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href="#Buddhist_parallels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Buddhist parallels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhist_parallels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Characteristics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Characteristics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cosmology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cosmology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Cosmology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cosmology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dualism_and_monism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dualism_and_monism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Dualism and monism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dualism_and_monism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moral_and_ritual_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moral_and_ritual_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Moral and ritual practice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moral_and_ritual_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Female_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Female representation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Female_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Concepts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Concepts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Concepts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Monad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pleroma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pleroma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Pleroma </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pleroma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emanation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emanation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Emanation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emanation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aeon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aeon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Aeon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aeon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sophia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sophia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Sophia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sophia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demiurge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demiurge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Demiurge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demiurge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Archon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Other concepts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jesus_as_Gnostic_saviour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jesus_as_Gnostic_saviour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Jesus as Gnostic saviour </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jesus_as_Gnostic_saviour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relation_with_early_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_with_early_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Relation with early Christianity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relation_with_early_Christianity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Relation with early Christianity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Relation_with_early_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orthodoxy_and_heresy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthodoxy_and_heresy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Orthodoxy and heresy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthodoxy_and_heresy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_Jesus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_Jesus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Historical Jesus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_Jesus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Johannine_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Johannine_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Johannine literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Johannine_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paul_and_Gnosticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paul_and_Gnosticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Paul and Gnosticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paul_and_Gnosticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Major movements </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_movements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Major movements subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Major_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judean–Israelite_Gnosticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judean–Israelite_Gnosticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Judean–Israelite Gnosticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judean–Israelite_Gnosticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elkesaites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elkesaites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1 Elkesaites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elkesaites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mandaeism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mandaeism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.2 Mandaeism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandaeism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samaritan_Baptist_sects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samaritan_Baptist_sects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.3 Samaritan Baptist sects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samaritan_Baptist_sects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syrian-Egyptian_Gnosticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syrian-Egyptian_Gnosticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Syrian-Egyptian Gnosticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syrian-Egyptian_Gnosticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sethite-Barbeloite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sethite-Barbeloite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1 Sethite-Barbeloite </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sethite-Barbeloite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Valentinianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valentinianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.2 Valentinianism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valentinianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basilideans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basilideans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.3 Basilideans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basilideans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thomasine_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thomasine_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.4 Thomasine traditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thomasine_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marcion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marcion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.5 Marcion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marcion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hermeticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hermeticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.6 Hermeticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hermeticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Gnostic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Gnostic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.7 Other Gnostic groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Gnostic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian_Gnosticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian_Gnosticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Persian Gnosticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian_Gnosticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Manichaeism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manichaeism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.1 Manichaeism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manichaeism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4.1 Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kabbalah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kabbalah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4.2 Kabbalah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kabbalah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Modern times </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Heresiologists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heresiologists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Heresiologists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heresiologists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gnostic_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gnostic_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Gnostic texts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gnostic_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Academic studies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Academic_studies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Academic studies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Academic_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definitions_of_Gnosticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitions_of_Gnosticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Definitions of Gnosticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definitions_of_Gnosticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Typologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2.1 Typologies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_approaches_–_Gnosticism_as_Christian_heresy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_approaches_–_Gnosticism_as_Christian_heresy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2.2 Traditional approaches – Gnosticism as Christian heresy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_approaches_–_Gnosticism_as_Christian_heresy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phenomenological_approaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phenomenological_approaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2.3 Phenomenological approaches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phenomenological_approaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restricting_Gnosticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restricting_Gnosticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2.4 Restricting Gnosticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restricting_Gnosticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_"Gnosticism"_as_a_category" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_"Gnosticism"_as_a_category"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Criticism of "Gnosticism" as a category </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_"Gnosticism"_as_a_category-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychological_approaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological_approaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Psychological approaches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychological_approaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Subnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Printed_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Printed_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2.1 Printed sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Printed_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2.2 Web sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Gnosticism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" > 84 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnostisisme" title="Gnostisisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gnostisisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="غنوصية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غنوصية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticismo" title="Gnosticismo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Gnosticismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosticismu" title="Nosticismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nosticismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qnostisizm" title="Qnostisizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qnostisizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Гнастыцызм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гнастыцызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Гнастыцызм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гнастыцызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Гностицизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гностицизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Gnosis" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticizam" title="Gnosticizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gnosticizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticisme" title="Gnosticisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gnosticisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticismus" title="Gnosticismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gnosticismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnostigiaeth" title="Gnostigiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gnostigiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticisme" title="Gnosticisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gnosticisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gnosis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnostitsism" title="Gnostitsism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gnostitsism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Γνωστικισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γνωστικισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticismo" title="Gnosticismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gnosticismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnostikismo" title="Gnostikismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gnostikismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnostizismo" title="Gnostizismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gnostizismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="گنوسیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گنوسیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticisme" title="Gnosticisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gnosticisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnostisisme" title="Gnostisisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Gnostisisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gn%C3%B3is%C3%ADochas" title="Gnóisíochas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gnóisíochas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticismo" title="Gnosticismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gnosticismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%81%EC%A7%80%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="영지주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="영지주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginost" title="Ginost – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ginost" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Գնոստիցիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գնոստիցիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticizam" title="Gnosticizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gnosticizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnostikismo" title="Gnostikismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gnostikismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnostisismo" title="Gnostisismo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Gnostisismo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnostisisme" title="Gnostisisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gnostisisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticismo" title="Gnosticismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Gnosticismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spekistefna" title="Spekistefna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Spekistefna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticismo" title="Gnosticismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gnosticismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A1" title="גנוסיס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גנוסיס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A6" title="ಅಧ್ಯಾತ್ಮ ರಹಸ್ಯವಾದ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಧ್ಯಾತ್ಮ ರಹಸ್ಯವಾದ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="გნოსტიციზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გნოსტიციზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Гностицизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гностицизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujuzilio" title="Ujuzilio – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ujuzilio" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnostisism" title="Gnostisism – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Gnostisism" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Гностицизм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гностицизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gnosis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticisms" title="Gnosticisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gnosticisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticizmas" title="Gnosticizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gnosticizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticisme" title="Gnosticisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Gnosticisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnoszticizmus" title="Gnoszticizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gnoszticizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Гностицизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гностицизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gn%C3%B4stisisma" title="Gnôstisisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Gnôstisisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9E%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82" title="ജ്ഞാനവാദം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജ്ഞാനവാദം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="الغنوسطيين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الغنوسطيين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnostisisme" title="Gnostisisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gnostisisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticisme" title="Gnosticisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gnosticisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnostik" title="Gnostik – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Gnostik" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="グノーシス主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グノーシス主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnostisisme" title="Gnostisisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gnostisisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticisme" title="Gnosticisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gnosticisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnostitsizm" title="Gnostitsizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gnostitsizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastisizim" title="Nastisizim – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Nastisizim" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnostycyzm" title="Gnostycyzm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gnostycyzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticismo" title="Gnosticismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gnosticismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gnosticism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Гностицизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гностицизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticizmi" title="Gnosticizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gnosticizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticismu" title="Gnosticismu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Gnosticismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gnosticism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticizmus" title="Gnosticizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gnosticizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticizem" title="Gnosticizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gnosticizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Гностицизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гностицизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticizam" title="Gnosticizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gnosticizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnostilaisuus" title="Gnostilaisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gnostilaisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gnosticism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnostisismo" title="Gnostisismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gnostisismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9E%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="ஞானக் கொள்கை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஞானக் கொள்கை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="ไญยนิยม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไญยนิยม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Гностисизм – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гностисизм" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnostisizm" title="Gnostisizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gnostisizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Гностицизм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гностицизм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B7%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="غناسطیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="غناسطیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuy%E1%BA%BFt_ng%E1%BB%99_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1o" title="Thuyết ngộ đạo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thuyết ngộ đạo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Early Christian and Jewish religious systems</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:92%;">  <div style="font-size:120%;line-height:1.2em; padding-bottom:0.4em;"> Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Gnosticism" title="Category:Gnosticism">a series</a> on <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gnosticism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image skin-invert-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraxas_gem_scan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Abraxas_gem_scan.svg/100px-Abraxas_gem_scan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Abraxas_gem_scan.svg/150px-Abraxas_gem_scan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Abraxas_gem_scan.svg/200px-Abraxas_gem_scan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="366" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Gnostic concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_kasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam kasia">Adam kasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_pagria" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam pagria">Adam pagria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeon_(Gnosticism)" title="Aeon (Gnosticism)">Aeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">Anima mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archon_(Gnosticism)" title="Archon (Gnosticism)">Archon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbelo" title="Barbelo">Barbelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Seals" title="Five Seals">Five Seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">Gnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenoma" title="Kenoma">Kenoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminary_(Gnosticism)" title="Luminary (Gnosticism)">Luminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manda_(Mandaeism)" title="Manda (Mandaeism)">Manda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monad_(Gnosticism)" title="Monad (Gnosticism)">Monad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogdoad_(Gnosticism)" title="Ogdoad (Gnosticism)">Ogdoad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleroma" title="Pleroma">Pleroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_(Gnosticism)" title="Sophia (Gnosticism)">Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthra" title="Uthra">Uthra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_of_Light" title="World of Light">World of Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_of_Darkness_(Mandaeism)" title="World of Darkness (Mandaeism)">World of Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaldabaoth" title="Yaldabaoth">Yaldabaoth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gnostic_sects" title="List of Gnostic sects">Gnostic sects</a> and founders</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gnostic_sects" title="List of Gnostic sects">List of Gnostic sects</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Proto-Gnosticism" title="Proto-Gnosticism">Proto-Gnosticism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magh%C4%81riya" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghāriya">Maghāriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomasines" title="Thomasines">Thomasines</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Judean / Israelite</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Elksai <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elkasaites" class="mw-redirect" title="Elkasaites">Elkasaites</a></li></ul></li> <li>Samaritan Baptist <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dositheos_(Samaritan)" title="Dositheos (Samaritan)">Dositheos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Magus" title="Simon Magus">Simon Magus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Simonians" title="Simonians">Simonians</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_(gnostic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menander (gnostic)">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quqites" title="Quqites">Quqites</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Christian Gnosticism</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apelles_(gnostic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apelles (gnostic)">Apelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerinthus" title="Cerinthus">Cerinthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_(gnostic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Justin (gnostic)">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaism" title="Nicolaism">Nicolaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perates" title="Perates">Perates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturninus_of_Antioch" title="Saturninus of Antioch">Saturninus</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Syrian-Egyptian</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ophites" title="Ophites">Ophites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sethianism" title="Sethianism">Sethianism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Alexandrian</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilides" title="Basilides">Basilides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilideans" title="Basilideans">Basilideans</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Roman</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valentinus_(Gnostic)" title="Valentinus (Gnostic)">Valentinus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_(Marcosian)" title="Marcus (Marcosian)">Marcus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcosians" title="Marcosians">Marcosians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florinus_(Gnostic)" title="Florinus (Gnostic)">Florinus</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Persian Gnosticism</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mani_(prophet)" title="Mani (prophet)">Mani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Chinese Gnosticism</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Islamic Gnosticism</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusayrism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusayrism">Nusayrism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Modern</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism_in_modern_times" title="Gnosticism in modern times">Modern schools</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gnostic_texts" title="List of Gnostic texts">Scriptures</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gnostic_texts" title="List of Gnostic texts">List of Gnostic texts</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Texts</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Abdias" title="Pseudo-Abdias">Pseudo-Abdias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_literature" title="Clementine literature">Clementine literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism_and_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnosticism and the New Testament">Gnosticism and the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mandaean_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mandaean texts">Mandaean scriptures</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">Codices</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Tchacos" title="Codex Tchacos">Codex Tchacos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Mani-Codex" title="Cologne Mani-Codex">Cologne Mani-Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Askew_Codex" title="Askew Codex">Askew Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Codex" title="Bruce Codex">Bruce Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Codex" title="Berlin Codex">Berlin Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginza_Rabba" title="Ginza Rabba">Codex Nasaraeus</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Influenced by</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Relation_with_early_Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Paul_and_Gnosticism">Paul and Gnosticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkabah_mysticism" title="Merkabah mysticism">Merkabah mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_(personification)" title="Wisdom (personification)">Wisdom (personification)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Influence on</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_theosophy" title="Christian theosophy">Christian theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism_in_modern_times" title="Gnosticism in modern times">Gnosticism in modern times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Gnosticism" title="Neoplatonism and Gnosticism">Neoplatonism and Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennial philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy (Blavatskian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gnosticism" title="Template:Gnosticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gnosticism" title="Template talk:Gnosticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gnosticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gnosticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_Tchacos_p33.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Codex_Tchacos_p33.jpg/260px-Codex_Tchacos_p33.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="401" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Codex_Tchacos_p33.jpg/390px-Codex_Tchacos_p33.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Codex_Tchacos_p33.jpg/520px-Codex_Tchacos_p33.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1314" data-file-height="2026" /></a><figcaption>Page from the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Judas" title="Gospel of Judas">Gospel of Judas</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandaean-Mandi-Nasiriya-Iraq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Mandaean-Mandi-Nasiriya-Iraq.jpg/220px-Mandaean-Mandi-Nasiriya-Iraq.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Mandaean-Mandi-Nasiriya-Iraq.jpg/330px-Mandaean-Mandi-Nasiriya-Iraq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Mandaean-Mandi-Nasiriya-Iraq.jpg/440px-Mandaean-Mandi-Nasiriya-Iraq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Mandaean <a href="/wiki/Mandi_(Mandaeism)" title="Mandi (Mandaeism)">Beth Manda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tabernacle#Mandaeism" title="Tabernacle">Mashkhanna</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Nasiriyah" title="Nasiriyah">Nasiriyah, southern Iraq</a>, in 2016, a contemporary-style mandi</figcaption></figure> Gnosticism (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B3%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:γνωστικός">γνωστικός</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: gnōstikós, <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[ɣnostiˈkos]</a>, 'having knowledge') is a collection of religious ideas and systems that coalesced in the late 1st century AD among <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christian</a> sects. These various groups emphasized personal spiritual knowledge (<a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">gnosis</a>) above the <a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">proto-orthodox</a> teachings, traditions, and authority of religious institutions. Gnostic <a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">cosmogony</a> generally presents a distinction between a supreme, hidden <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> and a malevolent <a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">lesser divinity</a> (sometimes associated with the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">biblical</a> deity <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagels198928–47"One_God,_One_Bishop:_The_Politics_of_Monotheism"-1">[1]</a> who is responsible for creating the <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">material universe</a>. Consequently, Gnostics considered material existence flawed or evil, and held the principal element of <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a> to be direct knowledge of the hidden divinity, attained via mystical or <a href="/wiki/Esoteric" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric">esoteric</a> insight. Many Gnostic texts deal not in concepts of <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">repentance</a>, but with <a href="/wiki/Illusion" title="Illusion">illusion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Divine_illumination" title="Divine illumination">enlightenment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagels1989xx-2">[2]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">James Dunn</a>, the Gnostic emphasis on an inherent difference between flesh and spirit represented a significant departure from the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a> and his earliest followers.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Some scholars say Gnosticism may contain historical information about <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> from the Gnostic viewpoint,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> though the majority predominantly conclude that apocryphal sources, Gnostic or not, are later than the canonical ones and that many, such as <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Gospel of Thomas">Thomas</a>, depends on or harmonizes the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECulpepper199966-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeier1991135–138-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen201051-7">[7]</a> Gnosticism was a mix of Jewish and early Christian religious ideas.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Gnostic writings flourished among certain Christian groups in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> world around the second century, when the <a href="/wiki/Early_Church_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Church Fathers">Fathers of the early Church</a> denounced them as <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELayton1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGC4vwTXJSaMCpgPA106_106]-11">[11]</a> Efforts to destroy these texts proved largely successful, resulting in the survival of very little writing by Gnostic theologians.<a href="#cite_note-ep-12">[12]</a> Nonetheless, early Gnostic teachers such as <a href="/wiki/Valentinus_(Gnostic)" title="Valentinus (Gnostic)">Valentinus</a> saw their beliefs as aligned with Christianity. In the Gnostic Christian tradition, <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> is seen as a divine being which has taken human form in order to lead humanity back to recognition of its own divine nature. However, Gnosticism is not a single standardized system, and the emphasis on direct experience allows for a wide variety of teachings, including distinct currents such as <a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sethianism" title="Sethianism">Sethianism</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Sassanian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanian Empire">Persian Empire</a>, Gnostic ideas spread as far as China via the related movement <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a>, which is the only surviving Gnostic religion from antiquity, is found in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> communities.<a href="#cite_note-DEUTSCH2-13">[13]</a> Jorunn Buckley posits that the early <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a> may have been among the first to formulate what would go on to become Gnosticism within the community of early followers of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2010109-14">[14]</a> For centuries, most scholarly knowledge about Gnosticism was limited to the anti-heretical writings of early Christian figures such as <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus_of_Lyons" class="mw-redirect" title="Irenaeus of Lyons">Irenaeus of Lyons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a>. There was a renewed interest in Gnosticism after the 1945 discovery of Egypt's <a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a>, a collection of rare early Christian and Gnostic texts, including the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Gospel of Thomas">Gospel of Thomas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Apocryphon_of_John" title="Apocryphon of John">Apocryphon of John</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elaine_Pagels" title="Elaine Pagels">Elaine Pagels</a> has noted the influence of sources from <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a> on the Nag Hammadi texts.<a href="#cite_note-ep-12">[12]</a> Since the 1990s, the category of "Gnosticism" has come under increasing scrutiny from scholars. One such issue is whether Gnosticism ought to be considered one form of <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christianity</a>, an interreligious phenomenon, or an independent religion. Going further than this, other contemporary scholars such as Michael Allen Williams,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1996-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karen_Leigh_King" title="Karen Leigh King">Karen Leigh King</a>,<a href="#cite_note-King2005-16">[16]</a> and David G. Robertson&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson2021[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-17">[17]</a> contest whether "Gnosticism" is a valid or useful historical term, or if it was an artificial category framed by proto-orthodox theologians to target miscellaneous Christian <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">heretics</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">Gnosis</a></div> Gnosis is a feminine Greek noun which means "knowledge" or "awareness."<a href="#cite_note-scotttufts-18">[18]</a> It is often used for personal knowledge compared with intellectual knowledge (εἴδειν eídein). A related term is the adjective gnostikos, "cognitive",<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> a reasonably common adjective in Classical Greek.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> By the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>, it began also to be associated with <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Greco-Roman mysteries</a>, becoming synonymous with the Greek term mysterion. Consequentially, Gnosis often refers to knowledge based on personal experience or perception.