CINXE.COM
<!doctype html><html lang="en"><head><title data-rh="true">Prateek Dasgupta – Medium</title><meta data-rh="true" charset="utf-8"/><meta data-rh="true" name="viewport" content="width=device-width,minimum-scale=1,initial-scale=1,maximum-scale=1"/><meta data-rh="true" name="theme-color" content="#000000"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:app:name:iphone" content="Medium"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:app:id:iphone" content="828256236"/><meta data-rh="true" property="al:ios:app_name" content="Medium"/><meta data-rh="true" property="al:ios:app_store_id" content="828256236"/><meta data-rh="true" property="al:android:package" content="com.medium.reader"/><meta data-rh="true" property="al:android:app_name" content="Medium"/><meta data-rh="true" property="fb:app_id" content="542599432471018"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:site_name" content="Medium"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:title" content="Prateek Dasgupta – Medium"/><meta data-rh="true" name="description" content="Read writing from Prateek Dasgupta on Medium. Top writer in History, Science, Art, Food, and Culture. Interested in lost civilizations and human evolution. Contact: prateekdasgupta@gmail.com."/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:description" content="Read writing from Prateek Dasgupta on Medium. Top writer in History, Science, Art, Food, and Culture. Interested in lost civilizations and human evolution. Contact: prateekdasgupta@gmail.com."/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:description" content="Read writing from Prateek Dasgupta on Medium. Top writer in History, Science, Art, Food, and Culture. Interested in lost civilizations and human evolution. Contact: prateekdasgupta@gmail.com."/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:url" content="https://medium.com/@pdg1"/><meta data-rh="true" property="al:web:url" content="https://medium.com/@pdg1"/><meta data-rh="true" property="al:ios:url" content="medium://@pdg1"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:app:url:iphone" content="medium://@pdg1"/><meta data-rh="true" property="al:android:url" content="medium://@pdg1"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:image" content="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:2400/1*rYIiLOy1eg6jFDJ7jCDY3Q.jpeg"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:image:src" content="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:2400/1*rYIiLOy1eg6jFDJ7jCDY3Q.jpeg"/><meta data-rh="true" property="profile:username" content="pdg1"/><meta data-rh="true" property="profile:first_name" content="Prateek"/><meta data-rh="true" property="profile:last_name" content="Dasgupta"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:type" content="profile"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:card" content="summary"/><link data-rh="true" rel="icon" href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/5d8de952517e8160e40ef9841c781cdc14a5db313057fa3c3de41c6f5b494b19"/><link data-rh="true" rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Medium" href="/osd.xml"/><link data-rh="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:304:304/10fd5c419ac61637245384e7099e131627900034828f4f386bdaa47a74eae156"/><link data-rh="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:240:240/10fd5c419ac61637245384e7099e131627900034828f4f386bdaa47a74eae156"/><link data-rh="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:152:152/10fd5c419ac61637245384e7099e131627900034828f4f386bdaa47a74eae156"/><link data-rh="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:120:120/10fd5c419ac61637245384e7099e131627900034828f4f386bdaa47a74eae156"/><link data-rh="true" rel="mask-icon" href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:1000:1000/7*GAOKVe--MXbEJmV9230oOQ.png" color="#171717"/><link data-rh="true" id="glyph_preload_link" rel="preload" as="style" type="text/css" href="https://glyph.medium.com/css/unbound.css"/><link data-rh="true" id="glyph_link" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://glyph.medium.com/css/unbound.css"/><link data-rh="true" rel="canonical" href="https://medium.com/@pdg1"/><link data-rh="true" rel="alternate" href="android-app://com.medium.reader/https/medium.com/@pdg1"/><link data-rh="true" id="feedLink" rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS" href="https://medium.com/feed/@pdg1"/><link data-rh="true" rel="preload" href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1656/1*acquN8vp2ayBRA0ks-2AGQ.png" as="image"/><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="409" data-fela-type="STATIC">html{box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%}*, *:before, *:after{box-sizing:inherit}body{margin:0;padding:0;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;color:rgba(0,0,0,0.8);position:relative;min-height:100vh}h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, dl, dd, ol, ul, menu, figure, blockquote, p, pre, form{margin:0}menu, ol, ul{padding:0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none}main{display:block}a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}a, button, input{-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent}img, svg{vertical-align:middle}button{background:transparent;overflow:visible}button, input, optgroup, select, textarea{margin:0}:root{--reach-tabs:1;--reach-menu-button:1}#speechify-root{font-family:Sohne, sans-serif}div[data-popper-reference-hidden="true"]{visibility:hidden;pointer-events:none}.grecaptcha-badge{visibility:hidden} /*XCode style (c) Angel Garcia <angelgarcia.mail@gmail.com>*/.hljs {background: #fff;color: black; }/* Gray DOCTYPE selectors like WebKit */ .xml .hljs-meta {color: #c0c0c0; }.hljs-comment, .hljs-quote {color: #007400; }.hljs-tag, .hljs-attribute, .hljs-keyword, .hljs-selector-tag, .hljs-literal, .hljs-name {color: #aa0d91; }.hljs-variable, .hljs-template-variable {color: #3F6E74; }.hljs-code, .hljs-string, .hljs-meta .hljs-string {color: #c41a16; }.hljs-regexp, .hljs-link {color: #0E0EFF; }.hljs-title, .hljs-symbol, .hljs-bullet, .hljs-number {color: #1c00cf; }.hljs-section, .hljs-meta {color: #643820; }.hljs-title.class_, .hljs-class .hljs-title, .hljs-type, .hljs-built_in, .hljs-params {color: #5c2699; }.hljs-attr {color: #836C28; }.hljs-subst {color: #000; }.hljs-formula {background-color: #eee;font-style: italic; }.hljs-addition {background-color: #baeeba; }.hljs-deletion {background-color: #ffc8bd; }.hljs-selector-id, .hljs-selector-class {color: #9b703f; }.hljs-doctag, .hljs-strong {font-weight: bold; }.hljs-emphasis {font-style: italic; } </style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="409" data-fela-type="KEYFRAME">@-webkit-keyframes k1{from{transform:rotate(0deg)}to{transform:rotate(360deg)}}@-moz-keyframes k1{from{transform:rotate(0deg)}to{transform:rotate(360deg)}}@keyframes k1{from{transform:rotate(0deg)}to{transform:rotate(360deg)}}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="409" data-fela-type="RULE">.a{font-family:medium-content-sans-serif-font, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif}.b{font-weight:400}.c{background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)}.l{display:block}.m{position:sticky}.n{top:0}.o{z-index:500}.p{padding:0 24px}.q{align-items:center}.r{border-bottom:solid 1px #F2F2F2}.y{height:41px}.z{line-height:20px}.ab{display:flex}.ac{height:57px}.ae{flex:1 0 auto}.af{color:inherit}.ag{fill:inherit}.ah{font-size:inherit}.ai{border:inherit}.aj{font-family:inherit}.ak{letter-spacing:inherit}.al{font-weight:inherit}.am{padding:0}.an{margin:0}.ao{cursor:pointer}.ap:disabled{cursor:not-allowed}.aq:disabled{color:#6B6B6B}.ar:disabled{fill:#6B6B6B}.au{width:auto}.av path{fill:#242424}.aw{height:25px}.ax{margin-left:16px}.ay{border:none}.az{border-radius:20px}.ba{width:240px}.bb{background:#F9F9F9}.bc path{fill:#6B6B6B}.be{outline:none}.bf{font-family:sohne, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif}.bg{font-size:14px}.bh{width:100%}.bi{padding:10px 20px 10px 0}.bj{background-color:transparent}.bk{color:#242424}.bl::placeholder{color:#6B6B6B}.bm{display:inline-block}.bn{margin-left:12px}.bo{margin-right:12px}.bp{border-radius:4px}.bq{margin-left:24px}.br{height:24px}.bx{background-color:#F9F9F9}.by{border-radius:50%}.bz{height:32px}.ca{width:32px}.cb{margin:auto}.cc{max-width:1336px}.cd{flex-direction:row}.ce{justify-content:space-evenly}.cl{flex:1 1 auto}.cm{height:100vh}.cn{justify-content:center}.co{width:40px}.cp{height:40px}.cq{border-width:2px}.cr{border-style:solid}.cs{border-color:#242424 transparent #242424 #242424}.ct{animation:k1 2s infinite linear;}.cu{padding-right:24px}.dm{box-sizing:border-box}.dn{border-left:1px solid #F2F2F2}.do{min-height:100vh}.dp{height:100%}.dq{position:relative}.dr{margin-left:8px}.ds{color:#6B6B6B}.dt{font-size:13px}.el{color:#FFFFFF}.em{fill:#FFFFFF}.eo{background:#1A8917}.ep{border-color:#1A8917}.et:disabled{cursor:inherit !important}.eu:disabled{opacity:0.3}.ev:disabled:hover{background:#1A8917}.ew:disabled:hover{border-color:#1A8917}.ex{border-radius:99em}.ey{border-width:1px}.ez{text-decoration:none}.fa{text-align:center}.fd{margin-right:32px}.fe{fill:#6B6B6B}.fh{background:transparent}.fi svg{margin-left:4px}.fj svg{fill:#6B6B6B}.fl{box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05)}.fm{position:absolute}.fo{background-color:#F2F2F2}.fp{top:57px}.fq{min-height:calc(100vh - 57px)}.fr{flex-direction:column}.fs{padding-bottom:0px}.ft{border-bottom:none}.fu{margin-top:40px}.fv{height:88px}.fw{width:88px}.fy{margin-top:16px}.fz{align-items:baseline}.ga{flex-wrap:wrap}.gb{word-break:break-word}.gc{padding-right:8px}.gd{font-weight:500}.ge{font-size:16px}.gf{letter-spacing:0}.gg{margin-top:8px}.gh{line-height:24px}.gi{margin-top:12px}.gj{text-decoration:underline}.gk{word-wrap:break-word}.gl{margin-bottom:40px}.gm{margin-top:24px}.gn{padding:8px 16px}.go{stroke:#F2F2F2}.gp{height:36px}.gq{width:36px}.gr{color:#F2F2F2}.gs{fill:#F2F2F2}.gt{background:#F2F2F2}.gu{border-color:#F2F2F2}.ha{padding:24px 0}.hb{margin-right:6px}.hc{font-size:11px}.hd{line-height:16px}.he{display:none}.hf{height:150px}.hg{background-position:top}.hh{background-size:cover}.hi{background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom, #11379bb2, transparent), url(https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1656/1*acquN8vp2ayBRA0ks-2AGQ.png)}.hj{min-width:0}.hk{margin:0 24px}.ho{box-shadow:inset 0 -1px 0 #F2F2F2}.ir{justify-content:flex-start}.is{margin-right:20px}.it{align-self:flex-start}.iu{flex:0 0 auto}.iv{height:48px}.iw{width:48px}.jw{overflow:hidden}.jx{text-overflow:ellipsis}.jy{display:-webkit-box}.jz{-webkit-box-orient:vertical}.kb{color:rgba(25, 25, 25, 1)}.ke{margin-top:2px}.kf{overflow-x:scroll}.kg{overflow-y:hidden}.kh::-webkit-scrollbar{height:0}.ki::-webkit-scrollbar{width:0}.kj::-webkit-scrollbar{background:transparent}.kk{scrollbar-width:none}.kl{-ms-overflow-style:none}.km{min-width:-webkit-max-content}.kn{padding:0px}.kp{padding-bottom:16px}.kq{border-bottom:1px solid #242424}.kr{min-width:max-content}.ks{border-bottom:1px solid #F2F2F2}.kt{right:0}.ku{bottom:12px}.kv{padding-left:44px}.kw{pointer-events:none}.kx{opacity:0}.ky{background:linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 0%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.75) 25%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 1) 75%)}.kz{margin:2px}.la svg path{fill:#6B6B6B}.lc{left:0}.ld{padding-right:44px}.le{background:linear-gradient(270deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 0%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.75) 25%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 1) 75%)}.lf{padding:8px 0}.lg{box-sizing:content-box}.lh{white-space:pre-wrap}.li{margin-bottom:20px}.lj{margin-left:2px}.lk{gap:10px}.ll a{position:relative}.lm a{z-index:2}.ln button{position:relative}.lo button{z-index:2}.lu{margin-right:8px}.lv{border-radius:2px}.lw{height:20px}.lx{width:20px}.ly{padding-right:4px}.ma{max-height:20px}.mb{-webkit-line-clamp:1}.mc{word-break:break-all}.md a{position:static}.me a::before{content:""}.mf a::before{position:absolute}.mg a::before{z-index:1}.mh a::before{top:0}.mi a::before{left:0}.mj a::before{bottom:0}.mk a::before{right:0}.ml a{display:flex}.mm a{flex-direction:column}.mn{font-weight:700}.ni{padding-top:8px}.nj{max-height:40px}.nk{-webkit-line-clamp:2}.nv{justify-content:space-between}.nw{max-width:200px}.nx{height:16px}.ny{opacity:1}.nz{transition:opacity 300ms ease-out}.oa{gap:16px}.ob{width:80px}.oc{gap:4px}.od{justify-content:flex-end}.oe{flex:0 0 0}.og{padding:12px}.om{padding-top:12px}.on{height:0px}.ot{margin-top:32px}.as:hover:not(:disabled){color:rgba(25, 25, 25, 1)}.at:hover:not(:disabled){fill:rgba(25, 25, 25, 1)}.eq:hover{background:#156D12}.er:hover{border-color:#156D12}.es:hover{cursor:pointer}.ff:hover{color:#242424}.fg:hover{fill:#242424}.fk:hover svg{fill:#242424}.fn:hover{background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1)}.fx:hover{background-color:none}.gv:hover{background:#F2F2F2}.gw:hover{border-color:#F2F2F2}.gx:hover{cursor:wait}.gy:hover{color:#F2F2F2}.gz:hover{fill:#F2F2F2}.ko:hover{color:#000000 !important}.lb:hover svg path{fill:#000000}.lz:hover{text-decoration:underline}.of:hover{color:#000000}.bd:focus-within path{fill:#242424}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="409" data-fela-type="RULE" media="all and (min-width: 1080px)">.d{display:none}.bw{width:64px}.cf{max-width:728px}.cg{min-width:728px}.di{padding-left:clamp(24px, 24px + 100vw - 1080px, 40px)}.dj{display:block}.dk{min-width:368px}.dl{max-width:368px}.ec{font-size:14px}.ed{line-height:20px}.ej{font-size:13px}.ek{padding:5px 12px}.fc{display:flex}.hn{max-width:680px}.ht{margin:52px 0 48px}.ii{margin-bottom:40px}.ij{align-items:center}.ik{justify-content:flex-end}.il{flex-wrap:nowrap}.iq{margin-right:0}.jr{font-size:42px}.js{line-height:52px}.jt{max-height:52px}.ju{-webkit-line-clamp:1}.jv{letter-spacing:-0.011em}.lt{margin-bottom:16px}.nd{font-size:24px}.ne{line-height:30px}.nf{max-height:90px}.ng{-webkit-line-clamp:3}.nh{letter-spacing:-0.016em}.nt{padding-top:10px}.nu{width:100%}.ol{margin-left:56px}.os{margin-top:20px}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="409" data-fela-type="RULE" media="all and (max-width: 1079.98px)">.e{display:none}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="409" data-fela-type="RULE" media="all and (max-width: 903.98px)">.f{display:none}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="409" data-fela-type="RULE" media="all and (max-width: 727.98px)">.g{display:none}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="409" data-fela-type="RULE" media="all and (max-width: 551.98px)">.h{display:none}.s{display:flex}.t{justify-content:space-between}.bs{width:24px}.ck{min-width:0}.cv{padding-left:24px}.cw{min-width:352px}.cx{max-width:352px}.du{font-size:13px}.dv{line-height:20px}.ee{padding:0px 8px 1px}.hp{margin:24px 0}.hu{margin-bottom:24px}.hv{align-items:flex-start}.hw{flex-wrap:wrap}.im{margin-right:0}.ix{font-size:24px}.iy{line-height:30px}.iz{max-height:120px}.ja{-webkit-line-clamp:4}.jb{letter-spacing:-0.016em}.kc{flex-wrap:nowrap}.lp{margin-bottom:16px}.mo{font-size:20px}.mp{line-height:24px}.mq{max-height:96px}.mr{letter-spacing:0}.nl{padding-top:2px}.nm{width:100%}.oh{margin-left:24px}.oo{margin-top:20px}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="409" data-fela-type="RULE" media="all and (min-width: 904px) and (max-width: 1079.98px)">.i{display:none}.bv{width:64px}.ch{min-width:0}.de{padding-left:24px}.df{display:block}.dg{min-width:352px}.dh{max-width:352px}.ea{font-size:14px}.eb{line-height:20px}.eh{font-size:13px}.ei{padding:5px 12px}.fb{display:flex}.hm{max-width:680px}.hs{margin:52px 0 48px}.ie{margin-bottom:40px}.if{align-items:center}.ig{justify-content:flex-end}.ih{flex-wrap:nowrap}.ip{margin-right:16px}.jm{font-size:42px}.jn{line-height:52px}.jo{max-height:52px}.jp{-webkit-line-clamp:1}.jq{letter-spacing:-0.011em}.ls{margin-bottom:16px}.my{font-size:24px}.mz{line-height:30px}.na{max-height:90px}.nb{-webkit-line-clamp:3}.nc{letter-spacing:-0.016em}.nr{padding-top:10px}.ns{width:100%}.ok{margin-left:56px}.or{margin-top:20px}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="409" data-fela-type="RULE" media="all and (min-width: 728px) and (max-width: 903.98px)">.j{display:none}.w{display:flex}.x{justify-content:space-between}.bu{width:64px}.ci{min-width:0}.db{padding-left:24px}.dc{min-width:352px}.dd{max-width:352px}.dy{font-size:13px}.dz{line-height:20px}.eg{padding:0px 8px 1px}.hl{max-width:680px}.hr{margin:52px 0 48px}.ia{margin-bottom:40px}.ib{align-items:flex-start}.ic{justify-content:flex-end}.id{flex-wrap:nowrap}.io{margin-right:16px}.jh{font-size:24px}.ji{line-height:30px}.jj{max-height:120px}.jk{-webkit-line-clamp:4}.jl{letter-spacing:-0.016em}.lr{margin-bottom:16px}.mw{max-height:90px}.mx{-webkit-line-clamp:3}.np{padding-top:10px}.nq{width:100%}.oj{margin-left:56px}.oq{margin-top:20px}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="409" data-fela-type="RULE" media="all and (min-width: 552px) and (max-width: 727.98px)">.k{display:none}.u{display:flex}.v{justify-content:space-between}.bt{width:24px}.cj{min-width:0}.cy{padding-left:24px}.cz{min-width:352px}.da{max-width:352px}.dw{font-size:13px}.dx{line-height:20px}.ef{padding:0px 8px 1px}.hq{margin:24px 0}.hx{margin-bottom:24px}.hy{align-items:flex-start}.hz{flex-wrap:wrap}.in{margin-right:0}.jc{font-size:24px}.jd{line-height:30px}.je{max-height:120px}.jf{-webkit-line-clamp:4}.jg{letter-spacing:-0.016em}.kd{flex-wrap:nowrap}.lq{margin-bottom:16px}.ms{font-size:20px}.mt{line-height:24px}.mu{max-height:96px}.mv{letter-spacing:0}.nn{padding-top:2px}.no{width:100%}.oi{margin-left:24px}.op{margin-top:20px}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="409" data-fela-type="RULE" media="(orientation: landscape) and (max-width: 903.98px)">.ka{max-height:none}</style></head><body><div id="root"><div class="a b c"><div class="d e f g h i j k"></div><script>document.domain = document.domain;</script><div class="l c"><div class="l m n o c"><div class="p q r s t u v w x i d y z"><a class="ds ag dt bf ak b am an ao ap aq ar as at s u w i d q dp z" href="https://rsci.app.link/?%24canonical_url=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40pdg1&%7Efeature=LoOpenInAppButton&%7Echannel=ShowUser&source=---two_column_layout_nav-----------------------------------------" rel="noopener follow">Open in app<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="10" height="10" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 10 10" class="dr"><path fill="currentColor" d="M.985 8.485a.375.375 0 1 0 .53.53zM8.75 1.25h.375A.375.375 0 0 0 8.75.875zM8.375 6.5a.375.375 0 1 0 .75 0zM3.5.875a.375.375 0 1 0 0 .75zm-1.985 8.14 7.5-7.5-.53-.53-7.5 7.5zm6.86-7.765V6.5h.75V1.25zM3.5 1.625h5.25v-.75H3.5z"></path></svg></a><div class="ab q"><p class="bf b du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ds"><span><button class="bf b du dv ee dw dx ef dy dz eg eh eb ei ej ed ek el em eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey cr dm bm ez fa" data-testid="headerSignUpButton">Sign up</button></span></p><div class="ax l"><p class="bf b du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ds"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" data-testid="headerSignInButton" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?operation=login&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40pdg1&source=user_profile_page---two_column_layout_nav-----------------------global_nav------------------">Sign in</a></span></p></div></div></div><div class="p q r ab ac"><div class="ab q ae"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at ab" aria-label="Homepage" data-testid="headerMediumLogo" rel="noopener follow" href="/?source=---two_column_layout_nav-----------------------------------------"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="719" height="160" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 719 160" class="au av aw"><path fill="#242424" d="m174.104 9.734.215-.047V8.02H130.39L89.6 103.89 48.81 8.021H1.472v1.666l.212.047c8.018 1.81 12.09 4.509 12.09 14.242V137.93c0 9.734-4.087 12.433-12.106 14.243l-.212.047v1.671h32.118v-1.665l-.213-.048c-8.018-1.809-12.089-4.509-12.089-14.242V30.586l52.399 123.305h2.972l53.925-126.743V140.75c-.687 7.688-4.721 10.062-11.982 11.701l-.215.05v1.652h55.948v-1.652l-.215-.05c-7.269-1.639-11.4-4.013-12.087-11.701l-.037-116.774h.037c0-9.733 4.071-12.432 12.087-14.242m25.555 75.488c.915-20.474 8.268-35.252 20.606-35.507 3.806.063 6.998 1.312 9.479 3.714 5.272 5.118 7.751 15.812 7.368 31.793zm-.553 5.77h65.573v-.275c-.186-15.656-4.721-27.834-13.466-36.196-7.559-7.227-18.751-11.203-30.507-11.203h-.263c-6.101 0-13.584 1.48-18.909 4.16-6.061 2.807-11.407 7.003-15.855 12.511-7.161 8.874-11.499 20.866-12.554 34.343q-.05.606-.092 1.212a50 50 0 0 0-.065 1.151 85.807 85.807 0 0 0-.094 5.689c.71 30.524 17.198 54.917 46.483 54.917 25.705 0 40.675-18.791 44.407-44.013l-1.886-.664c-6.557 13.556-18.334 21.771-31.738 20.769-18.297-1.369-32.314-19.922-31.042-42.395m139.722 41.359c-2.151 5.101-6.639 7.908-12.653 7.908s-11.513-4.129-15.418-11.63c-4.197-8.053-6.405-19.436-6.405-32.92 0-28.067 8.729-46.22 22.24-46.22 5.657 0 10.111 2.807 12.236 7.704zm43.499 20.008c-8.019-1.897-12.089-4.722-12.089-14.951V1.309l-48.716 14.353v1.757l.299-.024c6.72-.543 11.278.386 13.925 2.83 2.072 1.915 3.082 4.853 3.082 8.987v18.66c-4.803-3.067-10.516-4.56-17.448-4.56-14.059 0-26.909 5.92-36.176 16.672-9.66 11.205-14.767 26.518-14.767 44.278-.003 31.72 15.612 53.039 38.851 53.039 13.595 0 24.533-7.449 29.54-20.013v16.865h43.711v-1.746zM424.1 19.819c0-9.904-7.468-17.374-17.375-17.374-9.859 0-17.573 7.632-17.573 17.374s7.721 17.374 17.573 17.374c9.907 0 17.375-7.47 17.375-17.374m11.499 132.546c-8.019-1.897-12.089-4.722-12.089-14.951h-.035V43.635l-43.714 12.551v1.705l.263.024c9.458.842 12.047 4.1 12.047 15.152v81.086h43.751v-1.746zm112.013 0c-8.018-1.897-12.089-4.722-12.089-14.951V43.635l-41.621 12.137v1.71l.246.026c7.733.813 9.967 4.257 9.967 15.36v59.279c-2.578 5.102-7.415 8.131-13.274 8.336-9.503 0-14.736-6.419-14.736-18.073V43.638l-43.714 12.55v1.703l.262.024c9.459.84 12.05 4.097 12.05 15.152v50.17a56.3 56.3 0 0 0 .91 10.444l.787 3.423c3.701 13.262 13.398 20.197 28.59 20.197 12.868 0 24.147-7.966 29.115-20.43v17.311h43.714v-1.747zm169.818 