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Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div id="mw-fr-revision-messages"><div class="cdx-message mw-fr-message-box cdx-message--inline cdx-message--notice mw-fr-mobile-message-inline"><div class="cdx-message__content">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Linux">reviewed</a> on 16 February 2025.</div></div></div></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the family of operating systems. For the kernel, see <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Linux_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Linux (disambiguation)">Linux (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Linux (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈlɪnʊks/</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">LIN-uuks</a>)<a href="#cite_note-pronunciation-2-21">[15]</a> is a family of <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open-source</a> <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-22">[16]</a> an <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">operating system kernel</a> first released on September 17, 1991, by <a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[19]</a> Linux is typically <a href="/wiki/Package_manager" title="Package manager">packaged</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distribution</a> (distro), which includes the kernel and supporting <a href="/wiki/System_software" title="System software">system software</a> and <a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">libraries</a>—most of which are provided by third parties—to create a complete operating system, designed as a clone of <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> and released under the <a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">copyleft</a> <a href="/wiki/GPL" class="mw-redirect" title="GPL">GPL</a> license.<a href="#cite_note-26">[20]</a> <table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Linux</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Tux.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tux the penguin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tux.svg/150px-Tux.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tux.svg/225px-Tux.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tux.svg/300px-Tux.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="607"></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Tux_(mascot)" title="Tux (mascot)">Tux</a> the penguin, the mascot of Linux<a href="#cite_note-LinuxOnLine2008-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Community contributors, <a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Written in</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a> and others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">OS family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Working state</th><td class="infobox-data">Current</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Source model</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open source</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">September 17, 1991; 33 years ago (1991-09-17)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/">git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/torvalds/linux">github.com/torvalds/linux</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Marketing target</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">Cloud computing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embedded_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Embedded device">embedded devices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe computers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">mobile devices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">servers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputers</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">Available in</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Multilingual</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Platforms</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">Alpha</a>, <a href="/wiki/ARC_(processor)" title="ARC (processor)">ARC</a>, <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARM</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C2%B7CORE" title="M·CORE">C-Sky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qualcomm_Hexagon" title="Qualcomm Hexagon">Hexagon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loongson" title="Loongson">LoongArch</a>, <a href="/wiki/M68k" class="mw-redirect" title="M68k">m68k</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microblaze" class="mw-redirect" title="Microblaze">Microblaze</a>, <a href="/wiki/MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">MIPS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nios_II" title="Nios II">Nios II</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenRISC" title="OpenRISC">OpenRISC</a>, <a href="/wiki/PA-RISC" title="PA-RISC">PA-RISC</a>, <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a>, <a href="/wiki/RISC-V" title="RISC-V">RISC-V</a>, <a href="/wiki/ESA/390" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA/390">s390</a>, <a href="/wiki/SuperH" title="SuperH">SuperH</a>, <a href="/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a>, <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xtensa" class="mw-redirect" title="Xtensa">Xtensa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a> type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monolithic_kernel" title="Monolithic kernel">Monolithic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space" title="User space and kernel space">Userland</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Util-linux" title="Util-linux">util-linux</a> by standard,<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> various alternatively, such as <a href="/wiki/Busybox" class="mw-redirect" title="Busybox">Busybox</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[b]</a> <a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a>,<a href="#cite_note-12">[c]</a> <a href="/wiki/Plan_9_from_User_Space" title="Plan 9 from User Space">Plan 9 from User Space</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[d]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toybox" title="Toybox">Toybox</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[e]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Influenced by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Minix" title="Minix">Minix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">Default user interface</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Most <a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">distributions</a> include a <a href="/wiki/Desktop_environment" title="Desktop environment">desktop environment</a> (<a href="/wiki/GUI" class="mw-redirect" title="GUI">GUI</a>).</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/GPLv2" class="mw-redirect" title="GPLv2">GPLv2</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[f]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kernel.org">kernel.org</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Articles in the series</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> <a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distribution</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Linux_distributions" title="List of Linux distributions">Thousands of Linux distributions</a> exist, many based directly or indirectly on other distributions;<a href="#cite_note-27">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[22]</a> popular Linux distributions<a href="#cite_note-29">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[25]</a> include <a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux_Mint" title="Linux Mint">Linux Mint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arch_Linux" title="Arch Linux">Arch Linux</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a>, while commercial distributions include <a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux" title="Red Hat Enterprise Linux">Red Hat Enterprise Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/SUSE_Linux_Enterprise" title="SUSE Linux Enterprise">SUSE Linux Enterprise</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ChromeOS" title="ChromeOS">ChromeOS</a>. Linux distributions are frequently used in server platforms.<a href="#cite_note-32">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[27]</a> Many Linux distributions use the word "Linux" in their name, but the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> uses and recommends the name "GNU/Linux" to emphasize the use and importance of <a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> software in many distributions, causing some <a href="/wiki/GNU/Linux_naming_controversy" title="GNU/Linux naming controversy">controversy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gnu_linux_faq-34">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-linux-and-gnu-35">[29]</a> Other than the Linux kernel, key components that make up a distribution may include a <a href="/wiki/Display_server" class="mw-redirect" title="Display server">display server (windowing system)</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Package_manager" title="Package manager">package manager</a>, a bootloader and a <a href="/wiki/Unix_shell" title="Unix shell">Unix shell</a>. Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open-source <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> collaboration. While originally developed for <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> based <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a>, it has since been <a href="/wiki/Porting" title="Porting">ported</a> to more <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware_platforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer hardware platforms">platforms</a> than any other operating system,<a href="#cite_note-36">[30]</a> and is used on a wide variety of devices including PCs, <a href="/wiki/Workstations" class="mw-redirect" title="Workstations">workstations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mainframes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainframes">mainframes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded systems</a>. Linux is the predominant operating system for <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">servers</a> and is also used on all of the <a href="/wiki/TOP500" title="TOP500">world's 500 fastest supercomputers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[g]</a> When combined with <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>, which is Linux-based and designed for <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>, they have the <a href="/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems" title="Usage share of operating systems">largest installed base</a> of all <a href="/wiki/General-purpose_operating_system" class="mw-redirect" title="General-purpose operating system">general-purpose operating systems</a>.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Overview">1 Overview</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Precursors">2.1 Precursors</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Creation">2.2 Creation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Naming">2.3 Naming</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Commercial_and_popular_uptake">2.4 Commercial and popular uptake</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Development">2.5 Development</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Design">3 Design</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#User_interface">3.1 User interface</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Video_input_infrastructure">3.2 Video input infrastructure</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Development_2">4 Development</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Community">4.1 Community</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Programming_on_Linux">4.2 Programming on Linux</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Hardware_support">5 Hardware support</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Uses">6 Uses</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Market_share_and_uptake">7 Market share and uptake</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Copyright,_trademark,_and_naming">8 Copyright, trademark, and naming</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#See_also">9 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Notes">10 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#References">11 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#External_links">12 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The Linux kernel was designed by <a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a>, following the lack of a working <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernel</a> for <a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>-compatible operating system made entirely of <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> that had been undergoing development since 1983 by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a>. A working Unix system called <a href="/wiki/Minix" title="Minix">Minix</a> was later released but its license was not entirely free at the time<a href="#cite_note-meta-38">[31]</a> and it was made for an educative purpose. The first entirely free Unix for personal computers, <a href="/wiki/386BSD" title="386BSD">386BSD</a>, did not appear until 1992, by which time Torvalds had already built and publicly released the first version of the <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[32]</a> Like GNU and 386BSD, Linux did not have any Unix code, being a fresh reimplementation, and therefore avoided the <a href="/wiki/UNIX_System_Laboratories,_Inc._v._Berkeley_Software_Design,_Inc." title="UNIX System Laboratories, Inc. v. Berkeley Software Design, Inc.">then legal issues</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[33]</a> Linux distributions became popular in the 1990s and effectively made Unix technologies accessible to home users on personal computers whereas previously it had been confined to sophisticated <a href="/wiki/Workstations" class="mw-redirect" title="Workstations">workstations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[34]</a> Desktop Linux distributions include a <a href="/wiki/Windowing_system" title="Windowing system">windowing system</a> such as <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X11</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wayland_(protocol)" title="Wayland (protocol)">Wayland</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Desktop_environment" title="Desktop environment">desktop environment</a> such as <a href="/wiki/GNOME" title="GNOME">GNOME</a>, <a href="/wiki/KDE_Plasma" title="KDE Plasma">KDE Plasma</a> or <a href="/wiki/Xfce" title="Xfce">Xfce</a>. Distributions intended for <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">servers</a> may not have a <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> at all or include a <a href="/wiki/Solution_stack" title="Solution stack">solution stack</a> such as <a href="/wiki/LAMP_(software_bundle)" title="LAMP (software bundle)">LAMP</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> of Linux may be used, modified, and distributed commercially or non-commercially by anyone under the terms of its respective licenses, such as the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> (GPL). The license means creating novel distributions is permitted by anyone<a href="#cite_note-what-42">[35]</a> and is easier than it would be for an operating system such as <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">MacOS</a> or <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[38]</a> The Linux kernel, for example, is licensed under the GPLv2, with an exception for <a href="/wiki/System_call" title="System call">system calls</a> that allows code that calls the kernel via system calls not to be licensed under the GPL.<a href="#cite_note-46">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-what-42">[35]</a> Because of the dominance of Linux-based <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> on <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>, Linux, including Android, has the <a href="/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems" title="Usage share of operating systems">largest installed base</a> of all <a href="/wiki/General-purpose_operating_system" class="mw-redirect" title="General-purpose operating system">general-purpose operating systems</a> as of May 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[43]</a> Linux is, as of March 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit">[update]</a>, used by around 4 percent of <a href="/wiki/Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">desktop computers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-statcounter-desktop-51">[44]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chromebook" title="Chromebook">Chromebook</a>, which runs the Linux kernel-based <a href="/wiki/ChromeOS" title="ChromeOS">ChromeOS</a>,<a href="#cite_note-52">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[46]</a> dominates the US <a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%9312" title="K–12">K–12</a> education market and represents nearly 20 percent of sub-$300 <a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">notebook</a> sales in the US.<a href="#cite_note-54">[47]</a> Linux is the leading operating system on servers (over 96.4% of the top one million web servers' operating systems are Linux),<a href="#cite_note-55">[48]</a> leads other <a href="/wiki/Big_iron_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big iron (computing)">big iron</a> systems such as <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe computers</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Some IBM mainframes ''run'' Linux; does this mean it leads ''other'' OSes that run on mainframes, or does it mean that Linux on commodity hardware leads mainframes regardless of whether the mainframes run Linux or z/OS or... (December 2024)">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-56">[49]</a> and is used on all of the <a href="/wiki/TOP500" title="TOP500">world's 500 fastest supercomputers</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[h]</a> (as of November 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit">[update]</a>, having gradually displaced all competitors).