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In a religious context, gnosis is <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystical</a> or esoteric <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> based on direct participation with the divine. In most Gnostic systems, the sufficient cause of salvation is this "knowledge of" ("acquaintance with") the divine. It is an inward "knowing", comparable to that encouraged by <a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">neoplatonism</a>), and differs from <a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">proto-orthodox Christian</a> views.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2003185-21">[21]</a> Gnostics are "those who are oriented toward knowledge and understanding – or perception and learning – as a particular modality for living".&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValantasis2006[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-22">[22]</a> The usual meaning of gnostikos in Classical Greek texts is "learned" or "intellectual", such as used by <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> in the comparison of "practical" (praktikos) and "intellectual" (gnostikos).<a href="#cite_note-23">[note 1]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[subnote 1]</a> Plato's use of "learned" is fairly typical of Classical texts.<a href="#cite_note-27">[note 2]</a> Sometimes employed in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> translation of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, the adjective is not used in the New Testament, but <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[note 3]</a> who speaks of the "learned" (gnostikos) Christian quite often, uses it in complimentary terms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1981-29">[23]</a> The use of gnostikos in relation to heresy originates with interpreters of <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a>. Some scholars<a href="#cite_note-31">[note 4]</a> consider that Irenaeus sometimes uses gnostikos to simply mean "intellectual",<a href="#cite_note-32">[note 5]</a> whereas his mention of "the intellectual sect"<a href="#cite_note-33">[note 6]</a> is a specific designation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams199636-34">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[note 7]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[note 8]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[note 9]</a> The term "Gnosticism" does not appear in ancient sources,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunderberg200816-40">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[note 10]</a> and was first coined in the 17th century by <a href="/wiki/Henry_More" title="Henry More">Henry More</a> in a commentary on the seven letters of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>, where More used the term "Gnosticisme" to describe the heresy in <a href="/wiki/Thyatira" title="Thyatira">Thyatira</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPearson2004210-42">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[note 11]</a> The term Gnosticism was derived from the use of the Greek adjective gnostikos (Greek γνωστικός, "learned", "intellectual") by St. Irenaeus (c. 185 AD) to describe the school of <a href="/wiki/Valentinus_(Gnostic)" title="Valentinus (Gnostic)">Valentinus</a> as he legomene gnostike haeresis "the heresy called Learned (gnostic)".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaar2012231-44">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[note 12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> The origins of Gnosticism are obscure and still disputed. Gnosticism is largely influenced by <a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">platonism</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_forms" title="Theory of forms">theory of forms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[33]</a> The proto-orthodox Christian groups called Gnostics a heresy of Christianity,<a href="#cite_note-51">[note 13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwickn.d.-52">[35]</a> but according to the modern scholars the theology's origin is closely related to Jewish sectarian milieus and early Christian sects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagris20053515–3516-53">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenMendes-Flohr2010286-54">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cohen-55">[note 14]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrakke2012[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-56">[38]</a> Some scholars debate Gnosticism's origins as having roots in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, due to similarities in beliefs,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerillat1997ch._22-57">[39]</a> but ultimately, its origins are unknown. Some scholars prefer to speak of "gnosis" when referring to first-century ideas that later developed into Gnosticism, and to reserve the term "Gnosticism" for the synthesis of these ideas into a coherent movement in the second century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1982292-58">[40]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/James_M._Robinson" title="James M. Robinson">James M. Robinson</a>, no gnostic texts clearly pre-date Christianity,<a href="#cite_note-59">[note 15]</a> and "pre-Christian Gnosticism as such is hardly attested in a way to settle the debate once and for all."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson19825-60">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_Christian_origins">Jewish Christian origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Jewish Christian origins">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Christianity">Origins of Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">Split of Christianity and Judaism</a></div> Contemporary scholarship largely agrees that Gnosticism has <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christian</a> origins, originating in the late first century AD in nonrabbinical Jewish sects and early Christian sects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053533-61">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagris20053515–3516-53">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenMendes-Flohr2010286-54">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cohen-55">[note 14]</a> <a href="/wiki/E._S._Drower" title="E. S. Drower">Ethel S. Drower</a> adds, "heterodox Judaism in <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a> appears to have taken shape in the form we now call Gnostic, and it may well have existed some time before the Christian era."<a href="#cite_note-Drower1960-62">[43]</a>: xv  Many heads of Gnostic schools were identified as Jewish Christians by Church Fathers, and Hebrew words and names of God were applied in some gnostic systems.<a href="#cite_note-JE-G-63">[44]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Religious_cosmology" title="Religious cosmology">cosmogonic</a> speculations among Christian Gnostics had partial origins in <a href="/wiki/Maaseh_Breishit_and_Maaseh_Merkavah" title="Maaseh Breishit and Maaseh Merkavah">Maaseh Breshit and Maaseh Merkabah</a>. This thesis is most notably put forward by <a href="/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem">Gershom Scholem</a> (1897–1982) and <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Quispel" title="Gilles Quispel">Gilles Quispel</a> (1916–2006). Scholem detected Jewish gnosis in the imagery of <a href="/wiki/Merkabah_mysticism" title="Merkabah mysticism">merkabah mysticism</a>, which can also be found in certain Gnostic documents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053533-61">[42]</a> Quispel sees Gnosticism as an independent Jewish development, tracing its origins to <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria" title="History of the Jews in Alexandria">Alexandrian Jews</a>, to which group Valentinus was also connected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053534-64">[45]</a> Many of the <a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Nag Hammadi texts">Nag Hammadi texts</a> make reference to Judaism, in some cases with a violent rejection of the Jewish God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenMendes-Flohr2010286-54">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cohen-55">[note 14]</a> Gershom Scholem once described Gnosticism as "the Greatest case of metaphysical anti-Semitism".<a href="#cite_note-65">[46]</a> Professor <a href="/wiki/Steven_Bayme" title="Steven Bayme">Steven Bayme</a> said gnosticism would be better characterized as <a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">anti-Judaism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[47]</a> Research into the origins of Gnosticism shows a strong Jewish influence, particularly from <a href="/wiki/Hekhalot_literature" title="Hekhalot literature">Hekhalot literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kabbalah_New_Perspectives-67">[48]</a> Within early Christianity, the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John the Evangelist</a> may have been a starting point for Gnostic ideas, with a growing emphasis on the opposition between flesh and spirit, the value of charisma, and the disqualification of the Jewish law. The mortal body belonged to the world of inferior, worldly powers (the <a href="/wiki/Archon_(Gnosticism)" title="Archon (Gnosticism)">archons</a>), and only the spirit or soul could be saved. The term gnostikos may have acquired a deeper significance here.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagris20053516-68">[49]</a> Alexandria was of central importance for the birth of Gnosticism. The Christian ecclesia (i. e. congregation, church) was of Jewish–Christian origin, but also attracted Greek members, and various strands of thought were available, such as "Judaic <a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">apocalypticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_(personification)" title="Wisdom (personification)">speculation on divine wisdom</a>, Greek philosophy, and <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Hellenistic mystery religions</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagris20053516-68">[49]</a> Regarding the angel Christology of some early Christians, Darrell Hannah notes: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">[Some] early Christians understood the pre-incarnate Christ, ontologically, as an angel. This "true" angel Christology took many forms and may have appeared as early as the late First Century, if indeed this is the view opposed in the early chapters of the Epistle to the Hebrews. The <a href="/wiki/Elchasaites" class="mw-redirect" title="Elchasaites">Elchasaites</a>, or at least Christians influenced by them, paired the male Christ with the female Holy Spirit, envisioning both as two gigantic angels. Some Valentinian Gnostics supposed that Christ took on an angelic nature and that he might be the Saviour of angels. The author of the Testament of Solomon held Christ to be a particularly effective "thwarting" angel in the exorcism of demons. The author of De Centesima and Epiphanius' "<a href="/wiki/Ebionites" title="Ebionites">Ebionites</a>" held Christ to have been the highest and most important of the first created archangels, a view similar in many respects to Hermas' equation of Christ with Michael. Finally, a possible exegetical tradition behind the Ascension of Isaiah and attested by Origen's Hebrew master, may witness to yet another angel Christology, as well as an angel Pneumatology.<a href="#cite_note-69">[50]</a></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">pseudepigraphical</a> Christian text <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Isaiah" title="Ascension of Isaiah">Ascension of Isaiah</a> identifies Jesus with angel Christology: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">[The Lord Christ is commissioned by the Father] And I heard the voice of the Most High, the father of my LORD as he said to my LORD Christ who will be called Jesus, 'Go out and descend through all the heavens...<a href="#cite_note-70">[51]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/The_Shepherd_of_Hermas" title="The Shepherd of Hermas">The Shepherd of Hermas</a> is a Christian literary work considered as <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">canonical scripture</a> by some of the early <a href="/wiki/Church_fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Church fathers">Church fathers</a> such as Irenaeus. Jesus is identified with angel Christology in parable 5, when the author mentions a Son of God, as a virtuous man filled with a Holy "pre-existent spirit".<a href="#cite_note-Papandrea2016-71">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neoplatonic_influences">Neoplatonic influences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Neoplatonic influences">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Platonic Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Gnosticism" title="Neoplatonism and Gnosticism">Neoplatonism and Gnosticism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Christianity" title="Neoplatonism and Christianity">Neoplatonism and Christianity</a></div> In the 1880s Gnostic connections with neo-Platonism were proposed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053532-72">[53]</a> Ugo Bianchi, who organised the Congress of Messina of 1966 on the origins of Gnosticism, also argued for Orphic and Platonic origins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053534-64">[45]</a> Gnostics borrowed significant ideas and terms from Platonism,<a href="#cite_note-73">[54]</a> using Greek philosophical concepts throughout their text, including such concepts as <a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypostasis (philosophy)">hypostasis</a> (reality, existence), <a href="/wiki/Ousia" title="Ousia">ousia</a> (essence, substance, being), and demiurge (creator God). Both <a href="/wiki/Sethian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sethian">Sethian</a> Gnostics and <a href="/wiki/Valentinius" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentinius">Valentinian</a> Gnostics seem to have been influenced by <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Pythagoreanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Pythagoreanism">Neo-Pythagoreanism</a> academies or schools of thought.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner198659-74">[55]</a> Both schools attempted "an effort towards conciliation, even affiliation" with late antique philosophy,<a href="#cite_note-Schenke1-75">[56]</a> and were rebuffed by some <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonists</a>, including Plotinus. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian_origins_or_influences">Persian origins or influences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Persian origins or influences">edit</a>]</div> Early research into the origins of Gnosticism proposed Persian origins or influences, spreading to Europe and incorporating Jewish elements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053531-76">[57]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Bousset" title="Wilhelm Bousset">Wilhelm Bousset</a> (1865–1920), Gnosticism was a form of Iranian and Mesopotamian <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053532-72">[53]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_August_Reitzenstein" title="Richard August Reitzenstein">Richard August Reitzenstein</a> (1861–1931) situated the origins of Gnosticism in Persia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053532-72">[53]</a> Carsten Colpe (b. 1929) has analyzed and criticised the Iranian hypothesis of Reitzenstein, showing that many of his hypotheses are untenable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053534–3535-77">[58]</a> Nevertheless, Geo Widengren (1907–1996) argued for the origin of Mandaean Gnosticism in <a href="/wiki/Mazdean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazdean">Mazdean</a> (Zoroastrianism) <a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a>, in conjunction with ideas from the Aramaic Mesopotamian world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053534-64">[45]</a> However, scholars specializing in Mandaeism such as <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Rudolph" title="Kurt Rudolph">Kurt Rudolph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Lidzbarski" title="Mark Lidzbarski">Mark Lidzbarski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Mac%C3%BAch" title="Rudolf Macúch">Rudolf Macúch</a>, <a href="/wiki/E._S._Drower" title="E. S. Drower">Ethel S. Drower</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_F._McGrath" title="James F. McGrath">James F. McGrath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_G._H%C3%A4berl" title="Charles G. Häberl">Charles G. Häberl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorunn_Jacobsen_Buckley" title="Jorunn Jacobsen Buckley">Jorunn Jacobsen Buckley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Einasi_G%C3%BCnd%C3%BCz" title="Şinasi Gündüz">Şinasi Gündüz</a> argue for a Judean–Israelite origin. The majority of these scholars believe that the Mandaeans likely have a historical connection with John the Baptist's inner circle of disciples.<a href="#cite_note-Drower1960-62">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudolph19874-78">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gunduz_1994-79">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Buckley_2002-80">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[65]</a> Charles Häberl, who is also a linguist specializing in <a href="/wiki/Mandaic_language" title="Mandaic language">Mandaic</a>, finds Palestinian and Samaritan Aramaic influence on Mandaic and accepts Mandaeans having a "shared Palestinian history with Jews".<a href="#cite_note-85">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhist_parallels">Buddhist parallels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Buddhist parallels">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Buddhism and Gnosticism</a></div> In 1966, at the Congress of Median, Buddhologist <a href="/wiki/Edward_Conze" title="Edward Conze">Edward Conze</a> noted phenomenological commonalities between <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a> and Gnosticism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerardi1997323-87">[68]</a> in his paper Buddhism and Gnosis, following an early suggestion put forward by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Jacob_Schmidt" title="Isaac Jacob Schmidt">Isaac Jacob Schmidt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConze1967-88">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[note 16]</a> The influence of Buddhism in any sense on either the gnostikos Valentinus (c. 170) or the Nag Hammadi texts (3rd century) is not supported by modern scholarship, although <a href="/wiki/Elaine_Pagels" title="Elaine Pagels">Elaine Pagels</a> called it a "possibility".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagels198921-93">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cosmology">Cosmology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cosmology">edit</a>]</div> The Syrian–Egyptian traditions postulate a remote, supreme Godhead, the <a href="/wiki/Monad_(Gnosticism)" title="Monad (Gnosticism)">Monad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[74]</a> From this highest divinity <a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">emanate</a> lower divine beings, known as <a href="/wiki/Aeon_(Gnosticism)" title="Aeon (Gnosticism)">Aeons</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a> arises among the Aeons and creates the physical world. Divine elements "fall" into the material realm, and are latent in human beings. Redemption from the fall occurs when the humans obtain Gnosis, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/esoteric" class="extiw" title="wikt:esoteric">esoteric</a> or <a href="/wiki/Intuition_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intuition (psychology)">intuitive knowledge</a> of the divine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkschies200316–17-95">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dualism_and_monism">Dualism and monism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dualism and monism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a></div> Gnostic systems postulate a <a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">dualism</a> between God and the world,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonas196342-96">[76]</a> varying from the "radical dualist" systems of <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> to the "mitigated dualism" of classic gnostic movements. Radical dualism, or absolute dualism, posits two co-equal divine forces, while in mitigated dualism one of the two principles is in some way inferior to the other. In qualified monism the second entity may be divine or semi-divine. Valentinian Gnosticism is a form of <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monism</a>, expressed in terms previously used in a dualistic manner.