1.788v-1.749l-.213-.05c-8.7-2.006-12.089-5.789-12.089-13.49v-63.79c0-19.89-11.171-31.761-29.883-31.761-13.64 0-25.141 7.882-29.569 20.16-3.517-13.01-13.639-20.16-28.606-20.16-13.146 0-23.449 6.938-27.869 18.657V43.643L545.487 55.68v1.715l.263.024c9.345.829 12.047 4.181 12.047 14.95v81.784h40.787v-1.746l-.215-.053c-6.941-1.631-9.181-4.606-9.181-12.239V66.998c1.836-4.289 5.537-9.37 12.853-9.37 9.086 0 13.692 6.296 13.692 18.697v77.828h40.797v-1.746l-.215-.053c-6.94-1.631-9.18-4.606-9.18-12.239V75.066a42 42 0 0 0-.578-7.26c1.947-4.661 5.86-10.177 13.475-10.177 9.214 0 13.691 6.114 13.691 18.696v77.828z"></path></svg></a><div class="ax h"><div class="ab ay az ba bb q bc bd"><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false" aria-describedby="searchResults" aria-labelledby="searchResults"></div><div class="bn bo ab"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4.092 11.06a6.95 6.95 0 1 1 13.9 0 6.95 6.95 0 0 1-13.9 0m6.95-8.05a8.05 8.05 0 1 0 5.13 14.26l3.75 3.75a.56.56 0 1 0 .79-.79l-3.73-3.73A8.05 8.05 0 0 0 11.042 3z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></div><input role="combobox" aria-controls="searchResults" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="search" data-testid="headerSearchInput" tabindex="0" class="ay be bf bg z bh bi bj bk bl" placeholder="Search" value=""/></div></div></div><div class="h k w fb fc"><div class="fd ab"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" data-testid="headerWriteButton" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?operation=register&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fnew-story&source=---two_column_layout_nav-----------------------new_post_topnav------------------"><div class="bf b bg z ds dq fe ab q ff fg"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-label="Write"><path fill="currentColor" d="M14 4a.5.5 0 0 0 0-1zm7 6a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0zm-7-7H4v1h10zM3 4v16h1V4zm1 17h16v-1H4zm17-1V10h-1v10zm-1 1a1 1 0 0 0 1-1h-1zM3 20a1 1 0 0 0 1 1v-1zM4 3a1 1 0 0 0-1 1h1z"></path><path stroke="currentColor" d="m17.5 4.5-8.458 8.458a.25.25 0 0 0-.06.098l-.824 2.47a.25.25 0 0 0 .316.316l2.47-.823a.25.25 0 0 0 .098-.06L19.5 6.5m-2-2 2.323-2.323a.25.25 0 0 1 .354 0l1.646 1.646a.25.25 0 0 1 0 .354L19.5 6.5m-2-2 2 2"></path></svg><div class="dr l">Write</div></div></a></span></div></div><div class="k j i d"><div class="fd ab"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" data-testid="headerSearchButton" rel="noopener follow" href="/search?source=---two_column_layout_nav-----------------------------------------"><div class="bf b bg z ds dq fe ab q ff fg"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-label="Search"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4.092 11.06a6.95 6.95 0 1 1 13.9 0 6.95 6.95 0 0 1-13.9 0m6.95-8.05a8.05 8.05 0 1 0 5.13 14.26l3.75 3.75a.56.56 0 1 0 .79-.79l-3.73-3.73A8.05 8.05 0 0 0 11.042 3z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></div></a></div></div><div class="fd h k j"><div class="ab q"><p class="bf b du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ds"><span><button class="bf b du dv ee dw dx ef dy dz eg eh eb ei ej ed ek el em eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey cr dm bm ez fa" data-testid="headerSignUpButton">Sign up</button></span></p><div class="ax l"><p class="bf b du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ds"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" data-testid="headerSignInButton" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?operation=login&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40pdg1&source=user_profile_page---two_column_layout_nav-----------------------global_nav------------------">Sign in</a></span></p></div></div></div><div class="l" aria-hidden="false"><button class="ay fh am ab q ao fi fj fk" aria-label="user options menu" data-testid="headerUserIcon"><div class="l dq"><img alt="" class="l dm by bz ca fo" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:64:64/1*dmbNkD5D-u45r44go_cf0g.png" width="32" height="32" loading="lazy" role="presentation"/><div class="fl by l bz ca fm n ay fn"></div></div></button></div></div></div><div class="cb cc l"><div class="ab cd ce"><main class="cf cg ch ci cj ck l cl"><div class="he"><a rel="me" href="https://me.dm/@prateekdg">Mastodon</a></div><div class="do ab fr c"><div class="l"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/@pdg1?source=user_profile_page----------------------c49616bf01be----------------------"><div class="ab fr hf hg hh hi"></div></a><div class="ab cn"><div class="hj bh hk hl hm hn"><div class="ho hp hq hr hs ht l"><div class="hu hv t hw hx hy v hz ia ib ic id ie if ig ih ii ij ik il ab"><div class="bh ab hv hy ib if ij"><div class="im in io ip iq ab q ir cl"><div class="is i d it iu"><div class="l dq"><img alt="Prateek Dasgupta" class="l dm by iv iw fo" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:96:96/1*rYIiLOy1eg6jFDJ7jCDY3Q.jpeg" width="48" height="48" loading="lazy"/><div class="fl by l iv iw fm n ay fx"></div></div></div><div class="l"><div class="ab kc kd id ih il"><span class="bf gd ix iy iz ja jb jc jd je jf jg jh ji jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw jx jy jz gb ka kb gc">Prateek Dasgupta</span><div class="ke ab q"></div></div><div class="gg i d"><p class="bf b ge gh ds"><span class="pw-follower-count bf b ge gh ds"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/@pdg1/followers?source=user_profile_page----------------------c49616bf01be----------------------">5.1K Followers</a></span></p></div></div></div></div></div><nav class="ho jw l dq"><div class="ab q kf kg kh ki kj kk kl"><span class="km l"><div class="kp kq fd kr l"><a class="ay ao kn" role="tab" rel="noopener follow" href="/@pdg1?source=user_profile_page----------------------c49616bf01be----------------------"><p class="bf b bg z bk"><span class="af ko">Home</span></p></a></div></span><span class="km l"><div class="kp ks fd kr l"><a class="ay ao kn" role="tab" rel="noopener follow" href="/@pdg1/lists?source=user_profile_page----------------------c49616bf01be----------------------"><p class="bf b bg z ds"><span class="af ko">Lists</span></p></a></div></span><span class="km l"><div class="kp ks fd kr l"><a class="ay ao kn" role="tab" rel="noopener follow" href="/@pdg1/about?source=user_profile_page----------------------c49616bf01be----------------------"><p class="bf b bg z ds"><span class="af ko">About</span></p></a></div></span><div class="fm kt n ku kv ab q kw kx ky"><button class="ay am kz ao la lb" aria-label="next sections" tabindex="-1"><svg width="26px" height="26px" class="svgIcon-use" viewBox="0 0 19 19" style="transform:rotate(180deg)" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.47 13.969 6.986 9.484 11.47 5l.553.492L8.03 9.484l3.993 3.993z"></path></svg></button></div><div class="fm lc n ku ld ab q kw kx le"><button class="ay am kz ao la lb" aria-label="previous sections" tabindex="-1"><svg width="26px" height="26px" class="svgIcon-use" viewBox="0 0 19 19" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.47 13.969 6.986 9.484 11.47 5l.553.492L8.03 9.484l3.993 3.993z"></path></svg></button></div></div></nav></div></div></div></div><div class="l ae"><div class="lf l"><div><div class="ab cn"><div class="hj bh hk hl hm hn"><div class="bh l"><article class=""><div class="lg l"><div class="bh dp"><div class="l"><div class="li lj ab q lk"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 16 16" class="ds iu"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M9.788 1.027a.5.5 0 1 0-.707.707l.59.589-3.32 3.319a2.17 2.17 0 0 1-1.346.626l-2.442.21a.833.833 0 0 0-.518 1.42l2.676 2.675-3.418 3.417a.5.5 0 1 0 .707.707l3.418-3.417 2.675 2.675a.833.833 0 0 0 1.42-.518l.209-2.441c.044-.51.266-.986.627-1.347l3.318-3.32.59.59a.5.5 0 0 0 .707-.707l-.943-.943-3.3-3.3zm-3.653 9.546 2.422 2.422.179-2.085c.063-.743.388-1.44.916-1.968l3.318-3.32-2.593-2.592L7.06 6.349a3.17 3.17 0 0 1-1.969.916l-2.084.178 2.422 2.422z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><div class="bf b dt z ds ab lh jw">Pinned</div></div><div class="bh l"><div style="position:relative;display:flex" role="link" data-href="https://medium.com/teatime-history/the-forgotten-people-who-built-the-bamiyan-buddhas-1b5a138beeed" tabindex="0"><div class="bh ll lm ln lo"><div class="ab"><div class="lp lq lr ls lt ab q"><div class="lu l"><div><div class="l" aria-hidden="false"><div class="bm"><a href="https://medium.com/teatime-history?source=user_profile_page---------0-------------c49616bf01be----------------------" rel="noopener follow"><div class="dq"><img alt="Teatime History" class="lv lx lw fo" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:40:40/1*veNvxuuTIOUbLoCr5-v7KA.jpeg" width="20" height="20" loading="lazy"/><div class="lv l lw lx fm n fl fn"></div></div></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ly l"><p class="bf b dt z ds">Published in</p></div><div class="l"><div><div class="l" aria-hidden="false"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar lz ab q" href="https://medium.com/teatime-history?source=user_profile_page---------0-------------c49616bf01be----------------------" rel="noopener follow"><p class="bf b dt z jw ma jx jy mb jz mc ka bk">Teatime History</p></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ab"><div class="l cl gb"><div class="md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/teatime-history/the-forgotten-people-who-built-the-bamiyan-buddhas-1b5a138beeed?source=user_profile_page---------0-------------c49616bf01be----------------------"><h2 class="bf mn mo mp mq ja mr ms mt mu jf mv jh ji mw mx jl my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh jw jx jy jz ka bk">The Forgotten People Who Built the Bamiyan Buddhas</h2><div class="ni"><h3 class="bf b ge z jw nj jx jy nk jz ka ds">The origins, rise, and fall of the White Huns</h3></div></a></div><div class="h k"><div class="nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu l"><span class="bf b dt z ds"><div class="iv ab nv ae"><div class="ab q oa"><div class="lg ab"><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><button class="l ay ao am" aria-label="Member-only story"><div class=""><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 64 64"><path fill="#FFC017" d="m39.637 40.831-5.771 15.871a1.99 1.99 0 0 1-3.732 0l-5.771-15.87a2.02 2.02 0 0 0-1.194-1.195L7.298 33.866a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 0-3.732l15.87-5.771a2.02 2.02 0 0 0 1.195-1.194l5.771-15.871a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 3.732 0l5.771 15.87a2.02 2.02 0 0 0 1.194 1.195l15.871 5.771a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 0 3.732l-15.87 5.771a2.02 2.02 0 0 0-1.195 1.194"></path></svg></div></div></div></button></div></div><span>Feb 9</span><div class="h k j i d"><div class="dq nw nx ab q"><div class="fm ny nz ab q oa"><div class="ax nx ob l fo"></div></div><a class="fm kx nz ab q oa" tabindex="-1" rel="noopener follow" href="/teatime-history/the-forgotten-people-who-built-the-bamiyan-buddhas-1b5a138beeed?source=user_profile_page---------0-------------c49616bf01be----------------------"><div><div class="ab" aria-hidden="false"><div class="ab q oc"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="#6B6B6B" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill="#6B6B6B" d="M12.344 11.458A5.28 5.28 0 0 0 14 7.526C14 4.483 11.391 2 8.051 2S2 4.483 2 7.527c0 3.051 2.712 5.526 6.059 5.526a6.6 6.6 0 0 0 1.758-.236q.255.223.554.414c.784.51 1.626.768 2.512.768a.37.37 0 0 0 .355-.214.37.37 0 0 0-.03-.384 4.7 4.7 0 0 1-.857-1.958v.014z"></path></svg><span>15</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="ab q od oe"><div class="h k j i d"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?actionUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F_%2Fbookmark%2Fp%2F1b5a138beeed&operation=register&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fteatime-history%2Fthe-forgotten-people-who-built-the-bamiyan-buddhas-1b5a138beeed&source=---------0-------------c49616bf01be----bookmark_preview------------------"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25" height="25" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 25 25" class="ds of og" aria-label="Add to list bookmark button"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18 2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0V5h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0 1H19v2.5a.5.5 0 1 1-1 0V6h-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1H18zM7 7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3.5a.5.5 0 0 0 0-1H8a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a.5.5 0 0 0 .805.396L12.5 17l5.695 4.396A.5.5 0 0 0 19 21v-8.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v7.485l-5.195-4.012a.5.5 0 0 0-.61 0L7 19.985z"></path></svg></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></span></div></div></div><div class="oh oi oj ok ol l"><div aria-label="The Forgotten People Who Built the Bamiyan Buddhas"><div class="j i d"><img alt="The Forgotten People Who Built the Bamiyan Buddhas" class="bx lv" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:160:106/0*N0cY9-cloY62z_Aw.jpeg" width="80" height="53" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="h k"><img alt="The Forgotten People Who Built the Bamiyan Buddhas" class="bx lv" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:320:214/0*N0cY9-cloY62z_Aw.jpeg" width="160" height="107" loading="lazy"/></div></div></div></div><div class="om j i d"><span class="bf b dt z ds"><div class="iv ab nv ae"><div class="ab q oa"><div class="lg ab"><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><button class="l ay ao am" aria-label="Member-only story"><div class=""><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 64 64"><path fill="#FFC017" d="m39.637 40.831-5.771 15.871a1.99 1.99 0 0 1-3.732 0l-5.771-15.87a2.02 2.02 0 0 0-1.194-1.195L7.298 33.866a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 0-3.732l15.87-5.771a2.02 2.02 0 0 0 1.195-1.194l5.771-15.871a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 3.732 0l5.771 15.87a2.02 2.02 0 0 0 1.194 1.195l15.871 5.771a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 0 3.732l-15.87 5.771a2.02 2.02 0 0 0-1.195 1.194"></path></svg></div></div></div></button></div></div><span>Feb 9</span><div class="h k j i d"><div class="dq nw nx ab q"><div class="fm ny nz ab q oa"><div class="ax nx ob l fo"></div></div><a class="fm kx nz ab q oa" tabindex="-1" rel="noopener follow" href="/teatime-history/the-forgotten-people-who-built-the-bamiyan-buddhas-1b5a138beeed?source=user_profile_page---------0-------------c49616bf01be----------------------"><div><div class="ab" aria-hidden="false"><div class="ab q oc"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="#6B6B6B" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill="#6B6B6B" d="M12.344 11.458A5.28 5.28 0 0 0 14 7.526C14 4.483 11.391 2 8.051 2S2 4.483 2 7.527c0 3.051 2.712 5.526 6.059 5.526a6.6 6.6 0 0 0 1.758-.236q.255.223.554.414c.784.51 1.626.768 2.512.768a.37.37 0 0 0 .355-.214.37.37 0 0 0-.03-.384 4.7 4.7 0 0 1-.857-1.958v.014z"></path></svg><span>15</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="ab q od oe"><div class="h k j i d"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?actionUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F_%2Fbookmark%2Fp%2F1b5a138beeed&operation=register&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fteatime-history%2Fthe-forgotten-people-who-built-the-bamiyan-buddhas-1b5a138beeed&source=---------0-------------c49616bf01be----bookmark_preview------------------"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25" height="25" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 25 25" class="ds of og" aria-label="Add to list bookmark button"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18 2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0V5h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0 1H19v2.5a.5.5 0 1 1-1 0V6h-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1H18zM7 7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3.5a.5.5 0 0 0 0-1H8a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a.5.5 0 0 0 .805.396L12.5 17l5.695 4.396A.5.5 0 0 0 19 21v-8.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v7.485l-5.195-4.012a.5.5 0 0 0-.61 0L7 19.985z"></path></svg></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></span></div></div></div><div class="on bh r oo op oq or os"></div></div></div></div></div></article></div></div></div><div class="ab cn"><div class="hj bh hk hl hm hn"><div class="ot bh l"><article class=""><div class="lg l"><div class="bh dp"><div class="l"><div class="li lj ab q lk"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 16 16" class="ds iu"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M9.788 1.027a.5.5 0 1 0-.707.707l.59.589-3.32 3.319a2.17 2.17 0 0 1-1.346.626l-2.442.21a.833.833 0 0 0-.518 1.42l2.676 2.675-3.418 3.417a.5.5 0 1 0 .707.707l3.418-3.417 2.675 2.675a.833.833 0 0 0 1.42-.518l.209-2.441c.044-.51.266-.986.627-1.347l3.318-3.32.59.59a.5.5 0 0 0 .707-.707l-.943-.943-3.3-3.3zm-3.653 9.546 2.422 2.422.179-2.085c.063-.743.388-1.44.916-1.968l3.318-3.32-2.593-2.592L7.06 6.349a3.17 3.17 0 0 1-1.969.916l-2.084.178 2.422 2.422z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><div class="bf b dt z ds ab lh jw">Pinned</div></div><div class="bh l"><div style="position:relative;display:flex" role="link" data-href="https://medium.com/teatime-history/iceman-ötzis-medical-records-are-similar-to-a-modern-person-08d68e4862ff" tabindex="0"><div class="bh ll lm ln lo"><div class="ab"><div class="lp lq lr ls lt ab q"><div class="lu l"><div><div class="l" aria-hidden="false"><div class="bm"><a href="https://medium.com/teatime-history?source=user_profile_page---------1-------------c49616bf01be----------------------" rel="noopener follow"><div class="dq"><img alt="Teatime History" class="lv lx lw fo" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:40:40/1*veNvxuuTIOUbLoCr5-v7KA.jpeg" width="20" height="20" loading="lazy"/><div class="lv l lw lx fm n fl fn"></div></div></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ly l"><p class="bf b dt z ds">Published in</p></div><div class="l"><div><div class="l" aria-hidden="false"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar lz ab q" href="https://medium.com/teatime-history?source=user_profile_page---------1-------------c49616bf01be----------------------" rel="noopener follow"><p class="bf b dt z jw ma jx jy mb jz mc ka bk">Teatime History</p></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ab"><div class="l cl gb"><div class="md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/teatime-history/iceman-ötzis-medical-records-are-similar-to-a-modern-person-08d68e4862ff?source=user_profile_page---------1-------------c49616bf01be----------------------"><h2 class="bf mn mo mp mq ja mr ms mt mu jf mv jh ji mw mx jl my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh jw jx jy jz ka bk">Iceman Ötzi’s Medical Records Are Similar to a Modern Person</h2><div class="ni"><h3 class="bf b ge z jw nj jx jy nk jz ka ds">Ancient humans suffered from the same diseases as us</h3></div></a></div><div class="h k"><div class="nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu l"><span class="bf b dt z ds"><div class="iv ab nv ae"><div class="ab q oa"><div class="lg ab"><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><button class="l ay ao am" aria-label="Member-only story"><div class=""><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 64 64"><path fill="#FFC017" d="m39.637 40.831-5.771 15.871a1.99 1.99 0 0 1-3.732 0l-5.771-15.87a2.02 2.02 0 0 0-1.194-1.195L7.298 33.866a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 0-3.732l15.87-5.771a2.02 2.02 0 0 0 1.195-1.194l5.771-15.871a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 3.732 0l5.771 15.87a2.02 2.02 0 0 0 1.194 1.195l15.871 5.771a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 0 3.732l-15.87 5.771a2.02 2.02 0 0 0-1.195 1.194"></path></svg></div></div></div></button></div></div><span>Nov 28, 2024</span><div class="h k j i d"><div class="dq nw nx ab q"><div class="fm ny nz ab q oa"><div class="ax nx ob l fo"></div></div><a class="fm kx nz ab q oa" tabindex="-1" rel="noopener follow" href="/teatime-history/iceman-ötzis-medical-records-are-similar-to-a-modern-person-08d68e4862ff?source=user_profile_page---------1-------------c49616bf01be----------------------"><div><div class="ab" aria-hidden="false"><div class="ab q oc"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="#6B6B6B" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill="#6B6B6B" d="M12.344 11.458A5.28 5.28 0 0 0 14 7.526C14 4.483 11.391 2 8.051 2S2 4.483 2 7.527c0 3.051 2.712 5.526 6.059 5.526a6.6 6.6 0 0 0 1.758-.236q.255.223.554.414c.784.51 1.626.768 2.512.768a.37.37 0 0 0 .355-.214.37.37 0 0 0-.03-.384 4.7 4.7 0 0 1-.857-1.958v.014z"></path></svg><span>28</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="ab q od oe"><div class="h k j i d"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?actionUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F_%2Fbookmark%2Fp%2F08d68e4862ff&operation=register&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fteatime-history%2Ficeman-%25C3%25B6tzis-medical-records-are-similar-to-a-modern-person-08d68e4862ff&source=---------1-------------c49616bf01be----bookmark_preview------------------"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25" height="25" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 25 25" class="ds of og" aria-label="Add to list bookmark button"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18 2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0V5h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0 1H19v2.5a.5.5 0 1 1-1 0V6h-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1H18zM7 7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3.5a.5.5 0 0 0 0-1H8a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a.5.5 0 0 0 .805.396L12.5 17l5.695 4.396A.5.5 0 0 0 19 21v-8.