251-2010/SC1-INDECOPI).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Incidental: En el caso <i>APSAV contra Arkinka S.A.</i> (Anuario Andino 19 de agosto de 2004, basado en la Resolución Nº 243-2001/ODA-INDECOPI) se ha aplicado la limitación del uso de obras de terceros cuando "la aparición dentro de la obra debe ser incidental". La libertad de panorama también se menciona y justifica tanto en la Decisión 351 como en el DL 822 con el término "lugares públicos" como "museos públicos".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><span id="Freedom_of_panorama"></span> </p> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis/es#De_minimis" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Saint Kitts and Nevis/es">COM:DM Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></div> <h3 id="San_Cristóbal_y_Nieves" id="Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" data-mw-thread-id="h-Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis-Leyes_de_países_específicos"><span id="San_Crist.C3.B3bal_y_Nieves"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis-Leyes_de_países_específicos"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/es:San_Crist%C3%B3bal_y_Nieves" class="extiw" title="w:es:San Cristóbal y Nieves"><span title="island sovereign state in the Caribbean Sea">San Cristóbal y Nieves</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis-Leyes_de_países_específicos"></span></h3></div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <ul><li>Copyright in a work shall not be infringed (a) by its incidental inclusion in an artistic work, sound recording film, broadcast or cable programme; or (b) by the issue to the public of copies of the playing, showing, broadcasting or inclusion in a cable programme service of anything whose making was not an infringement of copyright by virtue of paragraph (a) of this section.<span style="color:gray;font-size:80%;"><sup>[18.08/2000 Section 55]</sup></span></li></ul> </div> <p><span id="Freedom_of_panorama"></span> </p> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Singapore/es#De_minimis" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Singapore/es">COM:DM Singapore</a></div> <h3 id="Singapur" id="Singapore" data-mw-thread-id="h-Singapore-Leyes_de_países_específicos"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Singapore-Leyes_de_países_específicos"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/es:Singapur" class="extiw" title="w:es:Singapur"><span title="sovereign island country and city-state in maritime Southeast Asia">Singapur</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Singapore-Leyes_de_países_específicos"></span></h3></div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <p>Under section 10(1) of the <i>Copyright Act (Cap. 63, 2006 Rev. Ed.)</i> of Singapore, unless a contrary intention appears: </p> <ul><li>a reference to the doing of an act in relation to a work or other subject-matter shall be read as including a reference to the doing of that act in relation to a substantial part of the work or other subject-matter; and</li> <li>a reference to a reproduction, adaptation or copy of a work shall be read as including a reference to a reproduction, adaptation or copy of a substantial part of the work, as the case may be.</li></ul> </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <p>Therefore, acts done in relation to insubstantial parts of a work or other subject-matter do not breach copyright. </p> </div> <p><span id="Freedom_of_panorama"></span> </p> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Slovenia/es#De_minimis" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Slovenia/es">COM:DM Slovenia</a></div> <h3 id="Eslovenia" id="Slovenia" data-mw-thread-id="h-Slovenia-Leyes_de_países_específicos"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Slovenia-Leyes_de_países_específicos"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/es:Eslovenia" class="extiw" title="w:es:Eslovenia"><span title="country in Central Europe">Eslovenia</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Slovenia-Leyes_de_países_específicos"></span></h3></div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <p>Article 52 of the Copyright and Related Rights Act: </p> <ul><li>"Such disclosed works that may be regarded as accessory works of secondary importance with regard to the actual purpose of some material object, may be used freely while exploiting such object."<span style="color:gray;font-size:80%;"><sup>[2007 Art.52]</sup></span></li></ul> </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <p>Article 52 has been interpreted by the copyright expert Miha Trampuž in his book <i>Copyright and Related Rights Act with Commentary</i>. He has highlighted the following aspects: the work must have been disclosed, it must have been incidental with another object or work, it could be at will replaced with another work, and it is inessential in the copyright sense to the object or work. </p> </div><p><sup id="cite_ref-Trampuž1997_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trampuž1997-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <p>See <a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Postcard_of_Ljubljana,_Pre%C5%A1eren_Square_(3).jpg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Postcard of Ljubljana, Prešeren Square (3).jpg">Commons:Deletion requests/File:Postcard of Ljubljana, Prešeren Square (3).jpg</a>. </p> </div> <p><span id="Freedom_of_panorama"></span> </p> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/South_Korea/es#De_minimis" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/South Korea/es">COM:DM South Korea</a></div> <h3 id="Corea_del_Sur" id="South_Korea" data-mw-thread-id="h-South_Korea-Leyes_de_países_específicos"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-South_Korea-Leyes_de_países_específicos"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/es:Corea_del_Sur" class="extiw" title="w:es:Corea del Sur"><span title="country in East Asia">Corea del Sur</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-South_Korea-Leyes_de_países_específicos"></span></h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helicopter_view_of_Seoul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Helicopter_view_of_Seoul.jpg/240px-Helicopter_view_of_Seoul.