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international tender</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: international tender"> <meta name="keywords" content="international tender"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="international tender"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 3866</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: international tender</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3866</span> Analyzing the Oil and Gas Exploration Opportunities in Poland: Five Prospective Areas Selected and Dedicated to the Tender</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Krystian%20W%C3%B3jcik">Krystian Wójcik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sara%20Wr%C3%B3blewska"> Sara Wróblewska</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marcin%20%C5%81ojek"> Marcin Łojek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Katarzyna%20Sobie%C5%84"> Katarzyna Sobień</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Polish Geological Survey selected five of the most prospective areas for oil and gas exploration in Poland. They are dedicated to the 6th international tender round for hydrocarbon concessions, planned in 2022. The main exploration target of these areas is related to conventional and unconventional accumulations of gas and oil in the Carpathian basement, Carpathian Foredeep and Outer Carpathians (Block 413 – 414), as well as in the Carboniferous, Rotliegend, Main Dolomite (Block 208, Cybinka – Torzym, Zielona Góra West), and in the Mesozoic of the Polish Lowlands (Koło). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concession%20policy" title="concession policy">concession policy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20tender" title=" international tender"> international tender</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%20and%20gas%20exploration%20horizons" title=" oil and gas exploration horizons"> oil and gas exploration horizons</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prospective%20areas" title=" prospective areas"> prospective areas</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146650/analyzing-the-oil-and-gas-exploration-opportunities-in-poland-five-prospective-areas-selected-and-dedicated-to-the-tender" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146650.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">211</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3865</span> The Principles of Clarifications during the Phase of Tender Preparation in a Public Procurement Procedure</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adelina%20Vrancianu">Adelina Vrancianu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A public procurement procedure starts with the publication of the contract notice and the tender documentation. The documentation provides bidders with general guidelines and rules governing the tender process. At this stage, the interested economic operators start to prepare their bid. During this process, they may encounter unclear elements that, if are not clarified, may have a negative impact on the future bid with the ultimate sanction of exclusion. Until the opening of the bids, the potential bidders have the right to ask questions in order to clarify certain aspects of the tender documentation. In correlation, the contracting authorities have the obligation to answer these questions in a reasoned time and with clarity. In practice, the two conditions are not met due to a number of factors. This essay tries to outline the general principles regarding the clarifications during the phase of tender preparation. The provisions of the new directive on public procurement will be taken in consideration in this process in regard to the old directive. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tender%20preparation" title="tender preparation">tender preparation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tender%20documentation" title=" tender documentation"> tender documentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clarifications" title=" clarifications"> clarifications</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contract%20notice" title=" contract notice"> contract notice</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47216/the-principles-of-clarifications-during-the-phase-of-tender-preparation-in-a-public-procurement-procedure" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47216.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">296</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3864</span> A Process for Prevention of Browning in Fresh Cut Tender Jackfruit</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ramachandra%20Pradhan">Ramachandra Pradhan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sandeep%20Singh%20Rama"> Sandeep Singh Rama</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sabyasachi%20Mishra"> Sabyasachi Mishra</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) in its tender form is consumed as a vegetable and popular for its flavour, colour and meat like texture. In South Asian countries like Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Indonesia the market value for tender jackfruit is very high. However, due to lack of technology the marketing and transportation of the fruit is a challenge. The processing activities like washing, sorting, peeling and cutting enhances oxidative stress in fresh cut jackfruit. It is also having the ill effects on quality of fresh cut tender jackfruit by an increase in microbial contaminations, excessive tissue softening, and depletion of phytochemicals and browning. Hence, this study was conducted as a solution to the above problem. Fresh cut tender Jackfruit slices were processed by using the independent parameters such as concentration of CaCl2 (2-5%), concentration of citric acid (1-2.5%) and treatment time (4-10 min.) and the depended variables were Browning index (BI), colour change (ΔE), Firmness (F) and Overall all acceptability (OAA) after the treatment. From the response variables the best combination of independent variables was resulted as 3% concentration of CaCl2 and 2% concentration of citric acid for 6 minutes. At these optimised processing treatments, the browning can be prevented for fresh cut tender jackfruit. This technology can be used by the researcher, scientists, industries, etc. for further processing of tender jackfruit. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tender%20jackfruit" title="tender jackfruit">tender jackfruit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=browning%20index" title=" browning index"> browning index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=firmness" title=" firmness"> firmness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=texture" title=" texture"> texture</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60610/a-process-for-prevention-of-browning-in-fresh-cut-tender-jackfruit" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60610.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">258</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3863</span> Tender Systems and Processes within the Mauritian Construction Industry: Investigating the Predominance of International Firms and the Lack of Absorptive Capacity in Local Firms</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Appasamy">K. Appasamy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Paul"> P. Paul</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Mauritius, a developing small-island-state, is facing a recession which is having a considerable economic impact particularly on its construction sector. Further, the presence of foreign entities, both as companies and workers, within this sector is creating a very competitive environment for local firms. This study investigates the key drivers that allow foreign firms to participate in this sector, in particular looking at the international and local tender processes, and the capacity of local industry to participate. This study also looks at how the current set up may hinder the latter’s involvement. The methodology used included qualitative semi-structured interviews conducted with established foreign companies, local companies, and public bodies. Study findings indicate: there is an adequate availability of professional skills and expertise within the Mauritian construction industry but a lack of skilled labour especially at the operative level; projects awarded to foreign firms are either due to their uniqueness and hence lack of local knowledge, or due to foreign firms having lower tender bids; tendering systems and processes are weak, including monitoring and enforcement, which encourages corruption and favouritism; a high level of ignorance of this sector’s characteristics and opportunities exists amongst the local population; local entities are very profit oriented and have short term strategies that discourage long term investment in workforce training and development; but most importantly, stakeholders do not grasp the importance of encouraging youngsters to join this sector, they have no long term vision, and there is a lack of mutual involvement and collaboration between them. Although local industry is highly competent, qualified and experienced, the tendering and procurement systems in Mauritius are not conducive enough to allow for effective strategic planning and an equitable allocation of projects during an economic downturn so that the broadest spread of stakeholders’ benefit. It is of utmost importance that all sector and government entities collaborate to formulate strategies and reforms on tender processes and capacity building to ensure fairness and continuous growth of this sector in Mauritius. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20industry" title="construction industry">construction industry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tender%20process" title=" tender process"> tender process</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20firms" title=" international firms"> international firms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=local%20capacity" title=" local capacity"> local capacity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mauritius" title=" Mauritius"> Mauritius</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37297/tender-systems-and-processes-within-the-mauritian-construction-industry-investigating-the-predominance-of-international-firms-and-the-lack-of-absorptive-capacity-in-local-firms" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37297.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">319</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3862</span> Barriers to Competitive Tenders in Building Conservation Works</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yoke-Mui%20Lim">Yoke-Mui Lim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yahaya%20Ahmad"> Yahaya Ahmad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Conservation works in Malaysia that is procured by public organisation usually follow the traditional approach where the works are tendered based on Bills of Quantities (BQ). One of the purposes of tendering is to enable the selection of a competent contractor that offers a competitive price. While competency of the contractors are assessed by their technical knowledge, experience and track records, the assessment of pricing will be dependent on the tender amount. However, the issue currently faced by the conservation works sector is the difficulty in assessing the competitiveness and reasonableness of the tender amount due to the high variance between the tenders amount. Thus, this paper discusses the factors that cause difficulty to the tenderers in pricing competitively in a bidding exercise for conservation tenders. Data on tendering is collected from interviews with conservation works contractors to gain in-depth understanding of the barriers faced in pricing tenders of conservation works. Findings from the study lent support to the contention that the variance of tender amount is very high amongst tenderers. The factors identified in the survey are the format of BQ, hidden works, experience and labour and material costs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=building%20conservation" title="building conservation">building conservation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malaysia" title=" Malaysia"> Malaysia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bill%20of%20quantities" title=" bill of quantities"> bill of quantities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tender" title=" tender"> tender</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19339/barriers-to-competitive-tenders-in-building-conservation-works" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19339.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">386</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3861</span> Flexible Development and Calculation of Contract Logistics Services</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Spiegel">T. Spiegel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Siegmann"> J. Siegmann</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20F.%20Durach"> C. F. Durach</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Challenges resulting from an international and dynamic business environment are increasingly being passed on from manufacturing companies to external service providers. Especially providers of complex, customer-specific industry services have to cope with continuously changing requirements. This is particularly true for contract logistics service providers. They are forced to develop efficient and highly flexible structures and strategies to meet their customer’s needs. One core element they have to focus on is the reorganization of their service development and sales process. Based on an action research approach, this study develops and tests a concept to streamline tender management for contract logistics service providers. The concept of modularized service architecture is deployed in order to derive a practice-oriented approach for the modularization of complex service portfolios and the design of customized quotes. These findings are evaluated regarding their applicability in other service sectors and practical recommendations are given. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contract%20logistics" title="contract logistics">contract logistics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modularization" title=" modularization"> modularization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=service%20development" title=" service development"> service development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tender%20management" title=" tender management"> tender management</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6430/flexible-development-and-calculation-of-contract-logistics-services" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6430.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">409</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3860</span> Development of Non-frozen Vegan Burger Patty Using Tender Jackfruit (Artocarpus Heterophyllus) as a Meat Substitute: Evaluation of Textural, Physico-Chemical, and Sensory Characteristics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20D.%20A.%20N.%20Perera">O. D. A. N. Perera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20G.%20Wanigasinghe"> H. G. Wanigasinghe</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Tender jackfruit is an underutilized biomass, which still has a good consumer demand. Valorization of this ingredient into meat analog would obtain greater consumer acceptance due to concerns about health, the environment, and living sustainably of mankind have increased significantly in this decade, opening the market for meat substitutes. The objective of this research was to create a plant-based meat substitute with a structure similar to meat products. In this study, three different combinations of tender jackfruit were used to create vegan burger patties, which were then examined for their textural, physico-chemical, and sensory qualities. The developed burger patties have been compared with store-bought chicken patties. The developed vegan burger patties P1, P2, and P3 had a comparable flavor preference to the control and demonstrated considerable general acceptability (p >.05). P3 has a high quantity of protein (17.10 ± 0.02%) and fiber (6.40 ± 0.06%). At the same time, the vegan burger patty resulted in less fat, high fiber, and high protein which meets the vegan consumer requirements. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underutilized" title="underutilized">underutilized</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20fibre" title=" high fibre"> high fibre</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soya%20protein%20isolate" title=" soya protein isolate"> soya protein isolate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooking%20yield" title=" cooking yield"> cooking yield</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174684/development-of-non-frozen-vegan-burger-patty-using-tender-jackfruit-artocarpus-heterophyllus-as-a-meat-substitute-evaluation-of-textural-physico-chemical-and-sensory-characteristics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174684.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">65</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3859</span> Developing a Web-Based Tender Evaluation System Based on Fuzzy Multi-Attributes Group Decision Making for Nigerian Public Sector Tendering</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bello%20Abdullahi">Bello Abdullahi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yahaya%20M.%20Ibrahim"> Yahaya M. Ibrahim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20D.%20Ibrahim"> Ahmed D. Ibrahim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kabir%20Bala"> Kabir Bala</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Public sector tendering has traditionally been conducted using manual paper-based processes which are known to be inefficient, less transparent and more prone to manipulations and errors. The advent of the Internet and the World Wide Web has led to the development of numerous e-Tendering systems that addressed some of the problems associated with the manual paper-based tendering system. However, most of these systems rarely support the evaluation of tenders and where they do it is mostly based on the single decision maker which is not suitable in public sector tendering, where for the sake of objectivity, transparency, and fairness, it is required that the evaluation is conducted through a tender evaluation committee. Currently, in Nigeria, the public tendering process in general and the evaluation of tenders, in particular, are largely conducted using manual paper-based processes. Automating these manual-based processes to digital-based processes can help in enhancing the proficiency of public sector tendering in Nigeria. This paper is part of a larger study to develop an electronic tendering system that supports the whole tendering lifecycle based on Nigerian procurement law. Specifically, this paper presents the design and implementation of part of the system that supports group evaluation of tenders based on a technique called fuzzy multi-attributes group decision making. The system was developed using Object-Oriented methodologies and Unified Modelling Language and hypothetically applied in the evaluation of technical and financial