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v7.485l-5.195-4.012a.5.5 0 0 0-.61 0L7 19.985z"></path></svg></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></span></div></div></div><div class="oh oi oj ok ol l"><div aria-label="Iceman Ötzi’s Medical Records Are Similar to a Modern Person"><div class="j i d"><img alt="Iceman Ötzi’s Medical Records Are Similar to a Modern Person" class="bx lv" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:160:106/0*yH2f83Cmx6gr7OQw.jpeg" width="80" height="53" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="h k"><img alt="Iceman Ötzi’s Medical Records Are Similar to a Modern Person" class="bx lv" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:320:214/0*yH2f83Cmx6gr7OQw.jpeg" width="160" height="107" loading="lazy"/></div></div></div></div><div class="om j i d"><span class="bf b dt z ds"><div class="iv ab nv ae"><div class="ab q oa"><div class="lg ab"><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><button class="l ay ao am" aria-label="Member-only story"><div class=""><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 64 64"><path fill="#FFC017" d="m39.637 40.831-5.771 15.871a1.99 1.99 0 0 1-3.732 0l-5.771-15.87a2.02 2.02 0 0 0-1.194-1.195L7.298 33.866a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 0-3.732l15.87-5.771a2.02 2.02 0 0 0 1.195-1.194l5.771-15.871a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 3.732 0l5.771 15.87a2.02 2.02 0 0 0 1.194 1.195l15.871 5.771a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 0 3.732l-15.87 5.771a2.02 2.02 0 0 0-1.195 1.194"></path></svg></div></div></div></button></div></div><span>Nov 28, 2024</span><div class="h k j i d"><div class="dq nw nx ab q"><div class="fm ny nz ab q oa"><div class="ax nx ob l fo"></div></div><a class="fm kx nz ab q oa" tabindex="-1" rel="noopener follow" href="/teatime-history/iceman-ötzis-medical-records-are-similar-to-a-modern-person-08d68e4862ff?source=user_profile_page---------1-------------c49616bf01be----------------------"><div><div class="ab" aria-hidden="false"><div class="ab q oc"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="#6B6B6B" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill="#6B6B6B" d="M12.344 11.458A5.28 5.28 0 0 0 14 7.526C14 4.483 11.391 2 8.051 2S2 4.483 2 7.527c0 3.051 2.712 5.526 6.059 5.526a6.6 6.6 0 0 0 1.758-.236q.255.223.554.414c.784.51 1.626.768 2.512.768a.37.37 0 0 0 .355-.214.37.37 0 0 0-.03-.384 4.7 4.7 0 0 1-.857-1.958v.014z"></path></svg><span>28</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="ab q od oe"><div class="h k j i d"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?actionUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F_%2Fbookmark%2Fp%2F08d68e4862ff&operation=register&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fteatime-history%2Ficeman-%25C3%25B6tzis-medical-records-are-similar-to-a-modern-person-08d68e4862ff&source=---------1-------------c49616bf01be----bookmark_preview------------------"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25" height="25" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 25 25" class="ds of og" aria-label="Add to list bookmark button"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18 2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0V5h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0 1H19v2.5a.5.5 0 1 1-1 0V6h-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1H18zM7 7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3.5a.5.5 0 0 0 0-1H8a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a.5.5 0 0 0 .805.396L12.5 17l5.695 4.396A.5.5 0 0 0 19 21v-8.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v7.485l-5.195-4.012a.5.5 0 0 0-.61 0L7 19.985z"></path></svg></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></span></div></div></div><div class="on bh r oo op oq or os"></div></div></div></div></div></article></div></div></div><div class="ab cn"><div class="hj bh hk hl hm hn"><div class="ot bh l"><article class=""><div class="lg l"><div class="bh dp"><div class="l"><div class="li lj ab q lk"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 16 16" class="ds iu"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M9.788 1.027a.5.5 0 1 0-.707.707l.59.589-3.32 3.319a2.17 2.17 0 0 1-1.346.626l-2.442.21a.833.833 0 0 0-.518 1.42l2.676 2.675-3.418 3.417a.5.5 0 1 0 .707.707l3.418-3.417 2.675 2.675a.833.833 0 0 0 1.42-.518l.209-2.441c.044-.51.266-.986.627-1.347l3.318-3.32.59.59a.5.5 0 0 0 .707-.707l-.943-.943-3.3-3.3zm-3.653 9.546 2.422 2.422.179-2.085c.063-.743.388-1.44.916-1.968l3.318-3.32-2.593-2.592L7.06 6.349a3.17 3.17 0 0 1-1.969.916l-2.084.178 2.422 2.422z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><div class="bf b dt z ds ab lh jw">Pinned</div></div><div class="bh l"><div style="position:relative;display:flex" role="link" data-href="https://medium.com/teatime-history/who-built-göbekli-tepe-be7d2a1b2b5f" tabindex="0"><div class="bh ll lm ln lo"><div class="ab"><div class="lp lq lr ls lt ab q"><div class="lu l"><div><div class="l" aria-hidden="false"><div class="bm"><a href="https://medium.com/teatime-history?source=user_profile_page---------2-------------c49616bf01be----------------------" rel="noopener follow"><div class="dq"><img alt="Teatime History" class="lv lx lw fo" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:40:40/1*veNvxuuTIOUbLoCr5-v7KA.jpeg" width="20" height="20" loading="lazy"/><div class="lv l lw lx fm n fl fn"></div></div></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ly l"><p class="bf b dt z ds">Published in</p></div><div class="l"><div><div class="l" aria-hidden="false"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar lz ab q" href="https://medium.com/teatime-history?source=user_profile_page---------2-------------c49616bf01be----------------------" rel="noopener follow"><p class="bf b dt z jw ma jx jy mb jz mc ka bk">Teatime History</p></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ab"><div class="l cl gb"><div class="md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/teatime-history/who-built-göbekli-tepe-be7d2a1b2b5f?source=user_profile_page---------2-------------c49616bf01be----------------------"><h2 class="bf mn mo mp mq ja mr ms mt mu jf mv jh ji mw mx jl my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh jw jx jy jz ka bk">Who Built Göbekli Tepe?</h2><div class="ni"><h3 class="bf b ge z jw nj jx jy nk jz ka ds">We may be closer to understanding the builders of the mysterious megaliths</h3></div></a></div><div class="h k"><div class="nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu l"><span class="bf b dt z ds"><div class="iv ab nv ae"><div class="ab q oa"><div class="lg ab"><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><button class="l ay ao am" aria-label="Member-only story"><div class=""><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 64 64"><path fill="#FFC017" d="m39.637 40.831-5.771 15.871a1.99 1.99 0 0 1-3.732 0l-5.771-15.87a2.02 2.02 0 0 0-1.194-1.195L7.298 33.866a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 0-3.732l15.87-5.771a2.02 2.02 0 0 0 1.195-1.194l5.771-15.871a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 3.732 0l5.771 15.87a2.02 2.02 0 0 0 1.194 1.195l15.871 5.771a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 0 3.732l-15.87 5.771a2.02 2.02 0 0 0-1.195 1.194"></path></svg></div></div></div></button></div></div><span>Aug 12, 2024</span><div class="h k j i d"><div class="dq nw nx ab q"><div class="fm ny nz ab q oa"><div class="ax nx ob l fo"></div></div><a class="fm kx nz ab q oa" tabindex="-1" rel="noopener follow" href="/teatime-history/who-built-göbekli-tepe-be7d2a1b2b5f?source=user_profile_page---------2-------------c49616bf01be----------------------"><div><div class="ab" aria-hidden="false"><div class="ab q oc"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="#6B6B6B" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill="#6B6B6B" d="M12.344 11.458A5.28 5.28 0 0 0 14 7.526C14 4.483 11.391 2 8.051 2S2 4.483 2 7.527c0 3.051 2.712 5.526 6.059 5.526a6.6 6.6 0 0 0 1.758-.236q.255.223.554.414c.784.51 1.626.768 2.512.768a.37.37 0 0 0 .355-.214.37.37 0 0 0-.03-.384 4.7 4.7 0 0 1-.857-1.958v.014z"></path></svg><span>21</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="ab q od oe"><div class="h k j i d"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?actionUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F_%2Fbookmark%2Fp%2Fbe7d2a1b2b5f&operation=register&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fteatime-history%2Fwho-built-g%25C3%25B6bekli-tepe-be7d2a1b2b5f&source=---------2-------------c49616bf01be----bookmark_preview------------------"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25" height="25" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 25 25" class="ds of og" aria-label="Add to list bookmark button"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18 2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0V5h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0 1H19v2.5a.5.5 0 1 1-1 0V6h-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1H18zM7 7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3.5a.5.5 0 0 0 0-1H8a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a.5.5 0 0 0 .805.396L12.5 17l5.695 4.396A.5.5 0 0 0 19 21v-8.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v7.485l-5.195-4.012a.5.5 0 0 0-.61 0L7 19.985z"></path></svg></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></span></div></div></div><div class="oh oi oj ok ol l"><div aria-label="Who Built Göbekli Tepe?"><div class="j i d"><img alt="Who Built Göbekli Tepe?" class="bx lv" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:160:106/1*4mr0crh331oPTNICxFFwhg.jpeg" width="80" height="53" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="h k"><img alt="Who Built Göbekli Tepe?" class="bx lv" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:320:214/1*4mr0crh331oPTNICxFFwhg.jpeg" width="160" height="107" loading="lazy"/></div></div></div></div><div class="om j i d"><span class="bf b dt z ds"><div class="iv ab nv ae"><div class="ab q oa"><div class="lg ab"><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><button class="l ay ao am" aria-label="Member-only story"><div class=""><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 64 64"><path fill="#FFC017" d="m39.637 40.831-5.771 15.871a1.99 1.99 0 0 1-3.732 0l-5.771-15.87a2.02 2.02 0 0 0-1.194-1.195L7.298 33.866a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 0-3.732l15.87-5.771a2.02 2.02 0 0 0 1.195-1.194l5.771-15.871a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 3.732 0l5.771 15.87a2.02 2.02 0 0 0 1.194 1.195l15.871 5.771a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 0 3.732l-15.87 5.771a2.02 2.02 0 0 0-1.195 1.194"></path></svg></div></div></div></button></div></div><span>Aug 12, 2024</span><div class="h k j i d"><div class="dq nw nx ab q"><div class="fm ny nz ab q oa"><div class="ax nx ob l fo"></div></div><a class="fm kx nz ab q oa" tabindex="-1" rel="noopener follow" href="/teatime-history/who-built-göbekli-tepe-be7d2a1b2b5f?source=user_profile_page---------2-------------c49616bf01be----------------------"><div><div class="ab" aria-hidden="false"><div class="ab q oc"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="#6B6B6B" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill="#6B6B6B" d="M12.344 11.458A5.28 5.28 0 0 0 14 7.526C14 4.483 11.391 2 8.051 2S2 4.483 2 7.527c0 3.051 2.712 5.526 6.059 5.526a6.6 6.6 0 0 0 1.758-.236q.255.223.554.414c.784.51 1.626.768 2.512.768a.37.37 0 0 0 .355-.214.37.37 0 0 0-.03-.384 4.7 4.7 0 0 1-.857-1.958v.014z"></path></svg><span>21</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="ab q od oe"><div class="h k j i d"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?actionUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F_%2Fbookmark%2Fp%2Fbe7d2a1b2b5f&operation=register&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fteatime-history%2Fwho-built-g%25C3%25B6bekli-tepe-be7d2a1b2b5f&source=---------2-------------c49616bf01be----bookmark_preview------------------"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25" height="25" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 25 25" class="ds of og" aria-label="Add to list bookmark button"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18 2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0V5h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0 1H19v2.5a.5.5 0 1 1-1 0V6h-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1H18zM7 7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3.5a.5.5 0 0 0 0-1H8a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a.5.5 0 0 0 .805.396L12.5 17l5.695 4.396A.5.5 0 0 0 19 21v-8.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v7.485l-5.195-4.012a.5.5 0 0 0-.61 0L7 19.985z"></path></svg></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></span></div></div></div><div class="on bh r oo op oq or os"></div></div></div></div></div></article></div></div></div><div class="ab cn"><div class="hj bh hk hl hm hn"><div class="ot bh l"><article class=""><div class="lg l"><div class="bh dp"><div class="l"><div class="li lj ab q lk"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 16 16" class="ds iu"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M9.788 1.027a.5.5 0 1 0-.707.707l.59.589-3.32 3.319a2.17 2.17 0 0 1-1.346.626l-2.442.21a.833.833 0 0 0-.518 1.42l2.676 2.675-3.418 3.417a.5.5 0 1 0 .707.707l3.418-3.417 2.675 2.675a.833.833 0 0 0 1.42-.518l.209-2.441c.044-.51.266-.986.627-1.347l3.318-3.32.59.59a.5.5 0 0 0 .707-.707l-.943-.943-3.3-3.3zm-3.653 9.546 2.422 2.422.179-2.085c.063-.743.388-1.44.916-1.968l3.318-3.32-2.593-2.592L7.06 6.349a3.17 3.17 0 0 1-1.969.916l-2.084.178 2.422 2.422z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><div class="bf b dt z ds ab lh jw">Pinned</div></div><div class="bh l"><div style="position:relative;display:flex" role="link" data-href="https://medium.com/teatime-history/the-lesser-known-civilization-which-may-have-invented-writing-before-mesopotamia-bfb861032973" tabindex="0"><div class="bh ll lm ln lo"><div class="ab"><div class="lp lq lr ls lt ab q"><div class="lu l"><div><div class="l" aria-hidden="false"><div class="bm"><a href="https://medium.com/teatime-history?source=user_profile_page---------3-------------c49616bf01be----------------------" rel="noopener follow"><div class="dq"><img alt="Teatime History" class="lv lx lw fo" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:40:40/1*veNvxuuTIOUbLoCr5-v7KA.jpeg" width="20" height="20" loading="lazy"/><div class="lv l lw lx fm n fl fn"></div></div></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ly l"><p class="bf b dt z ds">Published in</p></div><div class="l"><div><div class="l" aria-hidden="false"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar lz ab q" href="https://medium.com/teatime-history?source=user_profile_page---------3-------------c49616bf01be----------------------" rel="noopener follow"><p class="bf b dt z jw ma jx jy mb jz mc ka bk">Teatime History</p></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ab"><div class="l cl gb"><div class="md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/teatime-history/the-lesser-known-civilization-which-may-have-invented-writing-before-mesopotamia-bfb861032973?source=user_profile_page---------3-------------c49616bf01be----------------------"><h2 class="bf mn mo mp mq ja mr ms mt mu jf mv jh ji mw mx jl my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh jw jx jy jz ka bk">The Lesser-Known Civilization Which May Have Invented Writing Before Mesopotamia</h2><div class="ni"><h3 class="bf b ge z jw nj jx jy nk jz ka ds">The story of the Vinča culture, Europe’s first civilization</h3></div></a></div><div class="h k"><div class="nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu l"><span class="bf b dt z ds"><div class="iv ab nv ae"><div class="ab q oa"><div class="lg ab"><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><button class="l ay ao am" aria-label="Member-only story"><div class=""><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 64 64"><path fill="#FFC017" d="m39.637 40.831-5.771 15.871a1.99 1.99 0 0 1-3.732 0l-5.771-15.87a2.02 2.02 0 0 0-1.194-1.195L7.298 33.866a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 0-3.732l15.87-5.771a2.02 2.02 0 0 0 1.195-1.194l5.771-15.871a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 3.732 0l5.771 15.87a2.02 2.02 0 0 0 1.194 1.195l15.871 5.771a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 0 3.732l-15.87 5.771a2.02 2.02 0 0 0-1.195 1.194"></path></svg></div></div></div></button></div></div><span>Jun 14, 2024</span><div class="h k j i d"><div class="dq nw nx ab q"><div class="fm ny nz ab q oa"><div class="ax nx ob l fo"></div></div><a class="fm kx nz ab q oa" tabindex="-1" rel="noopener follow" href="/teatime-history/the-lesser-known-civilization-which-may-have-invented-writing-before-mesopotamia-bfb861032973?source=user_profile_page---------3-------------c49616bf01be----------------------"><div><div class="ab" aria-hidden="false"><div class="ab q oc"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="#6B6B6B" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill="#6B6B6B" d="M12.344 11.458A5.28 5.28 0 0 0 14 7.526C14 4.483 11.391 2 8.051 2S2 4.483 2 7.527c0 3.051 2.712 5.526 6.059 5.526a6.6 6.6 0 0 0 1.758-.236q.255.223.554.414c.784.51 1.626.768 2.512.768a.37.37 0 0 0 .355-.214.37.37 0 0 0-.03-.384 4.7 4.7 0 0 1-.857-1.958v.014z"></path></svg><span>29</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="ab q od oe"><div class="h k j i d"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?actionUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F_%2Fbookmark%2Fp%2Fbfb861032973&operation=register&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fteatime-history%2Fthe-lesser-known-civilization-which-may-have-invented-writing-before-mesopotamia-bfb861032973&source=---------3-------------c49616bf01be----bookmark_preview------------------"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25" height="25" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 25 25" class="ds of og" aria-label="Add to list bookmark button"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18 2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0V5h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0 1H19v2.5a.5.5 0 1 1-1 0V6h-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1H18zM7 7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3.5a.5.5 0 0 0 0-1H8a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a.5.5 0 0 0 .805.396L12.5 17l5.695 4.396A.5.5 0 0 0 19 21v-8.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v7.485l-5.195-4.012a.5.5 0 0 0-.61 0L7 19.985z"></path></svg></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></span></div></div></div><div class="oh oi oj ok ol l"><div aria-label="The Lesser-Known Civilization Which May Have Invented Writing Before Mesopotamia"><div class="j i d"><img alt="The Lesser-Known Civilization Which May Have Invented Writing Before Mesopotamia" class="bx lv" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:160:106/1*ljqiLAF-HTYEOWm7oQ0Hlg.jpeg" width="80" height="53" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="h k"><img alt="The Lesser-Known Civilization Which May Have Invented Writing Before Mesopotamia" class="bx lv" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:320:214/1*ljqiLAF-HTYEOWm7oQ0Hlg.jpeg" width="160" height="107" loading="lazy"/></div></div></div></div><div class="om j i d"><span class="bf b dt z ds"><div class="iv ab nv ae"><div class="ab q oa"><div class="lg ab"><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><button class="l ay ao am" aria-label="Member-only story"><div class=""><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 64 64"><path fill="#FFC017" d="m39.637 40.831-5.771 15.871a1.99 1.99 0 0 1-3.732 0l-5.771-15.87a2.02 2.02 0 0 0-1.194-1.195L7.298 33.866a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 0-3.732l15.87-5.771a2.02 2.02 0 0 0 1.195-1.194l5.771-15.871a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 3.732 0l5.771 15.87a2.02 2.02 0 0 0 1.194 1.195l15.871 5.771a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 0 3.732l-15.87 5.771a2.02 2.02 0 0 0-1.195 1.194"></path></svg></div></div></div></button></div></div><span>Jun 14, 2024</span><div class="h k j i d"><div class="dq nw nx ab q"><div class="fm ny nz ab q oa"><div class="ax nx ob l fo"></div></div><a class="fm kx nz ab q oa" tabindex="-1" rel="noopener follow" href="/teatime-history/the-lesser-known-civilization-which-may-have-invented-writing-before-mesopotamia-bfb861032973?source=user_profile_page---------3-------------c49616bf01be----------------------"><div><div class="ab" aria-hidden="false"><div class="ab q oc"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="#6B6B6B" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill="#6B6B6B" d="M12.344 11.458A5.28 5.28 0 0 0 14 7.526C14 4.483 11.391 2 8.051 2S2 4.483 2 7.527c0 3.051 2.712 5.526 6.059 5.526a6.6 6.6 0 0 0 1.758-.236q.255.223.554.414c.784.51 1.626.768 2.512.768a.37.37 0 0 0 .355-.214.37.37 0 0 0-.03-.384 4.7 4.7 0 0 1-.857-1.958v.014z"></path></svg><span>29</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="ab q od oe"><div class="h k j i d"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?actionUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F_%2Fbookmark%2Fp%2Fbfb861032973&operation=register&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fteatime-history%2Fthe-lesser-known-civilization-which-may-have-invented-writing-before-mesopotamia-bfb861032973&source=---------3-------------c49616bf01be----bookmark_preview------------------"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25" height="25" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 25 25" class="ds of og" aria-label="Add to list bookmark button"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18 2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0V5h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0 1H19v2.5a.5.5 0 1 1-1 0V6h-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1H18zM7 7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3.5a.5.5 0 0 0 0-1H8a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a.5.5 0 0 0 .805.396L12.5 17l5.695 4.396A.5.5 0 0 0 19 21v-8.