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Helicopter_view_of_Seoul.jpg/360px-Helicopter_view_of_Seoul.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Helicopter_view_of_Seoul.jpg/480px-Helicopter_view_of_Seoul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="2340"/></a><figcaption><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This photo is not copyright infringement because Lotte World Tower is not main object in this image, it's incidentally included.</span></figcaption></figure> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <p>Under the <i>Copyright Act (as amended up to Act No. 16600 of November 26, 2019)</i>, </p> <dl><dd>Article 35-3 (Incidental Inclusion, etc.),</dd> <dd>A work seen or heard in the courses of photographing, voice recording, or video recording (hereinafter referred to as "shooting, etc." in this Article), where it is incidentally included in the main object of shooting, etc., may be reproduced, distributed, performed in public, displayed, or publicly transmited. That where it unreasonably prejudices the interest of the holder of author's economic right in light of the type and nature of the used work, the purpose and character of use, etc, the same shall not apply.</dd></dl> </div> <p><span id="Freedom_of_panorama"></span> </p> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/Sweden/es#De_minimis" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/Sweden/es">COM:DM Sweden</a></div> <h3 id="Suecia" id="Sweden" data-mw-thread-id="h-Sweden-Leyes_de_países_específicos"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Sweden-Leyes_de_países_específicos"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/es:Suecia" class="extiw" title="w:es:Suecia"><span title="country in Northern Europe">Suecia</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Sweden-Leyes_de_países_específicos"></span></h3></div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <p>Article 20a of the copyright law as of 2017 says: </p> </div> <ul><li><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">It is allowed for a film or television program to include copies of works of art or public performances and transfer the artwork to the public, as long as the copy is of secondary importance with respect to the film or television program content. This may be done with artwork that appears in the background of, or otherwise forms an insignificant portion of an image.</span><span style="color:gray;font-size:80%;"><sup>[729/1960-2017 §20a]</sup></span></li></ul> <p><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">These are <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_close-ltr-destructive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></span></span> <b> </b>:</span> </p> <ul><li><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Thumbnail-sized photos on a screenshot - copyvio of two of the thumbnail-sized photos</span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lagen.nu/dom/nja/2010s135">NJA 2010 p. 135</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://infotorgjuridik.se/premium/mittijuridiken/praktikerartiklar/article147404.ece">[1]</a>)</li> <li><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">People on a scene with decorations in the background - copyvio of the background</span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lagen.nu/dom/nja/1981s313">NJA 1981 p. 313</a>)</li></ul> <p><span id="Freedom_of_panorama"></span> </p> <div class="crt-section-header" dir="ltr"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r355912508"><div class="crt-section-transcludedfrom">Text transcluded from<br/><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright_rules_by_territory/United_Kingdom/es#De_minimis" title="Commons:Copyright rules by territory/United Kingdom/es">COM:DM United Kingdom</a></div> <h3 id="Reino_Unido" id="United_Kingdom" data-mw-thread-id="h-United_Kingdom-Leyes_de_países_específicos"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-United_Kingdom-Leyes_de_países_específicos"></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/es:Reino_Unido" class="extiw" title="w:es:Reino Unido"><span title="country in north-west Europe (1920s-)">Reino Unido</span></a><span data-mw-comment-end="h-United_Kingdom-Leyes_de_países_específicos"></span></h3></div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <p>Section 31 of the UK Copyright, Designs and patents Act 1988, as subsequently amended in 2003, states that: </p> <ul><li>Copyright in a work is not infringed by its incidental inclusion in an artistic work, sound recording, film, or broadcast.</li></ul> </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <p>"Artistic work", as defined within the act, includes photographs. </p> </div><p><span id="FOP"></span> </p><p><span id="Freedom_of_panorama"></span> </p><p><br/> <span id="Crops_of_de_minimis_images"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Recortes_de_imágenes_de_minimis" data-mw-thread-id="h-Recortes_de_imágenes_de_minimis"><span id="Recortes_de_im.C3.A1genes_de_minimis"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Recortes_de_imágenes_de_minimis"></span>Recortes de imágenes <i>de minimis</i><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Recortes_de_imágenes_de_minimis"></span></h2></div> <p>Dado que una imagen admisible en virtud del principio "de minimis" debe incluir necesariamente algún material protegido por derechos de autor, se deduce que dichas imágenes no pueden recortarse a voluntad. En el