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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karier_dan_Perjalanan_Hidupnya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Karier dan Perjalanan Hidupnya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karier_dan_Perjalanan_Hidupnya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bibliografi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ferdinand Braun</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 92 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-92" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">92 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Karl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Karl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86" title="كارل فرديناند براون – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كارل فرديناند براون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86" title="كارل فرديناند براون – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كارل فرديناند براون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Braun" title="Karl Braun – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Karl Braun" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="کارل فردیناند برون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کارل فردیناند برون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD" title="Карл Фердынанд Браўн – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Карл Фердынанд Браўн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Карл Фердинанд Браун – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Карл Фердинанд Браун" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8" title="কার্ল ফের্ডিনান্ড ব্রাউন – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কার্ল ফের্ডিনান্ড ব্রাউন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Karl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Karl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%B5_%D9%81%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86" title="کارڵ فێردیناند براون – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کارڵ فێردیناند براون" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Karl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Karl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Braun" title="Ferdinand Braun – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BB_%CE%A6%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD" title="Καρλ Φέρντιναντ Μπράουν – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καρλ Φέρντιναντ Μπράουν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Karl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Braun" title="Ferdinand Braun – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Carl Ferdinand Braun – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Karl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86" title="کارل فردیناند براون – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کارل فردیناند براون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Karl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Braun" title="Ferdinand Braun – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Karl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Karl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Karl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%93_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F" title="קרל פרדיננד בראון – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרל פרדיננד בראון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A8" title="कार्ल फर्डिनाण्ड ब्रौन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कार्ल फर्डिनाण्ड ब्रौन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Karl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Karl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Karl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4_%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ֆերդինանդ Բրաուն – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆերդինանդ Բրաուն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Karl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Karl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Carl Ferdinand Braun – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8A%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3" title="フェルディナント・ブラウン – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フェルディナント・ブラウン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Karl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="კარლ ბრაუნი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კარლ ბრაუნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Карл Фердинанд Браун – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Карл Фердинанд Браун" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕಾರ್ಲ್ ಫರ್ಡಿನಾಂಡ್ ಬ್ರೌನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾರ್ಲ್ ಫರ್ಡಿನಾಂಡ್ ಬ್ರೌನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%BC_%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%EB%94%94%EB%82%9C%ED%8A%B8_%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B4" title="카를 페르디난트 브라운 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카를 페르디난트 브라운" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Carl Ferdinand Braun – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Carl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Ferdinandus_Braun" title="Carolus Ferdinandus Braun – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carolus Ferdinandus Braun" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Karl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81rlis_Ferdinands_Brauns" title="Kārlis Ferdinands Brauns – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kārlis Ferdinands Brauns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Braun" title="Ferdinand Braun – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Карл Фердинанд Браун – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Карл Фердинанд Браун" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%97%E0%B5%BA" title="കാൾ ഫെർഡിനാൻഡ് ബ്രൗൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാൾ ഫെർഡിനാൻഡ് ബ്രൗൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Карл Фердинанд Браун – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Карл Фердинанд Браун" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="कार्ल फर्डिनांड ब्रॉन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कार्ल फर्डिनांड ब्रॉन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Karl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun – Malta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Karl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Malta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="کارل فردیناند برون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کارل فردیناند برون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8" title="फर्डिन्यान्ड ब्राउन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="फर्डिन्यान्ड