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v7.485l-5.195-4.012a.5.5 0 0 0-.61 0L7 19.985z"></path></svg></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></span></div></div></div><div class="on bh r oo op oq or os"></div></div></div></div></div></article></div></div></div><div class="ab cn"><div class="hj bh hk hl hm hn"><div class="ot bh l"><article class=""><div class="lg l"><div class="bh dp"><div class="l"><div class="li lj ab q lk"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 16 16" class="ds iu"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M9.788 1.027a.5.5 0 1 0-.707.707l.59.589-3.32 3.319a2.17 2.17 0 0 1-1.346.626l-2.442.21a.833.833 0 0 0-.518 1.42l2.676 2.675-3.418 3.417a.5.5 0 1 0 .707.707l3.418-3.417 2.675 2.675a.833.833 0 0 0 1.42-.518l.209-2.441c.044-.51.266-.986.627-1.347l3.318-3.32.59.59a.5.5 0 0 0 .707-.707l-.943-.943-3.3-3.3zm-3.653 9.546 2.422 2.422.179-2.085c.063-.743.388-1.44.916-1.968l3.318-3.32-2.593-2.592L7.06 6.349a3.17 3.17 0 0 1-1.969.916l-2.084.178 2.422 2.422z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><div class="bf b dt z ds ab lh jw">Pinned</div></div><div class="bh l"><div style="position:relative;display:flex" role="link" data-href="https://medium.com/teatime-history/how-did-the-pork-taboo-originate-2d7009bfad70" tabindex="0"><div class="bh ll lm ln lo"><div class="ab"><div class="lp lq lr ls lt ab q"><div class="lu l"><div><div class="l" aria-hidden="false"><div class="bm"><a href="https://medium.com/teatime-history?source=user_profile_page---------4-------------c49616bf01be----------------------" rel="noopener follow"><div class="dq"><img alt="Teatime History" class="lv lx lw fo" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:40:40/1*veNvxuuTIOUbLoCr5-v7KA.jpeg" width="20" height="20" loading="lazy"/><div class="lv l lw lx fm n fl fn"></div></div></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ly l"><p class="bf b dt z ds">Published in</p></div><div class="l"><div><div class="l" aria-hidden="false"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar lz ab q" href="https://medium.com/teatime-history?source=user_profile_page---------4-------------c49616bf01be----------------------" rel="noopener follow"><p class="bf b dt z jw ma jx jy mb jz mc ka bk">Teatime History</p></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ab"><div class="l cl gb"><div class="md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/teatime-history/how-did-the-pork-taboo-originate-2d7009bfad70?source=user_profile_page---------4-------------c49616bf01be----------------------"><h2 class="bf mn mo mp mq ja mr ms mt mu jf mv jh ji mw mx jl my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh jw jx jy jz ka bk">How Did the Pork Taboo Originate?</h2><div class="ni"><h3 class="bf b ge z jw nj jx jy nk jz ka ds">Exploring why one-third of humanity doesn’t consume pork</h3></div></a></div><div class="h k"><div class="nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu l"><span class="bf b dt z ds"><div class="iv ab nv ae"><div class="ab q oa"><div class="lg ab"><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><button class="l ay ao am" aria-label="Member-only story"><div class=""><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 64 64"><path fill="#FFC017" d="m39.637 40.831-5.771 15.871a1.99 1.99 0 0 1-3.732 0l-5.771-15.87a2.02 2.02 0 0 0-1.194-1.195L7.298 33.866a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 0-3.732l15.87-5.771a2.02 2.02 0 0 0 1.195-1.194l5.771-15.871a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 3.732 0l5.771 15.87a2.02 2.02 0 0 0 1.194 1.195l15.871 5.771a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 0 3.732l-15.87 5.771a2.02 2.02 0 0 0-1.195 1.194"></path></svg></div></div></div></button></div></div><span>Nov 10, 2023</span><div class="h k j i d"><div class="dq nw nx ab q"><div class="fm ny nz ab q oa"><div class="ax nx ob l fo"></div></div><a class="fm kx nz ab q oa" tabindex="-1" rel="noopener follow" href="/teatime-history/how-did-the-pork-taboo-originate-2d7009bfad70?source=user_profile_page---------4-------------c49616bf01be----------------------"><div><div class="ab" aria-hidden="false"><div class="ab q oc"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="#6B6B6B" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill="#6B6B6B" d="M12.344 11.458A5.28 5.28 0 0 0 14 7.526C14 4.483 11.391 2 8.051 2S2 4.483 2 7.527c0 3.051 2.712 5.526 6.059 5.526a6.6 6.6 0 0 0 1.758-.236q.255.223.554.414c.784.51 1.626.768 2.512.768a.37.37 0 0 0 .355-.214.37.37 0 0 0-.03-.384 4.7 4.7 0 0 1-.857-1.958v.014z"></path></svg><span>80</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="ab q od oe"><div class="h k j i d"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?actionUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F_%2Fbookmark%2Fp%2F2d7009bfad70&operation=register&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fteatime-history%2Fhow-did-the-pork-taboo-originate-2d7009bfad70&source=---------4-------------c49616bf01be----bookmark_preview------------------"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25" height="25" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 25 25" class="ds of og" aria-label="Add to list bookmark button"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18 2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0V5h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0 1H19v2.5a.5.5 0 1 1-1 0V6h-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1H18zM7 7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3.5a.5.5 0 0 0 0-1H8a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a.5.5 0 0 0 .805.396L12.5 17l5.695 4.396A.5.5 0 0 0 19 21v-8.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v7.485l-5.195-4.012a.5.5 0 0 0-.61 0L7 19.985z"></path></svg></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></span></div></div></div><div class="oh oi oj ok ol l"><div aria-label="How Did the Pork Taboo Originate?"><div class="j i d"><img alt="How Did the Pork Taboo Originate?" class="bx lv" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:160:106/1*VtNBqUvqg8wtT-5NJ_CB5g.jpeg" width="80" height="53" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="h k"><img alt="How Did the Pork Taboo Originate?" class="bx lv" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:320:214/1*VtNBqUvqg8wtT-5NJ_CB5g.jpeg" width="160" height="107" loading="lazy"/></div></div></div></div><div class="om j i d"><span class="bf b dt z ds"><div class="iv ab nv ae"><div class="ab q oa"><div class="lg ab"><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><button class="l ay ao am" aria-label="Member-only story"><div class=""><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 64 64"><path fill="#FFC017" d="m39.637 40.831-5.771 15.871a1.99 1.99 0 0 1-3.732 0l-5.771-15.87a2.02 2.02 0 0 0-1.194-1.195L7.298 33.866a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 0-3.732l15.87-5.771a2.02 2.02 0 0 0 1.195-1.194l5.771-15.871a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 3.732 0l5.771 15.87a2.02 2.02 0 0 0 1.194 1.195l15.871 5.771a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 0 3.732l-15.87 5.771a2.02 2.02 0 0 0-1.195 1.194"></path></svg></div></div></div></button></div></div><span>Nov 10, 2023</span><div class="h k j i d"><div class="dq nw nx ab q"><div class="fm ny nz ab q oa"><div class="ax nx ob l fo"></div></div><a class="fm kx nz ab q oa" tabindex="-1" rel="noopener follow" href="/teatime-history/how-did-the-pork-taboo-originate-2d7009bfad70?source=user_profile_page---------4-------------c49616bf01be----------------------"><div><div class="ab" aria-hidden="false"><div class="ab q oc"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="#6B6B6B" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill="#6B6B6B" d="M12.344 11.458A5.28 5.28 0 0 0 14 7.526C14 4.483 11.391 2 8.051 2S2 4.483 2 7.527c0 3.051 2.712 5.526 6.059 5.526a6.6 6.6 0 0 0 1.758-.236q.255.223.554.414c.784.51 1.626.768 2.512.768a.37.37 0 0 0 .355-.214.37.37 0 0 0-.03-.384 4.7 4.7 0 0 1-.857-1.958v.014z"></path></svg><span>80</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="ab q od oe"><div class="h k j i d"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?actionUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F_%2Fbookmark%2Fp%2F2d7009bfad70&operation=register&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fteatime-history%2Fhow-did-the-pork-taboo-originate-2d7009bfad70&source=---------4-------------c49616bf01be----bookmark_preview------------------"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25" height="25" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 25 25" class="ds of og" aria-label="Add to list bookmark button"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18 2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0V5h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0 1H19v2.5a.5.5 0 1 1-1 0V6h-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1H18zM7 7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3.5a.5.5 0 0 0 0-1H8a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a.5.5 0 0 0 .805.396L12.5 17l5.695 4.396A.5.5 0 0 0 19 21v-8.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v7.485l-5.195-4.012a.5.5 0 0 0-.61 0L7 19.985z"></path></svg></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></span></div></div></div><div class="on bh r oo op oq or os"></div></div></div></div></div></article></div></div></div><div class="ab cn"><div class="hj bh hk hl hm hn"><div class="ot bh l"><article class=""><div class="lg l"><div class="bh dp"><div class="l"><div class="bh l"><div style="position:relative;display:flex" role="link" data-href="https://medium.com/policy-panorama/the-us-and-russias-troubling-history-of-undermining-ukraine-s-security-af0a62f62650" tabindex="0"><div class="bh ll lm ln lo"><div class="ab"><div class="lp lq lr ls lt ab q"><div class="lu l"><div><div class="l" aria-hidden="false"><div class="bm"><a href="https://medium.com/policy-panorama?source=user_profile_page---------5-------------c49616bf01be----------------------" rel="noopener follow"><div class="dq"><img alt="Policy Panorama" class="lv lx lw fo" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:40:40/1*AWqFfHpsHcdQnfhTjxDKpA.png" width="20" height="20" loading="lazy"/><div class="lv l lw lx fm n fl fn"></div></div></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ly l"><p class="bf b dt z ds">Published in</p></div><div class="l"><div><div class="l" aria-hidden="false"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar lz ab q" href="https://medium.com/policy-panorama?source=user_profile_page---------5-------------c49616bf01be----------------------" rel="noopener follow"><p class="bf b dt z jw ma jx jy mb jz mc ka bk">Policy Panorama</p></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ab"><div class="l cl gb"><div class="md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/policy-panorama/the-us-and-russias-troubling-history-of-undermining-ukraine-s-security-af0a62f62650?source=user_profile_page---------5-------------c49616bf01be----------------------"><h2 class="bf mn mo mp mq ja mr ms mt mu jf mv jh ji mw mx jl my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh jw jx jy jz ka bk">The US and Russia’s Troubling History of Undermining Ukraine’s Security</h2><div class="ni"><h3 class="bf b ge z jw nj jx jy nk jz ka ds">How the superpowers’ nuclear deal with Ukraine set the stage for the current crisis</h3></div></a></div><div class="h k"><div class="nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu l"><span class="bf b dt z ds"><div class="iv ab nv ae"><div class="ab q oa"><div class="lg ab"><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><button class="l ay ao am" aria-label="Member-only story"><div class=""><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 64 64"><path fill="#FFC017" d="m39.637 40.831-5.771 15.871a1.99 1.99 0 0 1-3.732 0l-5.771-15.87a2.02 2.02 0 0 0-1.194-1.195L7.298 33.866a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 0-3.732l15.87-5.771a2.02 2.02 0 0 0 1.195-1.194l5.771-15.871a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 3.732 0l5.771 15.87a2.02 2.02 0 0 0 1.194 1.195l15.871 5.771a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 0 3.732l-15.87 5.771a2.02 2.02 0 0 0-1.195 1.194"></path></svg></div></div></div></button></div></div><span>Feb 28</span><div class="h k j i d"><div class="dq nw nx ab q"><div class="fm ny nz ab q oa"><div class="ax nx ob l fo"></div></div><a class="fm kx nz ab q oa" tabindex="-1" rel="noopener follow" href="/policy-panorama/the-us-and-russias-troubling-history-of-undermining-ukraine-s-security-af0a62f62650?source=user_profile_page---------5-------------c49616bf01be----------------------"><div><div class="ab" aria-hidden="false"><div class="ab q oc"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="#6B6B6B" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill="#6B6B6B" d="M12.344 11.458A5.28 5.28 0 0 0 14 7.526C14 4.483 11.391 2 8.051 2S2 4.483 2 7.527c0 3.051 2.712 5.526 6.059 5.526a6.6 6.6 0 0 0 1.758-.236q.255.223.554.414c.784.51 1.626.768 2.512.768a.37.37 0 0 0 .355-.214.37.37 0 0 0-.03-.384 4.7 4.7 0 0 1-.857-1.958v.014z"></path></svg><span>4</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="ab q od oe"><div class="h k j i d"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?actionUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F_%2Fbookmark%2Fp%2Faf0a62f62650&operation=register&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fpolicy-panorama%2Fthe-us-and-russias-troubling-history-of-undermining-ukraine-s-security-af0a62f62650&source=---------5-------------c49616bf01be----bookmark_preview------------------"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25" height="25" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 25 25" class="ds of og" aria-label="Add to list bookmark button"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18 2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0V5h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0 1H19v2.5a.5.5 0 1 1-1 0V6h-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1H18zM7 7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3.5a.5.5 0 0 0 0-1H8a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a.5.5 0 0 0 .805.396L12.5 17l5.695 4.396A.5.5 0 0 0 19 21v-8.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v7.485l-5.195-4.012a.5.5 0 0 0-.61 0L7 19.985z"></path></svg></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></span></div></div></div><div class="oh oi oj ok ol l"><div aria-label="The US and Russia’s Troubling History of Undermining Ukraine’s Security"><div class="j i d"><img alt="The US and Russia’s Troubling History of Undermining Ukraine’s Security" class="bx lv" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:160:106/1*5nDAqf6KWQQQZKdtB3TXnA.png" width="80" height="53" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="h k"><img alt="The US and Russia’s Troubling History of Undermining Ukraine’s Security" class="bx lv" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:320:214/1*5nDAqf6KWQQQZKdtB3TXnA.png" width="160" height="107" loading="lazy"/></div></div></div></div><div class="om j i d"><span class="bf b dt z ds"><div class="iv ab nv ae"><div class="ab q oa"><div class="lg ab"><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><button class="l ay ao am" aria-label="Member-only story"><div class=""><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 64 64"><path fill="#FFC017" d="m39.637 40.831-5.771 15.871a1.99 1.99 0 0 1-3.732 0l-5.771-15.87a2.02 2.02 0 0 0-1.194-1.195L7.298 33.866a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 0-3.732l15.87-5.771a2.02 2.02 0 0 0 1.195-1.194l5.771-15.871a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 3.732 0l5.771 15.87a2.02 2.02 0 0 0 1.194 1.195l15.871 5.771a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 0 3.732l-15.87 5.771a2.02 2.02 0 0 0-1.195 1.194"></path></svg></div></div></div></button></div></div><span>Feb 28</span><div class="h k j i d"><div class="dq nw nx ab q"><div class="fm ny nz ab q oa"><div class="ax nx ob l fo"></div></div><a class="fm kx nz ab q oa" tabindex="-1" rel="noopener follow" href="/policy-panorama/the-us-and-russias-troubling-history-of-undermining-ukraine-s-security-af0a62f62650?source=user_profile_page---------5-------------c49616bf01be----------------------"><div><div class="ab" aria-hidden="false"><div class="ab q oc"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="#6B6B6B" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill="#6B6B6B" d="M12.344 11.458A5.28 5.28 0 0 0 14 7.526C14 4.483 11.391 2 8.051 2S2 4.483 2 7.527c0 3.051 2.712 5.526 6.059 5.526a6.6 6.6 0 0 0 1.758-.236q.255.223.554.414c.784.51 1.626.768 2.512.768a.37.37 0 0 0 .355-.214.37.37 0 0 0-.03-.384 4.7 4.7 0 0 1-.857-1.958v.014z"></path></svg><span>4</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="ab q od oe"><div class="h k j i d"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?actionUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F_%2Fbookmark%2Fp%2Faf0a62f62650&operation=register&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fpolicy-panorama%2Fthe-us-and-russias-troubling-history-of-undermining-ukraine-s-security-af0a62f62650&source=---------5-------------c49616bf01be----bookmark_preview------------------"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25" height="25" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 25 25" class="ds of og" aria-label="Add to list bookmark button"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18 2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0V5h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0 1H19v2.5a.5.5 0 1 1-1 0V6h-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1H18zM7 7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3.5a.5.5 0 0 0 0-1H8a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a.5.5 0 0 0 .805.396L12.5 17l5.695 4.396A.5.5 0 0 0 19 21v-8.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v7.485l-5.195-4.012a.5.5 0 0 0-.61 0L7 19.985z"></path></svg></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></span></div></div></div><div class="on bh r oo op oq or os"></div></div></div></div></div></article></div></div></div><div class="ab cn"><div class="hj bh hk hl hm hn"><div class="ot bh l"><article class=""><div class="lg l"><div class="bh dp"><div class="l"><div class="bh l"><div style="position:relative;display:flex" role="link" data-href="https://medium.com/teatime-history/top-ten-historical-discoveries-of-2024-7adc6313872b" tabindex="0"><div class="bh ll lm ln lo"><div class="ab"><div class="lp lq lr ls lt ab q"><div class="lu l"><div><div class="l" aria-hidden="false"><div class="bm"><a href="https://medium.com/teatime-history?source=user_profile_page---------6-------------c49616bf01be----------------------" rel="noopener follow"><div class="dq"><img alt="Teatime History" class="lv lx lw fo" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:40:40/1*veNvxuuTIOUbLoCr5-v7KA.jpeg" width="20" height="20" loading="lazy"/><div class="lv l lw lx fm n fl fn"></div></div></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ly l"><p class="bf b dt z ds">Published in</p></div><div class="l"><div><div class="l" aria-hidden="false"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar lz ab q" href="https://medium.com/teatime-history?source=user_profile_page---------6-------------c49616bf01be----------------------" rel="noopener follow"><p class="bf b dt z jw ma jx jy mb jz mc ka bk">Teatime History</p></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ab"><div class="l cl gb"><div class="md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/teatime-history/top-ten-historical-discoveries-of-2024-7adc6313872b?source=user_profile_page---------6-------------c49616bf01be----------------------"><h2 class="bf mn mo mp mq ja mr ms mt mu jf mv jh ji mw mx jl my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh jw jx jy jz ka bk">Top Ten Historical Discoveries of 2024</h2><div class="ni"><h3 class="bf b ge z jw nj jx jy nk jz ka ds">Roundup of the hottest finds from history and archaeology</h3></div></a></div><div class="h k"><div class="nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu l"><span class="bf b dt z ds"><div class="iv ab nv ae"><div class="ab q oa"><div class="lg ab"><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><button class="l ay ao am" aria-label="Member-only story"><div class=""><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 64 64"><path fill="#FFC017" d="m39.637 40.831-5.771 15.871a1.99 1.99 0 0 1-3.732 0l-5.771-15.87a2.02 2.02 0 0 0-1.194-1.195L7.298 33.866a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 0-3.732l15.87-5.771a2.02 2.02 0 0 0 1.195-1.194l5.771-15.871a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 3.732 0l5.771 15.87a2.02 2.02 0 0 0 1.194 1.195l15.871 5.771a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 0 3.732l-15.87 5.771a2.02 2.02 0 0 0-1.195 1.194"></path></svg></div></div></div></button></div></div><span>Jan 23</span><div class="h k j i d"><div class="dq nw nx ab q"><div class="fm ny nz ab q oa"><div class="ax nx ob l fo"></div></div><a class="fm kx nz ab q oa" tabindex="-1" rel="noopener follow" href="/teatime-history/top-ten-historical-discoveries-of-2024-7adc6313872b?source=user_profile_page---------6-------------c49616bf01be----------------------"><div><div class="ab" aria-hidden="false"><div class="ab q oc"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="#6B6B6B" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill="#6B6B6B" d="M12.344 11.458A5.28 5.28 0 0 0 14 7.526C14 4.483 11.391 2 8.051 2S2 4.483 2 7.527c0 3.051 2.712 5.526 6.059 5.526a6.6 6.6 0 0 0 1.758-.236q.255.223.554.414c.784.51 1.626.768 2.512.768a.37.37 0 0 0 .355-.214.37.37 0 0 0-.03-.384 4.7 4.7 0 0 1-.857-1.958v.014z"></path></svg><span>13</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="ab q od oe"><div class="h k j i d"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?actionUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F_%2Fbookmark%2Fp%2F7adc6313872b&operation=register&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fteatime-history%2Ftop-ten-historical-discoveries-of-2024-7adc6313872b&source=---------6-------------c49616bf01be----bookmark_preview------------------"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25" height="25" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 25 25" class="ds of og" aria-label="Add to list bookmark button"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18 2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0V5h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0 1H19v2.5a.5.5 0 1 1-1 0V6h-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1H18zM7 7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3.5a.5.5 0 0 0 0-1H8a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a.5.5 0 0 0 .805.396L12.5 17l5.695 4.396A.5.5 0 0 0 19 21v-8.