caso de una fotografía que incluya un afiche, aunque el fotógrafo pueda defenderse de la infracción en virtud del principio "de minimis", esto no anula los derechos de autor del diseñador original del afiche. Si alguien toma la fotografía y la recorta para que sólo quede el afiche, la defensa <i>de minimis</i> ya no se ampara, ya que el diseño del cartel se convierte en una parte esencial del recorte. Por lo tanto, la versión recortada infringe los derechos de autor y no puede ser aceptada en Commons. </p><p>Obsérvese que el mero hecho de que una imagen admisible en virtud de "de minimis" "permita" recortarse para crear una que no sea admisible no implica que la obra original no sea "de minimis" después de todo. Incluso las imágenes de muy alta resolución, en las que los detalles incidentales pueden recuperarse y ampliarse de forma fiable, deben verse como un todo desde una distancia de visión normal y que se considera lo suficiente para el principio "de minimis". </p><p><span id="Examples"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Ejemplos" data-mw-thread-id="h-Ejemplos"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Ejemplos"></span>Ejemplos<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Ejemplos"></span></h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" title="Casos de ''de minimis''"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skyline-Dubai-2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Burj Khalifa (UAE permite la libertad de las panorámicas sólo cuando se utilizan en programas de difusión.) (DR)"><img alt="Burj Khalifa (UAE permite la libertad de las panorámicas sólo cuando se utilizan en programas de difusión.) (DR)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Skyline-Dubai-2010.jpg/120px-Skyline-Dubai-2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Skyline-Dubai-2010.jpg/180px-Skyline-Dubai-2010.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Skyline-Dubai-2010.jpg/240px-Skyline-Dubai-2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3570" data-file-height="1761"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Burj Khalifa (<a href="/wiki/Template:NoFoP-UAE" title="Template:NoFoP-UAE">UAE permite la libertad de las panorámicas sólo cuando se utilizan en programas de difusión.</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Skyline-Dubai-2010.jpg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Skyline-Dubai-2010.jpg">DR</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museu_Valenci%C3%A0_de_la_Il%C2%B7lustraci%C3%B3_i_la_Modernitat,_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Quizás una serie de fotografías expuestas en un museo → de minimis (DR)"><img alt="Quizás una serie de fotografías expuestas en un museo → de minimis (DR)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Museu_Valenci%C3%A0_de_la_Il%C2%B7lustraci%C3%B3_i_la_Modernitat%2C_interior.jpg/120px-Museu_Valenci%C3%A0_de_la_Il%C2%B7lustraci%C3%B3_i_la_Modernitat%2C_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Museu_Valenci%C3%A0_de_la_Il%C2%B7lustraci%C3%B3_i_la_Modernitat%2C_interior.jpg/180px-Museu_Valenci%C3%A0_de_la_Il%C2%B7lustraci%C3%B3_i_la_Modernitat%2C_interior.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Museu_Valenci%C3%A0_de_la_Il%C2%B7lustraci%C3%B3_i_la_Modernitat%2C_interior.jpg/240px-Museu_Valenci%C3%A0_de_la_Il%C2%B7lustraci%C3%B3_i_la_Modernitat%2C_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3664" data-file-height="2706"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Quizás una serie de fotografías expuestas en un museo → de minimis (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Museu_Valencia_de_la_Il%C2%B7lustraci%C3%B3_i_la_Modernitat,_interior.JPGG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Museu Valencia de la Il·lustració i la Modernitat, interior.JPGG (page does not exist)">DR</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:17723_EscherMuseum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trabajo artístico por Escher en el centro (DR)"><img alt="Trabajo artístico por Escher en el centro (DR)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/17723_EscherMuseum.jpg/120px-17723_EscherMuseum.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/17723_EscherMuseum.jpg/180px-17723_EscherMuseum.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/17723_EscherMuseum.jpg/240px-17723_EscherMuseum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3895" data-file-height="2479"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Trabajo artístico por Escher en el centro (<a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:17723_EscherMuseum.jpg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:17723 EscherMuseum.jpg">DR</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Expo_2005_Aichi_Japan_in_Nagakute_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Puerta norte de la Expo 2005 Aichi Japón con obras protegidas por derechos de autor en su muro"><img alt="Puerta norte de la Expo 2005 Aichi Japón con obras protegidas por derechos de autor en su muro" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Expo_2005_Aichi_Japan_in_Nagakute_02.jpg/120px-Expo_2005_Aichi_Japan_in_Nagakute_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Expo_2005_Aichi_Japan_in_Nagakute_02.jpg/180px-Expo_2005_Aichi_Japan_in_Nagakute_02.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Expo_2005_Aichi_Japan_in_Nagakute_02.jpg/240px-Expo_2005_Aichi_Japan_in_Nagakute_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Puerta norte de la Expo 2005 Aichi Japón con obras protegidas por derechos de autor en su muro</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:4X-AHC_Martin_Harrison.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="La obra de arte de un pez volador que cubre el avión se considera incidental (DR)"><img alt="La obra de arte de un pez volador que cubre el avión se considera incidental (DR)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/4X-AHC_Martin_Harrison.jpg/120px-4X-AHC_Martin_Harrison.