<a href="#cite_note-97">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moral_and_ritual_practice">Moral and ritual practice</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Moral and ritual practice">edit</a>]</div> Gnostics tended toward <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">asceticism</a>, especially in their sexual and dietary practice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELayton1987Introduction_to_"Against_Heresies"_by_St._Irenaeus-98">[78]</a> In other areas of morality, Gnostics were less rigorously ascetic, and took a more moderate approach to correct behavior. In normative early Christianity, the Church administered and prescribed the correct behavior for Christians, while in Gnosticism it was the internalised motivation that was important. Ptolemy's <a href="/wiki/Letter_to_Flora" title="Letter to Flora">Epistle to Flora</a> describes a general asceticism, based on the moral inclination of the individual.<a href="#cite_note-99">[note 17]</a> For example, ritualistic behavior was not seen to possess as much importance as any other practice, unless it was based on a personal, internal motivation.<a href="#cite_note-100">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Female_representation">Female representation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Female representation">edit</a>]</div> The role women played in Gnosticism is still being explored. The very few women in most Gnostic literature are portrayed as chaotic, disobedient, and enigmatic.<a href="#cite_note-:02-101">[80]</a> However, the Nag Hammadi texts place women in roles of leadership and heroism.<a href="#cite_note-:02-101">[80]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-102">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-103">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concepts">Concepts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Concepts">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monad">Monad</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Monad">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Monad_(Gnosticism)" title="Monad (Gnosticism)">Monad (Gnosticism)</a></div> In many Gnostic systems, God is known as the Monad, <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism#The_One" title="Neoplatonism">the One</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[note 18]</a> God is the high source of the <a href="/wiki/Pleroma" title="Pleroma">pleroma</a>, the region of light. The various emanations of God are called æons. According to <a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus</a>, this view was inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Pythagoreans" class="mw-redirect" title="Pythagoreans">Pythagoreans</a>, who called the first thing that came into existence the Monad, which begat the dyad, which begat the numbers, which begat the <a href="/wiki/Point_(geometry)" title="Point (geometry)">point</a>, begetting <a href="/wiki/Line_(geometry)" title="Line (geometry)">lines</a>, etc. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pleroma">Pleroma</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pleroma">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pleroma" title="Pleroma">Pleroma</a></div> Pleroma (Greek πλήρωμα, "fullness") refers to the totality of God's powers. The heavenly pleroma is the center of divine life, a region of light "above" (the term is not to be understood spatially) our world, occupied by spiritual beings such as aeons (eternal beings) and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Archon_(Gnosticism)" title="Archon (Gnosticism)">archons</a>. Jesus is interpreted as an intermediary aeon who was sent from the pleroma, with whose aid humanity can recover the lost knowledge of the divine origins of humanity. The term is thus a central element of Gnostic <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a>. Pleroma is also used in the general Greek language, and is used by the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox church</a> in this general form, since the word appears in the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Epistle to the Colossians</a>. Proponents of the view that Paul was actually a gnostic, such as Elaine Pagels, view the reference in Colossians as a term that has to be interpreted in a gnostic sense. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emanation">Emanation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Emanation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">Emanationism</a></div> The Supreme Light or Consciousness descends through a series of stages, gradations, worlds, or hypostases, becoming progressively more material and embodied. In time it will turn around to return to the One (epistrophe), retracing its steps through spiritual knowledge and contemplation.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aeon">Aeon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Aeon">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aeon_(Gnosticism)" title="Aeon (Gnosticism)">Aeon (Gnosticism)</a></div> In many Gnostic systems, the aeons are the various emanations of the superior God or Monad. Beginning in certain Gnostic texts with the <a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">hermaphroditic</a> aeon <a href="/wiki/Barbelo" title="Barbelo">Barbelo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-apocryphon-105">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-allogenes-106">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-trimorph-107">[85]</a> the first emanated being, various interactions with the Monad occur which result in the emanation of successive pairs of aeons, often in male–female pairings called syzygies.<a href="#cite_note-valen_syzygy-108">[86]</a> The numbers of these pairings varied from text to text, though some identify their number as being thirty.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMead2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-109">[87]</a> The aeons as a totality constitute the pleroma, the "region of light". The lowest regions of the pleroma are closest to the darkness; that is, the physical world.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Two of the most commonly paired æons were Christ and Sophia (Greek: "Wisdom"); the latter refers to Christ as her "consort" in A Valentinian Exposition.<a href="#cite_note-valen_expos-110">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sophia">Sophia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sophia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sophia_(Gnosticism)" title="Sophia (Gnosticism)">Sophia (Gnosticism)</a></div> In Gnostic tradition, the name <a href="/wiki/Sophia_(Gnosticism)" title="Sophia (Gnosticism)">Sophia</a> (Σοφία, Greek for "wisdom") refers to the final emanation of God, and is identified with the <a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">anima mundi</a> or world-soul. She is occasionally referred to by the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> equivalent of Achamoth [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Gnosticism#Talk:Topic#https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Gnosticism#Sophia_in_Jewish_Gnosticism?" title="Talk:Gnosticism">discuss</a>] (this is a feature of Ptolemy's version of the Valentinian gnostic myth). Jewish Gnosticism with a focus on Sophia was active by 90 AD.<a href="#cite_note-111">[89]</a> In most, if not all, versions of the gnostic myth, Sophia births the demiurge, who in turn brings about the creation of materiality. The positive and negative depictions of materiality depend on the myth's depictions of Sophia's actions. Sophia in this highly patriarchal narrative is described as unruly and disobedient, which is due to her bringing a creation of chaos into the world.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-103">[82]</a> The creation of the Demiurge was an act done without her counterpart's consent and because of the predefined hierarchy between the two of them, this action contributed to the narrative that she was unruly and disobedient.<a href="#cite_note-112">[90]</a> Sophia, emanating without her partner, resulted in the production of the Demiurge (Greek: lit. "public builder"),<a href="#cite_note-newad_demi-113">[91]</a> who is also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Yaldabaoth" title="Yaldabaoth">Yaldabaoth</a> and variations thereof in some Gnostic texts.<a href="#cite_note-apocryphon-105">[83]</a> This creature is concealed outside the pleroma;<a href="#cite_note-apocryphon-105">[83]</a> in isolation, and thinking itself alone, it creates materiality and a host of co-actors, referred to as archons. The demiurge is responsible for the creation of humankind; trapping elements of the pleroma stolen from Sophia inside human bodies.<a href="#cite_note-apocryphon-105">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-hypostasis-114">[92]</a> In response, the Godhead emanates two savior aeons, Christ and the Holy Spirit; Christ then embodies itself in the form of Jesus, in order to be able to teach humans how to achieve gnosis, by which they may return to the pleroma.<a href="#cite_note-nhlintro-115">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demiurge">Demiurge</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Demiurge">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lion-faced_deity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lion-faced_deity.jpg/170px-Lion-faced_deity.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Lion-faced_deity.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="252" /></a><figcaption>A lion-faced deity found on a Gnostic gem in <a href="/wiki/Bernard_de_Montfaucon" title="Bernard de Montfaucon">Bernard de Montfaucon</a>'s L'antiquité expliquée et représentée en figures may be a depiction of <a href="/wiki/Demiurge#Yaldabaoth" title="Demiurge">Yaldabaoth</a>, the Demiurge; however, see <a href="/wiki/Mithraism#Lion_headed_figure" title="Mithraism">Mithraic Zervan Akarana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1991262-116">[94]</a></figcaption></figure> The term demiurge derives from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latinized</a> form of the Greek term dēmiourgos, δημιουργός, literally "public or skilled worker".<a href="#cite_note-119">[note 20]</a> This figure is also called "Yaldabaoth",<a href="#cite_note-apocryphon-105">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Samael" title="Samael">Samael</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>: sæmʻa-ʼel, "blind god"), or "Saklas" (<a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: sækla, "the foolish one"), who is sometimes ignorant of the superior god, and sometimes opposed to it; thus in the latter case he is correspondingly malevolent. Other names or identifications are <a href="/wiki/Ahriman" title="Ahriman">Ahriman</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>. This image of this particular creature is again identified in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> as such: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> Now in my vision this is how I saw the horses and their riders. They wore red, blue, and yellow breastplates, and the horses’ heads were like heads of lions, and out of their mouths came fire, smoke, and sulfur. By these three plagues of fire, smoke, and sulfur that came out of their mouths a third of the human race was killed. For the power of the horses is in their mouths and in their tails; for their tails are like snakes, with heads that inflict harm."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Revelation 9:17-19<a href="#cite_note-120">[96]</a></cite></div></blockquote> This is corroborated in the article above quoting the capricious nature of the form (calling itself many different names) and of Gnosticism founder, Simon Magus, whom in the Biblical Narrative the Acts of the Apostles is quoted as being a magician or sorcerer able to perform great tasks with his mouth but not with the Holy Spirit of YHWH the same Spirit of Yeshuah of Nazareth and Simon Peter, Simon Magus' opponent.<a href="#cite_note-121">[97]</a> Moral judgements of the demiurge vary from group to group within the broad category of Gnosticism, viewing materiality as being inherently evil, or as merely flawed and as good as its passive constituent matter allows.<a href="#cite_note-122">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archon">Archon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Archon">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Archon_(Gnosticism)" title="Archon (Gnosticism)">Archon (Gnosticism)</a></div> In late antiquity some variants of Gnosticism used the term archon to refer to several servants of the demiurge.<a href="#cite_note-hypostasis-114">[92]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Contra_Celsum" title="Contra Celsum">Contra Celsum</a>, a sect called the <a href="/wiki/Ophites" title="Ophites">Ophites</a> posited the existence of seven archons, beginning with Iadabaoth or Ialdabaoth, who created the six that follow: Iao, <a href="/wiki/Sabaoth" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabaoth">Sabaoth</a>, Adonaios, Elaios, Astaphanos, and Horaios.<a href="#cite_note-contra_celsum-123">[99]</a> Ialdabaoth had a head of a lion.<a href="#cite_note-apocryphon-105">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-mithraic_art-124">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_concepts">Other concepts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other concepts">edit</a>]</div> Other Gnostic concepts are:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagels1975-125">[101]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarkic" title="Sarkic">sarkic</a> – earthly, hidebound, ignorant, uninitiated. The lowest level of human thought; the fleshly, instinctive level of thinking.</li> <li>hylic – lowest order of the three types of human. Unable to be saved since their thinking is entirely material, incapable of understanding the gnosis.</li> <li>psychic – "soulful", partially initiated. Matter-dwelling spirits</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_(Gnosticism)" title="Pneumatic (Gnosticism)">pneumatic</a> – "spiritual", fully initiated, immaterial souls escaping the doom of the material world via gnosis.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenoma" title="Kenoma">kenoma</a> – the visible or manifest cosmos, "lower" than the pleroma</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charisma" title="Charisma">charisma</a> – gift, or energy, bestowed by pneumatics through oral teaching and personal encounters</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">logos</a> – the divine ordering principle of the cosmos; personified as Christ.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypostasis (religion)">hypostasis</a> – literally "that which stands beneath" the inner reality, emanation (appearance) of God, known to psychics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ousia" title="Ousia">ousia</a> – essence of God, known to <a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_(Gnosticism)" title="Pneumatic (Gnosticism)">pneumatics</a>. Specific individual things or being.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jesus_as_Gnostic_saviour">Jesus as Gnostic saviour</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Jesus as Gnostic saviour">edit</a>]</div> Jesus is identified by some Gnostics as an embodiment of the <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">supreme being</a> who became <a href="/wiki/Incarnate" class="mw-redirect" title="Incarnate">incarnate</a> to bring gnōsis to the earth,<a href="#cite_note-126">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-nhlintro-115">[93]</a> while others adamantly denied that the supreme being came in the flesh, claiming Jesus to be merely a human who attained <a href="/wiki/Divine_illumination" title="Divine illumination">enlightenment</a> through gnosis and taught his disciples to do the same.<a href="#cite_note-127">[103]</a> Others believed Jesus was divine, although did not have a physical body, reflected in the later <a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetist</a> movement. Among the <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a>, Jesus was considered a mšiha kdaba or "<a href="/wiki/False_messiah" class="mw-redirect" title="False messiah">false messiah</a>" who perverted the teachings entrusted to him by <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-macuch-128">[104]</a> Still other traditions identify <a href="/wiki/Mani_(prophet)" title="Mani (prophet)">Mani</a>, the founder of Manichaeism, and <a href="/wiki/Seth" title="Seth">Seth</a>, third son of <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a>, as salvific figures. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> Three periods can be discerned in the development of Gnosticism:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins20053530-129">[105]</a> <ul><li>Late-first century and early second century: development of Gnostic ideas, contemporaneous with the writing of the New Testament;</li> <li>mid-second century to early third century: high point of the classical Gnostic teachers and their systems, "who claimed that their systems represented the inner truth revealed by Jesus";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins20053530-129">[105]</a></li> <li>end of the second century to the fourth century: reaction by the proto-orthodox church and condemnation as heresy, and subsequent decline.</li></ul> During the first period, three types of tradition developed:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins20053530-129">[105]</a> <ul><li>Genesis was reinterpreted in Jewish milieux, viewing <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> as a jealous God who enslaved people; freedom was to be obtained from this jealous God;</li> <li>A wisdom tradition developed, in which Jesus' sayings were interpreted as pointers to an esoteric wisdom, in which the soul could be divinized through identification with wisdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins20053530-129">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[note 21]</a> Some of Jesus' sayings may have been incorporated into the gospels to put a limit on this development. The conflicts described in 1 Corinthians may have been inspired by a clash between this wisdom tradition and Paul's gospel of crucifixion and resurrection;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins20053530-129">[105]</a></li> <li>A mythical story developed about the descent of a heavenly creature to reveal the Divine world as the true home of human beings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins20053530-129">[105]</a> Jewish Christianity saw the Messiah, or Christ, as "an eternal aspect of God's hidden nature, his "spirit" and "truth", who revealed himself throughout sacred history".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagris20053516-68">[49]</a></li></ul> The movement spread in areas controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian</a> Goths,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2008293-132">[107]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Persian Empire</a>. It continued to develop in the Mediterranean and Middle East before and during the 2nd and 3rd centuries, but decline also set in during the third century, due to a growing aversion from the Nicene Church, and the economic and cultural deterioration of the Roman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagris20053519-133">[108]</a> Conversion to Islam, and the <a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade" title="Albigensian Crusade">Albigensian Crusade</a> (1209–1229), greatly reduced the remaining number of Gnostics throughout the Middle Ages, though Mandaean communities still exist in Iraq, Iran and diaspora communities. Gnostic and pseudo-gnostic ideas became influential in some of the philosophies of various esoteric <a href="/wiki/Mystical" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystical">mystical</a> movements of the 19th and 20th centuries in Europe and North America, including some that explicitly identify themselves as revivals or even continuations of earlier gnostic groups. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relation_with_early_Christianity">Relation with early Christianity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Relation with early Christianity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of Christian theology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Malmesbury Abbey's 1407 Bible from Belgium"><img alt="Malmesbury Abbey's 1407 Bible from Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/220px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/330px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/440px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Background</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity in early Christian theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">Proto-orthodox Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity">Template:History of Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Ecclesiastical polity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterology" title="Paterology">Paterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">Pneumatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_hermeneutics" title="Theological hermeneutics">Theological hermeneutics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_American_biblical_hermeneutics" title="African American biblical hermeneutics">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_biblical_hermeneutics" title="Asian American biblical hermeneutics">Asian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_theology" title="Philosophical theology">Philosophical theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Christian apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance" title="History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance">Persecution and tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_theology" title="Historical theology">Historical theology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_creeds" title="Ecumenical creeds">Ecumenical Creeds</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Definition" title="Chalcedonian Definition">Chalcedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Patristics" title="Patristics">Patristics</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Mothers" title="Desert Mothers">Desert Mothers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Post-Nicene development</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">Heresy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Palamas" title="Gregory Palamas">Palamas</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">95 Theses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_theology" title="Evangelical theology">theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five solae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">From the Reformation to the World Wars</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_theology" title="Natural theology">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_theology" title="Practical theology">Practical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakenings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restoration Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogmatic_theology" title="Dogmatic theology">Dogmatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_theology" title="Fundamental theology">Fundamental/foundational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Catholic Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Anglo-Catholicism" title="Liberal Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_critical_realism" title="Theological critical realism">Critical realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Since the World Wars</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situational_ethics" title="Situational ethics">Situational ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Nouvelle théologie (Ressourcement)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_God_theology" title="Death of God theology">Death of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberal_theology" title="Postliberal theology">Postliberal  • Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_theology" title="Postmodern theology">Continental philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_orthodoxy" title="Radical orthodoxy">Radical orthodoxy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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title="Evangelical theology">Evangelical theology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Contextual_theology" title="Contextual theology">Contextualisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inculturation" title="Inculturation">Inculturation</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_church_mission_theory" title="Indigenous church mission theory">Indigenous church mission theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Christian_theology" title="Sino-Christian theology">Sino-Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Feminist</a> in the broader movement of <a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_feminist_theology" title="Asian feminist theology">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_theology" title="Queer theology">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_theology" title="Dalit theology">Dalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_liberation_theology" title="Latin American liberation theology">Latin American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minjung_theology" title="Minjung theology">Minjung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_liberation_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian liberation theology">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_theology" title="Postcolonial theology">Postcolonial</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christian_theology" title="Template:History of Christian theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christian_theology" title="Template talk:History of Christian theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christian_theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christian theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Dillon notes that Gnosticism raises questions about the development of <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christianity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon201636-134">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthodoxy_and_heresy">Orthodoxy and heresy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Orthodoxy and heresy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity in early Christian theology</a></div> The Christian <a href="/wiki/Heresiology" title="Heresiology">heresiologists</a>, most notably <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a>, regarded Gnosticism as a Christian heresy. Modern scholarship notes that early Christianity was diverse, and Christian orthodoxy only settled in the 4th century, when the Roman Empire declined and Gnosticism lost its influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagels1979-135">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagris20053519-133">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins20053529-136">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon201636-134">[109]</a> Gnostics and proto-orthodox Christians shared some terminology. Initially, they were hard to distinguish from each other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins20053529–3530-137">[112]</a> According to Walter Bauer, "heresies" may well have been the original form of Christianity in many regions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer1979-138">[113]</a> This theme was further developed by Elaine Pagels,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcVey1981-139">[114]</a> who argues that "the proto-orthodox church found itself in debates with gnostic Christians that helped them to stabilize their own beliefs."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon201636-134">[109]</a> According to Gilles Quispel, Catholicism arose in response to Gnosticism, establishing safeguards in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">monarchic episcopate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">creed</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canons" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canons">canon</a> of holy books.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuispel20049-140">[115]</a> On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Larry_Hurtado" title="Larry Hurtado">Larry Hurtado</a> argues that <a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">proto-orthodox Christianity</a> was rooted into <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">first-century Christianity</a>: <blockquote>...to a remarkable extent early-second-century protoorthodox devotion to Jesus represents a concern to preserve, respect, promote, and develop what were by then becoming traditional expressions of belief and reverence, and that had originated in earlier years of the Christian movement. That is, proto-orthodox faith tended to affirm and develop devotional and confessional tradition [...] Arland Hultgren<a href="#cite_note-141">[116]</a> has shown that the roots of this appreciation of traditions of faith actually go back deeply and widely into first-century Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005495-142">[117]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_Jesus">Historical Jesus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Historical Jesus">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_comparative_mythology" title="Jesus in comparative mythology">Jesus in comparative mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Christ myth theory</a></div> The Gnostic movements may contain information about the historical Jesus, since some texts preserve sayings which show similarities with canonical sayings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon201631–32-143">[118]</a> Especially the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Gospel of Thomas">Gospel of Thomas</a> has a significant amount of parallel sayings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon201631–32-143">[118]</a> Yet, a striking difference is that the canonical sayings center on the coming endtime, while the Thomas-sayings center on a kingdom of heaven that is already here, and not a future event.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon201632-144">[119]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Koester" title="Helmut Koester">Helmut Koester</a>, this is because the Thomas-sayings are older, implying that in the earliest forms of Christianity, Jesus was regarded as a wisdom-teacher.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon201632-144">[119]</a> An alternative hypothesis states that the Thomas authors wrote in the second century, changing existing sayings and eliminating the apocalyptic concerns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon201632-144">[119]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/April_DeConick" title="April DeConick">April DeConick</a>, such a change occurred when the end time did not come, and the Thomasine tradition turned toward a "new theology of mysticism" and a "theological commitment to a fully-present kingdom of heaven here and now, where their church had attained Adam and Eve's divine status before the Fall."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon201632-144">[119]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/John_P._Meier" title="John P. Meier">John P. Meier</a>, scholars predominantly conclude that the gospel of Thomas depends on or harmonizes the Synoptics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeier1991135–138-6">[6]</a> Meier has repeatedly argued against the historicity of the Gospel of Thomas, stating that it cannot be a reliable source for <a href="/wiki/The_Quest_of_the_Historical_Jesus" title="The Quest of the Historical Jesus">the quest of the historical Jesus</a> and also considers it a Gnostic text.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeier1991110-145">[120]</a> He has also argued against the authenticity of the parables found exclusively in the Gospel of Thomas.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeier2016[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-146">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Johannine_literature">Johannine literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Johannine literature">edit</a>]</div> The prologue of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> describes the incarnated <a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a>, the light that came to earth, in the person of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon201633-147">[122]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Apocryphon_of_John" title="Apocryphon of John">Apocryphon of John</a> contains a scheme of three descendants from the heavenly realm, the third one being Jesus, just as in the Gospel of John. The similarities probably point to a relationship between gnostic ideas and the Johannine community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon201633-147">[122]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Raymond Brown</a>, the Gospel of John shows "the development of certain gnostic ideas, especially Christ as heavenly revealer, the emphasis on light versus darkness, and anti-Jewish animus."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon201633-147">[122]</a> The Johannine material reveals debates about the redeemer myth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins20053530-129">[105]</a> The Johannine letters show that there were different interpretations of the gospel story, and the Johannine images may have contributed to second-century Gnostic ideas about Jesus as a redeemer who descended from heaven.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins20053530-129">[105]</a> According to DeConick, the Gospel of John shows a "transitional system from early Christianity to gnostic beliefs in a God who transcends our world."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon201633-147">[122]</a> According to DeConick, John may show a bifurcation of the idea of the Jewish God into Jesus' Father in Heaven and the Jews' father, "the Father of the Devil" (most translations say "of [your] father the Devil"), which may have developed into the gnostic idea of the Monad and the Demiurge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon201633-147">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paul_and_Gnosticism">Paul and Gnosticism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Paul and Gnosticism">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> calls <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a> "the apostle of the heretics",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2016107-148">[123]</a> because Paul's writings were attractive to gnostics, and interpreted in a gnostic way, while Jewish Christians found him to stray from the Jewish roots of Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2016107–108-149">[124]</a> In <a href="/wiki/I_Corinthians" class="mw-redirect" title="I Corinthians">I Corinthians</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Corinthians+8:10&version=nkjv">1 Corinthians 8:10</a>), Paul refers to some church members as "having knowledge" (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: τὸν ἔχοντα γνῶσιν, ton echonta gnosin). <a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">James Dunn</a> writes that in some cases, Paul affirmed views that were closer to Gnosticism than to proto-orthodox Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2016108-150">[125]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>, the disciples of Valentinus said that Valentinus was a student of a certain <a href="/wiki/Theudas_(teacher_of_Valentinus)" title="Theudas (teacher of Valentinus)">Theudas</a>, who was a student of Paul,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2016108-150">[125]</a> and Elaine Pagels notes that Paul's epistles were interpreted by Valentinus in a gnostic way, and Paul could be considered a <a href="/wiki/Proto-Gnosticism" title="Proto-Gnosticism">proto-gnostic</a> as well as a proto-<a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagels1975-125">[101]</a> Many Nag Hammadi texts, including, for example, the Prayer of Paul and the Coptic Apocalypse of Paul, consider Paul to be "the great apostle".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2016108-150">[125]</a> The fact that he claimed to have received his gospel directly by revelation from God appealed to the gnostics, who claimed gnosis from the risen Christ.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2016109-151">[126]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Naassenes" title="Naassenes">Naassenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cainite" class="mw-redirect" title="Cainite">Cainites</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinians</a> referred to Paul's epistles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2016109–110-152">[127]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Jesus_Mysteries" title="The Jesus Mysteries">Timothy Freke and Peter Gandy</a> have expanded upon this idea of Paul as a gnostic teacher;<a href="#cite_note-153">[128]</a> although their premise that Jesus was invented by early Christians based on an alleged Greco-Roman mystery cult has been dismissed by scholars.<a href="#cite_note-154">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[note 22]</a> However, his revelation was different from the gnostic revelations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2016111-156">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_movements">Major movements</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Major movements">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judean–Israelite_Gnosticism">Judean–Israelite Gnosticism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Judean–Israelite Gnosticism">edit</a>]</div> Although Elkesaites and Mandaeans were found mainly in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> in the first few centuries of the common era, their origins appear to be Judean–Israelite in the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordan valley">Jordan valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ElkJI-157">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-lightfoot1875-158">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2010109-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elkesaites">Elkesaites</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Elkesaites">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Elcesaites" title="Elcesaites">Elcesaites</a></div> The Elkesaites were a Judeo-Christian baptismal sect that originated in the Transjordan and were active between 100 and 400 AD.<a href="#cite_note-ElkJI-157">[131]</a> The members of this sect performed frequent baptisms for purification and had a Gnostic disposition.<a href="#cite_note-ElkJI-157">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-159">[133]</a>: 123  The sect is named after its leader Elkesai.<a href="#cite_note-160">[134]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lightfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Lightfoot">Joseph Lightfoot</a>, the Church Father <a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius</a> (writing in the 4th century AD) seems to make a distinction between two main groups within the <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>:<a href="#cite_note-lightfoot1875-158">[132]</a> "Of those that came before his [Elxai (Elkesai), an Ossaean prophet] time and during it, the Ossaeans and the <a href="/wiki/Nazarene_(sect)#Nasoraean_Mandaeans" title="Nazarene (sect)">Nasaraeans</a>."