<a href="#cite_note-58">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-rules_supercomputers-59">[51]</a> Linux also runs on <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded systems</a>, i.e., devices whose operating system is typically built into the <a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a> and is highly tailored to the system. This includes <a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">routers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">automation</a> controls, <a href="/wiki/Smart_home_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart home technology">smart home devices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">video game consoles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">televisions</a> (Samsung and LG <a href="/wiki/Smart_TV" title="Smart TV">smart TVs</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Linux_Smart_TVs-60">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Automobiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobiles">automobiles</a> (Tesla, Audi, Mercedes-Benz, Hyundai, and Toyota),<a href="#cite_note-Linux_cars-63">[55]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> rocket, <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">Dragon</a> crew capsule, and the <a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)">Ingenuity</a> Mars helicopter).<a href="#cite_note-auto-64">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[57]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Linux" title="History of Linux">History of Linux</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precursors">Precursors</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Precursors" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linus_Torvalds_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Linus_Torvalds_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Linus_Torvalds_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="298"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 216px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Linus_Torvalds_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Linus_Torvalds_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="216" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Linus_Torvalds_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a>, principal author of the Linux kernel </figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> operating system was conceived of and implemented in 1969, at <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">AT&T</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> in the United States, by <a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_McIlroy" title="Douglas McIlroy">Douglas McIlroy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Ossanna" title="Joe Ossanna">Joe Ossanna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[58]</a> First released in 1971, Unix was written entirely in <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a>, as was common practice at the time. In 1973, in a key pioneering approach, it was rewritten in the <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> programming language by Dennis Ritchie (except for some hardware and I/O routines). The availability of a <a href="/wiki/High-level_language" class="mw-redirect" title="High-level language">high-level language</a> implementation of Unix made its <a href="/wiki/Porting" title="Porting">porting</a> to different computer platforms easier.<a href="#cite_note-67">[59]</a> As a 1956 <a href="/wiki/Antitrust_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitrust case">antitrust case</a> forbade AT&T from entering the computer business,<a href="#cite_note-68">[60]</a> AT&T provided the operating system's <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> to anyone who asked. As a result, Unix use grew quickly and it became widely adopted by <a href="/wiki/Academic_institution" title="Academic institution">academic institutions</a> and businesses. In 1984, <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_the_Bell_System" title="Breakup of the Bell System">AT&T divested itself</a> of its <a href="/wiki/Regional_Bell_Operating_Company" title="Regional Bell Operating Company">regional operating companies</a>, and was released from its obligation not to enter the computer business; freed of that obligation, Bell Labs began selling Unix as a <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary</a> product, where users were not legally allowed to modify it.<a href="#cite_note-Vetter2021-69">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tozzi2017-70">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Onyx_Systems" title="Onyx Systems">Onyx Systems</a> began selling early microcomputer-based Unix workstations in 1980. Later, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a>, founded as a spin-off of a student project at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, also began selling Unix-based desktop workstations in 1982. While Sun workstations did not use commodity PC hardware, for which Linux was later originally developed, it represented the first successful commercial attempt at distributing a primarily single-user microcomputer that ran a Unix operating system.<a href="#cite_note-71">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[64]</a> With Unix increasingly "locked in" as a proprietary product, the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</a>, started in 1983 by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a>, had the goal of creating a "complete Unix-compatible software system" composed entirely of <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a>. Work began in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-gnu_announce-73">[65]</a> Later, in 1985, Stallman started the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> and wrote the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> (GNU GPL) in 1989. By the early 1990s, many of the programs required in an operating system (such as libraries, <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compilers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Text_editor" title="Text editor">text editors</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Shell_(computing)#Command-line_shells" title="Shell (computing)">command-line shell</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Windowing_system" title="Windowing system">windowing system</a>) were completed, although low-level elements such as <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">device drivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daemon_(computing)" title="Daemon (computing)">daemons</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernel</a>, called <a href="/wiki/GNU_Hurd" title="GNU Hurd">GNU Hurd</a>, were stalled and incomplete.<a href="#cite_note-74">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Minix" title="Minix">Minix</a> was created by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_S._Tanenbaum" title="Andrew S. Tanenbaum">Andrew S. Tanenbaum</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> professor, and released in 1987 as a minimal Unix-like operating system targeted at students and others who wanted to learn operating system principles. Although the <a href="/wiki/Source-available_software" title="Source-available software">complete source code of Minix was freely available</a>, the licensing terms prevented it from being <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> until the licensing changed in April 2000.<a href="#cite_note-minix-lic-75">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation">Creation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Creation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> While attending the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Helsinki" title="University of Helsinki">University of Helsinki</a> in the fall of 1990, Torvalds enrolled in a Unix course.<a href="#cite_note-76">[68]</a> The course used a <a href="/wiki/MicroVAX" title="MicroVAX">MicroVAX</a> minicomputer running <a href="/wiki/Ultrix" title="Ultrix">Ultrix</a>, and one of the required texts was <a href="/wiki/Operating_Systems:_Design_and_Implementation" title="Operating Systems: Design and Implementation">Operating Systems: Design and Implementation</a> by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_S._Tanenbaum" title="Andrew S. Tanenbaum">Andrew S. Tanenbaum</a>. This textbook included a copy of Tanenbaum's <a href="/wiki/Minix" title="Minix">Minix</a> operating system. It was with this course that Torvalds first became exposed to Unix. In 1991, he became curious about operating systems.<a href="#cite_note-77">[69]</a> Frustrated by the licensing of Minix, which at the time limited it to educational use only,<a href="#cite_note-minix-lic-75">[67]</a> he began to work on his operating system kernel, which eventually became the Linux kernel. On July 3, 1991, to implement Unix <a href="/wiki/System_call" title="System call">system calls</a>, Linus Torvalds attempted unsuccessfully to obtain a digital copy of the <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> standards <a href="/wiki/Software_documentation" title="Software documentation">documentation</a> with a request to the comp.os.minix <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">newsgroup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[70]</a> After not finding the POSIX documentation, Torvalds initially resorted to determining system calls from <a href="/wiki/SunOS" title="SunOS">SunOS</a> documentation owned by the university for use in operating its <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> server. He also learned some system calls from Tanenbaum's Minix text. Torvalds began the development of the Linux kernel on Minix and applications written for Minix were also used on Linux. Later, Linux matured and further Linux kernel development took place on Linux systems.<a href="#cite_note-79">[71]</a> GNU applications also replaced all Minix components, because it was advantageous to use the freely available code from the GNU Project with the fledgling operating system; code licensed under the GNU GPL can be reused in other computer programs as long as they also are released under the same or a compatible license. Torvalds initiated a switch from his original license, which prohibited commercial redistribution, to the GNU GPL.<a href="#cite_note-80">[72]</a> Developers worked to integrate GNU components with the Linux kernel, creating a fully functional and free operating system.<a href="#cite_note-gnu_history-81">[73]</a> Although not released until 1992, due to <a href="/wiki/UNIX_System_Laboratories,_Inc._v._Berkeley_Software_Design,_Inc." title="UNIX System Laboratories, Inc. v. Berkeley Software Design, Inc.">legal complications</a>, the development of <a href="/wiki/386BSD" title="386BSD">386BSD</a>, from which <a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a> and <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> descended, predated that of Linux. Linus Torvalds has stated that if the <a href="/wiki/GNU_kernel" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU kernel">GNU kernel</a> or 386BSD had been available in 1991, he probably would not have created Linux.<a href="#cite_note-82">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-meta-38">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naming">Naming</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Naming" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linux_0_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Linux_0_12.jpg/220px-Linux_0_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1517" data-file-height="1501"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 218px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Linux_0_12.jpg/220px-Linux_0_12.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="218" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Linux_0_12.jpg/330px-Linux_0_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Linux_0_12.jpg/440px-Linux_0_12.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>5.25-inch <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disks</a> holding a very early version of Linux</figcaption></figure> Linus Torvalds had wanted to call his invention "Freax", a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of "free", "freak", and "x" (as an allusion to Unix). During the start of his work on the system, some of the project's <a href="/wiki/Makefile" class="mw-redirect" title="Makefile">makefiles</a> included the name "Freax" for about half a year. Torvalds considered the name "Linux" but dismissed it as too egotistical.<a href="#cite_note-fun-83">[75]</a> To facilitate development, the files were uploaded to the <a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">FTP server</a> of <a href="/wiki/FUNET" title="FUNET">FUNET</a> in September 1991. Ari Lemmke, Torvalds' coworker at the <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_University_of_Technology" title="Helsinki University of Technology">Helsinki University of Technology</a> (HUT) who was one of the volunteer administrators for the FTP server at the time, did not think that "Freax" was a good name, so he named the project "Linux" on the server without consulting Torvalds.<a href="#cite_note-fun-83">[75]</a> Later, however, Torvalds consented to "Linux". According to a <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">newsgroup</a> post by Torvalds,<a href="#cite_note-pronunciation-2-21">[15]</a> the word "Linux" should be pronounced (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈlɪnʊks/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/03\/Linus-linux.ogg\/Linus-linux.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Linus-linux.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/Linus-linux.ogg/Linus-linux.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Linus-linux.ogg" title="File:Linus-linux.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">LIN-uuks</a>) with a short 'i' as in 'print' and 'u' as in 'put'. To further demonstrate how the word "Linux" should be pronounced, he included an audio guide with the kernel source code.<a href="#cite_note-Pronounce-84">[76]</a> However, in this recording, he pronounces Linux as /ˈlinʊks/ (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">LEEN-uuks</a>) with a short but <a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">close front unrounded vowel</a>, instead of a <a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">near-close near-front unrounded vowel</a> as in his newsgroup post. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_and_popular_uptake">Commercial and popular uptake</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Commercial and popular uptake" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Linux_adoption" title="Linux adoption">Linux adoption</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:120px;max-width:120px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:139px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Nexus_5X_(White).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Nexus_5X_%28White%29.jpg/118px-Nexus_5X_%28White%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="1372"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 118px;height: 140px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Nexus_5X_%28White%29.jpg/118px-Nexus_5X_%28White%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="118" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Nexus_5X_%28White%29.jpg/177px-Nexus_5X_%28White%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Nexus_5X_%28White%29.jpg/236px-Nexus_5X_%28White%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:188px;max-width:188px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:139px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:ChromebookStaplesStore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/ChromebookStaplesStore.jpg/186px-ChromebookStaplesStore.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4352" data-file-height="3264"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 186px;height: 140px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/ChromebookStaplesStore.jpg/186px-ChromebookStaplesStore.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="186" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/ChromebookStaplesStore.jpg/279px-ChromebookStaplesStore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/ChromebookStaplesStore.jpg/372px-ChromebookStaplesStore.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:159px;max-width:159px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:In_flight_system_Linux_bootup_flat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/In_flight_system_Linux_bootup_flat.jpg/157px-In_flight_system_Linux_bootup_flat.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="110" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2138" data-file-height="1504"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 157px;height: 110px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/In_flight_system_Linux_bootup_flat.jpg/157px-In_flight_system_Linux_bootup_flat.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="157" data-height="110" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/In_flight_system_Linux_bootup_flat.jpg/236px-In_flight_system_Linux_bootup_flat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/In_flight_system_Linux_bootup_flat.jpg/314px-In_flight_system_Linux_bootup_flat.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Custom_Miniature_Linux_Server_(2005).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Custom_Miniature_Linux_Server_%282005%29.jpeg/147px-Custom_Miniature_Linux_Server_%282005%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="147" height="110" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="864"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 147px;height: 110px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Custom_Miniature_Linux_Server_%282005%29.jpeg/147px-Custom_Miniature_Linux_Server_%282005%29.jpeg" data-alt="" data-width="147" data-height="110" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Custom_Miniature_Linux_Server_%282005%29.jpeg/221px-Custom_Miniature_Linux_Server_%282005%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Custom_Miniature_Linux_Server_%282005%29.jpeg/294px-Custom_Miniature_Linux_Server_%282005%29.