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v7.485l-5.195-4.012a.5.5 0 0 0-.61 0L7 19.985z"></path></svg></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></span></div></div></div><div class="oh oi oj ok ol l"><div aria-label="Top Ten Historical Discoveries of 2024"><div class="j i d"><img alt="Top Ten Historical Discoveries of 2024" class="bx lv" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:160:106/0*iHrEpWb4Yjla0NGz.jpeg" width="80" height="53" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="h k"><img alt="Top Ten Historical Discoveries of 2024" class="bx lv" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:320:214/0*iHrEpWb4Yjla0NGz.jpeg" width="160" height="107" loading="lazy"/></div></div></div></div><div class="om j i d"><span class="bf b dt z ds"><div class="iv ab nv ae"><div class="ab q oa"><div class="lg ab"><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><button class="l ay ao am" aria-label="Member-only story"><div class=""><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 64 64"><path fill="#FFC017" d="m39.637 40.831-5.771 15.871a1.99 1.99 0 0 1-3.732 0l-5.771-15.87a2.02 2.02 0 0 0-1.194-1.195L7.298 33.866a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 0-3.732l15.87-5.771a2.02 2.02 0 0 0 1.195-1.194l5.771-15.871a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 3.732 0l5.771 15.87a2.02 2.02 0 0 0 1.194 1.195l15.871 5.771a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 0 3.732l-15.87 5.771a2.02 2.02 0 0 0-1.195 1.194"></path></svg></div></div></div></button></div></div><span>Jan 23</span><div class="h k j i d"><div class="dq nw nx ab q"><div class="fm ny nz ab q oa"><div class="ax nx ob l fo"></div></div><a class="fm kx nz ab q oa" tabindex="-1" rel="noopener follow" href="/teatime-history/top-ten-historical-discoveries-of-2024-7adc6313872b?source=user_profile_page---------6-------------c49616bf01be----------------------"><div><div class="ab" aria-hidden="false"><div class="ab q oc"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="#6B6B6B" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill="#6B6B6B" d="M12.344 11.458A5.28 5.28 0 0 0 14 7.526C14 4.483 11.391 2 8.051 2S2 4.483 2 7.527c0 3.051 2.712 5.526 6.059 5.526a6.6 6.6 0 0 0 1.758-.236q.255.223.554.414c.784.51 1.626.768 2.512.768a.37.37 0 0 0 .355-.214.37.37 0 0 0-.03-.384 4.7 4.7 0 0 1-.857-1.958v.014z"></path></svg><span>13</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="ab q od oe"><div class="h k j i d"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?actionUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F_%2Fbookmark%2Fp%2F7adc6313872b&operation=register&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fteatime-history%2Ftop-ten-historical-discoveries-of-2024-7adc6313872b&source=---------6-------------c49616bf01be----bookmark_preview------------------"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25" height="25" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 25 25" class="ds of og" aria-label="Add to list bookmark button"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18 2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0V5h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0 1H19v2.5a.5.5 0 1 1-1 0V6h-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1H18zM7 7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3.5a.5.5 0 0 0 0-1H8a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a.5.5 0 0 0 .805.396L12.5 17l5.695 4.396A.5.5 0 0 0 19 21v-8.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v7.485l-5.195-4.012a.5.5 0 0 0-.61 0L7 19.985z"></path></svg></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></span></div></div></div><div class="on bh r oo op oq or os"></div></div></div></div></div></article></div></div></div><div class="ab cn"><div class="hj bh hk hl hm hn"><div class="ot bh l"><article class=""><div class="lg l"><div class="bh dp"><div class="l"><div class="bh l"><div style="position:relative;display:flex" role="link" data-href="https://medium.com/@pdg1/writing-goals-for-2025-cec1e2726172" tabindex="0"><div class="bh ll lm ln lo"><div class="ab"></div><div class="ab"><div class="l cl gb"><div class="md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/@pdg1/writing-goals-for-2025-cec1e2726172?source=user_profile_page---------7-------------c49616bf01be----------------------"><h2 class="bf mn mo mp mq ja mr ms mt mu jf mv jh ji mw mx jl my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh jw jx jy jz ka bk">Writing Goals for 2025</h2><div class="ni"><h3 class="bf b ge z jw nj jx jy nk jz ka ds">Here’s what I plan on doing this year</h3></div></a></div><div class="h k"><div class="nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu l"><span class="bf b dt z ds"><div class="iv ab nv ae"><div class="ab q oa"><div class="lg ab"><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><button class="l ay ao am" aria-label="Member-only story"><div class=""><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 64 64"><path fill="#FFC017" d="m39.637 40.831-5.771 15.871a1.99 1.99 0 0 1-3.732 0l-5.771-15.87a2.02 2.02 0 0 0-1.194-1.195L7.298 33.866a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 0-3.732l15.87-5.771a2.02 2.02 0 0 0 1.195-1.194l5.771-15.871a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 3.732 0l5.771 15.87a2.02 2.02 0 0 0 1.194 1.195l15.871 5.771a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 0 3.732l-15.87 5.771a2.02 2.02 0 0 0-1.195 1.194"></path></svg></div></div></div></button></div></div><span>Jan 18</span><div class="h k j i d"><div class="dq nw nx ab q"><div class="fm ny nz ab q oa"><div class="ax nx ob l fo"></div></div><a class="fm kx nz ab q oa" tabindex="-1" rel="noopener follow" href="/@pdg1/writing-goals-for-2025-cec1e2726172?source=user_profile_page---------7-------------c49616bf01be----------------------"><div><div class="ab" aria-hidden="false"><div class="ab q oc"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="#6B6B6B" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill="#6B6B6B" d="M12.344 11.458A5.28 5.28 0 0 0 14 7.526C14 4.483 11.391 2 8.051 2S2 4.483 2 7.527c0 3.051 2.712 5.526 6.059 5.526a6.6 6.6 0 0 0 1.758-.236q.255.223.554.414c.784.51 1.626.768 2.512.768a.37.37 0 0 0 .355-.214.37.37 0 0 0-.03-.384 4.7 4.7 0 0 1-.857-1.958v.014z"></path></svg><span>6</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="ab q od oe"><div class="h k j i d"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?actionUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F_%2Fbookmark%2Fp%2Fcec1e2726172&operation=register&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40pdg1%2Fwriting-goals-for-2025-cec1e2726172&source=---------7-------------c49616bf01be----bookmark_preview------------------"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25" height="25" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 25 25" class="ds of og" aria-label="Add to list bookmark button"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18 2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0V5h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0 1H19v2.5a.5.5 0 1 1-1 0V6h-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1H18zM7 7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3.5a.5.5 0 0 0 0-1H8a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a.5.5 0 0 0 .805.396L12.5 17l5.695 4.396A.5.5 0 0 0 19 21v-8.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v7.485l-5.195-4.012a.5.5 0 0 0-.61 0L7 19.985z"></path></svg></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></span></div></div></div><div class="oh oi oj ok ol l"><div aria-label="Writing Goals for 2025"><div class="j i d"><img alt="Writing Goals for 2025" class="bx lv" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/da:true/resize:fill:160:106/0*PFrhJHqQIXsGoN-o" width="80" height="53" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="h k"><img alt="Writing Goals for 2025" class="bx lv" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/da:true/resize:fill:320:214/0*PFrhJHqQIXsGoN-o" width="160" height="107" loading="lazy"/></div></div></div></div><div class="om j i d"><span class="bf b dt z ds"><div class="iv ab nv ae"><div class="ab q oa"><div class="lg ab"><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><button class="l ay ao am" aria-label="Member-only story"><div class=""><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 64 64"><path fill="#FFC017" d="m39.637 40.831-5.771 15.871a1.99 1.99 0 0 1-3.732 0l-5.771-15.87a2.02 2.02 0 0 0-1.194-1.195L7.298 33.866a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 0-3.732l15.87-5.771a2.02 2.02 0 0 0 1.195-1.194l5.771-15.871a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 3.732 0l5.771 15.87a2.02 2.02 0 0 0 1.194 1.195l15.871 5.771a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 0 3.732l-15.87 5.771a2.02 2.02 0 0 0-1.195 1.194"></path></svg></div></div></div></button></div></div><span>Jan 18</span><div class="h k j i d"><div class="dq nw nx ab q"><div class="fm ny nz ab q oa"><div class="ax nx ob l fo"></div></div><a class="fm kx nz ab q oa" tabindex="-1" rel="noopener follow" href="/@pdg1/writing-goals-for-2025-cec1e2726172?source=user_profile_page---------7-------------c49616bf01be----------------------"><div><div class="ab" aria-hidden="false"><div class="ab q oc"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="#6B6B6B" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill="#6B6B6B" d="M12.344 11.458A5.28 5.28 0 0 0 14 7.526C14 4.483 11.391 2 8.051 2S2 4.483 2 7.527c0 3.051 2.712 5.526 6.059 5.526a6.6 6.6 0 0 0 1.758-.236q.255.223.554.414c.784.51 1.626.768 2.512.768a.37.37 0 0 0 .355-.214.37.37 0 0 0-.03-.384 4.7 4.7 0 0 1-.857-1.958v.014z"></path></svg><span>6</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="ab q od oe"><div class="h k j i d"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?actionUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F_%2Fbookmark%2Fp%2Fcec1e2726172&operation=register&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40pdg1%2Fwriting-goals-for-2025-cec1e2726172&source=---------7-------------c49616bf01be----bookmark_preview------------------"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25" height="25" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 25 25" class="ds of og" aria-label="Add to list bookmark button"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18 2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0V5h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0 1H19v2.5a.5.5 0 1 1-1 0V6h-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1H18zM7 7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3.5a.5.5 0 0 0 0-1H8a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a.5.5 0 0 0 .805.396L12.5 17l5.695 4.396A.5.5 0 0 0 19 21v-8.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v7.485l-5.195-4.012a.5.5 0 0 0-.61 0L7 19.985z"></path></svg></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></span></div></div></div><div class="on bh r oo op oq or os"></div></div></div></div></div></article></div></div></div><div class="ab cn"><div class="hj bh hk hl hm hn"><div class="ot bh l"><article class=""><div class="lg l"><div class="bh dp"><div class="l"><div class="bh l"><div style="position:relative;display:flex" role="link" data-href="https://medium.com/policy-panorama/why-does-the-world-feel-entitled-to-live-in-america-2c6823a2b0f5" tabindex="0"><div class="bh ll lm ln lo"><div class="ab"><div class="lp lq lr ls lt ab q"><div class="lu l"><div><div class="l" aria-hidden="false"><div class="bm"><a href="https://medium.com/policy-panorama?source=user_profile_page---------8-------------c49616bf01be----------------------" rel="noopener follow"><div class="dq"><img alt="Policy Panorama" class="lv lx lw fo" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:40:40/1*AWqFfHpsHcdQnfhTjxDKpA.png" width="20" height="20" loading="lazy"/><div class="lv l lw lx fm n fl fn"></div></div></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ly l"><p class="bf b dt z ds">Published in</p></div><div class="l"><div><div class="l" aria-hidden="false"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar lz ab q" href="https://medium.com/policy-panorama?source=user_profile_page---------8-------------c49616bf01be----------------------" rel="noopener follow"><p class="bf b dt z jw ma jx jy mb jz mc ka bk">Policy Panorama</p></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ab"><div class="l cl gb"><div class="md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/policy-panorama/why-does-the-world-feel-entitled-to-live-in-america-2c6823a2b0f5?source=user_profile_page---------8-------------c49616bf01be----------------------"><h2 class="bf mn mo mp mq ja mr ms mt mu jf mv jh ji mw mx jl my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh jw jx jy jz ka bk">“Why Does the World Feel Entitled to Live in America?”</h2><div class="ni"><h3 class="bf b ge z jw nj jx jy nk jz ka ds">How America’s universities and global dominance fuels immigration, and why nativists miss the point.</h3></div></a></div><div class="h k"><div class="nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu l"><span class="bf b dt z ds"><div class="iv ab nv ae"><div class="ab q oa"><div class="lg ab"><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><button class="l ay ao am" aria-label="Member-only story"><div class=""><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 64 64"><path fill="#FFC017" d="m39.637 40.831-5.771 15.871a1.99 1.99 0 0 1-3.732 0l-5.771-15.87a2.02 2.02 0 0 0-1.194-1.195L7.298 33.866a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 0-3.732l15.87-5.771a2.02 2.02 0 0 0 1.195-1.194l5.771-15.871a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 3.732 0l5.771 15.87a2.02 2.02 0 0 0 1.194 1.195l15.871 5.771a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 0 3.732l-15.87 5.771a2.02 2.02 0 0 0-1.195 1.194"></path></svg></div></div></div></button></div></div><span>Jan 1</span><div class="h k j i d"><div class="dq nw nx ab q"><div class="fm ny nz ab q oa"><div class="ax nx ob l fo"></div></div><a class="fm kx nz ab q oa" tabindex="-1" rel="noopener follow" href="/policy-panorama/why-does-the-world-feel-entitled-to-live-in-america-2c6823a2b0f5?source=user_profile_page---------8-------------c49616bf01be----------------------"><div><div class="ab" aria-hidden="false"><div class="ab q oc"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="#6B6B6B" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill="#6B6B6B" d="M12.344 11.458A5.28 5.28 0 0 0 14 7.526C14 4.483 11.391 2 8.051 2S2 4.483 2 7.527c0 3.051 2.712 5.526 6.059 5.526a6.6 6.6 0 0 0 1.758-.236q.255.223.554.414c.784.51 1.626.768 2.512.768a.37.37 0 0 0 .355-.214.37.37 0 0 0-.03-.384 4.7 4.7 0 0 1-.857-1.958v.014z"></path></svg><span>61</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="ab q od oe"><div class="h k j i d"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?actionUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F_%2Fbookmark%2Fp%2F2c6823a2b0f5&operation=register&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fpolicy-panorama%2Fwhy-does-the-world-feel-entitled-to-live-in-america-2c6823a2b0f5&source=---------8-------------c49616bf01be----bookmark_preview------------------"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25" height="25" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 25 25" class="ds of og" aria-label="Add to list bookmark button"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18 2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0V5h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0 1H19v2.5a.5.5 0 1 1-1 0V6h-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1H18zM7 7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3.5a.5.5 0 0 0 0-1H8a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a.5.5 0 0 0 .805.396L12.5 17l5.695 4.396A.5.5 0 0 0 19 21v-8.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v7.485l-5.195-4.012a.5.5 0 0 0-.61 0L7 19.985z"></path></svg></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></span></div></div></div><div class="oh oi oj ok ol l"><div aria-label="“Why Does the World Feel Entitled to Live in America?”"><div class="j i d"><img alt="“Why Does the World Feel Entitled to Live in America?”" class="bx lv" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/da:true/resize:fill:160:106/0*x047UQsB6Hm0OW61" width="80" height="53" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="h k"><img alt="“Why Does the World Feel Entitled to Live in America?”" class="bx lv" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/da:true/resize:fill:320:214/0*x047UQsB6Hm0OW61" width="160" height="107" loading="lazy"/></div></div></div></div><div class="om j i d"><span class="bf b dt z ds"><div class="iv ab nv ae"><div class="ab q oa"><div class="lg ab"><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><button class="l ay ao am" aria-label="Member-only story"><div class=""><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 64 64"><path fill="#FFC017" d="m39.637 40.831-5.771 15.871a1.99 1.99 0 0 1-3.732 0l-5.771-15.87a2.02 2.02 0 0 0-1.194-1.195L7.298 33.866a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 0-3.732l15.87-5.771a2.02 2.02 0 0 0 1.195-1.194l5.771-15.871a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 3.732 0l5.771 15.87a2.02 2.02 0 0 0 1.194 1.195l15.871 5.771a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 0 3.732l-15.87 5.771a2.02 2.02 0 0 0-1.195 1.194"></path></svg></div></div></div></button></div></div><span>Jan 1</span><div class="h k j i d"><div class="dq nw nx ab q"><div class="fm ny nz ab q oa"><div class="ax nx ob l fo"></div></div><a class="fm kx nz ab q oa" tabindex="-1" rel="noopener follow" href="/policy-panorama/why-does-the-world-feel-entitled-to-live-in-america-2c6823a2b0f5?source=user_profile_page---------8-------------c49616bf01be----------------------"><div><div class="ab" aria-hidden="false"><div class="ab q oc"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="#6B6B6B" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill="#6B6B6B" d="M12.344 11.458A5.28 5.28 0 0 0 14 7.526C14 4.483 11.391 2 8.051 2S2 4.483 2 7.527c0 3.051 2.712 5.526 6.059 5.526a6.6 6.6 0 0 0 1.758-.236q.255.223.554.414c.784.51 1.626.768 2.512.768a.37.37 0 0 0 .355-.214.37.37 0 0 0-.03-.384 4.7 4.7 0 0 1-.857-1.958v.014z"></path></svg><span>61</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="ab q od oe"><div class="h k j i d"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?actionUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F_%2Fbookmark%2Fp%2F2c6823a2b0f5&operation=register&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fpolicy-panorama%2Fwhy-does-the-world-feel-entitled-to-live-in-america-2c6823a2b0f5&source=---------8-------------c49616bf01be----bookmark_preview------------------"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25" height="25" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 25 25" class="ds of og" aria-label="Add to list bookmark button"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18 2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0V5h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0 1H19v2.5a.5.5 0 1 1-1 0V6h-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1H18zM7 7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3.5a.5.5 0 0 0 0-1H8a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a.5.5 0 0 0 .805.396L12.5 17l5.695 4.396A.5.5 0 0 0 19 21v-8.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v7.485l-5.195-4.012a.5.5 0 0 0-.61 0L7 19.985z"></path></svg></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></span></div></div></div><div class="on bh r oo op oq or os"></div></div></div></div></div></article></div></div></div><div class="ab cn"><div class="hj bh hk hl hm hn"><div class="ot bh l"><article class=""><div class="lg l"><div class="bh dp"><div class="l"><div class="bh l"><div style="position:relative;display:flex" role="link" data-href="https://medium.com/teatime-history/prester-john-the-imaginary-king-who-shaped-the-real-world-e361a7567110" tabindex="0"><div class="bh ll lm ln lo"><div class="ab"><div class="lp lq lr ls lt ab q"><div class="lu l"><div><div class="l" aria-hidden="false"><div class="bm"><a href="https://medium.com/teatime-history?source=user_profile_page---------9-------------c49616bf01be----------------------" rel="noopener follow"><div class="dq"><img alt="Teatime History" class="lv lx lw fo" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:40:40/1*veNvxuuTIOUbLoCr5-v7KA.jpeg" width="20" height="20" loading="lazy"/><div class="lv l lw lx fm n fl fn"></div></div></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ly l"><p class="bf b dt z ds">Published in</p></div><div class="l"><div><div class="l" aria-hidden="false"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar lz ab q" href="https://medium.com/teatime-history?source=user_profile_page---------9-------------c49616bf01be----------------------" rel="noopener follow"><p class="bf b dt z jw ma jx jy mb jz mc ka bk">Teatime History</p></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ab"><div class="l cl gb"><div class="md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/teatime-history/prester-john-the-imaginary-king-who-shaped-the-real-world-e361a7567110?source=user_profile_page---------9-------------c49616bf01be----------------------"><h2 class="bf mn mo mp mq ja mr ms mt mu jf mv jh ji mw mx jl my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh jw jx jy jz ka bk">Prester John: The Imaginary King Who Shaped the Real World</h2><div class="ni"><h3 class="bf b ge z jw nj jx jy nk jz ka ds">The incredible story of a fabricated ruler who inspired the Age of Discovery</h3></div></a></div><div class="h k"><div class="nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu l"><span class="bf b dt z ds"><div class="iv ab nv ae"><div class="ab q oa"><div class="lg ab"><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><button class="l ay ao am" aria-label="Member-only story"><div class=""><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 64 64"><path fill="#FFC017" d="m39.637 40.831-5.771 15.871a1.99 1.99 0 0 1-3.732 0l-5.771-15.87a2.02 2.02 0 0 0-1.194-1.195L7.298 33.866a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 0-3.732l15.87-5.771a2.02 2.02 0 0 0 1.195-1.194l5.771-15.871a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 3.732 0l5.771 15.87a2.02 2.02 0 0 0 1.194 1.195l15.871 5.771a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 0 3.732l-15.87 5.771a2.02 2.02 0 0 0-1.195 1.194"></path></svg></div></div></div></button></div></div><span>Dec 27, 2024</span><div class="h k j i d"><div class="dq nw nx ab q"><div class="fm ny nz ab q oa"><div class="ax nx ob l fo"></div></div><a class="fm kx nz ab q oa" tabindex="-1" rel="noopener follow" href="/teatime-history/prester-john-the-imaginary-king-who-shaped-the-real-world-e361a7567110?source=user_profile_page---------9-------------c49616bf01be----------------------"><div><div class="ab" aria-hidden="false"><div class="ab q oc"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="#6B6B6B" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill="#6B6B6B" d="M12.344 11.458A5.28 5.28 0 0 0 14 7.526C14 4.483 11.391 2 8.051 2S2 4.483 2 7.527c0 3.051 2.712 5.526 6.059 5.526a6.6 6.6 0 0 0 1.758-.236q.255.223.554.414c.784.51 1.626.768 2.512.768a.37.37 0 0 0 .355-.214.37.37 0 0 0-.03-.384 4.7 4.7 0 0 1-.857-1.958v.014z"></path></svg><span>11</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="ab q od oe"><div class="h k j i d"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?actionUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F_%2Fbookmark%2Fp%2Fe361a7567110&operation=register&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fteatime-history%2Fprester-john-the-imaginary-king-who-shaped-the-real-world-e361a7567110&source=---------9-------------c49616bf01be----bookmark_preview------------------"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25" height="25" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 25 25" class="ds of og" aria-label="Add to list bookmark button"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18 2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0V5h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0 1H19v2.5a.5.5 0 1 1-1 0V6h-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1H18zM7 7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3.5a.5.5 0 0 0 0-1H8a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a.5.5 0 0 0 .805.396L12.5 17l5.695 4.396A.5.5 0 0 0 19 21v-8.