ब्राउन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Karl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Karl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Karl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Karl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Karl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Karl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%81%D8%B1%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%86%DA%88_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86" title="کارل فرڈیننڈ براون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کارل فرڈیننڈ براون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Karl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Carl Ferdinand Braun – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Carl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Karl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD,_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Браун, Карл Фердинанд – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Браун, Карл Фердинанд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="कार्ल् फर्डिनाण्ड् ब्रौन् – Sanskerta" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कार्ल् फर्डिनाण्ड् ब्रौन्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskerta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Karl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Karl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Karl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Karl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Карл Фердинанд Браун – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Карл Фердинанд Браун" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Braun" title="Ferdinand Braun – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Karl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="கார்ல் பெர்டினாண்ட் பிரவுன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கார்ல் பெர்டினாண்ட் பிரவுன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C" title="คาร์ล แฟร์ดีนันท์ เบราน์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คาร์ล แฟร์ดีนันท์ เบราน์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Karl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Braun" title="Ferdinand Braun – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Карл Фердинанд Браун – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Карл Фердинанд Браун" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Карл Фердинанд Браун – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Карл Фердинанд Браун" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%81%D8%B1%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86" title="کارل فرڈینڈ براون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کارل فرڈینڈ براون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Karl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Karl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Karl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%8A%B3%E6%81%A9" title="卡尔·布劳恩 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="卡尔·布劳恩" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="კარლ ფერდინანდ ბრაუნი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კარლ ფერდინანდ ბრაუნი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Karl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%8A%B3%E6%81%A9" title="卡尔·布劳恩 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡尔·布劳恩" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Karl Ferdinand Braun" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%8B%9E%E6%81%A9" title="卡爾·布勞恩 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="卡爾·布勞恩" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Ferdinand_Braun&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Karl Ferdinand Braun</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22657712">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><span class="fn">Karl Ferdinand Braun</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Ferdinand_Braun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ferdinand_Braun.jpg/220px-Ferdinand_Braun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ferdinand_Braun.jpg/330px-Ferdinand_Braun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ferdinand_Braun.jpg/440px-Ferdinand_Braun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Braun di tahun 1909</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lahir</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0em; padding-right:0em"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1850-06-06</span>)</span>6 Juni 1850<br /><span class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Fulda" title="Fulda">Fulda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elektorat_Hessen" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektorat Hessen">Elektorat Hessen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konfederasi_Jerman" title="Konfederasi Jerman">Konfederasi Jerman</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Meninggal</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0em; padding-right:0em">20 April 1918<span style="display:none">(1918-04-20)</span> (umur 67)<br /><span class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, New York City, Amerika Serikat</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Kebangsaan</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="padding-right:0em; padding-right:0em">Jerman</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Almamater</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0em; padding-right:0em"><a href="/wiki/Universitas_Philipp_Marburg" title="Universitas Philipp Marburg">Universitas Philipp Marburg</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Universitas_Humboldt_Berlin" title="Universitas Humboldt Berlin">Universitas Berlin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dikenal atas</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0em; padding-right:0em"><a href="/wiki/Susunan_berfase" title="Susunan berfase">Susunan berfase</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tabung_sinar_katode" title="Tabung sinar katode">Tabung sinar katode</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Prinsip_Le_Chatelier" title="Prinsip Le Chatelier">Prinsip Le Chatelier</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Penghargaan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-right:0em; padding-right:0em"><a href="/wiki/Penghargaan_Nobel_Fisika" title="Penghargaan Nobel Fisika">Penghargaan Nobel Fisika</a> (1909)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-right:0em; padding-right:0em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"><b>Karier ilmiah</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bidang</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika">Fisika</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institusi</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Institut_Teknologi_Karlsruhe" title="Institut Teknologi