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">From top-left clockwise: <a href="/wiki/Nexus_5X" title="Nexus 5X">Nexus 5X</a> running Android, <a href="/wiki/Chromebook" title="Chromebook">Chromebooks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">server platform</a>, <a href="/wiki/In-flight_entertainment_system" class="mw-redirect" title="In-flight entertainment system">In-flight entertainment system</a></div></div></div></div> The adoption of Linux in production environments, rather than being used only by hobbyists, started to take off first in the mid-1990s in the supercomputing community, where organizations such as <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> started to replace their increasingly expensive machines with <a href="/wiki/Computer_cluster" title="Computer cluster">clusters</a> of inexpensive commodity computers running Linux. Commercial use began when <a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a> and <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a>, started offering Linux support to escape <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>'s monopoly in the desktop operating system market.<a href="#cite_note-security-85">[77]</a> Today, Linux systems are used throughout computing, from <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded systems</a> to virtually all <a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-rules_supercomputers-59">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[78]</a> and have secured a place in server installations such as the popular <a href="/wiki/LAMP_(software_bundle)" title="LAMP (software bundle)">LAMP</a> application stack. The use of Linux distributions in home and enterprise desktops has been growing.<a href="#cite_note-galli2007-87">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-paul2007-88">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-beer2007-89">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-applications2007-90">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-xitimonitor2007-91">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-globalstats2007-92">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-zeitgeist2004-93">[85]</a> Linux distributions have also become popular in the <a href="/wiki/Netbook" title="Netbook">netbook</a> market, with many devices shipping with customized Linux distributions installed, and Google releasing their own <a href="/wiki/ChromeOS" title="ChromeOS">ChromeOS</a> designed for netbooks. Linux's greatest success in the consumer market is perhaps the mobile device market, with Android being the dominant operating system on <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> and very popular on <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablets</a> and, more recently, on <a href="/wiki/Wearable_technology" title="Wearable technology">wearables</a>, and vehicles. <a href="/wiki/Linux_gaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux gaming">Linux gaming</a> is also on the rise with <a href="/wiki/Valve_Corporation" title="Valve Corporation">Valve</a> showing its support for Linux and rolling out <a href="/wiki/SteamOS" title="SteamOS">SteamOS</a>, its own gaming-oriented Linux distribution, which was later implemented in their <a href="/wiki/Steam_Deck" title="Steam Deck">Steam Deck</a> platform. Linux distributions have also gained popularity with various local and national governments, such as the federal government of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Development" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Linus Torvalds is the lead maintainer for the Linux kernel and guides its development, while <a href="/wiki/Greg_Kroah-Hartman" title="Greg Kroah-Hartman">Greg Kroah-Hartman</a> is the lead maintainer for the stable branch.<a href="#cite_note-95">[87]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zo%C3%AB_Kooyman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zoë Kooyman (page does not exist)">Zoë Kooyman</a> is the executive director of the Free Software Foundation,<a href="#cite_note-96">[88]</a> which in turn supports the GNU components.<a href="#cite_note-97">[89]</a> Finally, individuals and corporations develop third-party non-GNU components. These third-party components comprise a vast body of work and may include both kernel modules and user applications and libraries. Linux vendors and communities combine and distribute the kernel, GNU components, and non-GNU components, with additional <a href="/wiki/Package_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Package management">package management</a> software in the form of Linux distributions. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Design" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel#Architecture_and_features" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel § Architecture and features</a></div> Many developers of <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open-source</a> software agree that the Linux kernel was not designed but rather <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolved</a> through <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>. Torvalds considers that although the design of Unix served as a scaffolding, "Linux grew with a lot of mutations – and because the mutations were less than random, they were faster and more directed than <a href="/wiki/Mutation#Induced_mutation" title="Mutation">alpha-particles in DNA</a>."<a href="#cite_note-98">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond" title="Eric S. Raymond">Eric S. Raymond</a> considers Linux's revolutionary aspects to be social, not technical: before Linux, complex software was designed carefully by small groups, but "Linux evolved in a completely different way. From nearly the beginning, it was rather casually hacked on by huge numbers of volunteers coordinating only through the Internet. Quality was maintained not by rigid standards or autocracy but by the naively simple strategy of releasing every week and getting feedback from hundreds of users within days, creating a sort of rapid Darwinian selection on the mutations introduced by developers."<a href="#cite_note-99">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Cantrill" title="Bryan Cantrill">Bryan Cantrill</a>, an engineer of a competing OS, agrees that "Linux wasn't designed, it evolved", but considers this to be a limitation, proposing that some features, especially those related to security,<a href="#cite_note-100">[92]</a> cannot be evolved into, "this is not a biological system at the end of the day, it's a software system."<a href="#cite_note-101">[93]</a> A Linux-based system is a modular Unix-like operating system, deriving much of its basic design from principles established in Unix during the 1970s and 1980s. Such a system uses a <a href="/wiki/Monolithic_kernel" title="Monolithic kernel">monolithic kernel</a>, the Linux kernel, which handles process control, networking, access to the <a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">peripherals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file systems</a>. <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Device drivers</a> are either integrated directly with the kernel or added as modules that are loaded while the system is running.<a href="#cite_note-102">[94]</a> The GNU <a href="/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space" title="User space and kernel space">userland</a> is a key part of most systems based on the Linux kernel, with Android being the notable exception. The <a href="/wiki/Glibc" title="Glibc">GNU C library</a>, an implementation of the <a href="/wiki/C_standard_library" title="C standard library">C standard library</a>, works as a wrapper for the system calls of the Linux kernel necessary to the kernel-userspace interface, the <a href="/wiki/GNU_toolchain" title="GNU toolchain">toolchain</a> is a broad collection of programming tools vital to Linux development (including the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">compilers</a> used to build the Linux kernel itself), and the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Core_Utilities" title="GNU Core Utilities">coreutils</a> implement many basic <a href="/wiki/List_of_Unix_commands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Unix commands">Unix tools</a>. The GNU Project also develops <a href="/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)" title="Bash (Unix shell)">Bash</a>, a popular <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">CLI</a> shell. The <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> (or GUI) used by most Linux systems is built on top of an implementation of the <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a>.<a href="#cite_note-oreilly-anatomy-103">[95]</a> More recently, some of the Linux community has sought to move to using <a href="/wiki/Wayland_(protocol)" title="Wayland (protocol)">Wayland</a> as the display server protocol, replacing X11.<a href="#cite_note-104">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[97]</a> Many other open-source software projects contribute to Linux systems. <table> <tbody><tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1245122290">.mw-parser-output .linux-layers{border:none;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .linux-layers-sys{background-color:#def;color:#202122}.mw-parser-output .linux-layers-other{background-color:#fffdd0;color:#202122}.mw-parser-output .linux-layers-cstd{background-color:#dfd;color:#202122}.mw-parser-output .linux-layers-kernel{background-color:#ffb7b7;color:#202122}.mw-parser-output .linux-layers-hw{background-color:#ffd99c;color:#202122}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .linux-layers{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;width:75%}.mw-parser-output .linux-layers-width10{width:10%}.mw-parser-output .linux-layers-width15{width:15%}.mw-parser-output .linux-layers-width30{width:30%}.mw-parser-output .linux-layers-width80{width:80%}}</style> <table class="wikitable linux-layers"> <caption>Various layers within Linux, also showing separation between the <a href="/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space" title="User space and kernel space">userland</a> and <a href="/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space" title="User space and kernel space">kernel space</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="rowgroup" rowspan="3" class="linux-layers-width10">User mode </th> <td class="linux-layers-width10">User applications </td> <td colspan="5" class="linux-layers-width80"><a href="/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)" title="Bash (Unix shell)">bash</a>, <a href="/wiki/LibreOffice" title="LibreOffice">LibreOffice</a>, <a href="/wiki/GIMP" title="GIMP">GIMP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blender_(software)" title="Blender (software)">Blender</a>, <a href="/wiki/0_A.D._(video_game)" title="0 A.D. (video game)">0 A.D.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Mozilla Firefox</a>, ... </td></tr> <tr> <td>System components </td> <td class="linux-layers-width15 linux-layers-sys"><a href="/wiki/Init" title="Init">init daemon</a>: <a href="/wiki/OpenRC" title="OpenRC">OpenRC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Runit" title="Runit">runit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Systemd" title="Systemd">systemd</a>... </td> <td class="linux-layers-width15 linux-layers-sys"><a href="/wiki/Daemon_(computing)" title="Daemon (computing)">System daemons</a>: <a href="/wiki/Polkit" title="Polkit">polkitd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samba_(software)" title="Samba (software)">smbd</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenSSH" title="OpenSSH">sshd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Udevd" class="mw-redirect" title="Udevd">udevd</a>... </td> <td class="linux-layers-width15 linux-layers-sys"><a href="/wiki/Windowing_system" title="Windowing system">Windowing system</a>: <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X11</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wayland_(protocol)" title="Wayland (protocol)">Wayland</a>, <a href="/wiki/SurfaceFlinger" class="mw-redirect" title="SurfaceFlinger">SurfaceFlinger</a> (Android) </td> <td class="linux-layers-width15 linux-layers-sys">Graphics: <a href="/wiki/Mesa_(computer_graphics)" title="Mesa (computer graphics)">Mesa</a>, <a href="/wiki/AMD_Radeon_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD Radeon Software">AMD Catalyst</a>, ... </td> <td class="linux-layers-width30 linux-layers-other">Other libraries: <a href="/wiki/GTK" title="GTK">GTK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qt_(software)" title="Qt (software)">Qt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_Foundation_Libraries" title="Enlightenment Foundation Libraries">EFL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simple_DirectMedia_Layer" title="Simple DirectMedia Layer">SDL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simple_and_Fast_Multimedia_Library" title="Simple and Fast Multimedia Library">SFML</a>, <a href="/wiki/FLTK" title="FLTK">FLTK</a>, <a href="/wiki/GNUstep" title="GNUstep">GNUstep</a>, ... </td></tr> <tr class="linux-layers-cstd"> <td><a href="/wiki/C_standard_library" title="C standard library">C standard library</a> </td> <td colspan="5"><code><a href="/wiki/Fopen" class="mw-redirect" title="Fopen">fopen</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Exec_(system_call)" title="Exec (system call)">execv</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Malloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Malloc">malloc</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Memcpy" class="mw-redirect" title="Memcpy">memcpy</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Localtime" class="mw-redirect" title="Localtime">localtime</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Pthread_create" class="mw-redirect" title="Pthread create">pthread_create</a></code>... (up to 2000 <a href="/wiki/Subroutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subroutine">subroutines</a>) <a href="/wiki/Glibc" title="Glibc">glibc</a> aims to be fast, <a href="/wiki/Musl" title="Musl">musl</a> aims to be lightweight, <a href="/wiki/UClibc" title="UClibc">uClibc</a> targets embedded systems, <a href="/wiki/Bionic_(software)" title="Bionic (software)">bionic</a> was written for <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>, etc. All aim to be <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a>/<a href="/wiki/Single_UNIX_Specification" title="Single UNIX Specification">SUS</a>-compatible. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="rowgroup" rowspan="3">Kernel mode </th> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> </td> <td colspan="5" class="linux-layers-kernel"><code><a href="/wiki/Stat_(system_call)" title="Stat (system call)">stat</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Splice_(system_call)" title="Splice (system call)">splice</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Dup_(system_call)" title="Dup (system call)">dup</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Read_(system_call)" title="Read (system call)">read</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Open_(system_call)" title="Open (system call)">open</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Ioctl" title="Ioctl">ioctl</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Write_(system_call)" title="Write (system call)">write</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Mmap" title="Mmap">mmap</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Close_(system_call)" title="Close (system call)">close</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Exit_(system_call)" title="Exit (system call)">exit</a></code>, etc. (about 380 system calls) The Linux kernel <a href="/wiki/System_call" title="System call">System Call Interface</a> (SCI), aims to be <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a>/<a href="/wiki/Single_UNIX_Specification" title="Single UNIX Specification">SUS</a>-compatible<a href="#cite_note-106">[98]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="linux-layers-kernel"> <td><a href="/wiki/Scheduling_(computing)" title="Scheduling (computing)">Process scheduling</a> subsystem </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">IPC</a> subsystem </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Memory_management" title="Memory management">Memory management</a> subsystem </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Virtual_file_system" title="Virtual file system">Virtual files</a> subsystem </td> <td>Networking subsystem </td></tr> <tr class="linux-layers-kernel"> <td colspan="5">Other components: <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Linux_Sound_Architecture" title="Advanced Linux Sound Architecture">ALSA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Direct_Rendering_Infrastructure" title="Direct Rendering Infrastructure">DRI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evdev" title="Evdev">evdev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klibc" title="Klibc">klibc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logical_Volume_Manager_(Linux)" title="Logical Volume Manager (Linux)">LVM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Device_mapper" title="Device mapper">device mapper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux_Network_Scheduler" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux Network Scheduler">Linux Network Scheduler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netfilter" title="Netfilter">Netfilter</a> <a href="/wiki/Linux_Security_Modules" title="Linux Security Modules">Linux Security Modules</a>: <a href="/wiki/Security-Enhanced_Linux" title="Security-Enhanced Linux">SELinux</a>, <a href="/wiki/TOMOYO_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="TOMOYO Linux">TOMOYO</a>, <a href="/wiki/AppArmor" title="AppArmor">AppArmor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smack_(Linux_security_module)" class="mw-redirect" title="Smack (Linux security module)">Smack</a> </td></tr> <tr class="linux-layers-hw"> <th colspan="7" scope="row">Hardware (<a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">main memory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">data storage devices</a>, etc.) </th></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> Installed components of a Linux system include the following:<a href="#cite_note-oreilly-anatomy-103">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[99]</a> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Bootloader" title="Bootloader">bootloader</a>, for example <a href="/wiki/GNU_GRUB" title="GNU GRUB">GNU GRUB</a>, <a href="/wiki/LILO_(bootloader)" title="LILO (bootloader)">LILO</a>, <a href="/wiki/SYSLINUX" title="SYSLINUX">SYSLINUX</a> or <a href="/wiki/Systemd-boot" title="Systemd-boot">systemd-boot</a>. This is a program that loads the Linux kernel into the computer's <a href="/wiki/Main_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Main memory">main memory</a>, by being executed by the computer when it is turned on and after the <a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a> initialization is performed.