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v7.485l-5.195-4.012a.5.5 0 0 0-.61 0L7 19.985z"></path></svg></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></span></div></div></div><div class="oh oi oj ok ol l"><div aria-label="Prester John: The Imaginary King Who Shaped the Real World"><div class="j i d"><img alt="Prester John: The Imaginary King Who Shaped the Real World" class="bx lv" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:160:106/0*UwTSdUloEQ1JQ75z.jpeg" width="80" height="53" loading="lazy"/></div><div class="h k"><img alt="Prester John: The Imaginary King Who Shaped the Real World" class="bx lv" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:320:214/0*UwTSdUloEQ1JQ75z.jpeg" width="160" height="107" loading="lazy"/></div></div></div></div><div class="om j i d"><span class="bf b dt z ds"><div class="iv ab nv ae"><div class="ab q oa"><div class="lg ab"><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><button class="l ay ao am" aria-label="Member-only story"><div class=""><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 64 64"><path fill="#FFC017" d="m39.637 40.831-5.771 15.871a1.99 1.99 0 0 1-3.732 0l-5.771-15.87a2.02 2.02 0 0 0-1.194-1.195L7.298 33.866a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 0-3.732l15.87-5.771a2.02 2.02 0 0 0 1.195-1.194l5.771-15.871a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 3.732 0l5.771 15.87a2.02 2.02 0 0 0 1.194 1.195l15.871 5.771a1.99 1.99 0 0 1 0 3.732l-15.87 5.771a2.02 2.02 0 0 0-1.195 1.194"></path></svg></div></div></div></button></div></div><span>Dec 27, 2024</span><div class="h k j i d"><div class="dq nw nx ab q"><div class="fm ny nz ab q oa"><div class="ax nx ob l fo"></div></div><a class="fm kx nz ab q oa" tabindex="-1" rel="noopener follow" href="/teatime-history/prester-john-the-imaginary-king-who-shaped-the-real-world-e361a7567110?source=user_profile_page---------9-------------c49616bf01be----------------------"><div><div class="ab" aria-hidden="false"><div class="ab q oc"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="#6B6B6B" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill="#6B6B6B" d="M12.344 11.458A5.28 5.28 0 0 0 14 7.526C14 4.483 11.391 2 8.051 2S2 4.483 2 7.527c0 3.051 2.712 5.526 6.059 5.526a6.6 6.6 0 0 0 1.758-.236q.255.223.554.414c.784.51 1.626.768 2.512.768a.37.37 0 0 0 .355-.214.37.37 0 0 0-.03-.384 4.7 4.7 0 0 1-.857-1.958v.014z"></path></svg><span>11</span></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><div class="ab q od oe"><div class="h k j i d"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?actionUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F_%2Fbookmark%2Fp%2Fe361a7567110&operation=register&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fteatime-history%2Fprester-john-the-imaginary-king-who-shaped-the-real-world-e361a7567110&source=---------9-------------c49616bf01be----bookmark_preview------------------"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25" height="25" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 25 25" class="ds of og" aria-label="Add to list bookmark button"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18 2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0V5h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0 1H19v2.5a.5.5 0 1 1-1 0V6h-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1H18zM7 7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3.5a.5.5 0 0 0 0-1H8a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a.5.5 0 0 0 .805.396L12.5 17l5.695 4.396A.5.5 0 0 0 19 21v-8.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v7.485l-5.195-4.012a.5.5 0 0 0-.61 0L7 19.985z"></path></svg></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></span></div></div></div><div class="on bh r oo op oq or os"></div></div></div></div></div></article></div></div></div><div></div></div></div></div></div></main><div class="cu cv h cw cx cy k cz da db j dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm c dn do"><div class="dp bh bm dq"><div class="l m fp"><div class="fq ab fr"><div class="l ae"><div class="fs ft fu l"><div class="l dq"><img alt="Prateek Dasgupta" class="l dm by fv fw fo" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:176:176/1*rYIiLOy1eg6jFDJ7jCDY3Q.jpeg" width="88" height="88" loading="lazy"/><div class="fl by l fv fw fm n ay fx"></div></div><div class="fy ab fz ga"><h2 class="pw-author-name bf gd ge z gf bk"><span class="gb gc">Prateek Dasgupta</span></h2></div><div class="gg l"><span class="pw-follower-count bf b ge gh ds"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/@pdg1/followers?source=user_profile_page---user_sidebar-------------------c49616bf01be----------------------">5.1K Followers</a></span></div><div class="gi l"><p class="bf b bg z ds">Top writer in History, Science, Art, Food, and Culture. Interested in lost civilizations and human evolution. Contact: <a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar gj gk" href="mailto:prateekdasgupta@gmail.com" rel="noopener ugc nofollow">prateekdasgupta@gmail.com</a></p></div><div class="gl gm ab"><span><button class="bf b bg z el gn em eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex au ey cr dm bm ez fa">Follow</button></span><div class="dr l"><div><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><div class="l"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?actionUrl=%2F_%2Fapi%2Fsubscriptions%2Fnewsletters%2Fe51c1c3a0b2e&operation=register&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40pdg1&newsletterV3=c49616bf01be&newsletterV3Id=e51c1c3a0b2e&user=Prateek+Dasgupta&userId=c49616bf01be&source=---user_sidebar-------------------c49616bf01be----subscribe_user------------------"><button class="bf b bg z gr am gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz et eu ev ew ex ey cr dm bm ez fa" aria-label="Subscribe"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="38" height="38" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 38 38" class="go gp gq"><rect width="0.5" height="6.5" x="26.25" y="9.25" rx="0.25"></rect><rect width="0.5" height="6.5" x="29.75" y="12.25" rx="0.25" transform="rotate(90 29.75 12.25)"></rect><path d="M19.5 12.5h-7a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v11a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h13a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-5"></path><path d="M11.5 14.5 19 20l4-3"></path></svg></button></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="fs ft fu l"></div></div><div class="ha ab cd ga"><div class="hb l"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" href="https://help.medium.com/hc/en-us?source=user_profile_page---user_sidebar-------------------c49616bf01be----------------------" rel="noopener follow"><p class="bf b hc hd ds">Help</p></a></div><div class="hb l"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" href="https://medium.statuspage.io/?source=user_profile_page---user_sidebar-------------------c49616bf01be----------------------" rel="noopener follow"><p class="bf b hc hd ds">Status</p></a></div><div class="hb l"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/about?autoplay=1&source=user_profile_page---user_sidebar-------------------c49616bf01be----------------------"><p class="bf b hc hd ds">About</p></a></div><div class="hb l"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/jobs-at-medium/work-at-medium-959d1a85284e?source=user_profile_page---user_sidebar-------------------c49616bf01be----------------------"><p class="bf b hc hd ds">Careers</p></a></div><div class="hb l"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" href="mailto:pressinquiries@medium.com" rel="noopener follow"><p class="bf b hc hd ds">Press</p></a></div><div class="hb l"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" href="https://blog.medium.com/?source=user_profile_page---user_sidebar-------------------c49616bf01be----------------------" rel="noopener follow"><p class="bf b hc hd ds">Blog</p></a></div><div class="hb l"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" href="https://policy.medium.com/medium-privacy-policy-f03bf92035c9?source=user_profile_page---user_sidebar-------------------c49616bf01be----------------------" rel="noopener follow"><p class="bf b hc hd ds">Privacy</p></a></div><div class="hb l"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" href="https://policy.medium.com/medium-terms-of-service-9db0094a1e0f?source=user_profile_page---user_sidebar-------------------c49616bf01be----------------------" rel="noopener follow"><p class="bf b hc hd ds">Terms</p></a></div><div class="hb l"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" href="https://speechify.com/medium?source=user_profile_page---user_sidebar-------------------c49616bf01be----------------------" rel="noopener follow"><p class="bf b hc hd ds">Text to speech</p></a></div><div class="l"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/business?source=user_profile_page---user_sidebar-------------------c49616bf01be----------------------"><p class="bf b hc hd ds">Teams</p></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>window.__BUILD_ID__="main-20250313-223030-5cce16a2ac"</script><script>window.__GRAPHQL_URI__ = "https://medium.com/_/graphql"</script><script>window.__PRELOADED_STATE__ = {"algolia":{"queries":{}},"cache":{"experimentGroupSet":true,"reason":"Edgy did not set shouldUseCache to true","group":"disabled","tags":[],"serverVariantState":"","middlewareEnabled":true,"cacheStatus":"DYNAMIC","shouldUseCache":false,"vary":[],"pubFeaturingPostPageLabelEnabled":false,"pubHierarchyFlagGroup":"control"},"client":{"hydrated":false,"isUs":false,"isNativeMedium":false,"isSafariMobile":false,"isSafari":false,"isFirefox":false,"routingEntity":{"type":"DEFAULT","explicit":false},"viewerIsBot":false},"debug":{"requestId":"95fe649b-6f2c-474d-8243-d2ff532d7f4a","requestTag":"","hybridDevServices":[],"originalSpanCarrier":{"traceparent":"00-63b7a390a3b636a3fd13e048bd981f27-59ac874db6025432-01"}},"multiVote":{"clapsPerPost":{}},"navigation":{"branch":{"show":null,"hasRendered":null,"blockedByCTA":false},"hideGoogleOneTap":false,"hasRenderedAlternateUserBanner":null,"currentLocation":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedium.com\u002F@pdg1","host":"medium.com","hostname":"medium.com","referrer":"","hasSetReferrer":false,"susiModal":{"step":null,"operation":"register"},"postRead":false,"partnerProgram":{"selectedCountryCode":null}},"config":{"nodeEnv":"production","version":"main-20250313-223030-5cce16a2ac","target":"production","productName":"Medium","publicUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn-client.medium.com\u002Flite","authDomain":"medium.com","authGoogleClientId":"216296035834-k1k6qe060s2tp2a2jam4ljdcms00sttg.apps.googleusercontent.com","favicon":"production","glyphUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fglyph.medium.com","branchKey":"key_live_ofxXr2qTrrU9NqURK8ZwEhknBxiI6KBm","algolia":{"appId":"MQ57UUUQZ2","apiKeySearch":"394474ced050e3911ae2249ecc774921","indexPrefix":"medium_","host":"-dsn.algolia.net"},"recaptchaKey":"6Lfc37IUAAAAAKGGtC6rLS13R1Hrw_BqADfS1LRk","recaptcha3Key":"6Lf8R9wUAAAAABMI_85Wb8melS7Zj6ziuf99Yot5","recaptchaEnterpriseKeyId":"6Le-uGgpAAAAAPprRaokM8AKthQ9KNGdoxaGUvVp","datadog":{"applicationId":"6702d87d-a7e0-42fe-bbcb-95b469547ea0","clientToken":"pub853ea8d17ad6821d9f8f11861d23dfed","rumToken":"pubf9cc52896502b9413b68ba36fc0c7162","context":{"deployment":{"target":"production","tag":"main-20250313-223030-5cce16a2ac","commit":"5cce16a2ac5ae89ff4c80a64448a063f87c168fd"}},"datacenter":"us"},"googleAnalyticsCode":"G-7JY7T788PK","googlePay":{"apiVersion":"2","apiVersionMinor":"0","merchantId":"BCR2DN6TV7EMTGBM","merchantName":"Medium","instanceMerchantId":"13685562959212738550"},"applePay":{"version":3},"signInWallCustomDomainCollectionIds":["3a8144eabfe3","336d898217ee","61061eb0c96b","138adf9c44c","819cc2aaeee0"],"mediumMastodonDomainName":"me.dm","mediumOwnedAndOperatedCollectionIds":["8a9336e5bb4","b7e45b22fec3","193b68bd4fba","8d6b8a439e32","54c98c43354d","3f6ecf56618","d944778ce714","92d2092dc598","ae2a65f35510","1285ba81cada","544c7006046e","fc8964313712","40187e704f1c","88d9857e584e","7b6769f2748b","bcc38c8f6edf","cef6983b292","cb8577c9149e","444d13b52878","713d7dbc99b0","ef8e90590e66","191186aaafa0","55760f21cdc5","9dc80918cc93","bdc4052bbdba","8ccfed20cbb2"],"tierOneDomains":["medium.com","thebolditalic.com","arcdigital.media","towardsdatascience.com","uxdesign.cc","codeburst.io","psiloveyou.xyz","writingcooperative.com","entrepreneurshandbook.co","prototypr.io","betterhumans.coach.me","theascent.pub"],"topicsToFollow":["d61cf867d93f","8a146bc21b28","1eca0103fff3","4d562ee63426","aef1078a3ef5","e15e46793f8d","6158eb913466","55f1c20aba7a","3d18b94f6858","4861fee224fd","63c6f1f93ee","1d98b3a9a871","decb52b64abf","ae5d4995e225","830cded25262"],"topicToTagMappings":{"accessibility":"accessibility","addiction":"addiction","android-development":"android-development","art":"art","artificial-intelligence":"artificial-intelligence","astrology":"astrology","basic-income":"basic-income","beauty":"beauty","biotech":"biotech","blockchain":"blockchain","books":"books","business":"business","cannabis":"cannabis","cities":"cities","climate-change":"climate-change","comics":"comics","coronavirus":"coronavirus","creativity":"creativity","cryptocurrency":"cryptocurrency","culture":"culture","cybersecurity":"cybersecurity","data-science":"data-science","design":"design","digital-life":"digital-life","disability":"disability","economy":"economy","education":"education","equality":"equality","family":"family","feminism":"feminism","fiction":"fiction","film":"film","fitness":"fitness","food":"food","freelancing":"freelancing","future":"future","gadgets":"gadgets","gaming":"gaming","gun-control":"gun-control","health":"health","history":"history","humor":"humor","immigration":"immigration","ios-development":"ios-development","javascript":"javascript","justice":"justice","language":"language","leadership":"leadership","lgbtqia":"lgbtqia","lifestyle":"lifestyle","machine-learning":"machine-learning","makers":"makers","marketing":"marketing","math":"math","media":"media","mental-health":"mental-health","mindfulness":"mindfulness","money":"money","music":"music","neuroscience":"neuroscience","nonfiction":"nonfiction","outdoors":"outdoors","parenting":"parenting","pets":"pets","philosophy":"philosophy","photography":"photography","podcasts":"podcast","poetry":"poetry","politics":"politics","privacy":"privacy","product-management":"product-management","productivity":"productivity","programming":"programming","psychedelics":"psychedelics","psychology":"psychology","race":"race","relationships":"relationships","religion":"religion","remote-work":"remote-work","san-francisco":"san-francisco","science":"science","self":"self","self-driving-cars":"self-driving-cars","sexuality":"sexuality","social-media":"social-media","society":"society","software-engineering":"software-engineering","space":"space","spirituality":"spirituality","sports":"sports","startups":"startup","style":"style","technology":"technology","transportation":"transportation","travel":"travel","true-crime":"true-crime","tv":"tv","ux":"ux","venture-capital":"venture-capital","visual-design":"visual-design","work":"work","world":"world","writing":"writing"},"defaultImages":{"avatar":{"imageId":"1*dmbNkD5D-u45r44go_cf0g.png","height":150,"width":150},"orgLogo":{"imageId":"7*V1_7XP4snlmqrc_0Njontw.png","height":110,"width":500},"postLogo":{"imageId":"bd978bb536350a710e8efb012513429cabdc4c28700604261aeda246d0f980b7","height":810,"width":1440},"postPreviewImage":{"imageId":"1*hn4v1tCaJy7cWMyb0bpNpQ.png","height":386,"width":579}},"collectionStructuredData":{"8d6b8a439e32":{"name":"Elemental","data":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","ethicsPolicy":"https:\u002F\u002Fhelp.medium.com\u002Fhc\u002Fen-us\u002Farticles\u002F360043290473","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn-images-1.medium.com\u002Fmax\u002F980\u002F1*9ygdqoKprhwuTVKUM0DLPA@2x.png","width":980,"height":159}}},"3f6ecf56618":{"name":"Forge","data":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","ethicsPolicy":"https:\u002F\u002Fhelp.medium.com\u002Fhc\u002Fen-us\u002Farticles\u002F360043290473","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn-images-1.medium.com\u002Fmax\u002F596\u002F1*uULpIlImcO5TDuBZ6lm7Lg@2x.png","width":596,"height":183}}},"ae2a65f35510":{"name":"GEN","data":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","ethicsPolicy":"https:\u002F\u002Fhelp.medium.com\u002Fhc\u002Fen-us\u002Farticles\u002F360043290473","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fmiro.medium.com\u002Fmax\u002F264\u002F1*RdVZMdvfV3YiZTw6mX7yWA.png","width":264,"height":140}}},"88d9857e584e":{"name":"LEVEL","data":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","ethicsPolicy":"https:\u002F\u002Fhelp.medium.com\u002Fhc\u002Fen-us\u002Farticles\u002F360043290473","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fmiro.medium.com\u002Fmax\u002F540\u002F1*JqYMhNX6KNNb2UlqGqO2WQ.png","width":540,"height":108}}},"7b6769f2748b":{"name":"Marker","data":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","ethicsPolicy":"https:\u002F\u002Fhelp.medium.com\u002Fhc\u002Fen-us\u002Farticles\u002F360043290473","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn-images-1.medium.com\u002Fmax\u002F383\u002F1*haCUs0wF6TgOOvfoY-jEoQ@2x.png","width":383,"height":92}}},"444d13b52878":{"name":"OneZero","data":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","ethicsPolicy":"https:\u002F\u002Fhelp.medium.com\u002Fhc\u002Fen-us\u002Farticles\u002F360043290473","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fmiro.medium.com\u002Fmax\u002F540\u002F1*cw32fIqCbRWzwJaoQw6BUg.png","width":540,"height":123}}},"8ccfed20cbb2":{"name":"Zora","data":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","ethicsPolicy":"https:\u002F\u002Fhelp.medium.com\u002Fhc\u002Fen-us\u002Farticles\u002F360043290473","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fmiro.medium.com\u002Fmax\u002F540\u002F1*tZUQqRcCCZDXjjiZ4bDvgQ.png","width":540,"height":106}}}},"embeddedPostIds":{"coronavirus":"cd3010f9d81f"},"sharedCdcMessaging":{"COVID_APPLICABLE_TAG_SLUGS":[],"COVID_APPLICABLE_TOPIC_NAMES":[],"COVID_APPLICABLE_TOPIC_NAMES_FOR_TOPIC_PAGE":[],"COVID_MESSAGES":{"tierA":{"text":"For more information on the novel coronavirus and Covid-19, visit cdc.gov.","markups":[{"start":66,"end":73,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fcoronavirus\u002F2019-nCoV"}]},"tierB":{"text":"Anyone can publish on Medium per our Policies, but we don’t fact-check every story. For more info about the coronavirus, see cdc.gov.","markups":[{"start":37,"end":45,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fhelp.medium.com\u002Fhc\u002Fen-us\u002Fcategories\u002F201931128-Policies-Safety"},{"start":125,"end":132,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fcoronavirus\u002F2019-nCoV"}]},"paywall":{"text":"This article has been made free for everyone, thanks to Medium Members. For more information on the novel coronavirus and Covid-19, visit cdc.gov.","markups":[{"start":56,"end":70,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedium.com\u002Fmembership"},{"start":138,"end":145,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fcoronavirus\u002F2019-nCoV"}]},"unbound":{"text":"This article is free for everyone, thanks to Medium Members. For more information on the novel coronavirus and Covid-19, visit cdc.gov.","markups":[{"start":45,"end":59,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedium.com\u002Fmembership"},{"start":127,"end":134,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fcoronavirus\u002F2019-nCoV"}]}},"COVID_BANNER_POST_ID_OVERRIDE_WHITELIST":["3b31a67bff4a"]},"sharedVoteMessaging":{"TAGS":["politics","election-2020","government","us-politics","election","2020-presidential-race","trump","donald-trump","democrats","republicans","congress","republican-party","democratic-party","biden","joe-biden","maga"],"TOPICS":["politics","election"],"MESSAGE":{"text":"Find out more about the U.S. election results here.","markups":[{"start":46,"end":50,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fcookpolitical.com\u002F2020-national-popular-vote-tracker"}]},"EXCLUDE_POSTS":["397ef29e3ca5"]},"embedPostRules":[],"recircOptions":{"v1":{"limit":3},"v2":{"limit":8}},"braintreeClientKey":"production_zjkj96jm_m56f8fqpf7ngnrd4","braintree":{"enabled":true,"merchantId":"m56f8fqpf7ngnrd4","merchantAccountId":{"usd":"AMediumCorporation_instant","eur":"amediumcorporation_EUR","cad":"amediumcorporation_CAD"},"publicKey":"ds2nn34bg2z7j5gd","braintreeEnvironment":"production","dashboardUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.braintreegateway.com\u002Fmerchants","gracePeriodDurationInDays":14,"mediumMembershipPlanId":{"monthly":"ce105f8c57a3","monthlyV2":"e8a5e126-792b-4ee6-8fba-d574c1b02fc5","monthlyWithTrial":"d5ee3dbe3db8","monthlyPremium":"fa741a9b47a2","yearly":"a40ad4a43185","yearlyV2":"3815d7d6-b8ca-4224-9b8c-182f9047866e","yearlyStaff":"d74fb811198a","yearlyWithTrial":"b3bc7350e5c7","yearlyPremium":"e21bd2c12166","monthlyOneYearFree":"e6c0637a-2bad-4171-ab4f-3c268633d83c","monthly25PercentOffFirstYear":"235ecc62-0cdb-49ae-9378-726cd21c504b","monthly20PercentOffFirstYear":"ba518864-9c13-4a99-91ca-411bf0cac756","monthly15PercentOffFirstYear":"594c029b-9f89-43d5-88f8-8173af4e070e","monthly10PercentOffFirstYear":"c6c7bc9a-40f2-4b51-8126-e28511d5bdb0","monthlyForStudents":"629ebe51-da7d-41fd-8293-34cd2f2030a8","yearlyOneYearFree":"78ba7be9-0d9f-4ece-aa3e-b54b826f2bf1","yearly25PercentOffFirstYear":"2dbb010d-bb8f-4eeb-ad5c-a08509f42d34","yearly20PercentOffFirstYear":"47565488-435b-47f8-bf93-40d5fbe0ebc8","yearly15PercentOffFirstYear":"8259809b-0881-47d9-acf7-6c001c7f720f","yearly10PercentOffFirstYear":"9dd694fb-96e1-472c-8d9e-3c868d5c1506","yearlyForStudents":"e29345ef-ab1c-4234-95c5-70e50fe6bc23","monthlyCad":"p52orjkaceei","yearlyCad":"h4q9g2up9ktt"},"braintreeDiscountId":{"oneMonthFree":"MONTHS_FREE_01","threeMonthsFree":"MONTHS_FREE_03","sixMonthsFree":"MONTHS_FREE_06","fiftyPercentOffOneYear":"FIFTY_PERCENT_OFF_ONE_YEAR"},"3DSecureVersion":"2","defaultCurrency":"usd","providerPlanIdCurrency":{"4ycw":"usd","rz3b":"usd","3kqm":"usd","jzw6":"usd","c2q2":"usd","nnsw":"usd","q8qw":"usd","d9y6":"usd","fx7w":"cad","nwf2":"cad"}},"paypalClientId":"AXj1G4fotC2GE8KzWX9mSxCH1wmPE3nJglf4Z2ig_amnhvlMVX87otaq58niAg9iuLktVNF_1WCMnN7v","paypal":{"host":"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.paypal.com:443","clientMode":"production","serverMode":"live","webhookId":"4G466076A0294510S","monthlyPlan":{"planId":"P-9WR0658853113943TMU5FDQA","name":"Medium Membership (Monthly) with setup fee","description":"Unlimited access to the best and brightest stories on Medium. Membership billed monthly."