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/4X-AHC_Martin_Harrison.jpg/180px-4X-AHC_Martin_Harrison.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/4X-AHC_Martin_Harrison.jpg/240px-4X-AHC_Martin_Harrison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3220" data-file-height="2208"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">La obra de arte de un pez volador que cubre el avión se considera <i>incidental</i> (<a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:4X-AHC_Martin_Harrison.jpg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:4X-AHC Martin Harrison.jpg">DR</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Helicopter_view_of_Seoul.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lotte World Tower (Corea del Sur permite la libertad de panorama sólo con fines no comerciales.) (DR)"><img alt="Lotte World Tower (Corea del Sur permite la libertad de panorama sólo con fines no comerciales.) (DR)" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Helicopter_view_of_Seoul.jpg/120px-Helicopter_view_of_Seoul.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Helicopter_view_of_Seoul.jpg/180px-Helicopter_view_of_Seoul.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Helicopter_view_of_Seoul.jpg/240px-Helicopter_view_of_Seoul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="2340"/></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lotte World Tower (<a href="/wiki/Template:NoFoP-South_Korea" title="Template:NoFoP-South Korea">Corea del Sur permite la libertad de panorama sólo con fines no comerciales.</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Commons:Deletion_requests/File:Lotte_world_tower.jpg" title="Commons:Deletion requests/File:Lotte world tower.jpg">DR</a>)</div> </li> </ul> <p><br/> <span id="See_also"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Véase_también" data-mw-thread-id="h-Véase_también"><span id="V.C3.A9ase_tambi.C3.A9n"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Véase_también"></span>Véase también<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Véase_también"></span></h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Threshold_of_originality/es" title="Commons:Threshold of originality/es">Commons:Umbral de originalidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Freedom_of_panorama/es" title="Commons:Freedom of panorama/es">Commons:Libertad de panorama</a></li> <li>Una discusión sobre <a href="/wiki/Commons:Village_pump/Copyright/Archive/2011/09#de_minimis_in_videos?!" title="Commons:Village pump/Copyright/Archive/2011/09">de minimis en videos</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.bepress.com/expresso/eps/796/">Cromer, Julie, <i>Harry Potter and the Three-Second Crime: Are We Vanishing the De Minimis Defense from Copyright Law?</i></a></li></ul> <p><span id="Notes"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Notas" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notas"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notas"></span>Notas<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notas"></span></h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r950053299">.mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#F0F2F5;color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#CCFFCC;color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#14181F;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#003500;color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#14181F;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#003500;color:inherit}}</style> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk mw-collapsed" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-other" style="background: {{{bg}}}; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center;"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em">Algunas citas pueden no haber sido transcluidas</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32001L0029:EN:HTML">Directive 2001/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2001 on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society</a>. <i>Official Journal L 167</i> 10-19 (22 June 2001). Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2019-03-20">2019-03-20</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CC567-2005-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CC567-2005_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>CC567-2005</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">... Attendu qu’ayant relevé que, telle que figurant dans les vues en cause, l’oeuvre de MM. X... et Z... se fondait dans l’ensemble architectural de la place des Terreaux dont elle constituait un simple élément, la cour d’appel en a exactement déduit qu’une telle présentation de l’oeuvre litigieuse était accessoire au sujet traité, résidant dans la représentation de la place, de sorte qu’elle ne réalisait pas la communication de cette oeuvre au public ...</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bundesgerichtshof 17 November 2014, case I ZR 177/13 <i>Möbelkatalog</i>, (2015) 68 NJW 2119 [16].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">M Vogel, "§ 57" in U Loewenheim, M Leistner, and A Ohly (eds), <i>Schricker/Loewenheim: Urheberrecht</i> (5th edn, Beck 2017) para 8; T Dreier, "§ 57" in T Dreier and G Schulze (eds), <i>Urheberrechtsgesetz</i> (7th edn, Beck 2022) para 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bundesgerichtshof 17 November 2014, case I ZR 177/13 <i>Möbelkatalog</i>, (2015) 68 NJW 2119 [26f].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bundesgerichtshof 17 November 2014, case I ZR 177/13 <i>Möbelkatalog</i>, (2015) 68 NJW 2119 [27].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bundesgerichtshof 17 November 2014, case I ZR 177/13 <i>Möbelkatalog</i>, (2015) 68 NJW 2119 [27].