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[r]" accesskey="r"><span>Апошнія зьмены</span></a></li><li id="n-newpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96"><span>Новыя старонкі</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Месца, каб пра ўсё даведацца"><span>Дапамога</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Вікіпэдыя" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-be_x_old.svg" style="width: 7.5em; 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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Увайсьці</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Болей парамэтраў" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Асабістыя прылады" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Асабістыя прылады</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Карыстацкае мэню" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_be-x-old.wikipedia.org&uselang=be-tarask"><span>Ахвяраваньні</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%8C_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA&returnto=SQL" title="Мы прапануем вам стварыць уліковы запіс і ўвайсьці, але гэта не абавязкова"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Стварыць уліковы запіс</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%A3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D1%83_%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%83&returnto=SQL" title="Вас запрашаюць увайсьці, хаця гэта і неабавязкова. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Увайсьці</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Старонкі для неаўтарызаваных рэдактараў <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0:%D0%A3%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B" aria-label="Даведайцеся пра рэдагаваньне болей"><span>даведацца болей</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%91%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Сьпіс рэдагаваньняў, зробленых з гэтага IP-адрасу [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Унёсак</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Старонка гутарак пра рэдагаваньні, зробленыя з гэтага IP-адрасу [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Гутаркі</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сайт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Зьмест" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Зьмест</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">перанесьці ў бакавую панэль</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">схаваць</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Пачатак</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Назва" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Назва"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Назва</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Назва-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Апэратары" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Апэратары"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Апэратары</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Апэратары-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Перавагі" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Перавагі"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Перавагі</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Перавагі-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Пераключыць падразьдзел Перавагі</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Перавагі-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Незалежнасьць_ад_канкрэтнай_СКБЗ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Незалежнасьць_ад_канкрэтнай_СКБЗ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Незалежнасьць ад канкрэтнай СКБЗ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Незалежнасьць_ад_канкрэтнай_СКБЗ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Наяўнасьць_стандартаў" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Наяўнасьць_стандартаў"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Наяўнасьць стандартаў</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Наяўнасьць_стандартаў-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Дэклярацыйнасьць" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Дэклярацыйнасьць"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Дэклярацыйнасьць</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Дэклярацыйнасьць-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Недахопы" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Недахопы"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Недахопы</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Недахопы-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Пераключыць падразьдзел Недахопы</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Недахопы-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Неадпаведнасьць_рэляцыйнай_мадэлі_зьвестак" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Неадпаведнасьць_рэляцыйнай_мадэлі_зьвестак"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Неадпаведнасьць рэляцыйнай мадэлі зьвестак</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Неадпаведнасьць_рэляцыйнай_мадэлі_зьвестак-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Складанасьць" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Складанасьць"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Складанасьць</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Складанасьць-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Адыход_ад_стандартаў" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Адыход_ад_стандартаў"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Адыход ад стандартаў</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Адыход_ад_стандартаў-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Цяжкасьць_працы_з_герархічнымі_структурамі" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Цяжкасьць_працы_з_герархічнымі_структурамі"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Цяжкасьць працы з герархічнымі структурамі</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Цяжкасьць_працы_з_герархічнымі_структурамі-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Глядзіце_таксама" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Глядзіце_таксама"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Глядзіце