},"yearlyPlan":{"planId":"P-7N8963881P8875835MU5JOPQ","name":"Medium Membership (Annual) with setup fee","description":"Unlimited access to the best and brightest stories on Medium. Membership billed annually."},"oneYearGift":{"name":"Medium Membership (1 Year, Digital Gift Code)","description":"Unlimited access to the best and brightest stories on Medium. Gift codes can be redeemed at medium.com\u002Fredeem.","price":"50.00","currency":"USD","sku":"membership-gift-1-yr"},"oldMonthlyPlan":{"planId":"P-96U02458LM656772MJZUVH2Y","name":"Medium Membership (Monthly)","description":"Unlimited access to the best and brightest stories on Medium. Membership billed monthly."},"oldYearlyPlan":{"planId":"P-59P80963JF186412JJZU3SMI","name":"Medium Membership (Annual)","description":"Unlimited access to the best and brightest stories on Medium. Membership billed annually."},"monthlyPlanWithTrial":{"planId":"P-66C21969LR178604GJPVKUKY","name":"Medium Membership (Monthly) with setup fee","description":"Unlimited access to the best and brightest stories on Medium. Membership billed monthly."},"yearlyPlanWithTrial":{"planId":"P-6XW32684EX226940VKCT2MFA","name":"Medium Membership (Annual) with setup fee","description":"Unlimited access to the best and brightest stories on Medium. Membership billed annually."},"oldMonthlyPlanNoSetupFee":{"planId":"P-4N046520HR188054PCJC7LJI","name":"Medium Membership (Monthly)","description":"Unlimited access to the best and brightest stories on Medium. Membership billed monthly."},"oldYearlyPlanNoSetupFee":{"planId":"P-7A4913502Y5181304CJEJMXQ","name":"Medium Membership (Annual)","description":"Unlimited access to the best and brightest stories on Medium. Membership billed annually."},"sdkUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.paypal.com\u002Fsdk\u002Fjs"},"stripePublishableKey":"pk_live_7FReX44VnNIInZwrIIx6ghjl","log":{"json":true,"level":"info"},"imageUploadMaxSizeMb":25,"staffPicks":{"title":"Staff Picks","catalogId":"c7bc6e1ee00f"}},"session":{"xsrf":""}}</script><script>window.__APOLLO_STATE__ = {"ROOT_QUERY":{"__typename":"Query","viewer":null,"variantFlags":[{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"android_enable_syntax_highlight","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_android_miro_v2","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_inline_comments","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_pub_featuring_stats","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_susi_redesign_android","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"reengagement_notification_duration","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagNumber","value":3}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"coronavirus_topic_recirc","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_braintree_google_pay","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_braintree_paypal","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_ios_dynamic_paywall_aspiriational","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"goliath_externalsearch_enable_comment_deindexation","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_publication_hierarchy_v2_web_multivariate","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagString","value":"publication_hierarchy"}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_group_gifting","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_rex_aggregator_v2","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_author_cards_byline","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_mastodon_for_members","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_medium2_kbfd","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_apple_webhook","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_homepage_featured_feed","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_deviant_get_variant_flag_from_medium2","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_premium_tier","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_rito_upstream_deadlines","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"reader_fair_distribution_non_qp","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"rex_generator_max_candidates","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagNumber","value":1000}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_braintree_integration","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_post_publish_permission_check","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_lo_homepage","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagString","value":"control"}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_seamless_social_sharing","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_tipping_v0_android","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"signup_services","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagString","value":"twitter,facebook,google,email,google-fastidv,google-one-tap,apple"}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_diversification_rex","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_medium_banner_survey","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_tag_recs","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_cache_less_following_feed","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_eventstats_event_processing","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_tribute_landing_page","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_automod","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_recommended_publishers_query","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_rex_new_push_notification_endpoint","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"ios_enable_verified_book_author","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"signin_services","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagString","value":"twitter,facebook,google,email,google-fastidv,google-one-tap,apple"}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_new_stripe_customers","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"ios_in_app_free_trial","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_conversion_ranker_v2","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagString","value":"control"}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_ios_dynamic_paywall_programming","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_moc_load_processor_all_recs_surfaces","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_abandoned_cart_promotion_email","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_ios_offline_reading","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_medium_com_canonical_urls","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_speechify_ios","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_switch_plan_premium_tier","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_tick_landing_page","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_configure_pronouns","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_engagement_service_publish_response","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_pp_country_expansion","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_simplified_digest_v2_b","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"ios_remove_twitter_onboarding_step","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"disable_rex_pub_featuring_recirc","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"can_send_tips_v0","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_boost_nia_v01","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_google_one_tap","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_iceland_forced_android","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_marketing_emails","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_ranker_v10","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagString","value":"control"}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_sharer_create_post_share_key","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"android_enable_friend_links_postpage_banners","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_braintree_trial_membership","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_ios_easy_resubscribe","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_post_bottom_responses_input","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_pub_featuring_post_page_label","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"android_rating_prompt_stories_read_threshold","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagNumber","value":2}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"browsable_stream_config_bucket","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagString","value":"curated-topics"}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"price_smoke_test_monthly","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagString","value":""}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"ios_iceland_nux","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"android_enable_topic_portals","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_auto_follow_on_subscribe","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_braintree_client","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"ios_enable_home_post_menu","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"ios_enable_lock_responses","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"price_smoke_test_yearly","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagString","value":""}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_mastodon_avatar_upload","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_pp_v4","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_tipping_v0_ios","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_boost_experiment","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagString","value":"control"}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_lite_homepage","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"available_annual_premium_plan","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagString","value":"4a442ace1476"}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_deprecate_legacy_providers_v3","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_see_pronouns","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_sharer_validate_post_share_key","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"allow_test_auth","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagString","value":"disallow"}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"android_two_hour_refresh","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"android_dense_post_preview","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagString","value":"control"}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_pub_featuring","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_recaptcha_enterprise","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_abandoned_paywall_promotion_email","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_moc_load_processor_c","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_creator_welcome_email","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"limit_post_referrers","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_susi_redesign_ios","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"ios_enable_friend_links_postpage_banners","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_custom_moc_preview_for_google_referrer","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_maim_the_meter","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_ml_rank_rex_anno","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_pre_pp_v4","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"onboarding_tags_from_top_views","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"textshots_userid","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagString","value":""}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"android_enable_lists_v2","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_braintree_apple_pay","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_entities_to_follow_v2","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_post_bottom_responses","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_post_bottom_responses_native","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"skip_fs_cache_user_vals","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"can_receive_tips_v0","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_rex_reading_history","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_sprig","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_update_topic_portals_wtf","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_author_cards","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_pub_featuring_notifications","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_starspace","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_verifications_service","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"android_enable_image_sharer","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_app_flirty_thirty","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_ios_autorefresh","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_mastodon_for_members_username_selection","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"limit_user_follows","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_speechify_widget","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_intrinsic_automatic_actions","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_new_manage_membership_flow","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"available_annual_plan","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagString","value":"2c754bcc2995"}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"available_monthly_plan","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagString","value":"60e220181034"}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_aurora_pub_follower_page","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_android_dynamic_aspirational_paywall","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_members_only_audio","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_trust_service_recaptcha","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"ios_social_share_sheet","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_footer_app_buttons","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_moc_load_processor_first_story","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"allow_signup","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"allow_access","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"android_enable_editor_new_publishing_flow","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"android_enable_friend_links_creation","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_apple_sign_in","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_import","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_update_explore_wtf","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"get_highlights_from_engagement","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_updated_pub_recs_ui","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"mobile_custom_app_icon","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"num_post_bottom_responses_to_show","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagNumber","value":3}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_conversion_model_v2","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagString","value":"group_2"}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_lite_continue_this_thread","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_newsletter_lo_flow_custom_domains","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"ios_enable_friend_links_creation","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_google_webhook","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_pill_based_home_feed","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_android_dynamic_programming_paywall","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_lite_response_markup","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"glyph_font_set","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagString","value":"m2-unbound-source-serif-pro"}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"disable_partner_program_enrollment","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_recirc_model","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_branch_io","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_cancellation_discount_v1_1","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_winback_promotion_email","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_lite_server_upstream_deadlines","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"available_monthly_premium_plan","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagString","value":"12a660186432"}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_abandoned_paywall_email_experiment","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagString","value":"experiment"}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_bg_post_post","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_lite_archive_page","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_android_offline_reading","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_braintree_webhook","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_hybrid_ranking_model","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagString","value":"experiment"}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_plans_page_branding_v2","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagString","value":"control"}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_premium_tier_badge","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"ios_display_paywall_after_onboarding","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_android_verified_author","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_cancellation_discount_v1_email","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"redefined_top_posts","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}},{"__typename":"VariantFlag","name":"enable_legacy_feed_in_iceland","valueType":{"__typename":"VariantFlagBoolean","value":true}}],"user({\"id\":\"c49616bf01be\"})":{"__ref":"User:c49616bf01be"},"userResult({\"id\":\"c49616bf01be\"})":{"__ref":"User:c49616bf01be"},"userResult({\"id\":null,\"username\":\"pdg1\"})":{"__ref":"User:c49616bf01be"},"collectionByDomainOrSlug({\"domainOrSlug\":\"medium.com\"})":null,"user({\"username\":\"pdg1\"})":{"__ref":"User:c49616bf01be"},"userResult({\"username\":\"pdg1\"})":{"__ref":"User:c49616bf01be"},"userResult({\"id\":\"c49616bf01be\",\"username\":\"\"})":{"__ref":"User:c49616bf01be"}},"User:c49616bf01be":{"__typename":"User","id":"c49616bf01be","name":"Prateek Dasgupta","username":"pdg1","newsletterV3":{"__ref":"NewsletterV3:e51c1c3a0b2e"},"viewerEdge":{"__ref":"UserViewerEdge:userId:c49616bf01be-viewerId:lo_ba18295564a2"},"bio":"Top writer in History, Science, Art, Food, and Culture. Interested in lost civilizations and human evolution. Contact: prateekdasgupta@gmail.com","imageId":"1*rYIiLOy1eg6jFDJ7jCDY3Q.jpeg","membership":{"__ref":"Membership:a1001274950"},"customDomainState":{"__typename":"CustomDomainState","live":null},"hasSubdomain":false,"verifications":{"__typename":"VerifiedInfo","isBookAuthor":false},"viewerIsUser":false,"homepagePostsConnection:{\"paging\":{\"limit\":1}}":{"__typename":"PostConnection","posts":[{"__ref":"Post:1b5a138beeed"}]},"linkedAccounts":{"__ref":"LinkedAccounts:c49616bf01be"},"customStyleSheet":{"__ref":"CustomStyleSheet:df56f0b6a2e2"},"pronouns":[],"socialStats":{"__typename":"SocialStats","followerCount":5163,"followingCount":158,"collectionFollowingCount":20},"isPartnerProgramEnrolled":true,"postSubscribeMembershipUpsellShownAt":0,"homepagePostsConnection:{\"paging\":{\"limit\":10},\"includeDistributedResponses\":true}":{"__typename":"PostConnection","posts":[{"__ref":"Post:1b5a138beeed"},{"__ref":"Post:08d68e4862ff"},{"__ref":"Post:be7d2a1b2b5f"},{"__ref":"Post:bfb861032973"},{"__ref":"Post:2d7009bfad70"},{"__ref":"Post:af0a62f62650"},{"__ref":"Post:7adc6313872b"},{"__ref":"Post:cec1e2726172"},{"__ref":"Post:2c6823a2b0f5"},{"__ref":"Post:e361a7567110"}],"pagingInfo":{"__typename":"Paging","next":{"__typename":"PageParams","from":"L1735206541346","limit":10}}},"twitterScreenName":"","navItems":[{"__typename":"UserNavItem","title":"Profile"},{"__typename":"UserNavItem","title":"Claps"},{"__typename":"UserNavItem","title":"Highlights"},{"__typename":"UserNavItem","title":"Responses"}],"isSuspended":false,"authoredBooks":[],"followingEntityConnection:{\"paging\":{\"limit\":5}}":{"__typename":"EntityConnection","entities":[{"__ref":"User:0e22dc48642c"},{"__ref":"Collection:e57ead09141e"},{"__ref":"User:a12421249e23"},{"__ref":"User:ff8a5fba791"},{"__ref":"Collection:15f753907972"}]}},"UserViewerEdge:userId:c49616bf01be-viewerId:lo_ba18295564a2":{"__typename":"UserViewerEdge","id":"userId:c49616bf01be-viewerId:lo_ba18295564a2","isFollowing":false,"isUser":false,"isMuting":false,"isBlocking":false,"hasList":true},"Post:1b5a138beeed":{"__typename":"Post","id":"1b5a138beeed","title":"The Forgotten People Who Built the Bamiyan Buddhas","previewImage":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:0*N0cY9-cloY62z_Aw.jpeg"},"extendedPreviewContent":{"__typename":"PreviewContent","subtitle":"The origins, rise, and fall of the White Huns","isFullContent":false},"creator":{"__ref":"User:c49616bf01be"},"isPublished":true,"mediumUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedium.com\u002Fteatime-history\u002Fthe-forgotten-people-who-built-the-bamiyan-buddhas-1b5a138beeed","collection":{"__ref":"Collection:e57ead09141e"},"isLimitedState":false,"allowResponses":true,"postResponses":{"__typename":"PostResponses","count":15},"visibility":"LOCKED","clapCount":992,"isLocked":true,"firstPublishedAt":1739115313517,"latestPublishedAt":1739178357931,"pinnedAt":0,"readingTime":12.299056603773584,"sequence":null,"isSeries":false,"uniqueSlug":"the-forgotten-people-who-built-the-bamiyan-buddhas-1b5a138beeed","pinnedByCreatorAt":1739116128375},"MastodonAccount:prateekdg@me.dm":{"__typename":"MastodonAccount","domain":"me.dm","username":"prateekdg","id":"prateekdg@me.dm"},"LinkedAccounts:c49616bf01be":{"__typename":"LinkedAccounts","mastodon":{"__ref":"MastodonAccount:prateekdg@me.dm"},"id":"c49616bf01be"},"ImageMetadata:1*acquN8vp2ayBRA0ks-2AGQ.png":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"1*acquN8vp2ayBRA0ks-2AGQ.png","originalWidth":828},"CustomStyleSheet:df56f0b6a2e2":{"__typename":"CustomStyleSheet","id":"df56f0b6a2e2","global":{"__typename":"GlobalStyles","colorPalette":{"__typename":"StyleSheetColorPalette","background":null}},"header":{"__typename":"HeaderStyles","headerScale":"HEADER_SCALE_MEDIUM","backgroundImageDisplayMode":"IMAGE_DISPLAY_MODE_FILL","backgroundImageVerticalAlignment":"START","backgroundColorDisplayMode":"COLOR_DISPLAY_MODE_VERTICAL_GRADIENT","backgroundColor":{"__typename":"ColorValue","alpha":"b2","rgb":"11379b"},"secondaryBackgroundColor":null,"postBackgroundColor":{"__typename":"ColorValue","rgb":"224089","alpha":"ff"},"backgroundImage":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:1*acquN8vp2ayBRA0ks-2AGQ.png"},"appNameColor":null,"logoImage":null,"appNameTreatment":"NAME_TREATMENT_TEXT"},"navigation":null,"blogroll":{"__typename":"BlogrollConfiguration","visibility":"BLOGROLL_VISIBILITY_HIDDEN"}},"Membership:a1001274950":{"__typename":"Membership","tier":"MEMBER","id":"a1001274950","friendSince":null},"NewsletterV3:e51c1c3a0b2e":{"__typename":"NewsletterV3","id":"e51c1c3a0b2e","type":"NEWSLETTER_TYPE_AUTHOR","slug":"c49616bf01be","name":"c49616bf01be","collection":null,"user":{"__ref":"User:c49616bf01be"},"description":"","promoHeadline":"","promoBody":"","showPromo":false},"ImageMetadata:0*N0cY9-cloY62z_Aw.jpeg":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"0*N0cY9-cloY62z_Aw.jpeg","focusPercentX":null,"focusPercentY":null,"alt":null},"Collection:e57ead09141e":{"__typename":"Collection","id":"e57ead09141e","slug":"teatime-history","name":"Teatime History","viewerEdge":{"__ref":"CollectionViewerEdge:collectionId:e57ead09141e-viewerId:lo_ba18295564a2"},"avatar":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:1*veNvxuuTIOUbLoCr5-v7KA.jpeg"},"domain":null,"description":"Teatime History is your one stop destination for a better understanding of human history. Let us debunk myths, examine the legends of the past, and explore the innovations which have transformed our lives.","subscriberCount":5464,"customStyleSheet":null},"CollectionViewerEdge:collectionId:e57ead09141e-viewerId:lo_ba18295564a2":{"__typename":"CollectionViewerEdge","id":"collectionId:e57ead09141e-viewerId:lo_ba18295564a2","isMuting":false},"ImageMetadata:1*veNvxuuTIOUbLoCr5-v7KA.jpeg":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"1*veNvxuuTIOUbLoCr5-v7KA.jpeg"},"ImageMetadata:0*yH2f83Cmx6gr7OQw.jpeg":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"0*yH2f83Cmx6gr7OQw.jpeg","focusPercentX":null,"focusPercentY":null,"alt":null},"Post:08d68e4862ff":{"__typename":"Post","id":"08d68e4862ff","title":"Iceman Ötzi’s Medical Records Are Similar to a Modern Person","previewImage":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:0*yH2f83Cmx6gr7OQw.jpeg"},"extendedPreviewContent":{"__typename":"PreviewContent","subtitle":"Ancient humans suffered from the same diseases as us","isFullContent":false},"creator":{"__ref":"User:c49616bf01be"},"isPublished":true,"mediumUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedium.com\u002Fteatime-history\u002Ficeman-%C3%B6tzis-medical-records-are-similar-to-a-modern-person-08d68e4862ff","collection":{"__ref":"Collection:e57ead09141e"},"isLimitedState":false,"allowResponses":true,"postResponses":{"__typename":"PostResponses","count":28},"visibility":"LOCKED","clapCount":1716,"isLocked":true,"firstPublishedAt":1732788058914,"latestPublishedAt":1732788264520,"pinnedAt":0,"readingTime":5.733962264150944,"sequence":null,"isSeries":false,"uniqueSlug":"iceman-ötzis-medical-records-are-similar-to-a-modern-person-08d68e4862ff","pinnedByCreatorAt":1732790373725},"ImageMetadata:1*4mr0crh331oPTNICxFFwhg.jpeg":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"1*4mr0crh331oPTNICxFFwhg.jpeg","focusPercentX":null,"focusPercentY":null,"alt":null},"Post:be7d2a1b2b5f":{"__typename":"Post","id":"be7d2a1b2b5f","title":"Who Built Göbekli Tepe?","previewImage":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:1*4mr0crh331oPTNICxFFwhg.jpeg"},"extendedPreviewContent":{"__typename":"PreviewContent","subtitle":"We may be closer to understanding the builders of the mysterious megaliths","isFullContent":false},"creator":{"__ref":"User:c49616bf01be"},"isPublished":true,"mediumUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedium.com\u002Fteatime-history\u002Fwho-built-g%C3%B6bekli-tepe-be7d2a1b2b5f","collection":{"__ref":"Collection:e57ead09141e"},"isLimitedState":false,"allowResponses":true,"postResponses":{"__typename":"PostResponses","count":21},"visibility":"LOCKED","clapCount":1785,"isLocked":true,"firstPublishedAt":1723456880528,"latestPublishedAt":1723456880528,"pinnedAt":1723469005368,"readingTime":10.745283018867925,"sequence":null,"isSeries":false,"uniqueSlug":"who-built-göbekli-tepe-be7d2a1b2b5f","pinnedByCreatorAt":1723457269734},"ImageMetadata:1*ljqiLAF-HTYEOWm7oQ0Hlg.jpeg":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"1*ljqiLAF-HTYEOWm7oQ0Hlg.jpeg","focusPercentX":null,"focusPercentY":null,"alt":null},"Post:bfb861032973":{"__typename":"Post","id":"bfb861032973","title":"The Lesser-Known Civilization Which May Have Invented Writing Before Mesopotamia","previewImage":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:1*ljqiLAF-HTYEOWm7oQ0Hlg.jpeg"},"extendedPreviewContent":{"__typename":"PreviewContent","subtitle":"The story of the Vinča culture, Europe’s first civilization","isFullContent":false},"creator":{"__ref":"User:c49616bf01be"},"isPublished":true,"mediumUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedium.com\u002Fteatime-history\u002Fthe-lesser-known-civilization-which-may-have-invented-writing-before-mesopotamia-bfb861032973","collection":{"__ref":"Collection:e57ead09141e"},"isLimitedState":false,"allowResponses":true,"postResponses":{"__typename":"PostResponses","count":29},"visibility":"LOCKED","clapCount":2185,"isLocked":true,"firstPublishedAt":1718359359800,"latestPublishedAt":1718359359800,"pinnedAt":1718366569141,"readingTime":9.930188679245283,"sequence":null,"isSeries":false,"uniqueSlug":"the-lesser-known-civilization-which-may-have-invented-writing-before-mesopotamia-bfb861032973","pinnedByCreatorAt":1718360057860},"ImageMetadata:1*VtNBqUvqg8wtT-5NJ_CB5g.jpeg":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"1*VtNBqUvqg8wtT-5NJ_CB5g.jpeg","focusPercentX":null,"focusPercentY":null,"alt":null},"Post:2d7009bfad70":{"__typename":"Post","id":"2d7009bfad70","title":"How Did the Pork Taboo Originate?","previewImage":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:1*VtNBqUvqg8wtT-5NJ_CB5g.jpeg"},"extendedPreviewContent":{"__typename":"PreviewContent","subtitle":"Exploring why one-third of humanity doesn’t consume pork","isFullContent":false},"creator":{"__ref":"User:c49616bf01be"},"isPublished":true,"mediumUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedium.com\u002Fteatime-history\u002Fhow-did-the-pork-taboo-originate-2d7009bfad70","collection":{"__ref":"Collection:e57ead09141e"},"isLimitedState":false,"allowResponses":true,"postResponses":{"__typename":"PostResponses","count":80},"visibility":"LOCKED","clapCount":4047,"isLocked":true,"firstPublishedAt":1699615868584,"latestPublishedAt":1699615868584,"pinnedAt":1699635050348,"readingTime":9.674528301886792,"sequence":null,"isSeries":false,"uniqueSlug":"how-did-the-pork-taboo-originate-2d7009bfad70","pinnedByCreatorAt":1699616092569},"ImageMetadata:1*5nDAqf6KWQQQZKdtB3TXnA.png":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"1*5nDAqf6KWQQQZKdtB3TXnA.png","focusPercentX":null,"focusPercentY":null,"alt":null},"Collection:ea074ee23461":{"__typename":"Collection","id":"ea074ee23461","slug":"policy-panorama","name":"Policy Panorama","viewerEdge":{"__ref":"CollectionViewerEdge:collectionId:ea074ee23461-viewerId:lo_ba18295564a2"},"avatar":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:1*AWqFfHpsHcdQnfhTjxDKpA.png"},"domain":null,"description":"Policy Panorama is a place to discuss the laws, systems, and norms that impact our lives and the planet. We welcome thoughtful discussion on policy and policy-adjacent topics at all levels, from the international to the local.","subscriberCount":466,"customStyleSheet":null},"CollectionViewerEdge:collectionId:ea074ee23461-viewerId:lo_ba18295564a2":{"__typename":"CollectionViewerEdge","id":"collectionId:ea074ee23461-viewerId:lo_ba18295564a2","isMuting":false},"ImageMetadata:1*AWqFfHpsHcdQnfhTjxDKpA.png":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"1*AWqFfHpsHcdQnfhTjxDKpA.png"},"Post:af0a62f62650":{"__typename":"Post","id":"af0a62f62650","title":"The US and Russia’s Troubling History of Undermining Ukraine’s Security","previewImage":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:1*5nDAqf6KWQQQZKdtB3TXnA.png"},"extendedPreviewContent":{"__typename":"PreviewContent","subtitle":"How the superpowers’ nuclear deal with Ukraine set the stage for the current crisis","isFullContent":false},"creator":{"__ref":"User:c49616bf01be"},"isPublished":true,"mediumUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedium.com\u002Fpolicy-panorama\u002Fthe-us-and-russias-troubling-history-of-undermining-ukraine-s-security-af0a62f62650","collection":{"__ref":"Collection:ea074ee23461"},"isLimitedState":false,"allowResponses":true,"postResponses":{"__typename":"PostResponses","count":4},"visibility":"LOCKED","clapCount":211,"isLocked":true,"firstPublishedAt":1740751345881,"latestPublishedAt":1740751345881,"pinnedAt":0,"readingTime":7.666037735849057,"sequence":null,"isSeries":false,"uniqueSlug":"the-us-and-russias-troubling-history-of-undermining-ukraine-s-security-af0a62f62650","pinnedByCreatorAt":0},"ImageMetadata:0*iHrEpWb4Yjla0NGz.jpeg":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"0*iHrEpWb4Yjla0NGz.jpeg","focusPercentX":null,"focusPercentY":null,"alt":null},"Post:7adc6313872b":{"__typename":"Post","id":"7adc6313872b","title":"Top Ten Historical Discoveries of 2024","previewImage":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:0*iHrEpWb4Yjla0NGz.jpeg"},"extendedPreviewContent":{"__typename":"PreviewContent","subtitle":"Roundup of the hottest finds from history and archaeology","isFullContent":false},"creator":{"__ref":"User:c49616bf01be"},"isPublished":true,"mediumUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedium.com\u002Fteatime-history\u002Ftop-ten-historical-discoveries-of-2024-7adc6313872b","collection":{"__ref":"Collection:e57ead09141e"},"isLimitedState":false,"allowResponses":true,"postResponses":{"__typename":"PostResponses","count":13},"visibility":"LOCKED","clapCount":431,"isLocked":true,"firstPublishedAt":1737626529717,"latestPublishedAt":1737627040388,"pinnedAt":0,"readingTime":11.662264150943397,"sequence":null,"isSeries":false,"uniqueSlug":"top-ten-historical-discoveries-of-2024-7adc6313872b","pinnedByCreatorAt":0},"ImageMetadata:0*PFrhJHqQIXsGoN-o":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"0*PFrhJHqQIXsGoN-o","focusPercentX":null,"focusPercentY":null,"alt":null},"Post:cec1e2726172":{"__typename":"Post","id":"cec1e2726172","title":"Writing Goals for 2025","previewImage":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:0*PFrhJHqQIXsGoN-o"},"extendedPreviewContent":{"__typename":"PreviewContent","subtitle":"Here’s what I plan on doing this year","isFullContent":false},"creator":{"__ref":"User:c49616bf01be"},"isPublished":true,"mediumUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedium.com\u002F@pdg1\u002Fwriting-goals-for-2025-cec1e2726172","collection":null,"isLimitedState":false,"allowResponses":true,"postResponses":{"__typename":"PostResponses","count":6},"visibility":"LOCKED","clapCount":333,"isLocked":true,"firstPublishedAt":1737182803165,"latestPublishedAt":1737182803165,"pinnedAt":0,"readingTime":3.45566037735849,"sequence":null,"isSeries":false,"uniqueSlug":"writing-goals-for-2025-cec1e2726172","pinnedByCreatorAt":0},"ImageMetadata:0*x047UQsB6Hm0OW61":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"0*x047UQsB6Hm0OW61","focusPercentX":null,"focusPercentY":null,"alt":null},"Post:2c6823a2b0f5":{"__typename":"Post","id":"2c6823a2b0f5","title":"“Why Does the World Feel Entitled to Live in America?”","previewImage":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:0*x047UQsB6Hm0OW61"},"extendedPreviewContent":{"__typename":"PreviewContent","subtitle":"How America’s universities and global dominance fuels immigration, and why nativists miss the point.","isFullContent":false},"creator":{"__ref":"User:c49616bf01be"},"isPublished":true,"mediumUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedium.com\u002Fpolicy-panorama\u002Fwhy-does-the-world-feel-entitled-to-live-in-america-2c6823a2b0f5","collection":{"__ref":"Collection:ea074ee23461"},"isLimitedState":false,"allowResponses":true,"postResponses":{"__typename":"PostResponses","count":61},"visibility":"LOCKED","clapCount":2101,"isLocked":true,"firstPublishedAt":1735727012435,"latestPublishedAt":1736124338173,"pinnedAt":0,"readingTime":8.38427672955975,"sequence":null,"isSeries":false,"uniqueSlug":"why-does-the-world-feel-entitled-to-live-in-america-2c6823a2b0f5","pinnedByCreatorAt":0},"ImageMetadata:0*UwTSdUloEQ1JQ75z.jpeg":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"0*UwTSdUloEQ1JQ75z.jpeg","focusPercentX":null,"focusPercentY":null,"alt":null},"Post:e361a7567110":{"__typename":"Post","id":"e361a7567110","title":"Prester John: The Imaginary King Who Shaped the Real World","previewImage":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:0*UwTSdUloEQ1JQ75z.jpeg"},"extendedPreviewContent":{"__typename":"PreviewContent","subtitle":"The incredible story of a fabricated ruler who inspired the Age of Discovery","isFullContent":false},"creator":{"__ref":"User:c49616bf01be"},"isPublished":true,"mediumUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedium.com\u002Fteatime-history\u002Fprester-john-the-imaginary-king-who-shaped-the-real-world-e361a7567110","collection":{"__ref":"Collection:e57ead09141e"},"isLimitedState":false,"allowResponses":true,"postResponses":{"__typename":"PostResponses","count":11},"visibility":"LOCKED","clapCount":465,"isLocked":true,"firstPublishedAt":1735206541346,"latestPublishedAt":1735270120878,"pinnedAt":1735206595933,"readingTime":7.938993710691824,"sequence":null,"isSeries":false,"uniqueSlug":"prester-john-the-imaginary-king-who-shaped-the-real-world-e361a7567110","pinnedByCreatorAt":0},"Membership:35e22c22-478f-4e97-a395-5baae8e39c15":{"__typename":"Membership","tier":"MEMBER","id":"35e22c22-478f-4e97-a395-5baae8e39c15"},"User:0e22dc48642c":{"__typename":"User","id":"0e22dc48642c","name":"Calvin Stevens","imageId":"1*qFZ82nQ0nXx1ZwSIx0zRqg.jpeg","membership":{"__ref":"Membership:35e22c22-478f-4e97-a395-5baae8e39c15"},"username":"calvin_61264","customDomainState":null,"hasSubdomain":false,"hasDomain":false,"bio":"South African-born Historian | Writer & Editor | Africa-China Observer | Certified Bookworm | Learner of Mandarin Chinese | https:\u002F\u002Fwww.calvinwriter.com\u002F","verifications":{"__typename":"VerifiedInfo","isBookAuthor":false}},"Membership:6db0f7bf244e":{"__typename":"Membership","tier":"MEMBER","id":"6db0f7bf244e"},"User:a12421249e23":{"__typename":"User","id":"a12421249e23","name":"Rhea Barden","imageId":"1*dSeQvkBe9rUHCAqulUxvkw.png","membership":{"__ref":"Membership:6db0f7bf244e"},"username":"rheabarden","customDomainState":null,"hasSubdomain":false,"hasDomain":false,"bio":"Editor for Dolce Vero ⚜️ Editor for Mode Étoile ⚜️ I write about life from a Mediterranean perspective.","verifications":{"__typename":"VerifiedInfo","isBookAuthor":false}},"Membership:7ea100852a9d":{"__typename":"Membership","tier":"MEMBER","id":"7ea100852a9d"},"User:ff8a5fba791":{"__typename":"User","id":"ff8a5fba791","name":"RL Vanwey","imageId":"1*oooevkHEVq-msZ1ODsAvAg.jpeg","membership":{"__ref":"Membership:7ea100852a9d"},"username":"rlvanwey","customDomainState":{"__typename":"CustomDomainState","live":{"__typename":"CustomDomain","domain":"rlvanwey.medium.com"}},"hasSubdomain":true,"hasDomain":true,"bio":"Maybe we evolved wrong.","verifications":{"__typename":"VerifiedInfo","isBookAuthor":false}},"ImageMetadata:1*AXYe3ZfLJvIjSW7fD3Eakg.jpeg":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"1*AXYe3ZfLJvIjSW7fD3Eakg.jpeg"},"Collection:15f753907972":{"__typename":"Collection","id":"15f753907972","name":"The Medium Blog","avatar":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:1*AXYe3ZfLJvIjSW7fD3Eakg.jpeg"},"domain":"blog.medium.com","slug":"blog","description":"The official source of news and updates about Medium","subscriberCount":3405743,"customStyleSheet":null}}</script><script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/manifest.e97c1cba.js"></script><script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/9865.1496d74a.js"></script><script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/main.f63e0c8f.js"></script><script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/instrumentation.5bef8967.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/reporting.ff22a7a5.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/5049.d1ead72d.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/4505.6dfaf853.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/2707.2278ed76.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/9977.933c1c9a.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/8599.2418028f.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/3045.1cc3d8cb.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/6349.3329b100.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/2648.26563adf.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/8393.67b7130d.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/6428.1164cc97.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/6199.3b90990d.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/5642.472363b5.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/3735.14a96d81.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/4124.0567a444.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/4769.e7f80c12.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/3591.8b4ac29e.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/6834.8aa8d357.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/1676.50cd0d55.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/7097.f2d23549.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/6594.e5e4a306.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/UserProfilePage.MainContent.cdb84dae.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/2278.39be40be.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/8027.c14c7543.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/UserProfilePage.RightColumnContent.e13765fa.chunk.js"></script><script>window.main();</script><script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document;if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'9203dc773f334022',t:'MTc0MTk1NjI1NC4wMDAwMDA='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.nonce='';a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script></body></html>