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bundesgerichtshof 17 November 2014, case I ZR 177/13 <i>Möbelkatalog</i>, (2015) 68 NJW 2119 [31].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Appeals court level or higher.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">R Jacobs, "Was ist "beiläufig"? Ein Beitrag zu § 57 UrhG" in W Büscher and others (eds), <i>Rechtsdurchsetzung: Rechtsverwirklichung durch materielles Recht und Verfahrensrecht. Festschrift für Hans-Jürgen Ahrens zum 70. Geburtstag</i> (Heymanns 2016), 225; FL Stang, <i>"Bundesgerichtshof 17 November 2014, case I ZR 177/13"</i> (2015) 117 GRUR 670 (note).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bundesgerichtshof 10 January 2019, case I ZR 267/15 <i>Cordoba II</i>, (2019) 121 GRUR 813 [59].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oberlandesgericht München 13 March 2008, case 29 U 5826/07, (2008) 12 ZUM-RD 554.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamina2002-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kamina2002_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>Kamina2002</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Bunka-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bunka_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>Bunka</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmitz Vaccaro, Christian (september 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revistas.?uexternado.edu.co/index.php/propin/article/view/3918/4351">Journalistic work in latin american legislations: from its creation to self-management of copyright</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(in Spanish)</span>. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2020-10-06">2020-10-06</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">Murillo Chávez, Javier André (july 2014). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revistas.pucp.edu.pe/index.php/actualidadmercantil/article/view/14961">De Dumb Starbucks y Otros Demonios ¿La Parodia Justifica El Uso de Marca Ajena?</a>". <i>Actualidad Jurídica</i>: 86-88. <span lang="en" dir="ltr"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN" class="extiw" title="en:ISSN"><span lang="en" dir="ltr">ISSN</span></a></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1812-9552">1812-9552</a>. Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2021-12-15">2021-12-15</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anuarioandino.com/Anuarios/Anuario01/art16/ANUARIO%20ANDINO%20ART16.pdf">Caso ARKINKA</a> <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(in Spanish)</span>. Anuario Andino (2004). Retrieved on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2021-08-23">2021-08-23</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trampuž1997-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Trampuž1997_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>Trampuž1997</code></span></li> </ol></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Normativas_y_directrices_de_Wikimedia_Commons" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" lang="es" dir="ltr" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commons_policies_and_guidelines" title="Template:Commons policies and guidelines"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none 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directrices</a> de Wikimedia Commons</span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_policies" title="Category:Commons policies">Normativas</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:auto;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proyecto</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:auto;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:General_disclaimer" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:General disclaimer">Aviso legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Project_scope" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Project scope">Alcance del proyecto</a> <ul><li><a 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title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Use of gender neutral language">Uso de un lenguaje neutro de género</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contenido</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:auto;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Licensing" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Licensing">Sobre las licencias</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:De_minimis" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:De minimis">De minimis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Fair_use" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Fair use">Uso razonable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:When_to_use_the_PD-Art_tag" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:When to use the PD-Art tag">Cuándo usar la etiqueta PD-Art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Deletion_policy" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Deletion policy">Normas de borrado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Criteria_for_speedy_deletion" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Criteria for speedy deletion">Criterios para el borrado rápido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Revision_deletion" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Revision deletion">Borrado de ediciones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Language_policy" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Language policy">Política de idiomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Categories" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Categories">Política de