<a href="#cite_note-panarion1-19-161">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Mandaeism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandaeans_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Mandaeans_03.jpg/220px-Mandaeans_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Mandaeans_03.jpg/330px-Mandaeans_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Mandaeans_03.jpg/440px-Mandaeans_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>Mandaeans in prayer during <a href="/wiki/Baptism#Mandaean_baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Mandaeism" title="Category:Mandaeism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Drabsha" title="Drabsha"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg/100px-Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg/150px-Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg/200px-Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="1615" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Prophets</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth" title="Seth">Seth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shem" title="Shem">Shem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Names for adherents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabians" title="Sabians">Sabians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_(sect)#Nasoraean_Mandaeans" title="Nazarene (sect)">Nasoraeans</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gnostics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mandaean_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mandaean texts">Scriptures</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ginza_Rabba" title="Ginza Rabba">Ginza Rabba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_Ginza" title="Right Ginza">Right Ginza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Ginza" title="Left Ginza">Left Ginza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_Book_of_John" title="Mandaean Book of John">Mandaean Book of John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qulasta" title="Qulasta">Qulasta</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Qulasta_prayers" title="List of Qulasta prayers">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haran_Gawaita" title="Haran Gawaita">Haran Gawaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wedding_of_the_Great_Shishlam" title="The Wedding of the Great Shishlam">The Wedding of the Great Shishlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Baptism_of_Hibil_Ziwa" title="The Baptism of Hibil Ziwa">The Baptism of Hibil Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Abatur" class="mw-redirect" title="Diwan Abatur">Diwan Abatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Thousand_and_Twelve_Questions" title="The Thousand and Twelve Questions">The Thousand and Twelve Questions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_of_Exalted_Kingship" title="Scroll of Exalted Kingship">Scroll of Exalted Kingship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Coronation_of_the_Great_Shishlam" title="The Coronation of the Great Shishlam">The Coronation of the Great Shishlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alma_Ri%C5%A1aia_Rba" title="Alma Rišaia Rba">Alma Rišaia Rba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alma_Ri%C5%A1aia_Zu%E1%B9%ADa" title="Alma Rišaia Zuṭa">Alma Rišaia Zuṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zihrun_Raza_Kasia" title="Zihrun Raza Kasia">Zihrun Raza Kasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_of_the_Parwanaya" title="Scroll of the Parwanaya">Scroll of the Parwanaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Zodiac" title="Book of the Zodiac">Book of the Zodiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmut_Ku%C5%A1%E1%B9%ADa" title="Dmut Kušṭa">Dmut Kušṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_of_the_Rivers" title="Scroll of the Rivers">Scroll of the Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secrets_of_the_Ancestors" title="Secrets of the Ancestors">Secrets of the Ancestors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_of_the_Ancestors" title="Scroll of the Ancestors">Scroll of the Ancestors</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_priest" title="Mandaean priest">Priests</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rishama" title="Rishama">Rishama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganzibra" title="Ganzibra">Ganzibra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarmida" title="Tarmida">Tarmida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shganda" title="Shganda">Shganda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Individual leaders</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miriai" title="Miriai">Miriai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shlama_beth_Qidra" title="Shlama beth Qidra">Shlama beth Qidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazai_of_Gawazta" title="Zazai of Gawazta">Zazai of Gawazta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anush_Bar_Danqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anush Bar Danqa">Anush Bar Danqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Bihram" title="Yahya Bihram">Yahya Bihram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakhil_Aidan" title="Dakhil Aidan">Dakhil Aidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabbar_Choheili" title="Jabbar Choheili">Jabbar Choheili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattar_Jabbar_Hilow" title="Sattar Jabbar Hilow">Sattar Jabbar Hilow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najah_Choheili" title="Najah Choheili">Najah Choheili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Choheili" title="Salah Choheili">Salah Choheili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brikha_Nasoraia" title="Brikha Nasoraia">Brikha Nasoraia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Rituals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masbuta" title="Masbuta">Masbuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masiqta" title="Masiqta">Masiqta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamasha_(ablution)" title="Tamasha (ablution)">Tamasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishama_(ablution)" title="Rishama (ablution)">Rishama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushta" title="Kushta">Kushta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabin" title="Qabin">Qabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misha_(Mandaeism)" title="Misha (Mandaeism)">Misha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ritual food and drink</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mambuha" title="Mambuha">Mambuha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halalta" title="Halalta">Halalta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamra_(Mandaeism)" title="Hamra (Mandaeism)">Hamra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pihta" title="Pihta">Pihta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatira" title="Fatira">Fatira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zidqa_brikha" title="Zidqa brikha">Zidqa brikha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofani" title="Lofani">Lofani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_(Mandaeism)" title="Sa (Mandaeism)">Sa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukrana" title="Dukrana">Dukrana</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Belief in Oneness of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brakha" title="Brakha">Daily prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masbuta" title="Masbuta">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauma" title="Sauma">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zidqa" title="Zidqa">Almsgiving</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Objects and symbols</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drabsha" title="Drabsha">Drabsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasta_(Mandaeism)" title="Rasta (Mandaeism)">Rasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burzinqa" title="Burzinqa">Burzinqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandama" title="Pandama">Pandama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klila" title="Klila">Klila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taga_(Mandaeism)" title="Taga (Mandaeism)">Taga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riha_(Mandaeism)" title="Riha (Mandaeism)">Riha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandola" title="Skandola">Skandola</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_cosmology" title="Mandaean cosmology">Cosmology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Hayyi Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_of_Light" title="World of Light">World of Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mana_(Mandaeism)" title="Mana (Mandaeism)">Mana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manda_(Mandaeism)" title="Manda (Mandaeism)">Manda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthra" title="Uthra">Uthra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manda_d-Hayyi" title="Manda d-Hayyi">Manda d-Hayyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yushamin" title="Yushamin">Yushamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abatur" title="Abatur">Abatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptahil" title="Ptahil">Ptahil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibil" title="Hibil">Hibil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shitil" title="Shitil">Shitil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anush_(Mandaeism)" title="Anush (Mandaeism)">Anush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Ziwa" title="Sam Ziwa">Sam Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihram" title="Bihram">Bihram Rabba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adathan" class="mw-redirect" title="Adathan">Adathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yadathan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yadathan">Yadathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilmai" title="Shilmai">Shilmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidbai" title="Nidbai">Nidbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawar_Ziwa" title="Yawar Ziwa">Yawar Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simat_Hayyi" title="Simat Hayyi">Simat Hayyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yufin-Yufafin" title="Yufin-Yufafin">Yufin-Yufafin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsab" title="Nsab">Nsab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nbat" title="Nbat">Nbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gubran" title="Gubran">Gubran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihlun" title="Shihlun">Shihlun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfeil" class="mw-redirect" title="Urfeil">Urfeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marfeil" class="mw-redirect" title="Marfeil">Marfeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saureil" title="Saureil">Saureil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zihrun" title="Zihrun">Zihrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etinsib_Ziwa" title="Etinsib Ziwa">Etinsib Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piriawis" title="Piriawis">Piriawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarwan" title="Tarwan">Tarwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yura_(Mandaeism)" title="Yura (Mandaeism)">Yura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yurba" title="Yurba">Yurba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukashar" title="Yukashar">Yukashar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziwa_(Aramaic)#Mandaeism" title="Ziwa (Aramaic)">Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrat" title="Shahrat">Shahrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Malwasha">Malwasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishimta" title="Nishimta">Nishimta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinanukht" title="Dinanukht">Dinanukht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shishlam" title="Shishlam">Shishlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezlat" title="Ezlat">Ezlat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shkinta" title="Shkinta">škina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmuta" title="Dmuta">Dmuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mshunia_Kushta" title="Mshunia Kushta">Mshunia Kushta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_kasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam kasia">Adam kasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_pagria" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam pagria">Adam pagria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatrin" title="Shatrin">Shatrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laufa" title="Laufa">Laufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitfun" title="Hitfun">Hitfun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibil" title="Tibil">Tibil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_of_Darkness_(Mandaeism)" title="World of Darkness (Mandaeism)">World of Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Suf" title="Sea of Suf">Sea of Suf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siniawis" title="Siniawis">Siniawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matarta" title="Matarta">Matarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruha" title="Ruha">Ruha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur_(Mandaeism)" title="Ur (Mandaeism)">Ur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krun" title="Krun">Krun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaf_(Mandaeism)" title="Gaf (Mandaeism)">Gaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_(Mandaeism)" title="Qin (Mandaeism)">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahreil" title="Zahreil">Zahreil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anathan" title="Anathan">Anathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giu_(Mandaeism)" title="Giu (Mandaeism)">Giu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shdum" title="Shdum">Shdum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zartai-Zartanai" title="Zartai-Zartanai">Zartai-Zartanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hag_and_Mag" title="Hag and Mag">Hag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hag_and_Mag" title="Hag and Mag">Mag</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_calendar#Festivals" title="Mandaean calendar">Festivals</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parwanaya" title="Parwanaya">Parwanaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwa_Rabba" title="Dehwa Rabba">Dehwa Rabba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwa_d-Shishlam_Rabba" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehwa d-Shishlam Rabba">Dehwa d-Shishlam Rabba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwa_Daimana" title="Dehwa Daimana">Dehwa Daimana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwa_Hanina" title="Dehwa Hanina">Dehwa Hanina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Haris" title="Abu al-Haris">Abu al-Haris</a> (Ashoriya)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_calendar#Festivals" title="Mandaean calendar">Ead Fel</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Places</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yardna" title="Yardna">Yardena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Manda" class="mw-redirect" title="Beth Manda">Beth Manda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shkinta" title="Shkinta">Shkinta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andiruna" title="Andiruna">Andiruna</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Brakha" title="Brakha">Prayers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sidra_d-Nishmata" title="Sidra d-Nishmata">Sidra d-Nishmata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asut_Malkia" title="Asut Malkia">Asut Malkia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushuma" title="Rushuma">Rushuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahma_(Mandaeism)" title="Rahma (Mandaeism)">Rahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabahatan" title="Tabahatan">Tabahatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shumhata" title="Shumhata">Shumhata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bshuma" title="Bshuma">Bshuma</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px lightblue solid; border-bottom:1px lightblue solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mandaeism" title="Template:Mandaeism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mandaeism" title="Template talk:Mandaeism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mandaeism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mandaeism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Mandaeism is a Gnostic, <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">ethnic religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mandaens-162">[136]</a>: 4 <a href="#cite_note-163">[137]</a> The Mandaeans are an <a href="/wiki/Ethnoreligious_group" title="Ethnoreligious group">ethnoreligious group</a> that speak a dialect of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Aramaic_languages" title="Eastern Aramaic languages">Eastern Aramaic</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Mandaic_language" title="Mandaic language">Mandaic</a>. They are the only surviving Gnostics from antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-DEUTSCH2-13">[13]</a> Their religion has been practiced primarily around the lower <a href="/wiki/Karun" title="Karun">Karun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> and the rivers that surround the <a href="/wiki/Shatt-al-Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Shatt-al-Arab">Shatt-al-Arab</a> waterway, part of southern Iraq and <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan Province">Khuzestan Province</a> in Iran. Mandaeism is still practiced in small numbers, in parts of southern Iraq and the Iranian province of <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan">Khuzestan</a>, and there are thought to be between 60,000 and 70,000 Mandaeans worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-yaledailynews-164">[138]</a> The name 'Mandaean' comes from the Aramaic <a href="/wiki/Manda_(Mandaeism)" title="Manda (Mandaeism)">manda</a> meaning knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-Rudolph-165">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist#Mandaeism" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> is a key figure in the religion, as an emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Baptism#Mandaean_Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> is part of their core beliefs. According to <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Deutsch" title="Nathaniel Deutsch">Nathaniel Deutsch</a>, "Mandaean anthropogony echoes both rabbinic and gnostic accounts."<a href="#cite_note-166">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a> revere <a href="/wiki/Adam#In_Mandaeism" title="Adam">Adam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abel#Mandaean_interpretation" title="Abel">Abel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seth#Mandaeism" title="Seth">Seth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enos_(biblical_figure)#In_Mandaeism" title="Enos (biblical figure)">Enos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noah#Gnosticism" title="Noah">Noah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shem#In_Mandaeism" title="Shem">Shem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aram,_son_of_Shem" title="Aram, son of Shem">Aram</a>, and especially John the Baptist. Significant amounts of original Mandaean Scripture, written in <a href="/wiki/Mandaean_Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandaean Aramaic">Mandaean Aramaic</a>, survive in the modern era. The most important holy scripture is known as the <a href="/wiki/Ginza_Rabba" title="Ginza Rabba">Ginza Rabba</a> and has portions identified by some scholars as being copied as early as the 2nd–3rd centuries,<a href="#cite_note-auto2-159">[133]</a> while others such as S. F. Dunlap place it in the 1st century.<a href="#cite_note-167">[141]</a> There is also the <a href="/wiki/Qulasta" title="Qulasta">Qulasta</a> (Mandaean prayerbook) and the <a href="/wiki/Mandaean_Book_of_John" title="Mandaean Book of John">Mandaean Book of John</a> (Sidra ḏ'Yahia) and other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mandaean_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mandaean scriptures">scriptures</a>. Mandaeans believe that there is a constant battle or conflict between the forces of good and evil. The forces of good are represented by Nhura (Light) and Maia Hayyi (<a href="/wiki/Living_Water#In_Gnosticism" title="Living Water">Living Water</a>) and those of evil are represented by Hshuka (Darkness) and Maia Tahmi (dead or rancid water). The two waters are mixed in all things in order to achieve a balance. Mandaeans also believe in an afterlife or heaven called Alma d-Nhura (<a href="/wiki/World_of_Light" title="World of Light">World of Light</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Nashmi-168">[142]</a> In Mandaeism, the World of Light is ruled by a Supreme God, known as <a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Hayyi Rabbi</a> ('The Great Life' or 'The Great Living God').