CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '91c6d158c8e2fcea',cH: 'JF2Co_yjB2c0zmEQUWcpCukdg5Y3Ufn9N0gofpigqfM-1741316166-1.2.1.1-FV19zmb6S4poh4v94QWI2dYJ0Jws1Bao72f9_Eq0N3yDq1cS4NghyU102.zF9W2K',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=actuator%20faults&__cf_chl_tk=nskGSRD1Gou_l0Z0_0.cQqVvfSul9CuwCe8a3Gn2pH0-1741316166-1.0.1.1-Fdh30x92epcTU8G1nvQKBSw.ULMTh8Eo3xEt9JT4EK0",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1741316166',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=actuator%20faults&__cf_chl_f_tk=nskGSRD1Gou_l0Z0_0.cQqVvfSul9CuwCe8a3Gn2pH0-1741316166-1.0.1.1-Fdh30x92epcTU8G1nvQKBSw.ULMTh8Eo3xEt9JT4EK0",md: "TYaD5YmUENWiXH9edoT3XneBRQ8gXkvNHi6ZOTes.gU-1741316166-1.2.1.1-3tqo9DDdVyZRFq.DRi6k8TkyWu85C8.jERm39O5bS9t2.La43JTqvuJmlgH7DJHR.skzgR.ZQHYLSP1KZFT12Ro7wgQ_GvBXdwMKqM_gd0bW.jWB9Y4smPooQ.6bWpl8PCFJby84z0yR3kPoarmKRF4pQtc44kC5SKS1a0wP_xU6soAfdb.3.dgp86Qok2indid2vPnx3iht3sXEsaxIR1cWaJZCf9PlRzaJs7AcB1jjJcyxezbuLiaeO0Wo11mw3OI8A_pw0uC4vtvs9A.iNIx43Wuypz03SVWQLYm3OT9ik6dBB62mDxqeFwwaLJSJsrJ6eFxi_g_ROG4xN1kDpRmIbLdVii3kllPc0R_GNH9nKvkScYlS2mt33B3m3TLgG3kqWYF9_gQ.OldFtwnvdwP2W3xpjdynjju8YmTj3Fnv2_rN3B0t5VoZvaJL4zB9wFrUsO44lrhheBxbWi_Hoz72zzbPpF61ogiYgqIbQ0sm2K_dcKjd9xp8GuET4eTlN9im9PJCx2lzwExH2wp9UXcZh1SS7qgCoh_N5U8YqA78PNI39pXtdpZLulB9sXlr.PHdC.k9RuNo09me_LnSPmaLrhUAZ580zilJ9Oob2HptVqL121wX8.mgj_B.LGONlC7zug6uk21mL1TuC6K7PsDlWgG2VL6RE4fPsb1uUPylQRcwZ4VYfyt.NVLWqddt_KhEKybGTXEg1rl1vwxN9k8BNQwLfWEHYn6nhjxO2tDxMyoDpuMyHkWV.t7BREODYyvgP62ItBFgLaSjZ8Wakm7B.YY6MiP0DiyuR90Hmcg69oxVhNNq3jq9DomsWaqclvpHelyKzO4.iwWpJLqRaQSPtjeNC1qgOtfhGae37t9XRPqnQJYoodfOPcg2A3bIeufWJPaxy.BcpSx_XUuBz_YsaOtH.QVpyWSBqLozAJlW._E3iMNgpQ2.K5O5Nnu4e4xlxXX_Jbpc5kuoFoD8IM.BPPHqtnsbAdJdlm14EfRjoUBV5kz7dT7lDqLvcVrDrsT7SlVSBQssrEPIkQsB9M5QuFxHh82Sn5L6hzHB.AlRAbFkA1I14Pz7jbgwuPXtLwbkeYywItbx1CwVRSFGQBCLWAnE8P.qKcOZoLD1e4cYfxKjQTySL0xPnZxXCBk80BbE1PSHFL8wdaMiN4eD3wxuyoxlNuj0k.Pg3aJFxJErStB1YUKoj8HN71PRhDjWQ9PfLfjtV4qce9xvCYb_LQhJTv1uzftBlS1hL7zGIxNdJMPnoLfoTnjkIF71FDRRilBFntqAJx.qxWFCHVcBBg",mdrd: "dPgqjj8x8_r6MGY3Z629efXezgKH7kT49K.Q8KjDKvA-1741316166-1.2.1.1-KY_9y.1ROAIvmvFNxCDq1lE49VxU17EVwfuy8tNMvJ9t7KPKx1bpSxwKhFEjmYmV8wbzCHSg7CcGb82vULAnuhQC7jPg68OTyEtcIJc2zMI5wdXgsZ7hB5jfLUZQyKJnka4PHgt_hfq.Tfi4hxJfWVOPvxqQIGq3bl_GoxqdnxKhpR5yS53PJ1p2W0BkhAAiINxgMbTagu6Ui0v0x9_pgPKTwchLowhFwpSo4g9h42njkbbDs1pQhMlu0j.RDReT44JRcBc6lc0c9sw3IAssN8clx2DN9fHcmjM49tXKuXwx1t2CXE44vE.DWmafn8t1fh2sXf_bQtYD8WkMeml1Gx0PQt7cBIU.GDcYpTNjbkjeaj4nqarrU.IsaSf8r44Tu2Ton7RKK_dlIZyduPlZ9MVkWxjVY7.E5ah6n1yZtqW9plydX60S2uCMczetaDcW6QROPV0V5uaDaqT6xbkg8TOpiqLpP1VNsLsLwxuQXVEdJ6HCwUdrtg2Vx3hPUG0dbogftZpTD7oQ2pBW8n3qZ.X8QJ903abfB.fVNDil32iOSAOL_vpPLhznTLoUcOK3ClpZwOZ_XlmdbKX7ZqpgAZwn4Bq9pvi78ZyAaYbilPmUJEugGqrGDfb5v3kYMN184m7CV6rdgB9f3xF_gEOlVZ9qL9TcYX0DNXUMXcWhSwIm4qcqrb64eMN38Ob06ApXheJQBXFA1wawyJjeDY.MhNPN5iGDaE_UThCOCdfxObvNtm_77PlFrEbN4dn96vS3GNgfr4ZJppqTo1JRy9jE57NdkFB7Olsu_WCNuCP9YZMXQ9hsGQUBWeWyXd8SddlxvjRgLv23wkr_EcI94WD6IutrrVqlIbgPa0DgPFuU9Cf5RIAF0E53NXBw6smLEKSCyAYNWU..DWAn4ptgSkU5Em7gDJyrkkP2ro6KPa.H_0y2YEqLBMczcV_IhBHy.SXAmTbpsYm5Is1IFfSsgfMuuPp2MhivuXpJFKBopJlG5lwKczQPJ.4oXGwFx0k1j3_ppTonwVugspZuWZuRxtz4kLTcfhG4FX7ekLpmN11NXuxbeGYSOIHgNSrJzdqtxM14x6TqNSnidKLmFnY94OD0ZbbDMwzy.7HkhI.fEXwCHZxoPoYiHCxE.sRN5Usgb.Dta.Npllk5iOd44fmVJ8BG8Vlmd55fcBT693PJIF73pjrfwUv2JtpaY2.K4UhgrwWbmDvUUdDA7GUIPmh34YHrqXqAF77BNlgZ0hG4nsnQtTZRfBKLYLt6gvTLl6F7CWR_3np7dAoPfgOLlv5jCVHyNnBAQxFdLpLTVHOc6DcV1_FaZ1SbwTcy2wQj88bs6DLL199M8Qv9VJfW47z0lq.zQQqc45EDPibgl9Phd4dwpLHYGjmOpEU7zdcfksmIoNXmNK06u.Sr4Vp5EMm5TJYgH_QjzuBKnzgy6ZE5gPiLKPbwM.6aHfZ7BWc1PaSxBzB7hJK5jxuysnEujq4r6Zidm.L6pFub10IBT9gp5volfcAAQn16o9IfPgMjdBs5nR02fOvFSmZ5_MO3hIHqcijkI0Vv98HZ0pfW_ZTcoxk04J3rdbNJsXw.5YcCzUFp_QqHR8f29NmK5PJZfcJgv3btk0oQERM9bRrCzdj0wIhwcrVDlc1NPxLVx_mramkeyM0yesV.P54MU77JfTxxjzTk3uYLW4D7hi9KDGHDtqhhcztakKOc9iwYWynxKGFfLYmpqlHqn2HmF3r1xV0Tc3F5Ir_IxkGfyMVYVipEzUOcptkvb0SdkJ.MV_SYSDtrj5mmKCMyv9TnGdVt5BA9MTyNQbFi6SGY8gbBUxkcSgmdIMWAmHNpJnxSRj11jlETWyJk0h5Kzog085EQT5eu210WODtNlNCWV9DQHcUrCjnp2YzFIDtyVNDXxoaRxfvtWO5ZntgVjcYo084H5ftK80g19P0Qk52ZXXlNojTDghCVSm7maygHpLtr5caZfAxUIYs_p47zBzq9zBffoqePCv1uaA"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91c6d158c8e2fcea';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=actuator%20faults&__cf_chl_rt_tk=nskGSRD1Gou_l0Z0_0.cQqVvfSul9CuwCe8a3Gn2pH0-1741316166-1.0.1.1-Fdh30x92epcTU8G1nvQKBSw.ULMTh8Eo3xEt9JT4EK0" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>