categorías</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comportamiento</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:auto;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Blocking_policy" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Blocking policy">Normativa de bloqueos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Protection_policy" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Protection policy">Protección de páginas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Administrators/De-adminship" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Administrators/De-adminship">Revocación de los privilegios de administrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Paid_contribution_disclosure_policy" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Paid contribution disclosure policy">Divulgación de contribuciones pagadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Translation_administrators/Policy" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Translation administrators/Policy">Administradores de traducción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Signatures" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Signatures">Firmas</a></li> <li><a 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es</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Non-copyright_restrictions" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Non-copyright restrictions">Restricciones no relacionadas con los derechos de autor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Fan_art" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Fan art">Arte del fan (Fanart)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Nudity" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Nudity">Desnudez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Photographs_of_identifiable_people" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Photographs of identifiable people">Fotografías de personas identificables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Derivative_works" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Derivative works">Trabajos derivados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:When_to_use_the_PD-scan_tag" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:When to use the PD-scan tag">Cuándo usar la etiqueta PD-scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Galleries" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Galleries">Galerías</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Image_annotations" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Image annotations">Notas en las imágenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:File_naming" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:File naming"><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">File naming</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:File_renaming" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:File renaming">Renombrar un archivo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Overwriting_existing_files" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Overwriting existing files">Sobrescribir archivos existentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Grandfathered_old_files" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Grandfathered old files">Antiguos archivos apadrinados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:AI-generated_media" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:AI-generated media"><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">AI-generated media</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comportamiento</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:auto;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Assume_good_faith" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Assume good faith">Presume buena fe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Copyleft_trolling" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Copyleft trolling"><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Copyleft trolling</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Ownership_of_pages_and_files" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Ownership of pages and files">Propiedad de páginas y archivos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Talk_page_guidelines" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Talk page guidelines">Recomendaciones de páginas de discusión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:User-specific_galleries,_templates_and_categories" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:User-specific galleries, templates and categories">Galerías, plantillas y categorías específicas del usuario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Administrators" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Administrators">Administradores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Vandalism" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Vandalism">Vandalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Rollback" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Rollback">Reversor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Patrol" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Patrol">Verificador</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_licensing_help" title="Category:Commons licensing help">Ayuda sobre licencias</a><br/>(<a href="/wiki/Commons:Village_pump/Copyright" title="Commons:Village pump/Copyright">Café</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:auto;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Choosing_a_license" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Choosing a license">Escogiendo una licencia</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:auto;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Copyright_rules" title="Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Copyright rules">Reglas de derechos de autor</a></li> <li><a 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