Karlsruhe">Universitas Karlsruhe</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Universitas_Philipp_Marburg" title="Universitas Philipp Marburg">Universitas Marburg</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitas_Strassburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitas Strassburg (halaman belum tersedia)">Universitas Strassburg</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Universitas_T%C3%BCbingen" title="Universitas Tübingen">Universitas Tübingen</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitas_W%C3%BCrzburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitas Würzburg (halaman belum tersedia)">Universitas Würzburg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mahasiswa doktoral</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Karl Ferdinand Braun</b> (6 Juni 1850 – 20 April 1918) adalah seorang <a href="/wiki/Fisikawan" title="Fisikawan">fisikawan</a> <a href="/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman">Jerman</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografi">Biografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Braun&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Biografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Braun&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Biografi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Braun belajar di <a href="/wiki/Universitas_Marburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Universitas Marburg">Universitas Marburg</a> dan menerima gelar di <a href="/wiki/Universitas_Berlin" class="mw-disambig" title="Universitas Berlin">Universitas Berlin</a> pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1872" title="1872">1872</a>. Ia menjadi direktur di Lembaga Fisika dan profesor <a href="/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika">fisika</a> di <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> (<a href="/wiki/1895" title="1895">1895</a>). </p><p>Pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1897" title="1897">1897</a>, ia membuat <a href="/wiki/Osiloskop" title="Osiloskop">osiloskop</a> <a href="/wiki/Tabung_sinar_katode" title="Tabung sinar katode">tabung sinar katode</a> pertama. Teknik ini digunakan oleh sebagian besar peralatan <a href="/wiki/TV" class="mw-redirect" title="TV">TV</a> dan monitor <a href="/wiki/Komputer" title="Komputer">komputer</a>. Tabung katode masih disebut "tabung Braun" (Braunsche Röhre) di negara penutur <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa Jerman">bahasa Jerman</a> (dan di <a href="/wiki/Jepang" title="Jepang">Jepang</a>: Buraun-kan). </p><p>Pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1909" title="1909">1909</a> Braun menerima <a href="/wiki/Penghargaan_Nobel_dalam_Fisika" class="mw-redirect" title="Penghargaan Nobel dalam Fisika">Penghargaan Nobel dalam Fisika</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a> untuk "sumbangan pada pengembangan <a href="/wiki/Telegrafi" title="Telegrafi">telegrafi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nirkabel" title="Nirkabel">nirkabel</a>." </p><p>Pada awal <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_I" title="Perang Dunia I">Perang Dunia I</a> Braun pindah ke <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> untuk mempertahankan stasiun nirkabel Jerman yang terletak di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sayville&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sayville (halaman belum tersedia)">Sayville</a> (<a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>) terhadap serangan oleh <a href="/wiki/Marconi_Communications" title="Marconi Communications">Marconi Corporation</a> yang dikendalikan <a href="/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris">Inggris</a> (saat itu <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> belum terjun dalam perang). </p><p>Braun meninggal di rumahnya di <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> sebelum perang berakhir, pada tahun 1918. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Karier_dan_Perjalanan_Hidupnya">Karier dan Perjalanan Hidupnya</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Braun&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Karier dan Perjalanan Hidupnya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Braun&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Karier dan Perjalanan Hidupnya"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Karl Ferdinand Braun dilahirkan pada tanggal <a href="/w/index.php?title=6_Juni_1850&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6 Juni 1850 (halaman belum tersedia)">6 Juni 1850</a> di <a href="/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman">Jerman</a>. Ayahnya seorang pegawai pengadilan di <a href="/wiki/Fulda" title="Fulda">Fulda</a> (Jerman). </p><p>Braun memiliki sifat <a href="/wiki/Skeptis" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeptis">skeptis</a> dan serba ingin tahu yang kuat tentang kejadian-kejadian alam yang dijumpainya. Dia sangat tertarik dengan ilmu <a href="/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika">fisika</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Filsafat" title="Filsafat">filsafat</a>. Setelah menamatkan sekolah menengah, ia cenderung mempelajari filsafat dan berhasil meraih gelar doktor dibidang itu. Namun hobinya di bidang fisika tidak dia tinggalkan. </p><p>Pada tahun 1872-1885, sembari menggeluti bidang fisika, dia menjadi guru fisika di sekolah menengah di <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, kemudian menjadi dosen di <a href="/wiki/Marburg" title="Marburg">Marburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a>. Selain mengajar, dia juga gemar menulis artikel ilmu pengetahuan modern dalam mingguan <i>Die Fligenden Blatter</i>. </p><p>Selain itu, dia juga menulis buku yang berjudul <i>Der Junge Mathematiker und Naturforscher</i>. Braun senantiasa menemukan hal-hal yang baru, diantaranya, ia mengembangkan sejenis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirometer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pirometer (halaman belum tersedia)">pirometer</a> <a href="/wiki/Listrik" title="Listrik">listrik</a> guna mengukur suhu yang tinggi, menetukan kenaikan <a href="/wiki/Suhu" title="Suhu">suhu</a> <a href="/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">bumi</a> melalui lubang-lubang galian yang dalam dan menemukan dampak pelurus pada pada <a href="/wiki/Semikonduktor" title="Semikonduktor">semikonduktor</a> yang merupakan dasar bagi <a href="/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika">elektronika</a> modern. Berkat jasanya pula, maka <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Diode" class="mw-redirect" title="Diode">diode</a> dapat berfungsi. Selama hidupnya di Eropa (Jerman) ia jarang berada dirumah dalam waktu yang lama. </p><p>Braun menikah pada tahun 1885 dan setelah pernikahannya, ia melakukan riset keliling <a