proposals submitted by bidders. The system was validated by professionals with extensive experiences in public sector procurement. The results of the validation showed that the system called NPS-eTender has an average rating of 74% with respect to correct and accurate modelling of the existing manual tendering domain and an average rating of 67.6% with respect to its potential to enhance the proficiency of public sector tendering in Nigeria. Thus, based on the results of the validation, the automation of the evaluation process to support tender evaluation committee is achievable and can lead to a more proficient public sector tendering system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=e-Tendering" title="e-Tendering">e-Tendering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=e-Procurement" title=" e-Procurement"> e-Procurement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=group%20decision%20making" title=" group decision making"> group decision making</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tender%20evaluation" title=" tender evaluation"> tender evaluation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tender%20evaluation%20committee" title=" tender evaluation committee"> tender evaluation committee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=UML" title=" UML"> UML</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=object-oriented%20methodologies" title=" object-oriented methodologies"> object-oriented methodologies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=system%20development" title=" system development"> system development</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90826/developing-a-web-based-tender-evaluation-system-based-on-fuzzy-multi-attributes-group-decision-making-for-nigerian-public-sector-tendering" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90826.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">261</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3858</span> The Historical Framework of International Crime in International Criminal Law</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tahraoui%20Boualem">Tahraoui Boualem</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Researching the historical framework of international crime means examining the historical facts that have contributed to uncovering this serious crime affecting international interests, and the law by which the study of the subject of international crime is determined is international criminal law, which is a branch of public international law. In this context, the historical study of international crime means recognizing the existence of an international community governed by international law, which makes us acknowledge that ancient societies lacked such stable and recurring international relations. Therefore, an attempt to monitor international crime in those ancient societies is only to demonstrate a historical fact that those societies have known some features of this crime, and have contributed in one way or another to the development of international criminal law without defining its concept or legal nature. The international community has affirmed the principle of establishing peace, achieving security, and respecting human rights. As a basis for friendly relations between the people of the international community and in case of prejudice, such as the aggressors breaching the obligations imposed on them, whether in time of peace or war. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=historical%20framework" title="historical framework">historical framework</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=of%20international%20crime" title=" of international crime"> of international crime</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=peace%20or%20war." title=" peace or war."> peace or war.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20law" title=" international law"> international law</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170984/the-historical-framework-of-international-crime-in-international-criminal-law" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170984.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">100</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3857</span> Improvement to Pedestrian Walkway Facilities to Enhance Pedestrian Safety-Initiatives in India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Basavaraj%20Kabade">Basavaraj Kabade</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20T.%20Nagaraja"> K. T. Nagaraja</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Swathi%20Ramanathan"> Swathi Ramanathan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Veeraragavan"> A. Veeraragavan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20S.%20Reashma"> P. S. Reashma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Deteriorating quality of the pedestrian environment and the increasing risk of pedestrian crashes are major concerns for most of the cities in India. The recent shift in the priority to motorized transport and the abating condition of existing pedestrian facilities can be considered as prime reasons for the increasing pedestrian related crashes in India. Bengaluru City – the IT capital hub of the nation is not much different from this. The increase in number of pedestrian crashes in Bengaluru reflects the same. To resolve this issue and to ensure safe, sustainable and pedestrian friendly sidewalks, Govt. of Karnataka, India has implemented newfangled pedestrian sidewalks popularized programme named Tender S.U.R.E. (Specifications for Urban Road Execution) projects. Tender SURE adopts unique urban street design guidelines where the pedestrians are given prime preference. The present study presents an assessment of the quality and performance of the pedestrian side walk and the walkability index of the newly built pedestrian friendly sidewalks. Various physical and environmental factors affecting pedestrian safety are identified and studied in detail. The pedestrian mobility is quantified through Pedestrian Level of Service (PLoS) and the pedestrian walking comfort is measured by calculating the Walkability Index (WI). It is observed that the new initiatives taken in reference to improving pedestrian safety have succeeded in Bengaluru by attaining a level of Service of ‘A’ and with a good WI score. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pedestrian%20safety" title="pedestrian safety">pedestrian safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pedestrian%20level%20of%20service%20%28PLoS%29" title=" pedestrian level of service (PLoS)"> pedestrian level of service (PLoS)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Right%20of%20Way%20%28RoW%29" title=" Right of Way (RoW)"> Right of Way (RoW)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tender%20S.U.R.E%20%28Specifications%20for%20Urban%20Road%20Execution%29" title=" Tender S.U.R.E (Specifications for Urban Road Execution)"> Tender S.U.R.E (Specifications for Urban Road Execution)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=walkability%20index%20%28WI%29" title=" walkability index (WI)"> walkability index (WI)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=walkway%20facilities" title=" walkway facilities"> walkway facilities</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80671/improvement-to-pedestrian-walkway-facilities-to-enhance-pedestrian-safety-initiatives-in-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80671.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">200</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3856</span> Quantitative Analysis of Contract Variations Impact on Infrastructure Project Performance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Soheila%20Sadeghi">Soheila Sadeghi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Infrastructure projects often encounter contract variations that can significantly deviate from the original tender estimates, leading to cost overruns, schedule delays, and financial implications. This research aims to quantitatively assess the impact of changes in contract variations on project performance by conducting an in-depth analysis of a comprehensive dataset from the Regional Airport Car Park project. The dataset includes tender budget, contract quantities, rates, claims, and revenue data, providing a unique opportunity to investigate the effects of variations on project outcomes. The study focuses on 21 specific variations identified in the dataset, which represent changes or additions to the project scope. The research methodology involves establishing a baseline for the project's planned cost and scope by examining the tender budget and contract quantities. Each variation is then analyzed in detail, comparing the actual quantities and rates against the tender estimates to determine their impact on project cost and schedule. The claims data is utilized to track the progress of work and identify deviations from the planned schedule. The study employs statistical analysis using R to examine the dataset, including tender budget, contract quantities, rates, claims, and revenue data. Time series analysis is applied to the claims data to track progress and detect variations from the planned schedule. Regression analysis is utilized to investigate the relationship between variations and project performance indicators, such as cost overruns and schedule delays. The research findings highlight the significance of effective variation management in construction projects. The analysis reveals that variations can have a substantial impact on project cost, schedule, and financial outcomes. The study identifies specific variations that had the most significant influence on the Regional Airport Car Park project's performance, such as PV03 (additional fill, road base gravel, spray seal, and asphalt), PV06 (extension to the commercial car park), and PV07 (additional box out and general fill). These variations contributed to increased costs, schedule delays, and changes in the project's revenue profile. The study also examines the effectiveness of project management practices in managing variations and mitigating their impact. The research suggests that proactive risk management, thorough scope definition, and effective communication among project stakeholders can help minimize the negative consequences of variations. The findings emphasize the importance of establishing clear procedures for identifying, assessing, and managing variations throughout the project lifecycle. The outcomes of this research contribute to the body of knowledge in construction project management by demonstrating the value of analyzing tender, contract, claims, and revenue data in variation impact assessment. However, the research acknowledges the limitations imposed by the dataset, particularly the absence of detailed contract and tender documents. This constraint restricts the depth of analysis possible in investigating the root causes and full extent of variations' impact on the project. Future research could build upon this study by incorporating more comprehensive data sources to further explore the dynamics of variations in construction projects. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contract%20variation%20impact" title="contract variation impact">contract variation impact</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantitative%20analysis" title=" quantitative analysis"> quantitative analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=project%20performance" title=" project performance"> project performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=claims%20analysis" title=" claims analysis"> claims analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187826/quantitative-analysis-of-contract-variations-impact-on-infrastructure-project-performance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187826.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">40</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3855</span> Improving Detection of Illegitimate Scores and Assessment in Most Advantageous Tenders</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hao-Hsi%20Tseng">Hao-Hsi Tseng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hsin-Yun%20Lee"> Hsin-Yun Lee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Most Advantageous Tender (MAT) has been criticized for its susceptibility to dictatorial situations and for its processing of same score, same rank issues. This study applies the four criteria from Arrow's Impossibility Theorem to construct a mechanism for revealing illegitimate scores in scoring methods. While commonly be used to improve on problems resulting from extreme scores, ranking methods hide significant defects, adversely affecting selection fairness. To address these shortcomings, this study relies mainly on the overall evaluated score method, using standardized scores plus normal cumulative distribution function conversion to calculate the evaluation of vender preference. This allows for free score evaluations, which reduces the influence of dictatorial behavior and avoiding same score, same rank issues. Large-scale simulations confirm that this method outperforms currently used methods using the Impossibility Theorem. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arrow%E2%80%99s%20impossibility%20theorem" title="Arrow’s impossibility theorem">Arrow’s impossibility theorem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cumulative%20normal%20distribution%20function" title=" cumulative normal distribution function"> cumulative normal distribution function</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=most%20advantageous%20tender" title=" most advantageous tender"> most advantageous tender</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scoring%20method" title=" scoring method "> scoring method </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28136/improving-detection-of-illegitimate-scores-and-assessment-in-most-advantageous-tenders" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28136.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">463</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3854</span> International Law and Domestic Legal Systems: Incorporation, Transformation, and Persuasion</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamid%20Vahidkia">Hamid Vahidkia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This article explores advancements in global law and how they interact with domestic legal systems. The article's introduction highlights that nations that gained independence from authoritarian governments tend to be more open to international law. A nation can choose to follow either a monist strategy regarding international law, viewing it as an integral part of its own legal system, or opt for a dualist approach, where it keeps its domestic law distinct from international law. The beginning goes on to recognize the origins of international law, such as treaties and countries' ways of following them, customary international law, and declarations. The introduction ends by acknowledging the growing significance and development of international law. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20law" title="international law">international law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=customary%20law" title=" customary law"> customary law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=treaties" title=" treaties"> treaties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20right" title=" human right"> human right</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191739/international-law-and-domestic-legal-systems-incorporation-transformation-and-persuasion" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191739.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">23</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3853</span> Demystifying the Legitimacy of the International Court of Justice</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Roger-Claude%20Liwanga">Roger-Claude Liwanga</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Over the last seven decades, there has been a proliferation of international tribunals. Yet, they have not received unanimous approval, raising a question about their legitimacy. A legitimate international tribunal is one whose authority to adjudicate international disputes is perceived as justified. Using the case study of the International Court of Justice (ICJ), this article highlights the three criteria that should be considered in assessing the legitimacy of an international tribunal, which include legal, sociological, and moral elements. It also contends that the ICJ cannot claim 'full' legitimacy if any of these components of legitimacy is missing in its decisions. The article further suggests that the legitimacy of the ICJ has a dynamic nature, as litigating parties may constantly change their perception of the court’s authority at any time before, during, or after the judicial process. The article equally describes other factors that can contribute to maintaining the international court’s legitimacy, including fairness and unbiasedness, sound interpretation of international legal norms, and transparency. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20tribunals" title="international tribunals">international tribunals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legitimacy" title=" legitimacy"> legitimacy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20rights" title=" human rights"> human rights</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20law" title=" international law"> international law</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128691/demystifying-the-legitimacy-of-the-international-court-of-justice" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128691.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">377</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3852</span> The International Labor Organization and the Formulation of International Labor Standards</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tahraoui%20Boualem">Tahraoui Boualem</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The International Labor Organization is one of the specialized agencies of the United Nations, and it is the only organization within the United Nations system that is distinguished by its tripartite legitimacy and which simultaneously includes governments, workers' and employers' organizations of its member states in a joint effort to set standards and policies Work to promote decent work in various parts of the world, and the expression of international labor standards basically means two types of documents, namely international labor agreements and international labor recommendations, and so far its general conference, which is held annually, has set a number of standards, the number of which has reached 184 agreements and 192 recommendations so far. For this reason, it is decided to clarify the International Labor Organization and the formulation of international labor standards within two sections. In the first topic, the researcher discusses the concept of the International Labor Organization, and in the second topic, it highlights the legal basis for the authority of the International Labor Organization in protecting the rights of workers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20labor" title="international labor">international labor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20labor%20standards" title=" international labor standards"> international labor standards</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rights%20of%20workers" title=" rights of workers"> rights of workers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nation%E2%80%99s%20system" title=" nation’s system"> nation’s system</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170985/the-international-labor-organization-and-the-formulation-of-international-labor-standards" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170985.