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Gwelet an tarzh evit Bro-Saoz - Wikipedia
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n'eo ket ret koulskoude."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Krouiñ ur gont</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dibar:Kevrea%C3%B1Implijer&returnto=Bro-Saoz&returntoquery=action%3Dedit%26undo%3D1441273%26undoafter%3D1438837" title="Daoust ma n'eo ket ret, ec'h aliomp deoc'h kevreañ [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Kevreañ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pajennoù evit implijerien digevreet <a href="/wiki/Skoazell:Introduction" aria-label="Gouzout hiroc’h a-zivout degas kemmoù"><span>gouzout hiroc'h</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dibar:MaC%27haozeadenno%C3%B9" title="Kaozeadennoù diwar-benn ar c'hemmoù graet adal ar chomlec'h-mañ [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Kaozeal</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lec'hienn"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Gwelet an tarzh evit Bro-Saoz</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="N’eus eus ar pennad-mañ nemet er yezh-mañ. Ouzhpennit ar pennad e yezhoù all." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ouzhpennañ yezhoù</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Esaouennoù anv"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bro-Saoz" title="Gwelet ar pennad [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Pajenn</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaozeal:Bro-Saoz&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Kaozeadennoù diwar-benn ar pennad (n'eus ket eus ar bajenn-mañ) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Kaozeadenn</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Kemmañ adstumm yezh" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">brezhoneg</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Gweladennoù"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bro-Saoz"><span>Lenn</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bro-Saoz&veaction=edit" title="Kemmañ ar bajenn-mañ [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Kemmañ</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="selected collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bro-Saoz&action=edit" title="Kemmañ kod mammennoù ar bajenn-mañ"><span>Kemmañ ar vammenn</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bro-Saoz&action=history" title="Stummoù kozh ar bajenn-mañ gant an aozerien anezhi. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Gwelet an istor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ostilhoù evit ar pajennoù"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ostilhoù" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ostilhoù</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Ostilhoù</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mont d’ar varrenn gostez</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">kuzhat</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Muioc'h a zibarzhioù" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Oberoù </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bro-Saoz"><span>Lenn</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bro-Saoz&veaction=edit" title="Kemmañ ar bajenn-mañ [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Kemmañ</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="selected collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bro-Saoz&action=edit" title="Kemmañ kod mammennoù ar bajenn-mañ [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Kemmañ ar vammenn</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bro-Saoz&action=history"><span>Gwelet an istor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Hollek </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dibar:PetraGasBetekAma%C3%B1/Bro-Saoz" title="Roll ar pajennoù liammet ouzh ar bajenn-mañ [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pajennoù liammet</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dibar:Kemmo%C3%B9Kar/Bro-Saoz" rel="nofollow" title="Roll ar c'hemmoù diwezhañ war ar pajennoù liammet ouzh ar bajenn-mañ [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Heuliañ ar pajennoù liammet</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=br" title="Enporzhiañ ur skeudenn pe ur restr media war ar servijer [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Kargañ war ar servijer</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dibar:Pajenno%C3%B9Dibar" title="Roll an holl bajennoù dibar [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pajennoù dibar</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bro-Saoz&action=info" title="Titouroù ouzhpenn a-zivout ar bajenn-mañ"><span>Titouroù ar bajenn</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dibar:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbr.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DBro-Saoz%26action%3Dedit%26undo%3D1441273%26undoafter%3D1438837"><span>Kaout URL berraet</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dibar:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbr.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DBro-Saoz%26action%3Dedit%26undo%3D1441273%26undoafter%3D1438837"><span>Pellgargañ kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> E raktresoù all </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q21" title="Liamm war-zu elfenn gevreet kavlec'h ar roadennoù [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elfenn Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ostilhoù evit ar pajennoù"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Neuz"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Neuz</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mont d’ar varrenn gostez</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">kuzhat</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">← <a href="/wiki/Bro-Saoz" title="Bro-Saoz">Bro-Saoz</a></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="error mw-undo-failure"><p>N'eus ket bet tu da zisteuler ar c'hemm-mañ abalamour d'un tabut gant kemmoù degaset e-keit-se. </p></div><p>N'oc'h ket aotreet da kemmañ ar bajenn-mañ, evit an abeg-mañ : </p> <div class="permissions-errors"><div class="mw-permissionerror-globalblocking-blockedtext-range"><b>Your IP address is in a range that has been <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Global blocks">blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis</a>.</b> <p>The block was made by <a href="/wiki/Implijer:Jon_Kolbert" title="Implijer:Jon Kolbert">Jon Kolbert</a>. The reason given is <i><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/NOP" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/NOP">Open proxy/Webhost</a>: See the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WM:OP/H" class="extiw" title="m:WM:OP/H">help page</a> if you are affected </i>. </p> <ul><li>Start of block: 27 Eos 2023 da 15:12</li> <li>Expiry of block: 27 Eos 2028 da 15:12</li></ul> <p>Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. The blocked range is 8.222.128.0/17. </p><p>Menegit an holl ditouroù a-us e pep goulenn savet ganeoc’h mar plij. If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. </p> Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details.</div></div><hr /> <p>Gallout a rit gwelet hag eilañ mammenn ar bajenn-mañ. </p><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="br" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{pennad zo|saoz}} {| class="toccolours" style="border-collapse: collapse; float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em" border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" width="300" |+ <span style="font-size:2em;>'''''England'''''</span><br><big>'''Bro-Saoz'''</big> !colspan=2| Arouezioù broadel |- | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan=2 | {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="padding-top: 0.5em;" |- | align="center" width="140px" | [[Restr:Flag of England.svg|115px|border]] | align="center" width="140px" | [[Restr:Royal Arms of England (1198-1340).svg|75px]] |- | align="center" width="140px" | <small>([[Banniel Sant Jorj]])</small> | align="center" width="140px" | <small>(Armoù Bro-Saoz)</small> |} |- |[[Ger-ardamez]] | ''Dieu et mon droit''<br>([[Galleg]]: ''Doue ha ma gwir)'' |- | Gouel broadel | [[Gouel Jord]] : 23 Ebrel |- | [[Kan broadel]] kinniget (diofisiel) | [[Land of Hope and Glory]] |- | colspan=2 style="text-align: center; background: white;" | [[Restr:Europe location ENG2.png|250px]]<br><small>Bro-Saoz hag ar broioù amezek dezhi</small> |- ! style="text-align: left;" | [[Yezh ofisiel|Yezh vroadel]] | [[Saozneg]] |- ! style="text-align: left;" | [[Kêr-benn]] | [[Londrez]] |- ! style="text-align: left;" | [[Gorread]] | 126 832 km² |- ! style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left;" | '''[[Poblañs]]'''<br>- Hollad ([[2007]] ist.)