<a href="#cite_note-Nashmi-168">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-159">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rudolph-165">[139]</a> God is so great, vast, and incomprehensible that no words can fully depict how immense God is. It is believed that an innumerable number of <a href="/wiki/Uthra" title="Uthra">Uthras</a> (angels or guardians),<a href="#cite_note-Buckley_2002-80">[61]</a>: 8  manifested from the light, surround and perform acts of worship to praise and honor God. They inhabit worlds separate from the lightworld and some are commonly referred to as emanations and are subservient beings to the Supreme God who is also known as 'The First Life'. Their names include Second, Third, and Fourth Life (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Yushamin" title="Yushamin">Yōšamin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abathur" class="mw-redirect" title="Abathur">Abathur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ptahil" title="Ptahil">Ptahil</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudolph1987-169">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-Buckley_2002-80">[61]</a>: 8  The Lord of Darkness (<a href="/wiki/Krun" title="Krun">Krun</a>) is the ruler of the <a href="/wiki/World_of_Darkness_(Mandaeism)" title="World of Darkness (Mandaeism)">World of Darkness</a> formed from dark waters representing chaos.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudolph1987-169">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-159">[133]</a> A main defender of the darkworld is a giant monster, or dragon, with the name <a href="/wiki/Ur_(Mandaeism)" title="Ur (Mandaeism)">Ur</a>, and an evil, female ruler also inhabits the darkworld, known as <a href="/wiki/Ruha" title="Ruha">Ruha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudolph1987-169">[143]</a> The Mandaeans believe these malevolent rulers created demonic offspring who consider themselves the owners of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven planets">seven planets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">twelve zodiac constellations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudolph1987-169">[143]</a> According to Mandaean beliefs, the material world is a mixture of light and dark created by <a href="/wiki/Ptahil" title="Ptahil">Ptahil</a>, who fills the role of the <a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">demiurge</a>, with help from dark powers, such as <a href="/wiki/Ruha" title="Ruha">Ruha</a> the Seven, and the Twelve.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudolph1987343–366-170">[144]</a> Adam's body (believed to be the first human created by God in Abrahamic tradition) was fashioned by these dark beings, however his soul (or mind) was a direct creation from the Light. Therefore, Mandaeans believe the human soul is capable of salvation because it originates from the World of Light. The soul, sometimes referred to as the 'inner Adam' or <a href="/wiki/Adam_kasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam kasia">Adam kasia</a>, is in dire need of being rescued from the dark, so it may ascend into the heavenly realm of the World of Light.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudolph1987-169">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Masbuta" title="Masbuta">Baptisms</a> are a central theme in Mandaeism, believed to be necessary for the redemption of the soul. Mandaeans do not perform a single baptism, as in religions such as Christianity; rather, they view baptisms as a ritual act capable of bringing the soul closer to salvation.<a href="#cite_note-McGrath-171">[145]</a> Therefore, Mandaeans are baptized repeatedly during their lives.<a href="#cite_note-172">[146]</a> Mandaeans consider John the Baptist to have been a <a href="/wiki/Nazarene_(sect)#Nasoraean_Mandaeans" title="Nazarene (sect)">Nasoraean Mandaean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-159">[133]</a>: 3 <a href="#cite_note-173">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-manaus-174">[148]</a> John is referred to as their greatest and final teacher.<a href="#cite_note-Buckley_2002-80">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-159">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jorunn_J._Buckley" class="mw-redirect" title="Jorunn J. Buckley">Jorunn J. Buckley</a> and other scholars specializing in Mandaeism believe that the Mandaeans originated about two thousand years ago in the Judean region and moved east due to persecution.<a href="#cite_note-Buckley2021-175">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2010109-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[150]</a> Others claim a southwestern Mesopotamia origin.<a href="#cite_note-auto-177">[151]</a> However, some scholars take the view that Mandaeism is older and dates from pre-Christian times.<a href="#cite_note-178">[152]</a> Mandaeans assert that their religion predates Judaism, Christianity, and Islam as a monotheistic faith.<a href="#cite_note-179">[153]</a> Mandaeans believe that they descend directly from Shem, Noah's son,<a href="#cite_note-auto2-159">[133]</a>: 182  and also from John the Baptist's original disciples.<a href="#cite_note-DrowerHaranGawaita-180">[154]</a> Due to paraphrases and word-for-word translations from the Mandaean originals found in the <a href="/wiki/Psalms_of_Thomas" title="Psalms of Thomas">Psalms of Thomas</a>, it is now believed that the pre-Manichaean presence of the Mandaean religion is more than likely.<a href="#cite_note-DrowerHaranGawaita-180">[154]</a>: IX <a href="#cite_note-181">[155]</a> The Valentinians embraced a Mandaean baptismal formula in their rituals in the 2nd century CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2010109-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Birger_A._Pearson" title="Birger A. Pearson">Birger A. Pearson</a> compares the <a href="/wiki/Five_Seals" title="Five Seals">Five Seals</a> of Sethianism, which he believes is a reference to quintuple ritual immersion in water, to Mandaean <a href="/wiki/Masbuta" title="Masbuta">masbuta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pearson-182">[156]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Jorunn_J._Buckley" class="mw-redirect" title="Jorunn J. Buckley">Jorunn J. Buckley</a>, "Sethian Gnostic literature ... is related, perhaps as a younger sibling, to Mandaean baptism ideology."<a href="#cite_note-183">[157]</a> In addition to accepting Mandaeism's Israelite or Judean origins, Buckley adds: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">[T]he Mandaeans may well have become the inventors of – or at least contributors to the development of – Gnosticism ... and they produced the most voluminous Gnostic literature we know, in one language... influenc[ing] the development of Gnostic and other religious groups in late antiquity [e.g. Manichaeism, Valentianism].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2010109-14">[14]</a> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Samaritan_Baptist_sects">Samaritan Baptist sects</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Samaritan Baptist sects">edit</a>]</div> According to Magris, Samaritan Baptist sects were an offshoot of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagris20053515-184">[158]</a> One offshoot was in turn headed by <a href="/wiki/Dositheos_(Samaritan)" title="Dositheos (Samaritan)">Dositheus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Magus" title="Simon Magus">Simon Magus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Menander_(gnostic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menander (gnostic)">Menander</a>. It was in this milieu that the idea emerged that the world was created by ignorant angels. Their baptismal ritual removed the consequences of sin, and led to a regeneration by which natural death, which was caused by these angels, was overcome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagris20053515-184">[158]</a> The Samaritan leaders were viewed as "the embodiment of God's power, spirit, or wisdom, and as the redeemer and revealer of 'true knowledge'".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagris20053515-184">[158]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Simonians" title="Simonians">Simonians</a> were centered on Simon Magus, the magician baptised by Philip and rebuked by Peter in Acts 8, who became in early Christianity the archetypal false teacher. The ascription by Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, and others of a connection between schools in their time and the individual in Acts 8 may be as legendary as the stories attached to him in various apocryphal books. Justin Martyr identifies Menander of Antioch as Simon Magus' pupil. According to Hippolytus, Simonianism is an earlier form of the <a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinian doctrine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[159]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Quqites" title="Quqites">Quqites</a> were a group who followed a <a href="/wiki/Samaritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan">Samaritan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a> type of Gnosticism in 2nd-century AD <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a> and in the vicinity of what is today northern <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. The sect was named after their founder Quq, known as "the potter". The Quqite ideology arose in <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, in the 2nd century. The Quqites stressed the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, made changes in the New Testament, associated twelve prophets with twelve apostles, and held that the latter corresponded to the same number of <a href="/wiki/Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospels">gospels</a>. Their beliefs seem to have been eclectic, with elements of Judaism, Christianity, paganism, astrology, and Gnosticism. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syrian-Egyptian_Gnosticism">Syrian-Egyptian Gnosticism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Syrian-Egyptian Gnosticism">edit</a>]</div> Syrian-Egyptian Gnosticism includes <a href="/wiki/Sethianism" title="Sethianism">Sethianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basilideans" title="Basilideans">Basilideans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Thomas" title="Acts of Thomas">Thomasine</a> traditions, and <a href="/wiki/Ophites" title="Ophites">Serpent Gnostics</a>, as well as a number of other minor groups and writers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagris20053517–3519-186">[160]</a> Hermeticism is also a western Gnostic tradition,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagris20053519-133">[108]</a> though it differs in some respects from these other groups.<a href="#cite_note-Hoeller-187">[161]</a> The Syrian–Egyptian school derives much of its outlook from Platonist influences. It depicts creation in a series of <a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">emanations</a> from a primal monadic source, finally resulting in the creation of the material universe. These schools tend to view evil in terms of matter that is markedly inferior to goodness and lacking spiritual insight and goodness rather than as an equal force. Many of these movements used texts related to Christianity, with some identifying themselves as specifically Christian, though quite different from the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Orthodox</a> or <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> forms. <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> and several of his apostles, such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas the Apostle</a>, claimed as the founder of the Thomasine form of Gnosticism, figure in many Gnostic texts. <a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a> is respected as a Gnostic leader, and is considered superior to the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve apostles">twelve apostles</a> by some gnostic texts, such as the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mary" title="Gospel of Mary">Gospel of Mary</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John the Evangelist</a> is claimed as a Gnostic by some Gnostic interpreters,<a href="#cite_note-188">[162]</a> as is even <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Tarsus">St. Paul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagels1975-125">[101]</a> Most of the literature from this category is known to us through the Nag Hammadi Library. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sethite-Barbeloite">Sethite-Barbeloite</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sethite-Barbeloite">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sethianism" title="Sethianism">Sethianism</a></div> Sethianism was one of the main currents of Gnosticism during the 2nd to 3rd centuries, and the prototype of Gnosticism as condemned by Irenaeus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuispel20053510-189">[163]</a> Sethianism attributed its gnosis to <a href="/wiki/Seth" title="Seth">Seth</a>, third son of <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norea" title="Norea">Norea</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>, who also plays a role in <a href="/wiki/Mandeanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandeanism">Mandeanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manicheanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manicheanism">Manicheanism</a>. Their main text is the Apocryphon of John, which does not contain Christian elements,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuispel20053510-189">[163]</a> and is an amalgam of two earlier myths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagris20053517-190">[164]</a> Earlier texts such as <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Adam" title="Apocalypse of Adam">Apocalypse of Adam</a> show signs of being pre-Christian and focus on Seth, third son of Adam and Eve.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETemporiniVogtHaase1983-191">[165]</a> Later Sethian texts continue to interact with Platonism. Sethian texts such as <a href="/wiki/Zostrianos" title="Zostrianos">Zostrianos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allogenes" title="Allogenes">Allogenes</a> draw on the imagery of older Sethian texts, but use "a large fund of philosophical conceptuality derived from contemporary Platonism, (that is, late middle Platonism) with no traces of Christian content."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner198659-74">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[note 23]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/John_D._Turner" title="John D. Turner">John D. Turner</a>, German and American scholarship views Sethianism as "a distinctly inner-Jewish, albeit syncretistic and heterodox, phenomenon", while British and French scholarship tends to see Sethianism as "a form of heterodox Christian speculation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2001257-193">[166]</a> Roelof van den Broek notes that "Sethianism" may never have been a separate religious movement, and that the term refers rather to a set of mythological themes which occur in various texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroek201328-194">[167]</a> According to Smith, Sethianism may have begun as a pre-Christian tradition, possibly a <a href="/wiki/Syncretic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncretic">syncretic</a> cult that incorporated elements of Christianity and Platonism as it grew.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2004-195">[168]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Hildegard_Temporini-Gr%C3%A4fin_Vitzthum" title="Hildegard Temporini-Gräfin Vitzthum">Temporini</a>, Vogt, and Haase, early Sethians may be identical to or related to the <a href="/wiki/Nazarenes_(sect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazarenes (sect)">Nazarenes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ophites" title="Ophites">Ophites</a>, or the sectarian group called <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heretics</a> by <a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETemporiniVogtHaase1983-191">[165]</a> According to Turner, Sethianism was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonism</a>, and originated in the second century as a fusion of a Jewish baptizing group of possibly priestly lineage, the so-called Barbeloites,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2001257–258-196">[169]</a> named after <a href="/wiki/Barbelo" title="Barbelo">Barbelo</a>, the first emanation of the Highest God, and a group of Biblical exegetes, the Sethites, the "seed of <a href="/wiki/Seth" title="Seth">Seth</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2001258-197">[170]</a> At the end of the second century, Sethianism grew apart from the developing Christian orthodoxy, which rejected the <a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetic</a> view of the Sethians on Christ.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2001259-198">[171]</a> In the early third century, Sethianism was fully rejected by Christian heresiologists, as Sethianism shifted toward the contemplative practices of Platonism while losing interest in their primal origins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2001259–260-199">[172]</a> In the late third century, Sethianism was attacked by neo-Platonists like <a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a>, and Sethianism became alienated from Platonism. In the early to mid-fourth century, Sethianism fragmented into various sectarian Gnostic groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Archontics" title="Archontics">Archontics</a>, Audians, <a href="/wiki/Borborites" title="Borborites">Borborites</a>, and Phibionites, and perhaps <a href="/wiki/Stratiotici" title="Stratiotici">Stratiotici</a>, and Secundians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2001260-200">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner198659-74">[55]</a> Some of these groups existed into the Middle Ages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2001260-200">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Valentinianism">Valentinianism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Valentinianism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinianism</a></div> Valentinianism was named after its founder <a href="/wiki/Valentinus_(Gnostic)" title="Valentinus (Gnostic)">Valentinus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 100 – c. 180), who was a candidate for <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> of Rome but started his own group when another was chosen.<a href="#cite_note-201">[174]</a> Valentinianism flourished after mid-second century. The school was popular, spreading to Northwest Africa and Egypt, and through to Asia Minor and Syria in the east,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen1985244-202">[175]</a> and Valentinus is specifically named as gnostikos by Irenaeus. It was an intellectually vibrant tradition,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkschies200394-203">[176]</a> with an elaborate and philosophically "dense" form of Gnosticism. Valentinus' students elaborated on his teachings and materials, and several varieties of their central myth are known. Valentinian Gnosticism may have been monistic rather than dualistic.<a href="#cite_note-206">[note 24]</a> In the Valentinian myths, the creation of a flawed materiality is not due to any moral failing on the part of the Demiurge, but due to the fact that he is less perfect than the superior entities from which he emanated.<a href="#cite_note-val_mon-207">[179]</a> Valentinians treat physical reality with less contempt than other Gnostic groups, and conceive of materiality not as a separate substance from the divine, but as attributable to an error of perception which becomes symbolized mythopoetically as the act of material creation.<a href="#cite_note-val_mon-207">[179]</a> The followers of Valentinus attempted to systematically decode the Epistles, claiming that most Christians made the mistake of reading the Epistles literally rather than allegorically. Valentinians understood the conflict between Jews and Gentiles in <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a> to be a coded reference to the differences between Psychics (people who are partly spiritual but have not yet achieved separation from carnality) and <a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_(Gnosticism)" title="Pneumatic (Gnosticism)">Pneumatics</a> (totally spiritual people). The Valentinians argued that such codes were intrinsic in gnosticism, secrecy being important to ensuring proper progression to true inner understanding.<a href="#cite_note-208">[note 25]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Bentley_Layton" title="Bentley Layton">Bentley Layton</a> "Classical Gnosticism" and "The School of Thomas" antedated and influenced the development of Valentinus, whom Layton called "the great [Gnostic] reformer" and "the focal point" of Gnostic development. While in Alexandria, where he was born, Valentinus probably would have had contact with the Gnostic teacher <a href="/wiki/Basilides" title="Basilides">Basilides</a>, and may have been influenced by him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELayton1987-209">[180]</a> Simone Petrement, while arguing for a Christian origin of Gnosticism, places Valentinus after Basilides, but before the Sethians. According to Petrement, Valentinus represented a moderation of the anti-Judaism of the earlier Hellenized teachers; the demiurge, widely regarded as a mythological depiction of the Old Testament God of the Hebrews (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Jehova" class="mw-redirect" title="Jehova">Jehova</a>), is depicted as more ignorant than evil.