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">71</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3851</span> Measuring the Level of Knowledge of Construction Contracts Procedures: A Case Study of Botswana</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Babulayi%20B.%20Wilson">Babulayi B. Wilson</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Unsatisfactory performance of construction projects in both the industrialised and developing countries indicate that there could be several defects in construction projects phases. Notwithstanding the fact that some project defects are often conceived at the initiation phase of construction projects, insufficient knowledge of contract procedures has been identified as one of the major sources of construction disputes. Contract procedures are a set of rules that outlines the primary obligations and liabilities of parties involved in the implementation of a construction project. Engineering professional bodies often codify contract procedures into standard forms of contract such as the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE, UK) and Association of Consulting Engineers (ACE, UK) and keep them under constant review by updating any clause to reflect any change in case law or relevant piece of legislation. Even so, it is the responsibility of a professional body or conditions of contract draftsperson to introduce contract-specific clauses that may be necessary for business efficacy but not covered in the chosen standard conditions of contract. In Botswana, the use of clients’ drafted and/or un-adapted for environment of use international forms of contract in conjunction with client-drafted pricing schedules is common. The product of the latter often impact negatively upon contractors’ claims and payments, in that, tender rates and prices can only be deemed to be sufficient if the chosen conditions of contract compliment the pricing schedule (use of standardised procurement documents). In addition, client drafted and the use of borrowed forms of contract such as FIDIC often conflict with domicile law resulting in costly disputes on the part of the client. It is upon the preceding text that the object of the research is to measure the level of knowledge of contract procedures amongst key stakeholders in the Botswana construction industry by requesting a representative sample from the industry and academia to respond to tutorial questions prepared from two commonly used forms of contract for civil works, that is, FIDIC (International Form of Contract) and ICE (UK). The questions were prepared under the following captions: (a) preparation of tender documents (b) obligations of the parties (c) contract administration; and (d) claims, variations, and valuation of variations. After ascertaining that the level of knowledge of contract procedures is insufficient among most practitioners in the Botswana construction industry, major procurement entities, and engineering institutions of learning; a guide to drafting a condition of a construction contract was developed and then validated through seminars and workshops. In the present, the effectiveness of the guide is not yet measured but feedback from seminars and workshops conducted indicates an appreciation of the guide by the majority of major construction industry stakeholders. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contract%20procedures" title="contract procedures">contract procedures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conditions%20of%20contract" title=" conditions of contract"> conditions of contract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=professional%20practice" title=" professional practice"> professional practice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20law" title=" construction law"> construction law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forms%20of%20contract" title=" forms of contract"> forms of contract</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86930/measuring-the-level-of-knowledge-of-construction-contracts-procedures-a-case-study-of-botswana" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86930.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">194</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3850</span> The Notion of International Criminal Law: Between Criminal Aspects of International Law and International Aspects of Criminal Law</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Magda%20Olesiuk-Okomska">Magda Olesiuk-Okomska</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Although international criminal law has grown significantly in the last decades, it still remains fragmented and lacks doctrinal cohesiveness. Its concept is described in the doctrine as highly disputable. There is no concrete definition of the term. In the domestic doctrine, the problem of criminal law issues that arise in the international setting, and international issues that arise within the national criminal law, is underdeveloped both theoretically and practically. To the best of author’s knowledge, there are no studies describing international aspects of criminal law in a comprehensive manner, taking a more expansive view of the subject. This paper presents results of a part of the doctoral research, undertaking a theoretical framework of the international criminal law. It aims at sorting out the existing terminology on international aspects of criminal law. It demonstrates differences between the notions of international criminal law, criminal law international and law international criminal. It confronts the notion of criminal law with related disciplines and shows their interplay. It specifies the scope of international criminal law. It diagnoses the current legal framework of international aspects of criminal law, referring to both criminal law issues that arise in the international setting, and international issues that arise in the context of national criminal law. Finally, de lege lata postulates were formulated and direction of changes in international criminal law was proposed. The adopted research hypothesis assumed that the notion of international criminal law was inconsistent, not understood uniformly, and there was no conformity as to its place within the system of law, objective and subjective scopes, while the domestic doctrine did not correspond with international standards and differed from the worldwide doctrine. Implemented research methods included inter alia a dogmatic and legal method, an analytical method, a comparative method, as well as desk research. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=criminal%20law" title="criminal law">criminal law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20crimes" title=" international crimes"> international crimes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20criminal%20law" title=" international criminal law"> international criminal law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20law" title=" international law"> international law</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80091/the-notion-of-international-criminal-law-between-criminal-aspects-of-international-law-and-international-aspects-of-criminal-law" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80091.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">299</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3849</span> Idea of International Criminal Justice in the Function of Prosecution International Crimes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vanda%20Bo%C5%BEi%C4%87">Vanda Božić</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%C5%BDeljko%20Nika%C4%8D"> Željko Nikač</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The wars and armed conflicts have often resulted in violations of international humanitarian law, and often commit the most serious international crimes such as war crimes, crimes against humanity, aggression and genocide. However, only in the XX century the rule was articulated idea of establishing a body of international criminal justice in order to prosecute these crimes and their perpetrators. The first steps in this field have been made by establishing the International military tribunals for war crimes at Nuremberg and Tokyo, and the formation of <em>ad hoc</em> tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. In the end, The International Criminal Court was established in Rome in 1998 with the aim of justice and in order to give satisfaction the victims of crimes and their families. The aim of the paper was to provide a historical and comparative analysis of the institutions of international criminal justice based on which these institutions <em>de lege lata</em> fulfilled the goals of individual criminal responsibility and justice. Furthermore, the authors suggest <em>de lege ferenda</em> that the Permanent International Criminal Tribunal, in addition to the prospective case, also takes over the current ICTY and ICTR cases. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20crimes" title="international crimes">international crimes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20criminal%20justice" title=" international criminal justice"> international criminal justice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prosecution%20of%20crimes" title=" prosecution of crimes"> prosecution of crimes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ad%20hoc%20tribunal" title=" ad hoc tribunal"> ad hoc tribunal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20international%20criminal%20court" title=" the international criminal court"> the international criminal court</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67565/idea-of-international-criminal-justice-in-the-function-of-prosecution-international-crimes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67565.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">278</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3848</span> The Difference between Legislative Jurisdiction and Judicial Jurisdiction in International Law</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhang%20Rui">Zhang Rui</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The primary aim of the study is to compare legislative jurisdiction and judicial jurisdiction in international law, highlighting the unique conditions and bases for their exercise in legal practice.The research employs a comparative law analysis approach alongside a thorough examination of international law principles to achieve a comprehensive understanding of legislative and judicial jurisdiction in the international legal context. The findings of this research underscore the diverse development trajectory of legislative jurisdiction in international law, emphasizing the continued significance of territoriality as a primary basis for exercising judicial jurisdiction. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20law" title="international law">international law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=judicial%20jurisdiction" title=" judicial jurisdiction"> judicial jurisdiction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legislative%20jurisdiction" title=" legislative jurisdiction"> legislative jurisdiction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legal%20implementation" title=" legal implementation"> legal implementation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192803/the-difference-between-legislative-jurisdiction-and-judicial-jurisdiction-in-international-law" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192803.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">13</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3847</span> Human Rights Violations and the Inability of International Law to Solve Them</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amin%20Osama%20Amin%20Mohamed%20Elbaramawy">Amin Osama Amin Mohamed Elbaramawy</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the last period of time, about ten years ago, wars caused violations of human rights in many places, and despite international condemnations, they did not stop, and the truth is that international law was unable to stop them. The global wars and conflicts that the world has been witnessing for more than ten years have caused the displacement of millions of people in all parts of the earth, causing a violation of the human rights of those people. Despite international condemnations of these conflicts, these conflicts have not stopped and have not been resolved until now. Therefore, I call for international law and international courts to be more effective and not just in words, taking into account the speed in this due to the increase in those wars and conflicts every day and new violations every day. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=war" title="war">war</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=freedom" title=" freedom"> freedom</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20rights" title=" human rights"> human rights</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20law" title=" international law"> international law</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162028/human-rights-violations-and-the-inability-of-international-law-to-solve-them" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162028.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">94</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3846</span> The Role of State Practices and Custom in Outer Space Law</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Biswanath%20Gupta">Biswanath Gupta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raju%20Kd"> Raju Kd</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Space law is the new entry in the basket of international law in the latter half of the 20th Century. In the last hundred and fifty years, courts and scholars developed a consensus that, the custom is an important source of international law. Article 38(1) (b) of the statute of the International Court of Justice recognized international custom as a source of international law. State practices and usages have a greater role to play in formulating customary international law. This paper examines those state practices which can be qualified to become international customary law. Since, 1979 (after Moon Treaty) no hard law have been developed in the area of space exploration. It tries to link between state practices and custom in space exploration and development of customary international law in space activities. The paper uses doctrinal method of legal research for examining the current questions of international law. The paper explores different international legal documents such as General Assembly Resolutions, Treaty principles, working papers of UN, cases relating to customary international law and writing of jurists relating to space law and customary international law. It is argued that, principles such as common heritage of mankind, non-military zone, sovereign equality, nuclear weapon free zone and protection of outer space environment, etc. developed state practices among the international community which can be qualified to become international customary law. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=customary%20international%20law" title="customary international law">customary international law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=state%20practice" title=" state practice"> state practice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20law" title=" space law"> space law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=treaty" title=" treaty"> treaty</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55110/the-role-of-state-practices-and-custom-in-outer-space-law" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55110.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">343</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3845</span> An Extended Eclectic Paradigm of Dunning: Impact of New International Business Processes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20De%20Mat%C3%ADas%20Batalla">D. De Matías Batalla</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper develops and extended eclectic paradigm to fit the firm internationalization process with the real international business world. The approach is based on Dunning´s, introducing new concepts like mode of entry, international joint venture o international mergers and acquisitions. At the same time is presented a model to describe the Spanish international mergers and acquisitions in order to determinate the most important factor that influence in this type of foreign direct investment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dunning" title="dunning">dunning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eclectic%20paradigm" title=" eclectic paradigm"> eclectic paradigm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=foreign%20direct%20investment" title=" foreign direct investment"> foreign direct investment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IJV" title=" IJV"> IJV</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20business" title=" international business"> international business</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20management" title=" international management"> international management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multinational%20firms" title=" multinational firms"> multinational firms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=firm%20internationalization%20process" title=" firm internationalization process"> firm internationalization process</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M%26A" title=" M&A"> M&A</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25704/an-extended-eclectic-paradigm-of-dunning-impact-of-new-international-business-processes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25704.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">421</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3844</span> Seasonal Variation in Free Radical Scavenging Properties of Indian Moringa (Moringa Oleifera)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Awadhesh%20Kishore">Awadhesh Kishore</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tushar%20Sharma"> Tushar Sharma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The goal of this study was to compare the free radical-scavenging (FRS) characteristics of four Indian moringa (Moringa oleifera) plant components: flowers, tender and mature leaves, and seeds that were collected from three Indian districts: Jaipur, Dehra Dun, and Gwalior; in every month of 2021–2022. The samples were collected from three randomly selected agroforest locations from each district. The samples were extracted, and antioxidant properties were determined following the DPPH method with minor modifications. The FRS properties were calculated as the non-absorbance values of the sample in percentage. The factorial ANOVA statistical analysis technique was implemented for comparing FRS properties, and an MS Office Excel 2016 analysis pack was used to compare data. The flowers from Dehra Dun had superior FRS properties (27.06±1.03%), while the seeds from the same location were inferior (8.64±0.17%). The FRS properties of flowers (26.27±0.61%) were not statistically different (P > 0.05) compared to those of tender (27.30±0.63%) and mature leaves (28.37±0.59%), but significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of seeds (9.31±0.16%). However, the FRS properties in Indian moringa were significantly higher during the winter (Jan 28.67±1.48%) compared to that in the summer (Jun 14.03±0.79%) season, but collected from three locations, viz. Gwalior (22.35±0.70%), Jaipur (23.06±0.73%), and Dehra Dun (23.10±0.76%), were not significantly different (P > 0.05). Based on this study, it can be concluded that the FRS value of flowers during the winter season is superior. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flowers" title="flowers">flowers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=free%20radical-scavenging" title=" free radical-scavenging"> free radical-scavenging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leaves" title=" leaves"> leaves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=moringa%20oleifera" title=" moringa oleifera"> moringa oleifera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seeds" title=" seeds"> seeds</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182035/seasonal-variation-in-free-radical-scavenging-properties-of-indian-moringa-moringa-oleifera" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182035.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">73</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3843</span> Power, Pluralism, and History: Norms in International Societies</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nicole%20Cervenka">Nicole Cervenka</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> On the question of norms in international politics, scholars are divided over whether norms are a tool for power politics or a genuine reflection of an emergent international society. The line is drawn between rationalism and idealism, but this dialectical relationship needs to be broken down if we hope to come to a comprehensive understanding of how norms play out in international society. The concept of an elusive international society is a simplification of a more pluralistic, cosmopolitan, and diverse collection of international societies. The English School effectively overcomes realist-idealist dichotomies and provides a pluralistic, comprehensive explanation and description of international societies through its application to two distinct areas: human rights as well as security and war. We argue that international norms have always been present in human rights, war, and international security, forming international societies that can be complimentary or oppositional, beneficial or problematic. Power politics are present, but they can only be regarded as partially explanatory of the role of norms in international politics, which must also include history, international law, the media, NGOs, and others to fully represent the normative influences in international societies. A side-by-side comparison of international norms of war/security and human rights show how much international societies converge. World War II was a turning point in terms of international law, these forces of international society have deeper historical roots. Norms of human rights and war/security are often norms of restraint, guiding appropriate treatment of individuals. This can at times give primacy to the individual over the sovereign state. However, state power politics and hegemony are still intact. It cannot be said that there is an emergent international society—international societies are part of broader historical backdrops. Furthermore, states and, more generally, power politics, are important components in international societies, but international norms are far from mere tools of power politics. They define a more diverse, complicated, and ever-present conception of international societies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=English%20school" title="English school">English school</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20societies" title=" international societies"> international societies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=norms" title=" norms"> norms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pluralism" title=" pluralism"> pluralism</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27315/power-pluralism-and-history-norms-in-international-societies" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27315.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">384</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3842</span> The Targeted Killing of Soleimani between International Law and US Domestic Law</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Yousef">Mohammad Yousef</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The issue of targeted killing has become a part of modern international law topics, as its spread has been accompanied by the technological development of weapons and military equipment, especially armed drones. Until now, there is no specific definition or legal framework for targeted killing in international law, and the issue of its compatibility with international law is still subject to debate and controversy. The case of the targeted killing of General Qassem Soleimani sparked waves of reactions and discussions between legal scholars and US officials in an argument about the legality of killing him in the light of international law rules and US domestic law. This paper firstly discusses the legality of targeted killing in international law and US domestic law; after that, it studies the legal bases and the legal system that governs these operations, while in the second section, it sheds light on the case of Soleimani’s targeted killing in light of international law and US domestic law, by examining the different views of jurists in this regard. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=targeted%20killing" title="targeted killing">targeted killing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20law" title=" international law"> international law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=US%20domestic%20law" title=" US domestic law"> US domestic law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qassem%20Soleimani" title=" Qassem Soleimani"> Qassem Soleimani</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158722/the-targeted-killing-of-soleimani-between-international-law-and-us-domestic-law" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158722.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">139</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3841</span> Achieving Design-Stage Elemental Cost Planning Accuracy: Case Study of New Zealand</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Johnson%20Adafin">Johnson Adafin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=James%20O.%20B.%20Rotimi"> James O. B. Rotimi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suzanne%20Wilkinson"> Suzanne Wilkinson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abimbola%20O.%20Windapo"> Abimbola O. Windapo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An aspect of client expenditure management that requires attention is the level of accuracy achievable in design-stage elemental cost planning. This has been a major concern for construction clients and practitioners in New Zealand (NZ). Pre-tender estimating inaccuracies are significantly influenced by the level of risk information available to estimators. Proper cost planning activities should ensure the production of a project’s likely construction costs (initial and final), and subsequent cost control activities should prevent unpleasant consequences of cost overruns, disputes and project abandonment. If risks were properly identified and priced at the design stage, observed variance between design-stage elemental cost plans (ECPs) and final tender sums (FTS) (initial contract sums) could be reduced. This study investigates the variations between design-stage ECPs and FTS of construction projects, with a view to identifying risk factors that are responsible for the observed variance. Data were sourced through interviews, and risk factors were identified by using thematic analysis. Access was obtained to project files from the records of study participants (consultant quantity surveyors), and document analysis was employed in complementing the responses from the interviews. Study findings revealed the discrepancies between ECPs and FTS in the region of -14% and +16%. It is opined in this study that the identified risk factors were responsible for the variability observed. The values obtained from the analysis would enable greater accuracy in the forecast of FTS by Quantity Surveyors. Further, whilst inherent risks in construction project developments are observed globally, these findings have important ramifications for construction projects by expanding existing knowledge on what is needed for reasonable budgetary performance and successful delivery of construction projects. The findings contribute significantly to the study by providing quantitative confirmation to justify the theoretical conclusions generated in the literature from around the world. This therefore adds to and consolidates existing knowledge. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=accuracy" title="accuracy">accuracy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=design-stage" title=" design-stage"> design-stage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=elemental%20cost%20plan" title=" elemental cost plan"> elemental cost plan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=final%20tender%20sum" title=" final tender sum"> final tender sum</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61385/achieving-design-stage-elemental-cost-planning-accuracy-case-study-of-new-zealand" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61385.