href="/wiki/Eropa" title="Eropa">Eropa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benua_Amerika" class="mw-redirect" title="Benua Amerika">Amerika</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Gurun_Sahara" title="Gurun Sahara">gurun Sahara</a> di <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a>. Sepulang dari beberapa negara pada tahun 1897, ia menayangkan temuannya yang cukup modern saat itu. </p><p>Temuan itu tak lain adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabung_gambar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabung gambar (halaman belum tersedia)">tabung gambar</a> yakni tabung yang mampu menyerap sinyal-sinyal yang diwujudkan dalam bentuk gambar. Temuan itu ia populerkan dan di publikasikan di depan para mahasiswa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitas_Strasbourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitas Strasbourg (halaman belum tersedia)">Universitas Strasbourg</a>. </p><p>Penjelasan mengenai tabung gambar ini adalah bahwa tabung gambar tersebut dapat menampilkan arus bolak-balik dari pusat pembangkit listrik Strasbourg secara langsung berupa <a href="/wiki/Gelombang_sinus" title="Gelombang sinus">gelombang sinus</a> yang kemudian hari diterima sebagai lambang <a href="/wiki/Arus_bolak-balik" title="Arus bolak-balik">arus bolak-balik</a>, muncul pada permukaan suatu <a href="/wiki/Poligon" title="Poligon">Polygon</a> (bersegi banyak) berputar yang memantul. Sinar datang dari sebuah tabung berbentuk alat pemukul, dari katode atau elektron tabung sinar. Kekuatan magnetis mengarahkan <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektron</a>-elektron yang terkumpul, yaitu partikel-partikel inti yang sangat cepat, yang pada saat itu tampak tidak dapat dikendalikan, melalui tabung gelas. Titik-titik sinar di ujung tabung kemudian secara otomatis membentuk garis-garis <a href="/wiki/Gelombang" title="Gelombang">gelombang</a> menghasilkan gambar yang persis sama dengan arus sinkron bidang-bidang magnetis yang menggoyangkan cahaya elektron. Sesungguhnya itulah sistem bekerjanya televisi dewasa ini yakni elektron-elektron dengan kecepatan tinggi disalurkan melalui tabung yang hampir kosong, memantulkan cahaya membentuk titik-titik secara otomatis kemudian dipusatkan oleh bidang-bidang magnetis untuk membentuk gambar, inilah yang kita sebut televisi. </p><p>Jadi, tabung yang ada intinya merupakan arus bolak-balik merupakan elemen pokok dan esensial bagi teknologi pertelevisian. Sampai kini tabung tersebut masih dikenal sebagai <b>Tabung Braun</b>. Selain untuk televisi, juga digunakan untuk berbagai perlengkapan medis, <a href="/wiki/Komputer" title="Komputer">komputer</a> bahkan perlengkapan <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>. </p><p>Dengan beberapa temuannya itu pula Braun mendirikan perusahaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Braun-Siemens_Gesellschaft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braun-Siemens Gesellschaft (halaman belum tersedia)">Braun-Siemens Gesellschaft</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Telefunken" title="Telefunken">Telefunken</a> di <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>. Kecenderungannya pun kembali ia buktikan pada tahun 1905 ia mampu memanfaatkan hipotesis yang dikembangkan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxwell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maxwell (halaman belum tersedia)">Maxwell</a> bahwa untuk mendeteksi semua karakter unsur gelombang listrik dalam cahaya yang terlihat mungkin saja dapat dilakukan. Pada tahun 1905-1909 ia bersama ilmuwan <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a> bernama <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a> membantu mengembangkan <a href="/wiki/Telegraf" title="Telegraf">telegraf</a> tanpa kawat di mana telegraf sebelumnya ditemukan oleh Marconi hanya dapat menyampaikan osilasi (getaran) yang terendam yang sangat membatasi jangkauan siarannya. </p><p>Maka, dengan kepiawaiannya, Braun akhirnya berhasil memecahkan masalah tersebut dengan dua kondensor dan sebuah gulungan kawat induksi dalam sirkuit osilasi tertutup guna mencegah getaran-getaran elektromagnetik yang hilang dalam perjalanan udara. Hal ini mendorong osilasi-osilasi yang juga dikenal sebagai umpan balik. Temuan itu membuat pemancar menjadi lebih kuat dibandingkan dengan temuan Marconi sebelumnya. </p><p>Atas jasanya dala dunia telegraf, maka pada tahun 1909 Braun bersama Marconi memperoleh <a href="/wiki/Hadiah_Nobel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadiah Nobel">hadiah Nobel</a>. Sebetulnya Braun patut memperoleh <a href="/wiki/Penghargaan_Nobel_dalam_Fisika" class="mw-redirect" title="Penghargaan Nobel dalam Fisika">Nobel</a> pada tahun-tahun sebelum ia menemukan sistem Telegraf, tetapi dunia pada saat ini belum secara pasti memandang bahwa temuan tabung gambar merupakan nenek moyang televisi dan perlengkapan lainnya. Namun begitu, hadiah Nobel yang disandang atas jasa temuan bidang telegraf membuat dirinya kokoh sebagai ilmuwan sejati. </p><p>Pada tahun 1911 ia membangun sebuah stasiun di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sayville&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sayville (halaman belum tersedia)">Sayville</a>. Pada tahun 1914 ia bekerja sama dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Count_Zeppelin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Count Zeppelin (halaman belum tersedia)">Count Zeppelin</a>, mengembangkan sambungan-sambungan radio untuk navigasi penerbangan. Pada bulan Desember 1904 ia melawat ke <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> untuk tujuan bisnis alat-alat teknologi temuannya. Sayangnya selang beberapa waktu kemudian <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_I" title="Perang Dunia I">Perang Dunia I</a> meletus. Braun terpaksa menetap di Broklyn (USA), ia tidak bisa pulang ke negaranya. Setelah menetap di Amerika Serikat selama empat tahun, Braun meninggal dunia dalam usia 68 tahun tepatnya tanggal 20 April 1918. Sebelum wafat ia sempat menulis sebuah buku yang berjudul <b>Fisika untuk Wanita</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografi">Bibliografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Braun&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Bibliografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Braun&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bibliografi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> Friedrich Kurylo e Charles Susskind. <i>Ferdinand Braun, a Life of the Nobel Prizewinner and Inventor of the Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope</i>. Cambridge, MIT Press, 1981. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0262110776" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-262-11077-6</a></li> <li>Artikel "Mengenal Mereka Yang Berjasa Pada Ilmu Pengetahuan", Suara Karya edisi 1989</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Braun&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Braun&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osiloskop" title="Osiloskop">Osiloskop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabung_katode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabung katode (halaman belum tersedia)">Tabung katode</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Penghargaan_Nobel_Fisika" title="Templat:Penghargaan Nobel Fisika"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Penghargaan_Nobel_Fisika" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Penghargaan Nobel Fisika"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Penghargaan_Nobel_Fisika&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Penerima_Penghargaan_Nobel_Fisika" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Daftar_penerima_Nobel_Fisika" title="Daftar penerima Nobel Fisika">Penerima</a> <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Fisika" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Fisika">Penghargaan Nobel Fisika</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" class="mw-redirect" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/id/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" class="mw-redirect" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" class="mw-redirect" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1931</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1934</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Francis_Hess" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Francis Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G. P. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" class="mw-redirect" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" class="mw-redirect" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">C. N. Yang</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T. D. Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Frank" title="Ilya Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" class="mw-redirect" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald A. Glaser">Glaser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" class="mw-redirect" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Goeppert Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" class="mw-redirect" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" class="mw-redirect" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Ting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Warren_Anderson" title="Philip Warren Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" class="mw-redirect" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" class="mw-redirect" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Lee_Glashow" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheldon Lee Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" class="mw-redirect" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">K. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" class="mw-redirect" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">J. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/David_Lee_(fisikawan)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Lee (fisikawan)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" class="mw-redirect" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–<br />sekarang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Alexeyevich_Abrikosov" title="Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" class="mw-disambig" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(fisikawan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (fisikawan)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" class="mw-redirect" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">Wineland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">McDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" class="mw-redirect" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Ghez" title="Andrea Ghez">Ghez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Alain Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">John Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Anton Zeilinger</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Pierre Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Ferenc Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne L'Huillier">Anne L'Huillier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/John_J._Hopfield" title="John J. Hopfield">John J. Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Geoffrey Hinton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57077#identifiers&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57077#identifiers&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengawasan_otoritas" title="Bantuan:Pengawasan otoritas">Pengawasan otoritas</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57077#identifiers" title="Sunting ini di Wikidata"><img alt="Sunting ini di Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/13101132">1</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/13101132">WorldCat (via VIAF)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpustakaan nasional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90599821">Norwegia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10747104j">Prancis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10747104j">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cantic.bnc.cat/registres/CUCId/a1142915x">Catalunya</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n81020104">Amerika Serikat</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2002153771&CON_LNG=ENG">Republik Ceko</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000434758&local_base=nlx10">Israel</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p29877254X">Belanda</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/auth/237494">Swedia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basis data ilmiah</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=124194">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lain-lain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/68327/">Faceted Application of Subject Terminology</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a href="/wiki/MBA_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="MBA (identifier)">MusicBrainz</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/c9bf1ea2-b4ff-4324-ac30-04ced26ecf7c">artist</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w62263td">Social Networks and Archival Context</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUDOC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SUDOC (identifier)">SUDOC (Prancis)</a> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/083852646">1</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Braun&oldid=25836511">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Braun&oldid=25836511</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" 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