таксама</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Глядзіце_таксама-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Крыніцы_і_заўвагі" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Крыніцы_і_заўвагі"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Крыніцы і заўвагі</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Крыніцы_і_заўвагі-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Літаратура" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Літаратура"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Літаратура</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Літаратура-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Зьмест" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Схаваць/паказаць зьмест" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Схаваць/паказаць зьмест</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">SQL</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Перайсьці да артыкула на іншай мове. Выбраць з: 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 моваў</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — швайцарская нямецкая" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="швайцарская нямецкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A9" title="لغة الاستعلامات المهيكلة — арабская" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة الاستعلامات المهيكلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — астурыйская" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурыйская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — азэрбайджанская" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азэрбайджанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B2" title="এসকিউএল — бэнгальская" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এসকিউএল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бэнгальская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — беларуская" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="беларуская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — баўгарская" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="баўгарская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — баварская" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="баварская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — басьнійская" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="басьнійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — брэтонская" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="брэтонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language — каталёнская" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталёнская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — чэская" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чэская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — валійская" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="валійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language — дацкая" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="дацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — нямецкая" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="нямецкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struktuurp%C3%A4ringukeel" title="Struktuurpäringukeel — эстонская" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Struktuurpäringukeel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — грэцкая" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="грэцкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — ангельская" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ангельская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — гішпанская" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="гішпанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — эспэранта" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="эспэранта" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — баскаўская" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскаўская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84" title="اس‌کیوال — пэрсыдзкая" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اس‌کیوال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="пэрсыдзкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language — француская" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="француская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teanga_Strucht%C3%BArtha_Iarratas" title="Teanga Struchtúrtha Iarratas — ірляндзкая" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teanga Struchtúrtha Iarratas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ірляндзкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — галіцыйская" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галіцыйская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — карэйская" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="карэйская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — армянская" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="армянская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="ऍसक्यूऍल — гіндзі" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऍसक्यूऍल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="гіндзі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — харвацкая" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="харвацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — інданэзійская" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="інданэзійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — інтэрлінгва" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="інтэрлінгва" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — ісьляндзкая" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ісьляндзкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language — італьянская" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="італьянская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — іўрыт" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="іўрыт" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — грузінская" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — казаская" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казаская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — курдзкая" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="курдзкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — кыргыская" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="кыргыская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — лацінская" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="лацінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — латыская" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латыская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — летувіская" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="летувіская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language — Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — вугорская" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="вугорская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — македонская" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BD." title="എസ്.ക്യു.എൽ. — малаяламская" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എസ്.ക്യു.എൽ." data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаяламская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — малайская" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — бірманская" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="бірманская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — нідэрляндзкая" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нідэрляндзкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — японская" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language — нарвэская (букмал)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="нарвэская (букмал)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — нарвэская (нюнашк)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="нарвэская (нюнашк)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — узбэцкая" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбэцкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B8.%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A.%E0%A8%90%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2" title="ਐੱਸ.ਕਿਊ.ਐੱਲ — панджабская" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐੱਸ.ਕਿਊ.ਐੱਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="панджабская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ایس کیو ایل — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایس کیو ایل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — польская" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="польская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — партугальская" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="партугальская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — румынская" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румынская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — кечуа" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="кечуа" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — расейская" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="расейская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — альбанская" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="альбанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language — спрошчаная ангельская" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="спрошчаная ангельская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language — славацкая" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="славацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — славенская" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="славенская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — сэрбская" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сэрбская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — сэрбскахарвацкая" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="сэрбскахарвацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — фінская" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language — швэдзкая" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="швэдзкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="கட்டமைப்புள்ள வினவு மொழி — тамільская" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கட்டமைப்புள்ள வினவு மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамільская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — татарская" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="татарская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — тэтумская" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="тэтумская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="ภาษาสอบถามเชิงโครงสร้าง — тайская" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาสอบถามเชิงโครงสร้าง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тайская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — таджыцкая" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="таджыцкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — турэцкая" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турэцкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — украінская" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ایس کیو ایل — урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایس کیو ایل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — віетнамская" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="віетнамская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — ву" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ву" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — ёрубская" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="ёрубская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — кантонская" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL — кітайская" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="кітайская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q47607#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Рэдагаваць міжмоўныя спасылкі" class="wbc-editpage">Правіць спасылкі</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Прасторы назваў"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/SQL" title="Паказаць зьмест старонкі [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Артыкул</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5:SQL&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Абмеркаваньне зьместу старонкі (старонка не існуе) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Абмеркаваньне</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Зьмяніць варыянт мовы" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Рэжымы"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/SQL"><span>Чытаць</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit" title="Рэдагаваць гэтую старонку [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Рэдагаваць</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit" title="Рэдагаваць крынічны тэкст гэтай старонкі [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Рэдагаваць крыніцу</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=history" title="Мінулыя вэрсіі гэтай старонкі. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Паказаць гісторыю</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Інструмэнты" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Інструмэнты</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Інструмэнты</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">перанесьці ў бакавую панэль</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">схаваць</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Болей вопцыяў" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Дзеяньні </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/SQL"><span>Чытаць</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit" title="Рэдагаваць гэтую старонку [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Рэдагаваць</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit" title="Рэдагаваць крынічны тэкст гэтай старонкі [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Рэдагаваць крыніцу</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=history"><span>Паказаць гісторыю</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Агульныя </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83/SQL" title="Сьпіс усіх старонак, якія спасылаюцца на гэтую [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Спасылкі на старонку</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F:RecentChangesLinked/SQL" rel="nofollow" title="Апошнія зьмены ў старонках, на якія спасылаецца гэтая старонка [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Зьвязаныя рэдагаваньні</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Сьпіс усіх спэцыяльных старонак [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Спэцыяльныя старонкі</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&oldid=1879283" title="Сталая спасылка на гэтую вэрсію старонкі"><span>Сталая спасылка</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=info" title="Болей інфармацыі пра гэтую старонку"><span>Зьвесткі пра старонку</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F:CiteThisPage&page=SQL&id=1879283&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Інфармацыя пра тое, як цытатаваць гэтую старонку"><span>Цытаваць старонку</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbe-tarask.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSQL"><span>Атрымаць скарочаны URL-адрас</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbe-tarask.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSQL"><span>Спампаваць QR-код</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Друк/экспарт </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=SQL"><span>Стварыць кнігу</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F:DownloadAsPdf&page=SQL&action=show-download-screen"><span>Загрузіць як PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&printable=yes" title="Вэрсія гэтай старонкі для друку [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Вэрсія для друку</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> У іншых праектах </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Structured_Query_Language" hreflang="en"><span>Вікісховішча</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q47607" title="Спасылка на аб’ект у рэпазыторыі зьвестак [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Аб’ект Вікізьвестак</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Выгляд"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Выгляд</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">перанесьці ў бакавую панэль</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">схаваць</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Зьвесткі зь Вікіпэдыі — вольнай энцыкляпэдыі</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="be-tarask" dir="ltr"><p><b>SQL</b> (<span class="Unicode"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Міжнародны фанэтычны альфабэт">ˈɛsˈkjuˈɛl</a></span>) — унівэрсальная <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Кампутарная мова (старонка не існуе)">кампутарная мова</a>, якая прымяняецца для стварэньня, мадыфікацыі і кіраваньня зьвесткамі ў <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Рэляцыйная база зьвестак (старонка не існуе)">рэляцыйных базах зьвестак</a>. </p><p>SQL заснаваная на <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Рэляцыйная альгебра (старонка не існуе)">рэляцыйнай альгебры</a>. </p><p>SQL не зьяўляецца <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Мова праграмаваньня">мовай праграмаваньня</a>, а найперш <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Інфармацыйная мова (старонка не існуе)">інфармацыйна-лягічнай мовай</a>, прызначанай для апісаньня захоўваемых зьвестак, для іх выманьня і зьмяненьня. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Назва"><span id=".D0.9D.D0.B0.D0.B7.D0.B2.D0.B0"></span>Назва</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Рэдагаваць сэкцыю «Назва»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>рэдагаваць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=1" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Назва"><span>рэдагаваць крыніцу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Афіцыйна мова называецца SQL (поўная назва Database Language SQL), вымаўляецца як <span class="Unicode"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Міжнародны фанэтычны альфабэт">ˈɛsˈkjuˈɛl</a></span>, і ў такім выглядзе запісаная ў стандарце <a href="/w/index.php?title=ANSI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ANSI (старонка не існуе)">ANSI</a>. Распаўсюджанае памылковае меркаваньне, што SQL зьяўляецца абрэвіятурай, утворанай ад <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ангельская мова">анг</a>. <i><span lang="en">Structured Query Language</span></i> («мова структураваных запытаў»). Памылковасьць гэтага погляду пацьвярджаецца тым, што SQL не зьяўляецца структураванай мовай, бо яе нельга разьбіць на блёкі або працэдуры; не абмяжоўваецца выключна запытамі; не зьяўляецца поўнай мовай паводле вызначэньня <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A2%E2%80%99%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Элан Т’юрынг">Т’юрынга</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Апэратары"><span id=".D0.90.D0.BF.D1.8D.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.80.D1.8B"></span>Апэратары</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Рэдагаваць сэкцыю «Апэратары»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>рэдагаваць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=2" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Апэратары"><span>рэдагаваць крыніцу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Апэратары SQL падзяляюцца на: </p> <ul><li>апэратары вызначэньня зьвестак (<a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ангельская мова">па-ангельску</a>: <i><span lang="en">Data Definition Language, <a href="/w/index.php?title=DDL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DDL (старонка не існуе)">DDL</a></span></i>) <ul><li><b>CREATE</b> стварае аб’ект БЗ (саму базу, табліцу, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A3%D1%8F%D1%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5_(%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B_%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Уяўленьне (базы зьвестак) (старонка не існуе)">уяўленьне</a>, карыстальніка і да т. п.)</li> <li><b>ALTER</b> зьмяняе аб’ект</li> <li><b>DROP</b> выдаляе аб’ект</li></ul></li> <li>апэратары маніпуляваньня зьвесткамі (<a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ангельская мова">па-ангельску</a>: <i><span lang="en">Data Manipulation Language, <a href="/w/index.php?title=DML&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DML (старонка не існуе)">DML</a></span></i>) <ul><li><b>SELECT</b> чытае зьвесткі, якія адпавядаюць зададзеным умовам</li> <li><b>INSERT</b> дадае новыя зьвесткі</li> <li><b>UPDATE</b> зьмяняе існыя зьвесткі</li> <li><b>DELETE</b> выдаляе зьвесткі</li></ul></li> <li>апэратары вызначэньня доступу да зьвестак (<a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ангельская мова">па-ангельску</a>: <i><span lang="en">Data Control Language, <a href="/w/index.php?title=DCL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DCL (старонка не існуе)">DCL</a></span></i>) <ul><li><b>GRANT</b> прадастаўляе карыстальніку або групе дазвол на пэўныя апэрацыі з аб’ектам</li> <li><b>REVOKE</b> адклікае раней выдадзеныя дазволы</li> <li><b>DENY</b> задае забарону, якая мае прыярытэт над дазволам</li></ul></li> <li>апэратары кіраваньня <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Транзакцыя (старонка не існуе)">транзакцыямі</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ангельская мова">па-ангельску</a>: <i><span lang="en">Transaction Control Language, <a href="/w/index.php?title=TCL_(SQL)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TCL (SQL) (старонка не існуе)">TCL</a></span></i>) <ul><li><b>COMMIT</b> прымяняе транзакцыю</li> <li><b>ROLLBACK</b> скасоўвае ўсе зьмяненьні, якія былі зробленыя ў кантэксьце цяперашняй транзакцыі</li> <li><b>SAVEPOINT</b> падзяляе транзакцыю на драбнейшыя кавалкі</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Перавагі"><span id=".D0.9F.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.B2.D0.B0.D0.B3.D1.96"></span>Перавагі</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Рэдагаваць сэкцыю «Перавагі»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>рэдагаваць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=3" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Перавагі"><span>рэдагаваць крыніцу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Незалежнасьць_ад_канкрэтнай_СКБЗ"><span id=".D0.9D.D0.B5.D0.B7.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.B6.D0.BD.D0.B0.D1.81.D1.8C.D1.86.D1.8C_.D0.B0.D0.B4_.D0.BA.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.BA.D1.80.D1.8D.D1.82.D0.BD.D0.B0.D0.B9_.D0.A1.D0.9A.D0.91.D0.97"></span>Незалежнасьць ад канкрэтнай СКБЗ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Рэдагаваць сэкцыю «Незалежнасьць ад канкрэтнай СКБЗ»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>рэдагаваць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=4" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Незалежнасьць ад канкрэтнай СКБЗ"><span>рэдагаваць крыніцу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Нягледзячы на наяўнасьць дыялектаў і адрозьненьняў у сынтаксысу, у пераважнай большасьці тэксты SQL-запытаў, якія зьмяшчаюць DDL і DML, могуць быць дастаткова лёгка перанесеныя з аднае <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%91%D0%97" class="mw-redirect" title="СКБЗ">СКБЗ</a> у іншую. Існуюць сыстэмы, распрацоўнікі якіх ад пачатку арыентаваліся на выкарыстаньне прынамсі некалькіх СКБЗ. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Наяўнасьць_стандартаў"><span id=".D0.9D.D0.B0.D1.8F.D1.9E.D0.BD.D0.B0.D1.81.D1.8C.D1.86.D1.8C_.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B4.D0.B0.D1.80.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.9E"></span>Наяўнасьць стандартаў</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Рэдагаваць сэкцыю «Наяўнасьць стандартаў»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>рэдагаваць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=5" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Наяўнасьць стандартаў"><span>рэдагаваць крыніцу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Наяўнасьць стандартаў і набору тэстаў для высьвятленьня сумяшчальнасьці і адпаведнасьці канкрэтнае рэалізацыі SQL агульнапрынятаму стандарту толькі спрыяе «стабілізацыі» мовы. Праўда, варта зьвярнуць увагу, што сам па сабе стандарт месцамі занадта фармалізаваны і раздзьмуты (напрыклад, ключавая частка стандарту SQL:2003 зьмяшчае больш за 1300 старонак тексту). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Дэклярацыйнасьць"><span id=".D0.94.D1.8D.D0.BA.D0.BB.D1.8F.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.86.D1.8B.D0.B9.D0.BD.D0.B0.D1.81.D1.8C.D1.86.D1.8C"></span>Дэклярацыйнасьць</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Рэдагаваць сэкцыю «Дэклярацыйнасьць»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>рэдагаваць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=6" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Дэклярацыйнасьць"><span>рэдагаваць крыніцу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>З дапамогаю SQL праграмоўца апісвае толькі тое, якія зьвесткі неабходна выняць ці мадыфікаваць. Тое, якім чынам гэта зрабіць, вырашае СКБЗ непасрэдна пры апрацоўцы SQL-запыту. Аднак ня варта думаць, што гэта цалкам унівэрсальны прынцып — праграмоўца апісвае набор зьвестак для выбаркі ці мадыфікацыі, аднак яму пры гэтым карысна ўяўляць, як СКБЗ будзе разьбіраць тэкст ягонага запыту. Чым больш складана сканструяваны запыт, тым больш ён дапускае варыянтаў напісаньня, адрозных па хуткасьці выкананьня, але аднолькавых па выніковым наборы зьвестак. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Недахопы"><span id=".D0.9D.D0.B5.D0.B4.D0.B0.D1.85.D0.BE.D0.BF.D1.8B"></span>Недахопы</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Рэдагаваць сэкцыю «Недахопы»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>рэдагаваць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=7" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Недахопы"><span>рэдагаваць крыніцу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Неадпаведнасьць_рэляцыйнай_мадэлі_зьвестак"><span id=".D0.9D.D0.B5.D0.B0.D0.B4.D0.BF.D0.B0.D0.B2.D0.B5.D0.B4.D0.BD.D0.B0.D1.81.D1.8C.D1.86.D1.8C_.D1.80.D1.8D.D0.BB.D1.8F.D1.86.D1.8B.D0.B9.D0.BD.D0.B0.D0.B9_.D0.BC.D0.B0.D0.B4.D1.8D.D0.BB.D1.96_.D0.B7.D1.8C.D0.B2.D0.B5.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BA"></span>Неадпаведнасьць рэляцыйнай мадэлі зьвестак</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Рэдагаваць сэкцыю «Неадпаведнасьць рэляцыйнай мадэлі зьвестак»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>рэдагаваць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=8" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Неадпаведнасьць рэляцыйнай мадэлі зьвестак"><span>рэдагаваць крыніцу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Стваральнікі рэляцыйнай мадэлі зьвестак <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Эдгар Код (старонка не існуе)">Эдгар Код</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Крыстафэр Дэйт (старонка не існуе)">Крыстафэр Дэйт</a> і іхнія прыхільнікі паказваюць на тое, што SQL не зьяўляецца сапраўды рэляцыйнай мовай. У прыватнасьці, яны апісваюць наступныя праблемы SQL<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p> <ul><li>Паўтаральныя радкі</li> <li>Нявызначаныя значэньні (nulls)</li> <li>Яўнае пазначэньне парадку слупкоў зьлева ўправа</li> <li>Слупкі без найменьняў і дубляваныя найменьні слупкоў</li> <li>Адсутнасьць падтрымкі ўласьцівасьці «=»</li> <li>Выкарыстаньне паказальнікаў</li> <li>Высокая празьмернасьць</li></ul> <p>У апублікаваным Крыстафэрам Дэйтам і <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%E2%80%99%D1%8E_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8D%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Х’ю Дарвэн (старонка не існуе)">Х’ю Дарвэнам</a> Трэцім маніфэсьце<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> яны выкладаюць прынцыпы СКБЗ наступнага пакаленьня і прапануюць мову <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tutorial_D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tutorial D (старонка не існуе)">Tutorial D</a>, якая зьяўляецца сапраўды рэляцыйнай. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Складанасьць"><span id=".D0.A1.D0.BA.D0.BB.D0.B0.D0.B4.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B0.D1.81.D1.8C.D1.86.D1.8C"></span>Складанасьць</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Рэдагаваць сэкцыю «Складанасьць»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>рэдагаваць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=9" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Складанасьць"><span>рэдагаваць крыніцу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Хоць SQL быў задуманы як сродак працы канчатковага карыстальніка, у рэшце рэшт ён стаў настолькі складаны, што ператварыўся ў інструмэнт праграмоўцы. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Адыход_ад_стандартаў"><span id=".D0.90.D0.B4.D1.8B.D1.85.D0.BE.D0.B4_.D0.B0.D0.B4_.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B4.D0.B0.D1.80.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.9E"></span>Адыход ад стандартаў</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Рэдагаваць сэкцыю «Адыход ад стандартаў»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>рэдагаваць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=10" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Адыход ад стандартаў"><span>рэдагаваць крыніцу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Нягледзячы на наяўнасьць міжнароднага стандарту ANSI SQL-92, многія кампаніі, што займаюцца распрацоўкай СКБЗ (напрыклад, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oracle_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oracle Corporation (старонка не існуе)">Oracle</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sybase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sybase (старонка не існуе)">Sybase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=MySQL_AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MySQL AB (старонка не існуе)">MySQL AB</a>, уносяць зьмены ў мову SQL. Такім чынам, зьяўляюцца спэцыфічныя для кожнай канкрэтнай СКБЗ дыялекты мовы SQL. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Цяжкасьць_працы_з_герархічнымі_структурамі"><span id=".D0.A6.D1.8F.D0.B6.D0.BA.D0.B0.D1.81.D1.8C.D1.86.D1.8C_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.86.D1.8B_.D0.B7_.D0.B3.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.80.D1.85.D1.96.D1.87.D0.BD.D1.8B.D0.BC.D1.96_.D1.81.D1.82.D1.80.D1.83.D0.BA.D1.82.D1.83.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BC.D1.96"></span>Цяжкасьць працы з герархічнымі структурамі</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Рэдагаваць сэкцыю «Цяжкасьць працы з герархічнымі структурамі»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>рэдагаваць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=11" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Цяжкасьць працы з герархічнымі структурамі"><span>рэдагаваць крыніцу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Раней дыялекты SQL большасьці СКБЗ не прапаноўвалі спосабу маніпуляцыі дрэвападобнымі структурамі. Некаторыя пастаўшчыкі СКБЗ прапаноўвалі свае рашэньні (напрыклад, Oracle ужывае выраз <code>CONNECT BY</code>). У цяперашні час у ANSI стандартызаваная рэкурсыўная канструкцыя <code>WITH</code> з дыялекту SQL <a href="/w/index.php?title=DB2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DB2 (старонка не існуе)">DB2</a>. У <a href="/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_SQL_Server&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microsoft SQL Server (старонка не існуе)">Microsoft SQL Server</a> рэкурсыўныя запыты зьявіліся толькі ў вэрсіі MS SQL Server 2005. У вэрсіі MS SQL Server 2008 зьявіўся новы тып зьвестак — hierarchyid, які спрашчае маніпуляваньне дрэвападобнымі структурами. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Глядзіце_таксама"><span id=".D0.93.D0.BB.D1.8F.D0.B4.D0.B7.D1.96.D1.86.D0.B5_.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BA.D1.81.D0.B0.D0.BC.D0.B0"></span>Глядзіце таксама</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Рэдагаваць сэкцыю «Глядзіце таксама»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>рэдагаваць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=12" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Глядзіце таксама"><span>рэдагаваць крыніцу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96_%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Рэляцыйная сыстэма кіраваньня базамі зьвестак">Рэляцыйная сыстэма кіраваньня базамі зьвестак</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Крыніцы_і_заўвагі"><span id=".D0.9A.D1.80.D1.8B.D0.BD.D1.96.D1.86.D1.8B_.D1.96_.D0.B7.D0.B0.D1.9E.D0.B2.D0.B0.D0.B3.D1.96"></span>Крыніцы і заўвагі</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Рэдагаваць сэкцыю «Крыніцы і заўвагі»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>рэдагаваць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=13" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Крыніцы і заўвагі"><span>рэдагаваць крыніцу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small" style="font-size:85%; list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Chris Fehily. SQL. Peachpit press, 2003 // Крис Фиайли. SQL. ДМК Пресс, 2004. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F:BookSources/5940742335" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 5-94074-233-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oreillynet.com/lpt/a/6060">An Interview with Chris Date</a> <small class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="ангельскай мовай">(анг.)</small>. O’Reilly Network</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thethirdmanifesto.com/">The Third Manifesto</a></span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Літаратура"><span id=".D0.9B.D1.96.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.83.D1.80.D0.B0"></span>Літаратура</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Рэдагаваць сэкцыю «Літаратура»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>рэдагаваць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=14" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Літаратура"><span>рэдагаваць крыніцу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation"><i>Бен Форта.</i> Освой самостоятельно язык запросов SQL / Пер. с англ. — 3-е изд. — М.: Диалектика, 2005. — 288 с.</span></li> <li><span class="citation"><i>Пол Уилтон, Джон Колби.</i> Язык запросов SQL для начинающих / Пер. с англ. — М.: Диалектика, 2005. — 496 с.</span></li> <li><span class="citation"><i>К. Дж. Дейт.</i> Введение в системы баз данных / Пер. с англ. — 8-е изд. — М.: Вильямс, 2005. — 1328 с.</span></li> <li><span class="citation"><i>Кевин Клайн.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mea.dn.ua/category/sql20002008/sql_spravochnik.html">SQL. Справочник</a>. — М.: Кудиц-Образ, 2006. — 832 с.</span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Атрымана з «<a dir="ltr" href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SQL&oldid=1879283">https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SQL&oldid=1879283</a>»</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Спэцыяльныя:Катэгорыі">Катэгорыі</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Катэгорыя:Мовы запытаў (старонка не існуе)">Мовы запытаў</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B_ISO" title="Катэгорыя:Стандарты ISO">Стандарты ISO</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96_%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Катэгорыя:Сыстэмы кіраваньня базамі зьвестак">Сыстэмы кіраваньня базамі зьвестак</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Схаваная катэгорыя: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96,_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%85_%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96_ISBN" title="Катэгорыя:Вікіпэдыя:Старонкі, на якіх ужытыя магічныя спасылкі ISBN">Вікіпэдыя:Старонкі, на якіх ужытыя магічныя спасылкі ISBN</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Гэтая старонка апошні раз рэдагавалася 6 студзеня 2017 году ў 00:14.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Гэты тэкст даступны на ўмовах <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.be">ліцэнзіі Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike 4.0</a>; 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