</li> <li>An <a href="/wiki/Init" title="Init">init</a> program, such as the traditional <a href="/wiki/Sysvinit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sysvinit">sysvinit</a> and the newer <a href="/wiki/Systemd" title="Systemd">systemd</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenRC" title="OpenRC">OpenRC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upstart_(software)" title="Upstart (software)">Upstart</a>. This is the first <a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">process</a> launched by the Linux kernel, and is at the root of the process tree. It starts processes such as system services and login prompts (whether graphical or in terminal mode).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Software libraries</a>, which contain code that can be used by running processes. On Linux systems using <a href="/wiki/Executable_and_Linkable_Format" title="Executable and Linkable Format">ELF</a>-format executable files, the <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_linker" title="Dynamic linker">dynamic linker</a> that manages the use of dynamic libraries is known as <a href="/wiki/Ld-linux.so" class="mw-redirect" title="Ld-linux.so">ld-linux.so</a>. If the system is set up for the user to compile software themselves, <a href="/wiki/Header_file" class="mw-redirect" title="Header file">header files</a> will also be included to describe the <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">programming interface</a> of installed libraries. Besides the most commonly used software library on Linux systems, the <a href="/wiki/GNU_C_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU C Library">GNU C Library</a> (glibc), there are numerous other libraries, such as <a href="/wiki/Simple_DirectMedia_Layer" title="Simple DirectMedia Layer">SDL</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesa_(computer_graphics)" title="Mesa (computer graphics)">Mesa</a>. <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/C_standard_library" title="C standard library">C standard library</a> is the library necessary to run programs written in <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> on a computer system, with the GNU C Library being the standard. It provides an implementation of the POSIX API, as well as extensions to that API. For embedded systems, alternatives such as <a href="/wiki/Musl" title="Musl">musl</a>, <a href="/wiki/EGLIBC" class="mw-redirect" title="EGLIBC">EGLIBC</a> (a glibc fork once used by Debian) and <a href="/wiki/UClibc" title="UClibc">uClibc</a> (which was designed for <a href="/wiki/UClinux" class="mw-redirect" title="UClinux">uClinux</a>) have been developed, although the last two are no longer maintained. Android uses its own C library, <a href="/wiki/Bionic_(software)" title="Bionic (software)">Bionic</a>. However, musl can additionally be used as a replacement for glibc on desktop and laptop systems, as seen on certain Linux distributions like <a href="/wiki/Void_Linux" title="Void Linux">Void Linux</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Basic Unix commands, with GNU coreutils being the standard implementation. Alternatives exist for embedded systems, such as the copyleft <a href="/wiki/BusyBox" title="BusyBox">BusyBox</a>, and the BSD-licensed <a href="/wiki/Toybox" title="Toybox">Toybox</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widget_toolkit" title="Widget toolkit">Widget toolkits</a> are the libraries used to build <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interfaces</a> (GUIs) for software applications. Numerous widget toolkits are available, including <a href="/wiki/GTK" title="GTK">GTK</a> and Clutter developed by the <a href="/wiki/GNOME_Project" title="GNOME Project">GNOME Project</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qt_(software)" title="Qt (software)">Qt</a> developed by the <a href="/wiki/Qt_Project" title="Qt Project">Qt Project</a> and led by <a href="/wiki/The_Qt_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="The Qt Company">The Qt Company</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_Foundation_Libraries" title="Enlightenment Foundation Libraries">Enlightenment Foundation Libraries</a> (EFL) developed primarily by the <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment (software)">Enlightenment</a> team.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Package_manager" title="Package manager">package management system</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Dpkg" title="Dpkg">dpkg</a> and <a href="/wiki/RPM_Package_Manager" title="RPM Package Manager">RPM</a>. Alternatively packages can be compiled from binary or source <a href="/wiki/Tar_(computing)" title="Tar (computing)">tarballs</a>.</li> <li>User interface programs such as command shells or windowing environments.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="User_interface">User interface</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: User interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a>, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Shell_(computing)" title="Shell (computing)">shell</a>, is either a command-line interface (CLI), a graphical user interface (GUI), or controls attached to the associated hardware, which is common for embedded systems. For desktop systems, the default user interface is usually graphical, although the CLI is commonly available through <a href="/wiki/Terminal_emulator" title="Terminal emulator">terminal emulator</a> windows or on a separate <a href="/wiki/Virtual_console" title="Virtual console">virtual console</a>. CLI shells are text-based user interfaces, which use text for both input and output. The dominant shell used in Linux is the <a href="/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)" title="Bash (Unix shell)">Bourne-Again Shell</a> (bash), originally developed for the GNU Project; <a href="/wiki/List_of_command-line_interpreters" title="List of command-line interpreters">other shells</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Z_shell" title="Z shell">Zsh</a> are also used.<a href="#cite_note-108">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[101]</a> Most low-level Linux components, including various parts of the <a href="/wiki/Userland_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Userland (computing)">userland</a>, use the CLI exclusively. The CLI is particularly suited for automation of repetitive or delayed tasks and provides very simple <a href="/wiki/Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">inter-process communication</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VirtualBox_debian64_XFCE_Hebrew.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/VirtualBox_debian64_XFCE_Hebrew.png/220px-VirtualBox_debian64_XFCE_Hebrew.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="975"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 112px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/VirtualBox_debian64_XFCE_Hebrew.png/220px-VirtualBox_debian64_XFCE_Hebrew.png" data-width="220" data-height="112" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/VirtualBox_debian64_XFCE_Hebrew.png/330px-VirtualBox_debian64_XFCE_Hebrew.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/VirtualBox_debian64_XFCE_Hebrew.png/440px-VirtualBox_debian64_XFCE_Hebrew.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a> running the <a href="/wiki/Xfce" title="Xfce">Xfce</a> desktop environment</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fedora_Linux_40_KDE_Plasma.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Fedora_Linux_40_KDE_Plasma.png/220px-Fedora_Linux_40_KDE_Plasma.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Fedora_Linux_40_KDE_Plasma.png/220px-Fedora_Linux_40_KDE_Plasma.png" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Fedora_Linux_40_KDE_Plasma.png/330px-Fedora_Linux_40_KDE_Plasma.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Fedora_Linux_40_KDE_Plasma.png/440px-Fedora_Linux_40_KDE_Plasma.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora Linux</a> running the <a href="/wiki/KDE_Plasma" title="KDE Plasma">Plasma</a> desktop environment</figcaption></figure> On desktop systems, the most popular user interfaces are the <a href="/wiki/GUI_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="GUI shell">GUI shells</a>, packaged together with extensive <a href="/wiki/Desktop_environment" title="Desktop environment">desktop environments</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/KDE_Plasma_5" title="KDE Plasma 5">KDE Plasma</a>, <a href="/wiki/GNOME" title="GNOME">GNOME</a>, <a href="/wiki/MATE_(desktop_environment)" title="MATE (desktop environment)">MATE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon_(desktop_environment)" title="Cinnamon (desktop environment)">Cinnamon</a>, <a href="/wiki/LXDE" title="LXDE">LXDE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elementary_OS" title="Elementary OS">Pantheon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xfce" title="Xfce">Xfce</a>, though a variety of additional user interfaces exist. Most popular user interfaces are based on the X Window System, often simply called "X" or "X11". It provides <a href="/wiki/Network_transparency" title="Network transparency">network transparency</a> and permits a graphical application running on one system to be displayed on another where a user may interact with the application; however, certain extensions of the X Window System are not capable of working over the network.<a href="#cite_note-110">[102]</a> Several X display servers exist, with the reference implementation, <a href="/wiki/X.Org_Server" title="X.Org Server">X.Org Server</a>, being the most popular.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I3_window_manager_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/I3_window_manager_screenshot.png/220px-I3_window_manager_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 138px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/I3_window_manager_screenshot.png/220px-I3_window_manager_screenshot.png" data-width="220" data-height="138" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/I3_window_manager_screenshot.png/330px-I3_window_manager_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/I3_window_manager_screenshot.png/440px-I3_window_manager_screenshot.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/I3_(window_manager)" title="I3 (window manager)">I3</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiling_window_manager" title="Tiling window manager">Tiling window manager</a></figcaption></figure> Several types of <a href="/wiki/Window_manager" title="Window manager">window managers</a> exist for X11, including <a href="/wiki/Tiling_window_manager" title="Tiling window manager">tiling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_window_manager" title="Dynamic window manager">dynamic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stacking_window_manager" title="Stacking window manager">stacking</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Compositing_window_manager" title="Compositing window manager">compositing</a>. Window managers provide means to control the placement and appearance of individual application windows, and interact with the X Window System. Simpler <a href="/wiki/X_window_manager" title="X window manager">X window managers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Dwm" title="Dwm">dwm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ratpoison" title="Ratpoison">ratpoison</a>, or <a href="/wiki/I3_(window_manager)" title="I3 (window manager)">i3wm</a> provide a <a href="/wiki/Minimalism_(computing)" title="Minimalism (computing)">minimalist</a> functionality, while more elaborate window managers such as <a href="/wiki/FVWM" title="FVWM">FVWM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment (software)">Enlightenment</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Window_Maker" class="mw-redirect" title="Window Maker">Window Maker</a> provide more features such as a built-in <a href="/wiki/Taskbar" title="Taskbar">taskbar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theme_(computing)" title="Theme (computing)">themes</a>, but are still lightweight when compared to desktop environments. Desktop environments include window managers as part of their standard installations, such as <a href="/wiki/Mutter_(software)" title="Mutter (software)">Mutter</a> (GNOME), <a href="/wiki/KWin" title="KWin">KWin</a> (KDE), or <a href="/wiki/Xfwm" class="mw-redirect" title="Xfwm">Xfwm</a> (xfce), although users may choose to use a different window manager if preferred. Wayland is a display server protocol intended as a replacement for the X11 protocol; as of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit">[update]</a>, it has received relatively wide adoption.<a href="#cite_note-111">[103]</a> Unlike X11, Wayland does not need an external window manager and compositing manager. Therefore, a Wayland compositor takes the role of the display server, window manager, and compositing manager. Weston is the reference implementation of Wayland, while GNOME's Mutter and KDE's KWin are being ported to Wayland as standalone display servers. Enlightenment has already been successfully ported since version 19.<a href="#cite_note-112">[104]</a> Additionally, many window managers have been made for Wayland, such as Sway or Hyprland, as well as other graphical utilities such as Waybar or Rofi. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_input_infrastructure">Video input infrastructure</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Video input infrastructure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Video4Linux" title="Video4Linux">Video4Linux</a></div> Linux currently has two modern kernel-userspace APIs for handling video input devices: <a href="/wiki/Video4Linux" title="Video4Linux">V4L2</a> API for video streams and radio, and <a href="/wiki/DVB" title="DVB">DVB</a> API for digital TV reception.<a href="#cite_note-113">[105]</a> Due to the complexity and diversity of different devices, and due to the large number of formats and standards handled by those APIs, this infrastructure needs to evolve to better fit other devices. Also, a good userspace device library is the key to the success of having userspace applications to be able to work with all formats supported by those devices.<a href="#cite_note-114">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[107]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Development_2">Development</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Development" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unix_timeline.en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Unix_timeline.en.svg/500px-Unix_timeline.en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="349" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="665"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 500px;height: 349px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Unix_timeline.en.svg/500px-Unix_timeline.en.svg.png" data-width="500" data-height="349" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Unix_timeline.en.svg/750px-Unix_timeline.en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Unix_timeline.en.svg/1000px-Unix_timeline.en.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Simplified history of Unix-like operating systems. Linux shares similar architecture and concepts (as part of the <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> standard) but does not share non-free source code with the original <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> or Minix.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distribution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a></div> The primary difference between Linux and many other popular contemporary operating systems is that the Linux kernel and other components are free and open-source software. Linux is not the only such operating system, although it is by far the most widely used.<a href="#cite_note-MarketShare09NOV-116">[108]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Free_software_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Free software license">free</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">open-source software licenses</a> are based on the principle of <a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">copyleft</a>, a kind of reciprocity: any work derived from a copyleft piece of software must also be copyleft itself. The most common free software license, the GNU General Public License (GPL), is a form of copyleft and is used for the Linux kernel and many of the components from the GNU Project.