<br>- [[Stankter poblañs|Tudegezh]] |<br>50 560 400<br>399 / km² |- | colspan=2 style="background: #f0f0f0; font-weight: bolder;" " | [[Rannvroioù Bro-Saoz|Rannvroioù]] |- | colspan=2 | <div style="text-align:center;">[[Restr:EnglandRegions.png|150px]]</div> # [[Londrez]] # [[Gevred Bro-Saoz|Gevred]] # [[Mervent Bro-Saoz|Mervent]] # [[Rannbarzh Kornôg Midlands|Kornôg Midlands]] # [[Gwalarn Bro-Saoz|Gwalarn]] # [[Biz Bro-Saoz|Biz]] # [[Yorkshire hag an Humber]] # [[Reter Midlands]] # [[Reter Bro-Saoz|Reter]] |} '''Bro-Saoz''' (pe '''Angleter'''<ref>"[http://devri.bzh/dictionnaire/a/angleter/ Angleter]" war ''devri.bzh''</ref>; [[saozneg]]: ''England'' {{LFE|/ˈɪŋlənd/}}) eo ar vrasañ eus ar peder broad a zo er [[Rouantelezh-Unanet]]. War-dro 50 763 000 annezad a oa o vevañ eno e 2006. [[Londrez]] eo ar gêr-benn. Un harz he deus gant [[Bro-Skos]] en norzh, [[Bro-Gembre|Kembre]] er c'hornôg ha [[Kerne-Veur]] er mervent. A-hent-all eo kelc'hiet gant morioù : [[Mor an Hanternoz]], [[Mor Iwerzhon]], ar [[Mor Keltiek]], [[Kanol Bristol]] ha [[Mor Breizh]]. N'eus yezh kefridiel ebet, met ar [[saozneg]] eo ar [[yezh vehikular]] ha yezh an dud dre vras. Al [[lur sterling]] (£) eo ar moneiz kefridiel. Tennañ a ra hec'h anv saoznek (''England'') eus ur bobl eus [[Germania]] graet an [[Angled]] anezho, hag a stalias en [[Enez Vreizh]] er {{Vvet}} ha {{VIvet kantved}}, an anv brezhonek a zeu eus anv ur bobl all, hini ar [[Saksoned]]. == Istor == :''Pennad dre ar munud: s.o. [[Istor Bro-Saoz]]'' :''Pennad dre ar munud: s.o. [[Rouantelezh Bro-Saoz]]'' == Dezvad er Rouantelezh-Unanet ha politikerezh == Pa voe krouet [[Parlamant Skos]], [[Bodadenn vroadel Kembre|Bodadenn]] [[Kembre]] ha [[Bodadenn Iwerzhon an Norzh|Bodadenn]] [[Norzhiwerzhon|Iwerzhon an Norzh]] gant [[Gouarnamant Tony Blair|Gouarnamant]] [[Tony Blair]] erru er galloud e 1997 e voe "digreizennet" ar galloud e Bro-Saoz etre nav [[Bodadennoù rannvroioù Bro-Saoz|Bodadenn]] [[Rannvroioù Bro-Saoz|rannvroel]]. Kement-se a loc'has ur [[stourmadeg evit krouidigezh ur Parlamant saoz]] ha zoken, evit [[Broadelouriezh saoz|broadelourion saoz]] zo, dizalc'hidigezh Bro-Saoz ha freuz ar [[Rouantelezh-Unanet]]. Tuetoc'h eo Bro-Saoz eget ar peurrest eus ar [[Rouantelezh-Unanet]] gant ar [[Strollad mirour breizhveurat|Strollad mirour]], a zo dreistpouezus e levezon amañ. Ar [[Strollad Frankizour-Demokrat breizhveurat|Strollad frankizour-demokrat]] zo kreñv dreist-holl er Mervent (Kuzulioù-Kontelezh [[Kernev-Veur]], [[Devon]] ha [[Somerset]] zo bleniet gantañ), pa 'z eo kreñvlec'hioù ar [[Strollad Labour breizhveurat|Strollad Labour]] lec'hiet dreist-holl e Norzh ar Vro. == Amaezhierezh diabarzh == Rannet eo Bro-Saoz e nav [[Rannbarzhioù Bro-Saoz|Rannbarzh]], rannet o-unan e [[Kontelezhioù Bro-Saoz|kontelezhioù]]. == Daveoù ha notennoù == {{Daveoù}} [[Rummad:Broioù]] [[Rummad:Bro-Saoz| ]] [[Rummad:Rouantelezh-Unanet]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p>Patromoù implijet war ar bajenn-mañ : </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrom:Daveo%C3%B9" title="Patrom:Daveoù">Patrom:Daveoù</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrom:Daveo%C3%B9&action=edit" title="Patrom:Daveoù">kemmañ</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Patrom:LFE" title="Patrom:LFE">Patrom:LFE</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrom:LFE&action=edit" title="Patrom:LFE">kemmañ</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Patrom:LFE-fonts" title="Patrom:LFE-fonts">Patrom:LFE-fonts</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrom:LFE-fonts&action=edit" title="Patrom:LFE-fonts">kemmañ</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Patrom:Pennad_zo" title="Patrom:Pennad zo">Patrom:Pennad zo</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrom:Pennad_zo&action=edit" title="Patrom:Pennad zo">kemmañ</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Patrom:VIvet_kantved" title="Patrom:VIvet kantved">Patrom:VIvet kantved</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrom:VIvet_kantved&action=edit" title="Patrom:VIvet kantved">kemmañ</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Patrom:Vvet" title="Patrom:Vvet">Patrom:Vvet</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrom:Vvet&action=edit" title="Patrom:Vvet">kemmañ</a>) </li></ul></div><p id="mw-returnto">Distreiñ d'ar bajenn <a href="/wiki/Bro-Saoz" title="Bro-Saoz">Bro-Saoz</a>.</p> <!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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