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">268</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3840</span> International Criminal Prosecution and Core International Crimes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ikediobi%20Lottanna%20Samuel">Ikediobi Lottanna Samuel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Days are gone when perpetrators of core international crimes hide under the cloak of sovereignty to go with impunity. The principle of international criminal responsibility is a reality. This move to end impunity for violation of human rights has led to the creation of international and hybrid tribunals, a permanent international criminal court, and increased prosecution of human rights violations in domestic courts. This article examines the attempts by the international community to bring perpetrators of heinous crimes to book. The work reveals the inadequacy of the current international mechanism for prosecuting core international crimes in order to end the culture of impunity and entrench the culture of accountability. It also identifies that ad hoc international criminal tribunals and the international criminal court face similar challenges ranging from lack of cooperation by nation states, non-existence of hierarchy of crimes, lack of effective enforcement mechanism, limited prosecutorial capacity and agenda, difficulty in apprehending suspects, difficulty in blending different legal tradition, absence of a coherent sentencing guideline, distant location of courts, selective indictment, etc. These challenges adversely affect the functioning of these courts. It is suggested that a more helpful way to end impunity would be to have a more robust and synergistic relationship between national, regional, and international approaches to prosecuting core international crimes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prosecution" title="prosecution">prosecution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=criminal" title=" criminal"> criminal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international" title=" international"> international</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tribunal" title=" tribunal"> tribunal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=justice" title=" justice"> justice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ad%20hoc" title=" ad hoc"> ad hoc</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158644/international-criminal-prosecution-and-core-international-crimes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158644.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">214</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3839</span> The Doctrine of Military Necessity under Customary International Law: A Breach of International Humanitarian Law</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Uche%20A.%20Nnawulezi">Uche A. Nnawulezi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper examines an essential and complex part of International humanitarian law standards of military necessity. Military necessity is an unpredictable phenomenon. The unpredictability of this regulation likewise originates from the fact that is one of the most fundamental, yet most misjudged and distorted standards of international law of armed conflict. This rule has been censured as essentially wrong in light of its non-compliance with the principles of international humanitarian law in recent past. The author noted in this study that military necessity runs counter to humanitarian exigencies. These have generated debate among researchers for them to propose that for international law to be considered more important, it is indispensable that the procedures and substance of custom be illuminated and made accessible to every one of the individuals who may utilize it or be influenced by it. However, a significant number of analysts have attributed particular weaknesses to this doctrine. This study relied on both primary and secondary sources of data collection. Significantly, the recommendation made in this paper, if completely adopted, shall go a long way in guaranteeing a better application of the principles of international humanitarian law. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=military%20necessity" title="military necessity">military necessity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20law" title=" international law"> international law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20humanitarian%20law" title=" international humanitarian law"> international humanitarian law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=customary%20law" title=" customary law"> customary law</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83389/the-doctrine-of-military-necessity-under-customary-international-law-a-breach-of-international-humanitarian-law" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83389.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">215</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3838</span> Scientific Forecasting in International Relations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Djehich%20%20Mohamed%20%20%20%20Yousri">Djehich Mohamed Yousri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this research paper, the future of international relations is believed to have an important place on the theoretical and applied levels because policy makers in the world are in dire need of such analyzes that are useful in drawing up the foreign policies of their countries, and protecting their national security from potential future threats, and in this context, The topic raised a lot of scientific controversy and intellectual debate, especially in terms of the extent of the effectiveness, accuracy, and ability of foresight methods to identify potential futures, and this is what attributed the controversy to the scientific foundations for foreseeing international relations. An arena for intellectual discussion between different thinkers in international relations belonging to different theoretical schools, which confirms to us the conceptual and implied development of prediction in order to reach the scientific level. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=foresight" title="foresight">foresight</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forecasting" title=" forecasting"> forecasting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20relations" title=" international relations"> international relations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20relations%20theory" title=" international relations theory"> international relations theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concept%20of%20international%20relations" title=" concept of international relations"> concept of international relations</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161708/scientific-forecasting-in-international-relations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161708.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">214</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3837</span> Cybercrime: International Police Cooperation with Europol</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daniel%20Suarez%20Alonso">Daniel Suarez Alonso</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cybercrime is a growing international threat and a challenge for law enforcement agencies and judicial systems worldwide. International cooperation is necessary to solve this problem because cybercrime knows no borders and often involves multiple jurisdictions, being related to organised crime. The purpose of this article is to analyse international cooperation in the investigation and prosecution of cybercrime, focusing on the framework of the Regulation of the European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (EUROPOL), cooperation that takes place between police authorities from different countries. It examines the legal and operational mechanisms in place to facilitate international cooperation in Europe in this area and assesses their effectiveness in the fight against cybercrime. In addition, the study of a Spanish investigation where cooperation with EUROPOL took place will be examined, analyzing how international cooperation was carried out to investigate and track down criminals. Lessons learned from this case will be discussed and recommendations for improving international cooperation in the fight against cybercrime will be proposed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Europol" title="Europol">Europol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20cooperation" title=" international cooperation"> international cooperation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cybercrime" title=" cybercrime"> cybercrime</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computer%20crime" title=" computer crime"> computer crime</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=law" title=" law"> law</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182100/cybercrime-international-police-cooperation-with-europol" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182100.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">66</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20tender&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20tender&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20tender&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20tender&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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