<a href="#cite_note-117">[109]</a> Linux-based distributions are intended by developers for <a href="/wiki/Interoperability" title="Interoperability">interoperability</a> with other operating systems and established computing standards. Linux systems adhere to POSIX,<a href="#cite_note-118">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Single_UNIX_Specification" title="Single UNIX Specification">Single UNIX Specification</a> (SUS),<a href="#cite_note-119">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base" title="Linux Standard Base">Linux Standard Base</a> (LSB), <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, and <a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">ANSI</a> standards where possible, although to date only one Linux distribution has been POSIX.1 certified, Linux-FT.<a href="#cite_note-120">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[113]</a> Free software projects, although developed through <a href="/wiki/Collaboration" title="Collaboration">collaboration</a>, are often produced independently of each other. The fact that the software licenses explicitly permit redistribution, however, provides a basis for larger-scale projects that collect the software produced by stand-alone projects and make it available all at once in the form of a Linux distribution. Many Linux distributions manage a remote collection of system software and application software packages available for download and installation through a network connection. This allows users to adapt the operating system to their specific needs. Distributions are maintained by individuals, loose-knit teams, volunteer organizations, and commercial entities. A distribution is responsible for the default configuration of the installed Linux kernel, general system security, and more generally integration of the different software packages into a coherent whole. Distributions typically use a package manager such as <a href="/wiki/APT_(software)" title="APT (software)">apt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yum_(software)" title="Yum (software)">yum</a>, <a href="/wiki/ZYpp" title="ZYpp">zypper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacman_(package_manager)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacman (package manager)">pacman</a> or <a href="/wiki/Portage_(software)" title="Portage (software)">portage</a> to install, remove, and update all of a system's software from one central location.<a href="#cite_note-122">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Community">Community</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Community" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linux_user_group" title="Linux user group">Linux user group</a></div> A distribution is largely driven by its developer and user communities. Some vendors develop and fund their distributions on a volunteer basis, <a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a> being a well-known example. Others maintain a community version of their commercial distributions, as <a href="/wiki/Red_Hat" title="Red Hat">Red Hat</a> does with <a href="/wiki/Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SUSE_S.A." title="SUSE S.A.">SUSE</a> does with <a href="/wiki/OpenSUSE" title="OpenSUSE">openSUSE</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[116]</a> In many cities and regions, local associations known as <a href="/wiki/Linux_User_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux User Group">Linux User Groups</a> (LUGs) seek to promote their preferred distribution and by extension free software. They hold meetings and provide free demonstrations, training, technical support, and operating system installation to new users. Many Internet communities also provide support to Linux users and developers. Most distributions and free software / open-source projects have <a href="/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Relay Chat">IRC</a> chatrooms or <a href="/wiki/Newsgroup" class="mw-redirect" title="Newsgroup">newsgroups</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">Online forums</a> are another means of support, with notable examples being <a href="/wiki/Stack_Exchange" title="Stack Exchange">Unix & Linux Stack Exchange</a>,<a href="#cite_note-125">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/LinuxQuestions.org" title="LinuxQuestions.org">LinuxQuestions.org</a> and the various distribution-specific support and community forums, such as ones for <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a>, Fedora, <a href="/wiki/Arch_Linux" title="Arch Linux">Arch Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gentoo_Linux" title="Gentoo Linux">Gentoo</a>, etc. Linux distributions host <a href="/wiki/Mailing_list" title="Mailing list">mailing lists</a>; commonly there will be a specific topic such as usage or development for a given list. There are several technology websites with a Linux focus. Print magazines on Linux often bundle <a href="/wiki/Cover_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Cover disk">cover disks</a> that carry software or even complete Linux distributions.<a href="#cite_note-127">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[120]</a> Although Linux distributions are generally available without charge, several large corporations sell, support, and contribute to the development of the components of the system and free software. An analysis of the Linux kernel in 2017 showed that well over 85% of the code was developed by programmers who are being paid for their work, leaving about 8.2% to unpaid developers and 4.1% unclassified.<a href="#cite_note-Linux_Foundation_2021-11-14-129">[121]</a> Some of the major corporations that provide contributions include <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, <a href="/wiki/AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Linux_Foundation_2021-11-14-129">[121]</a> Several corporations, notably Red Hat, <a href="/wiki/Canonical_(company)" title="Canonical (company)">Canonical</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SUSE_S.A." title="SUSE S.A.">SUSE</a> have built a significant business around Linux distributions. The <a href="/wiki/Free_software_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Free software license">free software licenses</a>, on which the various software packages of a distribution built on the Linux kernel are based, explicitly accommodate and encourage commercialization; the relationship between a Linux distribution as a whole and individual vendors may be seen as <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiotic</a>. One common <a href="/wiki/Business_model" title="Business model">business model</a> of commercial suppliers is charging for support, especially for business users. A number of companies also offer a specialized business version of their distribution, which adds proprietary support packages and tools to administer higher numbers of installations or to simplify administrative tasks.<a href="#cite_note-130">[122]</a> Another business model is to give away the software to sell hardware. This used to be the norm in the computer industry, with operating systems such as <a href="/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M">CP/M</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_DOS" title="Apple DOS">Apple DOS</a>, and versions of the <a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">classic Mac OS</a> before 7.6 freely copyable (but not modifiable). As computer hardware standardized throughout the 1980s, it became more difficult for hardware manufacturers to profit from this tactic, as the OS would run on any manufacturer's computer that shared the same architecture.<a href="#cite_note-131">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Programming_on_Linux">Programming on Linux</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Programming on Linux" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Most <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> support Linux either directly or through third-party community based <a href="/wiki/Porting" title="Porting">ports</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[125]</a> The original development tools used for building both Linux applications and operating system programs are found within the <a href="/wiki/GNU_toolchain" title="GNU toolchain">GNU toolchain</a>, which includes the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GNU Compiler Collection</a> (GCC) and the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Build_System" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU Build System">GNU Build System</a>. Amongst others, GCC provides compilers for <a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a>. Many programming languages have a cross-platform reference implementation that supports Linux, for example <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a>. First released in 2003, the <a href="/wiki/LLVM" title="LLVM">LLVM</a> project provides an alternative cross-platform open-source compiler for many languages. <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a> compilers for Linux include the <a href="/wiki/Intel_C%2B%2B_Compiler" title="Intel C++ Compiler">Intel C++ Compiler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Studio_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Studio (software)">Sun Studio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/IBM_XL_C/C%2B%2B_Compilers" title="IBM XL C/C++ Compilers">IBM XL C/C++ Compiler</a>. <a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> is available in <a href="/wiki/Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">procedural</a> form from <a href="/wiki/QB64" title="QB64">QB64</a>, <a href="/wiki/PureBasic" title="PureBasic">PureBasic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yabasic" title="Yabasic">Yabasic</a>, <a href="/wiki/GLBasic" title="GLBasic">GLBasic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basic4GL" title="Basic4GL">Basic4GL</a>, <a href="/wiki/XBasic" title="XBasic">XBasic</a>, <a href="/wiki/WxBasic" title="WxBasic">wxBasic</a>, <a href="/wiki/SdlBasic" title="SdlBasic">SdlBasic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Basic-256" title="Basic-256">Basic-256</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Object_oriented_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Object oriented programming">object oriented</a> through <a href="/wiki/Gambas" title="Gambas">Gambas</a>, <a href="/wiki/FreeBASIC" title="FreeBASIC">FreeBASIC</a>, B4X, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_for_Qt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basic for Qt (page does not exist)">Basic for Qt</a>, Phoenix Object Basic, <a href="/wiki/NS_Basic" title="NS Basic">NS Basic</a>, ProvideX, <a href="/wiki/Chipmunk_Basic" title="Chipmunk Basic">Chipmunk Basic</a>, <a href="/wiki/RapidQ" title="RapidQ">RapidQ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xojo" title="Xojo">Xojo</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> is implemented through <a href="/wiki/GNU_Pascal" title="GNU Pascal">GNU Pascal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_Pascal" title="Free Pascal">Free Pascal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virtual_Pascal" title="Virtual Pascal">Virtual Pascal</a>, as well as graphically via <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_(software)" title="Lazarus (software)">Lazarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/PascalABC.NET" title="PascalABC.NET">PascalABC.NET</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Delphi_(software)" title="Delphi (software)">Delphi</a> using <a href="/wiki/FireMonkey" title="FireMonkey">FireMonkey</a> (previously through <a href="/wiki/Borland_Kylix" title="Borland Kylix">Borland Kylix</a>).<a href="#cite_note-134">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[127]</a> A common feature of Unix-like systems, Linux includes traditional specific-purpose programming languages targeted at <a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripting</a>, text processing and system configuration and management in general. Linux distributions support <a href="/wiki/Shell_script" title="Shell script">shell scripts</a>, <a href="/wiki/AWK" title="AWK">awk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sed" title="Sed">sed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Make_(software)" title="Make (software)">make</a>. Many programs also have an embedded programming language to support configuring or programming themselves. For example, <a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">regular expressions</a> are supported in programs like <a href="/wiki/Grep" title="Grep">grep</a> and <a href="/wiki/Locate_(Unix)" title="Locate (Unix)">locate</a>, the traditional Unix message transfer agent <a href="/wiki/Sendmail" title="Sendmail">Sendmail</a> contains its own <a href="/wiki/Turing_completeness" title="Turing completeness">Turing complete</a> scripting system, and the advanced text editor <a href="/wiki/GNU_Emacs" title="GNU Emacs">GNU Emacs</a> is built around a general purpose <a href="/wiki/Emacs_Lisp" title="Emacs Lisp">Lisp</a> interpreter.<a href="#cite_note-136">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[130]</a> Most distributions also include support for <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_programming_language" title="Dynamic programming language">dynamic languages</a>. While not as common, Linux also supports <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">CLI</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_CLI_languages" title="List of CLI languages">languages</a> (via <a href="/wiki/Mono_(software)" title="Mono (software)">Mono</a>), <a href="/wiki/Vala_(programming_language)" title="Vala (programming language)">Vala</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a>. <a href="/wiki/Guile_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guile (programming language)">Guile Scheme</a> acts as an <a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">extension language</a> targeting the GNU system utilities, seeking to make the conventionally small, <a href="/wiki/Static_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Static typing">static</a>, compiled C programs of <a href="/wiki/Unix_philosophy" title="Unix philosophy">Unix design</a> rapidly and dynamically extensible via an elegant, <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a> high-level scripting system; many GNU programs can be compiled with optional Guile <a href="/wiki/Language_binding" title="Language binding">bindings</a> to this end. A number of <a href="/wiki/Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java virtual machines</a> and development kits run on Linux, including the original Sun Microsystems JVM (<a href="/wiki/HotSpot_(virtual_machine)" title="HotSpot (virtual machine)">HotSpot</a>), and IBM's J2SE RE, as well as many open-source projects like <a href="/wiki/Kaffe" title="Kaffe">Kaffe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jikes_RVM" title="Jikes RVM">Jikes RVM</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scala_(programming_language)" title="Scala (programming language)">Scala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apache_Groovy" title="Apache Groovy">Groovy</a> and other <a href="/wiki/List_of_JVM_languages" title="List of JVM languages">JVM languages</a> are also available. <a href="/wiki/GNOME" title="GNOME">GNOME</a> and <a href="/wiki/KDE" title="KDE">KDE</a> are popular desktop environments and provide a framework for developing applications. These projects are based on the <a href="/wiki/GTK" title="GTK">GTK</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qt_(toolkit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qt (toolkit)">Qt</a> widget toolkits, respectively, which can also be used independently of the larger framework. Both support a wide variety of languages. There are <a href="/wiki/Category:Linux_integrated_development_environments" title="Category:Linux integrated development environments">a number</a> of <a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environments</a> available including <a href="/wiki/Anjuta" title="Anjuta">Anjuta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Code::Blocks" title="Code::Blocks">Code::Blocks</a>, <a href="/wiki/CodeLite" title="CodeLite">CodeLite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geany" title="Geany">Geany</a>, <a href="/wiki/ActiveState_Komodo" class="mw-redirect" title="ActiveState Komodo">ActiveState Komodo</a>, <a href="/wiki/KDevelop" title="KDevelop">KDevelop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_(software)" title="Lazarus (software)">Lazarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/MonoDevelop" title="MonoDevelop">MonoDevelop</a>, <a href="/wiki/NetBeans" title="NetBeans">NetBeans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qt_Creator" title="Qt Creator">Qt Creator</a>, while the long-established editors <a href="/wiki/Vim_(text_editor)" title="Vim (text editor)">Vim</a>, <a href="/wiki/GNU_nano" title="GNU nano">nano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs">Emacs</a> remain popular.<a href="#cite_note-139">[131]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Hardware_support">Hardware support</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hardware support" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linux_kernel_ubiquity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Linux_kernel_ubiquity.svg/500px-Linux_kernel_ubiquity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="281" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 500px;height: 281px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Linux_kernel_ubiquity.svg/500px-Linux_kernel_ubiquity.svg.png" data-width="500" data-height="281" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Linux_kernel_ubiquity.svg/750px-Linux_kernel_ubiquity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Linux_kernel_ubiquity.svg/1000px-Linux_kernel_ubiquity.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Linux is ubiquitously found on various types of hardware.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Linux-supported_computer_architectures" title="List of Linux-supported computer architectures">List of Linux-supported computer architectures</a></div> The Linux kernel is a widely ported operating system kernel, available for devices ranging from mobile phones to supercomputers; it runs on a highly diverse range of <a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">computer architectures</a>, including <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture_family" title="ARM architecture family">ARM</a>-based Android smartphones and the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Z" title="IBM Z">IBM Z</a> mainframes. Specialized distributions and kernel forks exist for less mainstream architectures; for example, the <a href="/wiki/Embeddable_Linux_Kernel_Subset" title="Embeddable Linux Kernel Subset">ELKS</a> kernel <a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">fork</a> can run on <a href="/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086">Intel 8086</a> or <a href="/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286">Intel 80286</a> 16-bit microprocessors,<a href="#cite_note-140">[132]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/%CE%9CClinux" title="ΜClinux">μClinux</a> kernel fork may run on systems without a <a href="/wiki/Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">memory management unit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[133]</a> The kernel also runs on architectures that were only ever intended to use a proprietary manufacturer-created operating system, such as <a href="/wiki/Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh">Macintosh</a> computers<a href="#cite_note-142">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[135]</a> (with <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apple_silicon" title="Apple silicon">Apple silicon</a> processors), <a href="/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">PDAs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">video game consoles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">portable music players</a>, and mobile phones. Linux has a reputation for supporting old hardware very well by maintaining standardized drivers for a long time.<a href="#cite_note-144">[136]</a> There are several industry associations and hardware <a href="/wiki/Convention_(meeting)" title="Convention (meeting)">conferences</a> devoted to maintaining and improving support for diverse hardware under Linux, such as <a href="/wiki/FreedomHEC" title="FreedomHEC">FreedomHEC</a>. Over time, support for different hardware has improved in Linux, resulting in any off-the-shelf purchase having a "good chance" of being compatible.<a href="#cite_note-145">[137]</a> In 2014, a new initiative was launched to automatically collect a database of all tested hardware configurations.<a href="#cite_note-linuxhw-146">[138]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Uses" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Linux_range_of_use" title="Linux range of use">Linux range of use</a></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Market_share_and_uptake">Market share and uptake</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Market share and uptake" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Linux_adoption" title="Linux adoption">Linux adoption</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems" title="Usage share of operating systems">Usage share of operating systems</a></div> Many quantitative studies of free/open-source software focus on topics including market share and reliability, with numerous studies specifically examining Linux.<a href="#cite_note-147">[139]</a> The Linux market is growing, and the Linux operating system market size is expected to see a growth of 19.2% by 2027, reaching $15.64 billion, compared to $3.89 billion in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-148">[140]</a> Analysts project a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 13.7% between 2024 and 2032, culminating in a market size of US$34.90 billion by the latter year.<a href="#cite_note-149">[141]</a> Analysts and proponents attribute the relative success of Linux to its security, reliability, low cost, and freedom from <a href="/wiki/Vendor_lock-in" title="Vendor lock-in">vendor lock-in</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[143]</a> <dl><dt>Desktops and laptops</dt> <dd>According to <a href="/wiki/Web_analytics" title="Web analytics">web server statistics</a> (that is, based on the numbers recorded from visits to websites by client devices), in October 2024, the estimated market share of Linux on <a href="/wiki/Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">desktop computers</a> was around 4.3%. In comparison, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> had a market share of around 73.4%, while <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> covered around 15.5%.<a href="#cite_note-statcounter-desktop-51">[44]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Web servers</dt></dl> <dl><dd>W3Cook publishes stats that use the top 1,000,000 Alexa domains,<a href="#cite_note-152">[144]</a> which as of May 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit">[update]</a> estimate that 96.55% of web servers run Linux, 1.73% run Windows, and 1.72% run FreeBSD.<a href="#cite_note-153">[145]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dd>W3Techs publishes stats that use the top 10,000,000 Alexa domains and the top 1,000,000 Tranco domains, updated monthly<a href="#cite_note-154">[146]</a> and as of November 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit">[update]</a> estimate that Linux is used by 39% of the web servers, versus 21.9% being used by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[147]</a> 40.1% used other types of Unix.<a href="#cite_note-156">[148]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/International_Data_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="International Data Corporation">IDC</a>'s Q1 2007 report indicated that Linux held 12.7% of the overall server market at that time;<a href="#cite_note-Linux-watch.com_IDC's_Q1_2007_report-157">[149]</a> this estimate was based on the number of Linux servers sold by various companies, and did not include server hardware purchased separately that had Linux installed on it later.</dd></dl> As of 2024, estimates suggest Linux accounts for at least 80% of the public cloud workload, partly thanks to its widespread use in platforms like Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform.<a href="#cite_note-158">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[152]</a><blockquote>ZDNet report that 96.3% of the top one million web servers are running Linux.<a href="#cite_note-161">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[154]</a> W3Techs state that Linux powers at least 39.2% of websites whose operating system is known, with other estimates saying 55%.<a href="#cite_note-163">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[156]</a></blockquote> <dl><dt>Mobile devices</dt> <dd>Android, which is based on the Linux kernel, has become the dominant operating system for smartphones. In April 2023, 68.61% of mobile devices accessing websites using <a href="/wiki/StatCounter" title="StatCounter">StatCounter</a> were from Android.<a href="#cite_note-165">[157]</a> Android is also a popular operating system for tablets, being responsible for more than 60% of tablet sales as of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[158]</a> According to web server statistics, as of October 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit">[update]</a> Android has a market share of about 71%, with <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> holding 28%, and the remaining 1% attributed to various niche platforms.<a href="#cite_note-167">[159]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Film production</dt> <dd>For years, Linux has been the platform of choice in the film industry. The first major film produced on Linux servers was 1997's <a href="/wiki/Titanic_(1997_film)" title="Titanic (1997 film)">Titanic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[161]</a> Since then major studios including <a href="/wiki/DreamWorks_Animation" title="DreamWorks Animation">DreamWorks Animation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pixar" title="Pixar">Pixar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weta_Digital" class="mw-redirect" title="Weta Digital">Weta Digital</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Light_%26_Magic" title="Industrial Light & Magic">Industrial Light & Magic</a> have migrated to Linux.<a href="#cite_note-170">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[164]</a> According to the Linux Movies Group, more than 95% of the servers and desktops at large animation and visual effects companies use Linux.<a href="#cite_note-173">[165]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Use in government</dt> <dd>Linux distributions have also gained popularity with various local and national governments. News of the Russian military creating its own Linux distribution has also surfaced, and has come to fruition as the G.H.ost Project.<a href="#cite_note-174">[166]</a> The Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> has gone to the extent of mandating that all state high schools run Linux on their computers.<a href="#cite_note-175">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">China</a> uses Linux exclusively as the operating system for its <a href="/wiki/Loongson" title="Loongson">Loongson</a> processor family to achieve technology independence.<a href="#cite_note-177">[169]</a> In Spain, some regions have developed their own Linux distributions, which are widely used in education and official institutions, like gnuLinEx in Extremadura and Guadalinex in Andalusia. <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> have also taken steps toward the adoption of Linux.<a href="#cite_note-178">[170]</a> North Korea's <a href="/wiki/Red_Star_OS" title="Red Star OS">Red Star OS</a>, developed as of 2002<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit">[update]</a>, is based on a version of Fedora Linux.<a href="#cite_note-179">[171]</a></dd></dl> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Copyright,_trademark,_and_naming">Copyright, trademark, and naming</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Copyright, trademark, and naming" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/GNU/Linux_naming_controversy" title="GNU/Linux naming controversy">GNU/Linux naming controversy</a> and <a href="/wiki/SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes" title="SCO–Linux disputes">SCO–Linux disputes</a></div> The Linux kernel is <a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">licensed</a> under the GNU General Public License (GPL), version 2. The GPL requires that anyone who distributes software based on source code under this license must make the originating source code (and any modifications) available to the recipient under the same terms.<a href="#cite_note-180">[172]</a> Other key components of a typical Linux distribution are also mainly licensed under the GPL, but they may use other licenses; many libraries use the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU Lesser General Public License</a> (LGPL), a more permissive variant of the GPL, and the <a href="/wiki/X.Org_Server" title="X.Org Server">X.Org</a> implementation of the X Window System uses the <a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT License</a>. Torvalds states that the Linux kernel will not move from version 2 of the GPL to version 3.<a href="#cite_note-181">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[174]</a> He specifically dislikes some provisions in the new license which prohibit the use of the software in <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">digital rights management</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[175]</a> It would also be impractical to obtain permission from all the copyright holders, who number in the thousands.<a href="#cite_note-184">[176]</a> A 2001 study of <a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Linux" title="Red Hat Linux">Red Hat Linux</a> 7.1 found that this distribution contained 30 million <a href="/wiki/Source_lines_of_code" title="Source lines of code">source lines of code</a>.<a href="#cite_note-estimating_size-185">[177]</a> Using the <a href="/wiki/COCOMO" title="COCOMO">Constructive Cost Model</a>, the study estimated that this distribution required about eight thousand person-years of development time. According to the study, if all this software had been developed by conventional proprietary means, it would have cost about US$1.82 billion<a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-186">[178]</a> to develop in 2023 in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-estimating_size-185">[177]</a> Most of the source code (71%) was written in the C programming language, but many other languages were used, including <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a>, assembly language, Perl, Python, <a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a>, and various <a href="/wiki/Shell_script" title="Shell script">shell scripting</a> languages. Slightly over half of all lines of code were licensed under the GPL. The Linux kernel itself was 2.4 million lines of code, or 8% of the total.<a href="#cite_note-estimating_size-185">[177]</a> In a later study, the same analysis was performed for Debian version 4.0 (etch, which was released in 2007).<a href="#cite_note-187">[179]</a> This distribution contained close to 283 million source lines of code, and the study estimated that it would have required about seventy three thousand man-years and cost US$10.2 billion<a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-186">[178]</a> (in 2023 dollars) to develop by conventional means. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LinuxWasch3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/LinuxWasch3.jpg/220px-LinuxWasch3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/LinuxWasch3.jpg/220px-LinuxWasch3.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/LinuxWasch3.jpg/330px-LinuxWasch3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/LinuxWasch3.jpg/440px-LinuxWasch3.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The name "Linux" is also used for a laundry detergent made by Swiss company Rösch.<a href="#cite_note-188">[180]</a></figcaption></figure> In the United States, the name Linux is a trademark registered to Linus Torvalds.<a href="#cite_note-US_trademark-19">[14]</a> Initially, nobody registered it. However, on August 15, 1994, William R. Della Croce Jr. filed for the trademark Linux, and then demanded royalties from Linux distributors. In 1996, Torvalds and some affected organizations sued him to have the trademark assigned to Torvalds, and, in 1997, the case was settled.<a href="#cite_note-189">[181]</a> The licensing of the trademark has since been handled by the <a href="/wiki/Linux_Mark_Institute" title="Linux Mark Institute">Linux Mark Institute</a> (LMI). Torvalds has stated that he trademarked the name only to prevent someone else from using it. LMI originally charged a nominal sublicensing fee for use of the Linux name as part of trademarks,<a href="#cite_note-190">[182]</a> but later changed this in favor of offering a free, perpetual worldwide sublicense.<a href="#cite_note-191">[183]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnulinux.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Gnulinux.svg/220px-Gnulinux.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="402"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 250px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Gnulinux.svg/220px-Gnulinux.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="250" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Gnulinux.svg/330px-Gnulinux.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Gnulinux.svg/440px-Gnulinux.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tux_(mascot)" title="Tux (mascot)">Tux</a> sometimes is stylized with incorporation of the <a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> logo</figcaption></figure> The Free Software Foundation (FSF) prefers GNU/Linux as the name when referring to the operating system as a whole, because it considers Linux distributions to be <a href="/wiki/GNU_variants" title="GNU variants">variants</a> of the GNU operating system initiated in 1983 by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a>, president of the FSF.<a href="#cite_note-gnu_linux_faq-34">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-linux-and-gnu-35">[29]</a> The foundation explicitly takes no issue over the name Android for the Android OS, which is also an operating system based on the Linux kernel, as GNU is not a part of it. A minority of public figures and software projects other than Stallman and the FSF, notably distributions consisting of only free software, such as Debian (which had been sponsored by the FSF up to 1996),<a href="#cite_note-192">[184]</a> also use GNU/Linux when referring to the operating system as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-tivo-193">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[187]</a> Most media and common usage, however, refers to this family of operating systems simply as Linux, as do many large Linux distributions (for example, <a href="/wiki/SUSE_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="SUSE Linux">SUSE Linux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux" title="Red Hat Enterprise Linux">Red Hat Enterprise Linux</a>). As of May 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit">[update]</a>, about 8% to 13% of the <a href="/wiki/Source_lines_of_code" title="Source lines of code">lines of code</a> of the Linux distribution Ubuntu (version "Natty") is made of GNU components (the range depending on whether GNOME is considered part of GNU); meanwhile, 6% is taken by the Linux kernel, increased to 9% when including its direct dependencies.<a href="#cite_note-how-much-gnu-196">[188]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/19px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/19px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/29px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/38px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:NewTux.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NewTux.svg/16px-NewTux.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="750"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NewTux.svg/16px-NewTux.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="16" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NewTux.svg/24px-NewTux.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NewTux.svg/32px-NewTux.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Linux" title="Portal:Linux">Linux</a></li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Linux_distributions" title="Comparison of Linux distributions">Comparison of Linux distributions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_and_closed-source_software" title="Comparison of open-source and closed-source software">Comparison of open-source and closed-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems" title="Comparison of operating systems">Comparison of operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_X_Window_System_desktop_environments" title="Comparison of X Window System desktop environments">Comparison of X Window System desktop environments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Linux" title="Criticism of Linux">Criticism of Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel_version_history" title="Linux kernel version history">Linux kernel version history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Documentation_Project" title="Linux Documentation Project">Linux Documentation Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_From_Scratch" title="Linux From Scratch">Linux From Scratch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Software_Map" title="Linux Software Map">Linux Software Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Linux_distributions" title="List of Linux distributions">List of Linux distributions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Linux_games" title="List of Linux games">List of games released on Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_operating_systems" title="List of operating systems">List of operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module" title="Loadable kernel module">Loadable kernel module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems" title="Usage share of operating systems">Usage share of operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_operating_systems" title="Timeline of operating systems">Timeline of operating systems</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> util-linux is the standard set of utilities for use as part of the Linux operating system.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> BusyBox is a userland written with size-optimization and limited resources in mind, used in many embedded Linux distributions. BusyBox replaces most <a href="/wiki/GNU_Core_Utilities" title="GNU Core Utilities">GNU Core Utilities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> One notable Desktop distribution using BusyBox is <a href="/wiki/Alpine_Linux" title="Alpine Linux">Alpine Linux</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> GNU is a userland used in various Linux distributions.<a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> The GNU userland contains system daemons, user applications, the GUI, and various libraries. <a href="/wiki/GNU_Core_Utilities" title="GNU Core Utilities">GNU Core Utilities</a> are an essential part of most distributions. Most Linux distributions use the <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> Other components of the userland, such as the <a href="/wiki/Widget_toolkit" title="Widget toolkit">widget toolkit</a>, vary with the specific distribution, desktop environment, and user configuration.<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Plan 9 from User Space (aka plan9port) is a port of many Plan 9 libraries and programs from their native Plan 9 environment to Unix-like operating systems, including Linux and FreeBSD.<a href="#cite_note-13">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Toybox is a userland that combines over 200 Unix command line utilities together into a single BSD-licensed executable. After a talk at the 2013 Embedded Linux Conference, Google merged toybox into AOSP and began shipping toybox in Android Marshmallow in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-16">[12]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> The name "Linux" itself is a trademark owned by <a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a><a href="#cite_note-US_trademark-19">[14]</a> and administered by the <a href="/wiki/Linux_Mark_Institute" title="Linux Mark Institute">Linux Mark Institute</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> As measured by the <a href="/wiki/TOP500" title="TOP500">TOP500</a> list, which uses <a href="/wiki/LINPACK_benchmarks#HPL" title="LINPACK benchmarks">HPL</a> to measure computational power </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> As measured by the <a href="/wiki/TOP500" title="TOP500">TOP500</a> list, which uses <a href="/wiki/LINPACK_benchmarks#HPL" title="LINPACK benchmarks">HPL</a> to measure computational power </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-LinuxOnLine2008-1"><a href="#cite_ref-LinuxOnLine2008_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLinux_Online2008" class="citation web cs1">Linux Online (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100815085106/http://www.linux.org/info/logos.html">"Linux Logos and Mascots"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linux.org/info/logos.html">the original</a> on August 15, 2010. Retrieved August 11, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux+Logos+and+Mascots&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Linux+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linux.org%2Finfo%2Flogos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/util-linux">"The util-linux code repository"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>. Retrieved October 31, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=The+util-linux+code+repository.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Futil-linux&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://busybox.net/about.html">"The Busybox about page"</a>. busybox.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211127134347/https://busybox.net/about.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 27, 2021. 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MIT Press. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-03647-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-03647-4"><bdi>978-0-262-03647-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220805143226/https://books.google.com/books?id=MXosDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on August 5, 2022. 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Sebastopol, California: O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-596-00108-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-596-00108-8"><bdi>0-596-00108-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220718070144/https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/the-cathedral/0596001088/ch01.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 18, 2022. Retrieved July 21, 2022. <q>In 1982, a group of Unix hackers from Stanford and Berkeley founded Sun Microsystems on the belief that Unix running on relatively inexpensive 68000-based hardware would prove a winning combination for a wide variety of applications. They were right, and their vision set the pattern for an entire industry. While still priced out of reach of most individuals, workstations were cheap for corporations and universities; networks of them (one to a user) rapidly replaced the older VAXes and other time-sharing systems</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cathedral+and+the+Bazaar&rft.place=Sebastopol%2C+California&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+%26+Associates%2C+Inc&rft.date=1999-10&rft.isbn=0-596-00108-8&rft.aulast=Eric&rft.aufirst=S.+Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oreilly.com%2Flibrary%2Fview%2Fthe-cathedral%2F0596001088%2Fch01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazzareschi1988" class="citation news cs1">Lazzareschi, Carla (January 31, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-01-31-fi-39535-story.html">"Sun Microsystems Is Blazing a Red-Hot Trail in Computers: $300-Million AT&T; Deal Moves Firm to Set Sights on IBM"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220721100144/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-01-31-fi-39535-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 21, 2022. Retrieved July 21, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Sun+Microsystems+Is+Blazing+a+Red-Hot+Trail+in+Computers%3A+%24300-Million+AT%26T%3B+Deal+Moves+Firm+to+Set+Sights+on+IBM&rft.date=1988-01-31&rft.aulast=Lazzareschi&rft.aufirst=Carla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1988-01-31-fi-39535-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gnu_announce-73"><a href="#cite_ref-gnu_announce_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/gnu/initial-announcement.html">"About the GNU Project – Initial Announcement"</a>. Gnu.org. June 23, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090305002259/http://www.gnu.org/gnu/initial-announcement.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2009. Retrieved March 9, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+GNU+Project+%E2%80%93+Initial+Announcement&rft.pub=Gnu.org&rft.date=2008-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fgnu%2Finitial-announcement.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Tozzi2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Christopher Tozzi (August 23, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170817205211/http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/050415/open-source-history-why-did-linux-succeed">"Open Source History: Why Did Linux Succeed?"</a>. Archived from the original on August 17, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Open+Source+History%3A+Why+Did+Linux+Succeed%3F&rft.date=2016-08-23&rft.au=Christopher+Tozzi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthevarguy.com%2Fopen-source-application-software-companies%2F050415%2Fopen-source-history-why-did-linux-succeed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-minix-lic-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-minix-lic_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-minix-lic_75-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minix1.woodhull.com/faq/mxlicense.html">"MINIX is now available under the BSD license"</a>. minix1.woodhull.com. April 9, 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083114/http://minix1.woodhull.com/faq/mxlicense.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=minix1.woodhull.com&rft.atitle=MINIX+is+now+available+under+the+BSD+license&rft.date=2000-04-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminix1.woodhull.com%2Ffaq%2Fmxlicense.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoody1997" class="citation web cs1">Moody, Glyn (August 1, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/1997/08/linux-5">"The Greatest OS That (N)ever Was"</a>. Wired. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220725204746/http://www.wired.com/1997/08/linux-5/">Archived</a> from the original on July 25, 2022. Retrieved July 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Greatest+OS+That+%28N%29ever+Was&rft.pub=Wired&rft.date=1997-08-01&rft.aulast=Moody&rft.aufirst=Glyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F1997%2F08%2Flinux-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorvalds" class="citation newsgroup cs1">Torvalds, Linus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.minix/msg/b813d52cbc5a044b">"What would you like to see most in minix?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Newsgroup</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:comp.os.minix">comp.os.minix</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Usenet (identifier)">Usenet:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:1991Aug25.205708.9541@klaava.Helsinki.FI">1991Aug25.205708.9541@klaava.Helsinki.FI</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509134305/http://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.minix/msg/b813d52cbc5a044b">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2013. Retrieved September 9, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+would+you+like+to+see+most+in+minix%3F&rft.pub=comp.os.minix&rft_id=news%3A1991Aug25.205708.9541%40klaava.Helsinki.FI%23id-name%3DUsenet%3A&rft.aulast=Torvalds&rft.aufirst=Linus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fcomp.os.minix%2Fmsg%2Fb813d52cbc5a044b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorvaldsDiamond2001" class="citation book cs1">Torvalds, Linus; Diamond, David (2001). Just for Fun: The Story of an Accidental Revolutionary. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. pp. 78–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-662073-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-662073-2"><bdi>0-06-662073-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Just+for+Fun%3A+The+Story+of+an+Accidental+Revolutionary&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E78-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-06-662073-2&rft.aulast=Torvalds&rft.aufirst=Linus&rft.au=Diamond%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinus_Torvalds1992" class="citation newsgroup cs1">Linus Torvalds (October 14, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.linux/msg/4ae6db18d3f49b0e">"Chicken and egg: How was the first linux gcc binary created??"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Newsgroup</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:comp.os.minix">comp.os.minix</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Usenet (identifier)">Usenet:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:1992Oct12.100843.26287@klaava.Helsinki.FI">1992Oct12.100843.26287@klaava.Helsinki.FI</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509140002/http://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.linux/msg/4ae6db18d3f49b0e">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2013. Retrieved August 17, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chicken+and+egg%3A+How+was+the+first+linux+gcc+binary+created%3F%3F&rft.pub=comp.os.minix&rft.date=1992-10-14&rft_id=news%3A1992Oct12.100843.26287%40klaava.Helsinki.FI%23id-name%3DUsenet%3A&rft.au=Linus+Torvalds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fcomp.os.linux%2Fmsg%2F4ae6db18d3f49b0e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorvalds1992" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Torvalds, Linus</a> (January 5, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070819045030/http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/Historic/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.12">"Release notes for Linux v0.12"</a>. Linux Kernel Archives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/Historic/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.12">the original</a> on August 19, 2007. Retrieved July 23, 2007. <q>The Linux copyright will change: I've had a couple of requests to make it compatible with the GNU copyleft, removing the "you may not distribute it for money" condition. I agree. I propose that the copyright be changed so that it confirms to GNU ─ pending approval of the persons who have helped write code. I assume this is going to be no problem for anybody: If you have grievances ("I wrote that code assuming the copyright would stay the same") mail me. Otherwise, The GNU copyleft takes effect since the first of February. If you do not know the gist of the GNU copyright ─ read it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Release+notes+for+Linux+v0.12&rft.pub=Linux+Kernel+Archives&rft.date=1992-01-05&rft.aulast=Torvalds&rft.aufirst=Linus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fpub%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2FHistoric%2Fold-versions%2FRELNOTES-0.12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gnu_history-81"><a href="#cite_ref-gnu_history_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-history.html">"Overview of the GNU System"</a>. Gnu.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090228140819/http://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-history.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 28, 2009. Retrieved March 9, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overview+of+the+GNU+System&rft.pub=Gnu.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fgnu%2Fgnu-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121003060514/http://www.dina.dk/~abraham/Linus_vs_Tanenbaum.html">"Linus vs. Tanenbaum debate"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dina.dk/~abraham/Linus_vs_Tanenbaum.html">the original</a> on October 3, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linus+vs.+Tanenbaum+debate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dina.dk%2F~abraham%2FLinus_vs_Tanenbaum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fun-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fun_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fun_83-1">b</a> Torvalds, Linus and Diamond, David, Just for Fun: The Story of an Accidental Revolutionary, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-662072-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-662072-4">0-06-662072-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pronounce-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Pronounce_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorvalds1994" class="citation web cs1">Torvalds, Linus (March 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/SillySounds">"Index of /pub/linux/kernel/SillySounds"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008074754/http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/SillySounds/">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2009. Retrieved August 3, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Index+of+%2Fpub%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2FSillySounds&rft.date=1994-03&rft.aulast=Torvalds&rft.aufirst=Linus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fpub%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2FSillySounds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-security-85"><a href="#cite_ref-security_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarfinkelSpaffordSchwartz2003" class="citation book cs1">Garfinkel, Simson; Spafford, Gene; Schwartz, Alan (2003). Practical UNIX and Internet Security. O'Reilly. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+UNIX+and+Internet+Security&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=O%27Reilly&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Garfinkel&rft.aufirst=Simson&rft.au=Spafford%2C+Gene&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanthanamVishal_Kulkarni2002" class="citation web cs1">Santhanam, Anand; Vishal Kulkarni (March 1, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070329123926/http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/library/l-embdev.html">"Linux system development on an embedded device"</a>. DeveloperWorks. IBM. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/library/l-embdev.html">the original</a> on March 29, 2007. Retrieved July 26, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DeveloperWorks&rft.atitle=Linux+system+development+on+an+embedded+device&rft.date=2002-03-01&rft.aulast=Santhanam&rft.aufirst=Anand&rft.au=Vishal+Kulkarni&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-128.ibm.com%2Fdeveloperworks%2Flibrary%2Fl-embdev.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-galli2007-87"><a href="#cite_ref-galli2007_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalli2007" class="citation news cs1">Galli, Peter (August 8, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Linux-and-Open-Source/Vista-Aiding-Linux-Desktop-Strategist-Says/">"Vista Aiding Linux Desktop, Strategist Says"</a>. eWEEK. Ziff Davis Enterprise Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090709050715/http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Linux-and-Open-Source/Vista-Aiding-Linux-Desktop-Strategist-Says/">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2009. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwheeler.com/sloc/redhat71-v1/redhat71sloc.html">the original</a> on April 21, 2006. Retrieved May 11, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=More+Than+a+Gigabuck%3A+Estimating+GNU%2FLinux%27s+Size&rft.date=2002-07-29&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=David+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwheeler.com%2Fsloc%2Fredhat71-v1%2Fredhat71sloc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-USGDP-186">^ <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-USGDP_186-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-USGDP_186-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnstonWilliamson2023" class="citation web cs1">Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/">"What Was the U.S. GDP Then?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MeasuringWorth" title="MeasuringWorth">MeasuringWorth</a>. Retrieved November 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MeasuringWorth&rft.atitle=What+Was+the+U.S.+GDP+Then%3F&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft.au=Williamson%2C+Samuel+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.measuringworth.com%2Fdatasets%2Fusgdp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> United States <a href="/wiki/Gross_Domestic_Product_deflator" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross Domestic Product deflator">Gross Domestic Product deflator</a> figures follow the MeasuringWorth series. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmor2007" class="citation web cs1">Amor, Juan José; et al. (June 17, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libflow.com/d/8drl8n07/Measuring_Etch%3A_The_Size_of_Debian_4.0">"Measuring Etch: the size of Debian 4.0"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140728033855/http://libflow.com/d/8drl8n07/Measuring_Etch%3A_The_Size_of_Debian_4.0">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2014. Retrieved September 16, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Measuring+Etch%3A+the+size+of+Debian+4.0&rft.date=2007-06-17&rft.aulast=Amor&rft.aufirst=Juan+Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibflow.com%2Fd%2F8drl8n07%2FMeasuring_Etch%253A_The_Size_of_Debian_4.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStahe2015" class="citation web cs1">Stahe, Sylviu (June 19, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.softpedia.com/news/There-a-Linux-Detergent-Out-There-and-It-s-Trademarked-484782.shtml">"There Is a Linux Detergent Out There and It's Trademarked"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Softpedia" title="Softpedia">Softpedia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150622092634/https://news.softpedia.com/news/There-a-Linux-Detergent-Out-There-and-It-s-Trademarked-484782.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on June 22, 2015. Retrieved August 15, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Softpedia&rft.atitle=There+Is+a+Linux+Detergent+Out+There+and+It%27s+Trademarked&rft.date=2015-06-19&rft.aulast=Stahe&rft.aufirst=Sylviu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.softpedia.com%2Fnews%2FThere-a-Linux-Detergent-Out-There-and-It-s-Trademarked-484782.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/9065">"Linux Timeline"</a>. Linux Journal. May 31, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130203160342/http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/9065">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux+Timeline&rft.pub=Linux+Journal&rft.date=2006-05-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxjournal.com%2Farticle%2F9065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeil_McAllister2005" class="citation news cs1">Neil McAllister (September 5, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080412055615/http://www.infoworld.com/article/05/09/05/36OPopenent_1.html">"Linus gets tough on Linux trademark"</a>. <a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoworld.com/article/05/09/05/36OPopenent_1.html">the original</a> on April 12, 2008. Retrieved February 24, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=Linus+gets+tough+on+Linux+trademark&rft.date=2005-09-05&rft.au=Neil+McAllister&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoworld.com%2Farticle%2F05%2F09%2F05%2F36OPopenent_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linuxmark.org">"Linux Mark Institute"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080213024227/http://www.linuxmark.org/">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2008. Retrieved February 24, 2008. <q>LMI has restructured its sublicensing program. Our new sublicense agreement is: Free – approved sublicense holders pay no fees; Perpetual – sublicense terminates only in breach of the agreement or when your organization ceases to use its mark; Worldwide – one sublicense covers your use of the mark anywhere in the world</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux+Mark+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxmark.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Stallman1996" class="citation web cs1">Richard Stallman (April 28, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tech-insider.org/free-software/research/1996/0428.html">"The FSF is no longer sponsoring Debian"</a>. tech-insider.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221230241/http://tech-insider.org/free-software/research/1996/0428.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved February 8, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+FSF+is+no+longer+sponsoring+Debian&rft.pub=tech-insider.org&rft.date=1996-04-28&rft.au=Richard+Stallman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftech-insider.org%2Ffree-software%2Fresearch%2F1996%2F0428.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tivo-193"><a href="#cite_ref-tivo_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070519150730/http://www.tivo.com/linux/linux.asp">"TiVo ─ GNU/Linux Source Code"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tivo.com/linux/linux.asp">the original</a> on May 19, 2007. Retrieved December 12, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TiVo+%E2%94%80+GNU%2FLinux+Source+Code&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tivo.com%2Flinux%2Flinux.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.debian.org/intro/about">"About Debian"</a>. debian.org. December 8, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140123071309/http://www.debian.org/intro/about">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2014. Retrieved January 30, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Debian&rft.pub=debian.org&rft.date=2013-12-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.debian.org%2Fintro%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_D._Balsa2009" class="citation web cs1">Andrew D. Balsa; et al. (October 17, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vger.kernel.org/lkml/#s1-1">"The linux-kernel mailing list FAQ"</a>. vger.kernel.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121001231709/http://vger.kernel.org/lkml/">Archived</a> from the original on October 1, 2012. Retrieved June 13, 2013. <q>...we have tried to use the word "Linux" or the expression "Linux kernel" to designate the kernel, and GNU/Linux to designate the entire body of GNU/GPL'ed OS software,... ...many people forget that the linux kernel mailing list is a forum for discussion of kernel-related matters, not GNU/Linux in general...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vger.kernel.org&rft.atitle=The+linux-kernel+mailing+list+FAQ&rft.date=2009-10-17&rft.au=Andrew+D.+Balsa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvger.kernel.org%2Flkml%2F%23s1-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-how-much-gnu-196"><a href="#cite_ref-how-much-gnu_196-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCôrte-Real2011" class="citation web cs1">Côrte-Real, Pedro (May 31, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pedrocr.pt/text/how-much-gnu-in-gnu-linux/">"How much GNU is there in GNU/Linux?"</a>. Split Perspective. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140207120339/http://pedrocr.pt/text/how-much-gnu-in-gnu-linux/">Archived</a> from the original on February 7, 2014. Retrieved January 28, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Split+Perspective&rft.atitle=How+much+GNU+is+there+in+GNU%2FLinux%3F&rft.date=2011-05-31&rft.aulast=C%C3%B4rte-Real&rft.aufirst=Pedro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpedrocr.pt%2Ftext%2Fhow-much-gnu-in-gnu-linux%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux" class="Z3988"> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SPS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPS">self-published</a> data) </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 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sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Linux at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Linux" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Linux">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Linux" class="extiw" title="c:Linux">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Linux" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Linux">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Linux" class="extiw" title="q:Linux">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 26px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="26" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Linux" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Linux">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Linux_Guide" class="extiw" title="b:Linux Guide">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 22px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Linux" class="extiw" title="v:Linux">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100211130125/http://www.makelinux.net/system/new">Graphical map of Linux Internals</a> (archived)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/">Linux kernel website and archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/git-history-of-linux">The 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dotted;cursor:help}</style></div></section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&oldid=1276020478">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&oldid=1276020478</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 16 February 2025, at 12:29 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%8A%E1%8A%91%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B5" title="ሊኑክስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሊኑክስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="लिनक्स – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="लिनक्स" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B3" title="لينكس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لينكس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%98%DC%9F%DC%A3" title="ܠܝܢܘܟܣ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܝܢܘܟܣ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%84%D5%BD" title="Լինուքս – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Լինուքս" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="লীনাক্স – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লীনাক্স" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="لینوکس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لینوکس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="লিনাক্স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লিনাক্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="लिनक्स – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लिनक्स" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Линукс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Линукс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3" title="لينوكس – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لينوكس" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="لینوکس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لینوکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%88%85%EC%8A%A4" title="리눅스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리눅스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%84%D5%BD" title="Լինուքս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լինուքս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="लिनक्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लिनक्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Линукс – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Линукс" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="לינוקס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לינוקס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಲಿನಕ್ಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲಿನಕ್ಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Линукс – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Линукс" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%8A%E0%BB%8C" title="ລີນຸກຊ໌ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລີນຸກຊ໌" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU/Linux" title="GNU/Linux – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="GNU/Linux" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/la_.linuks." title="la .linuks. – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="la .linuks." data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Линукс – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Линукс" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="लिनक्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लिनक्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B3" title="لينكس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لينكس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Линукс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Линукс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="လင်းနပ်စ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လင်းနပ်စ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="लिनक्स – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लिनक्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="लाइनक्स – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लाइनक्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8" title="ଲିନକ୍ସ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଲିନକ୍ସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8" title="ਲਿਨਅਕਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਿਨਅਕਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="لینکس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لینکس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="لينوکس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لينوکس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%85" title="លីនុច – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="លីនុច" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(Bedriefsystem)" title="Linux (Bedriefsystem) – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Linux (Bedriefsystem)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Лінукс – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Лінукс" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="ලිනක්ස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලිනක්ස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%AA%D8%B3" title="لينڪس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="لينڪس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(opera%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_syst%C3%A9m)" title="Linux (operačný systém) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Linux (operačný systém)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="لینوکس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لینوکس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="லினக்சு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லினக்சு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="లినక్స్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లినక్స్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="ลินุกซ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลินุกซ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="لینکس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لینکس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E7%B4%8D%E6%96%AF" title="林納斯 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="林納斯" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="לינוקס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לינוקס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Linux" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 February 2025, at 12:29 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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