<a href="#cite_note-210">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Basilideans">Basilideans</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Basilideans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Basilideans" title="Basilideans">Basilideans</a></div> The Basilidians or Basilideans were founded by <a href="/wiki/Basilides" title="Basilides">Basilides</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> in the second century. Basilides claimed to have been taught his doctrines by Glaucus, a disciple of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">St. Peter</a>, but could also have been a pupil of Menander.<a href="#cite_note-Eusebius4-7-211">[182]</a> Basilidianism survived until the end of the 4th century as <a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius</a> knew of Basilidians living in the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> Delta. It was, however, almost exclusively limited to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, though according to <a href="/wiki/Sulpicius_Severus" title="Sulpicius Severus">Sulpicius Severus</a> it seems to have found an entrance into <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> through a certain Mark from <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a>. <a href="/wiki/St._Jerome" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Jerome">St. Jerome</a> states that the <a href="/wiki/Priscillianists" class="mw-redirect" title="Priscillianists">Priscillianists</a> were infected with it. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thomasine_traditions">Thomasine traditions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Thomasine traditions">edit</a>]</div> The Thomasine Traditions refers to a group of texts which are attributed to the apostle Thomas.<a href="#cite_note-212">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[note 26]</a> Karen L. King notes that "Thomasine Gnosticism" as a separate category is being criticised, and may "not stand the test of scholarly scrutiny".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2003162-214">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marcion">Marcion</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Marcion">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion</a> was a Church leader from <a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a> (a city on the south shore of the Black Sea in present-day Turkey), who preached in Rome around 150 CE,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagris20053518-215">[185]</a> but was expelled and started his own congregation, which spread throughout the Mediterranean. He rejected the Old Testament, and followed a limited Christian canon, which included only a redacted version of Luke, and ten edited letters of Paul.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins20053530-129">[105]</a> Some scholars do not consider him to be a gnostic,<a href="#cite_note-216">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-EB-217">[note 27]</a> but his teachings clearly resemble some Gnostic teachings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagris20053518-215">[185]</a> He preached a radical difference between the God of the Old Testament, the <a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a>, the "evil creator of the material universe", and the highest God, the "loving, spiritual God who is the father of Jesus", who had sent Jesus to the earth to free mankind from the tyranny of the Jewish Law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagris20053518-215">[185]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValantasis2006[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-22">[22]</a> Like the Gnostics, Marcion argued that Jesus was essentially a divine spirit appearing to men in the shape of a human form, and not someone in a true physical body.<a href="#cite_note-Harnack-218">[187]</a> Marcion held that the heavenly Father (the father of Jesus Christ) was an utterly alien god; he had no part in making the world, nor any connection with it.<a href="#cite_note-Harnack-218">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Hermeticism">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a> is closely related to Gnosticism, but its orientation is more positive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagris20053519-133">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hoeller-187">[161]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_Gnostic_groups">Other Gnostic groups</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Other Gnostic groups">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Serpent Gnostics. The <a href="/wiki/Naassenes" title="Naassenes">Naassenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ophites" title="Ophites">Ophites</a> and the Serpentarians gave prominence to snake symbolism, and snake handling played a role in their ceremonies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagris20053518-215">[185]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerinthus" title="Cerinthus">Cerinthus</a> (c. 100), the founder of a school with gnostic elements. Like a Gnostic, Cerinthus depicted Christ as a heavenly spirit separate from the man Jesus, and he cited the demiurge as creating the material world. Unlike the Gnostics, Cerinthus taught Christians to observe the Jewish law; his demiurge was holy, not lowly; and he taught the Second Coming. His gnosis was a secret teaching attributed to an apostle. Some scholars believe that the First Epistle of John was written as a response to Cerinthus.<a href="#cite_note-gonzález-219">[188]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Cainites" title="Cainites">Cainites</a> are so-named since Hippolytus of Rome claims that they worshiped <a href="/wiki/Cain" title="Cain">Cain</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Esau" title="Esau">Esau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korah" title="Korah">Korah</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodomites</a>. There is little evidence concerning the nature of this group. Hippolytus claims that they believed that indulgence in sin was the key to salvation because since the body is evil, one must defile it through immoral activity (see <a href="/wiki/Libertinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertinism">libertinism</a>). The name Cainite is used as the name of a religious movement, and not in the usual Biblical sense of people descended from Cain.<a href="#cite_note-220">[189]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Carpocratians" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpocratians">Carpocratians</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Libertine" title="Libertine">libertine</a> sect following only the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews" title="Gospel of the Hebrews">Gospel according to the Hebrews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[190]</a></li> <li>The school of <a href="/wiki/Justin_(gnostic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Justin (gnostic)">Justin</a>, which combined gnostic elements with the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">ancient Greek religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[191]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Borborites" title="Borborites">Borborites</a>, a libertine Gnostic <a href="/wiki/Sect" title="Sect">sect</a>, said to be descended from the <a href="/wiki/Nicolaism" title="Nicolaism">Nicolaitans</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[192]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian_Gnosticism">Persian Gnosticism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Persian Gnosticism">edit</a>]</div> The Persian schools, which appeared in the western Persian <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Asoristan</a>, and whose writings were originally produced in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Aramaic">Eastern Aramaic</a> dialects spoken in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> at the time, are representative of what is believed to be among the oldest of the Gnostic thought forms. These movements are considered by most to be religions in their own right and are not emanations from Christianity or <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Manichaeism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manicheans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Manicheans.jpg/220px-Manicheans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Manicheans.jpg/330px-Manicheans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Manicheans.jpg/440px-Manicheans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="863" /></a><figcaption>Manichean priests writing at their desks, with panel inscription in <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a>. Manuscript from <a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Qocho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>.</figcaption></figure> Manichaeism was founded by <a href="/wiki/Mani_(prophet)" title="Mani (prophet)">Mani</a> (216–276). Mani's father was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christian</a> sect of the <a href="/wiki/Elcesaites" title="Elcesaites">Elcesaites</a>, a subgroup of the <a href="/wiki/Gnostic_Ebionites" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic Ebionites">Gnostic Ebionites</a>. At ages 12 and 24, Mani had visionary experiences of a "heavenly twin" of his, calling him to leave his father's sect and preach the true message of Christ. In 240–241, Mani travelled to the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Sakas</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, where he studied <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and its various extant philosophies. Returning in 242, he joined the court of <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a>, to whom he dedicated his only work written in Persian, known as the <a href="/wiki/Shabuhragan" title="Shabuhragan">Shabuhragan</a>. The original writings were written in <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>, an Eastern Aramaic language, in a unique <a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean script</a>. Manichaeism conceives of two coexistent realms of light and darkness that become embroiled in conflict. Certain elements of the light became entrapped within darkness, and the purpose of material creation is to engage in the slow process of extraction of these individual elements. In the end, the kingdom of light will prevail over darkness. Manicheanism inherits this dualistic mythology from <a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanist Zoroastrianism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-224">[193]</a> in which the eternal spirit <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a> is opposed by his antithesis, <a href="/wiki/Angra_Mainyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Angra Mainyu">Angra Mainyu</a>. This dualistic teaching embodied an elaborate cosmological myth that included the defeat of a primal man by the powers of darkness that devoured and imprisoned the particles of light.<a href="#cite_note-225">[194]</a> According to Kurt Rudolph, the decline of <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> that occurred in Persia in the 5th century was too late to prevent the spread of the movement into the east and the west.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudolph1987-169">[143]</a> In the west, the teachings of the school moved into Syria, Northern Arabia, Egypt and North Africa.<a href="#cite_note-228">[note 28]</a> There is evidence for Manicheans in Rome and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> in the 4th century, and also in Gaul and Spain. From Syria, it progressed further into <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palestina" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria Palestina">Syria Palestina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Armenia">Persian Armenia</a>. The influence of Manicheanism was attacked by imperial elects and polemical writings, but the religion remained prevalent until the <a href="/wiki/6th_century" title="6th century">6th century</a>, and still exerted influence in the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Catharism</a> in the Middle Ages, until it was ultimately stamped out by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudolph1987-169">[143]</a> In the east, Rudolph relates, Manicheanism was able to bloom, because the religious monopoly position previously held by Christianity and Zoroastrianism had been broken by nascent Islam. In the early years of the Arab conquest, Manicheanism again found followers in Persia (mostly amongst educated circles), but flourished most in Central Asia, to which it had spread through Iran. There, in 762, Manicheanism became the state religion of the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudolph1987-169">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Middle Ages">edit</a>]</div> After its decline in the Mediterranean world, Gnosticism lived on in the periphery of the Byzantine Empire, and resurfaced in the western world. The <a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicians</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Adoptionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Adoptionist">Adoptionist</a> group which flourished between 650 and 872 in Armenia and the Eastern Themes of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, were accused by orthodox medieval sources of being Gnostic and quasi <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaean</a> Christian. The <a href="/wiki/Bogomils" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogomils">Bogomils</a>, emerged in <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgaria</a> between 927 and 970 and spread throughout Europe. It was as <a href="/wiki/Syncretism#Religious_syncretism" title="Syncretism">synthesis</a> of Armenian <a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgarian Orthodox Church</a> reform movement. The <a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a> (Cathari, Albigenses or Albigensians) were also accused by their enemies of the traits of Gnosticism; though whether or not the Cathari possessed direct historical influence from ancient Gnosticism is disputed. If their critics are reliable the basic conceptions of Gnostic cosmology are to be found in Cathar beliefs (most distinctly in their notion of a lesser, Satanic, creator god), though they did not apparently place any special relevance upon knowledge (gnosis) as an effective salvific force.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islam">Islam</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Islam">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adam_and_the_Angels_watched_by_Iblis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Adam_and_the_Angels_watched_by_Iblis.jpg/220px-Adam_and_the_Angels_watched_by_Iblis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Adam_and_the_Angels_watched_by_Iblis.jpg/330px-Adam_and_the_Angels_watched_by_Iblis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Adam_and_the_Angels_watched_by_Iblis.jpg/440px-Adam_and_the_Angels_watched_by_Iblis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>Some <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufistic interpretations</a> depict <a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblis</a> as ruling the material desires in a manner that resembles the <a href="/wiki/Demiurge#Gnosticism" title="Demiurge">Gnostic Demiurge</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Quran, like Gnostic cosmology, makes a sharp distinction between this world and the <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a>. God is commonly thought of as being beyond human comprehension. In some Islamic schools of thought, God is identifiable with the <a href="/wiki/Monad_(philosophy)" title="Monad (philosophy)">Monad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-229">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENagel1994222-230">[198]</a> However, according to Islam and unlike most Gnostic sects, not rejection of this world but performing good deeds leads to <a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">Paradise</a>. According to the Islamic belief in <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">tawhid</a> ("unification of God"), there was no room for a lower deity such as the demiurge.<a href="#cite_note-231">[199]</a> According to Islam, both good and evil come from one God, a position especially opposed by the Manichaeans. <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Muqaffa%27" title="Ibn al-Muqaffa'">Ibn al-Muqaffa'</a>, a Manichaean apologist who later converted to Islam, depicted the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrahamic God">Abrahamic God</a> as a demonic entity who "fights with humans and boasts about His victories" and "sitting on a throne, from which He can descend". It would be impossible that both light and darkness were created from one source since they were regarded as two different eternal principles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENagel1994215-232">[200]</a> Muslim theologists countered with the example of a repeating sinner, who says: "I laid, and I repent";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENagel1994216-233">[201]</a> this would prove that good can also result out of evil. Islam also integrated traces of an entity given authority over the lower world in some early writings: <a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblis</a> is regarded by some <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufis</a> as the owner of this world and humans must avoid the treasures of this world since they would belong to him.<a href="#cite_note-234">[202]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Ismailism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismailism">Isma'ili Shi'i</a> work <a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Kitab_(Ismaili_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm al-Kitab (Ismaili book)">Umm al-Kitab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azazil" title="Azazil">Azazil</a>'s role resembles whose of the demiurge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnstoneMeyer2009803-235">[203]</a> Like the demiurge, he is endowed with the ability to create a world and seeks to imprison humans in the material world, but here, his power is limited and depends on the higher God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnstoneMeyer2009707-236">[204]</a> Such <a href="/wiki/Anthropogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogeny">anthropogenic</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] can be found frequently among <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ili" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'ili">Isma'ili</a> traditions.<a href="#cite_note-237">[205]</a> In fact, Isma'ilism has been often <a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">criticised as non-Islamic</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a> characterized them as a group who are outwardly <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> but were adherents of a dualistic and philosophical religion. Further traces of Gnostic ideas can be found in Sufi anthropogeny.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-238">[206]</a> Like the gnostic conception of human beings imprisoned in matter, Sufi traditions acknowledge that the human soul is an accomplice of the material world and subject to bodily desires similar to the way <a href="/wiki/Archon" title="Archon">archontic</a> spheres envelop the pneuma.<a href="#cite_note-239">[207]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ruh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruh">ruh</a> (pneuma, spirit) must therefore gain victory over the lower and material-bound <a href="/wiki/Nafs" title="Nafs">nafs</a> (psyche, soul, or anima) to overcome its animal nature. A human being captured by its animal desires, mistakenly claims autonomy and independence from the "higher God", thus resembling the lower deity in classical gnostic traditions. However, since the goal is not to abandon the created world, but just to free oneself from lower desires, it can be disputed whether this can still be Gnostic, but rather a completion of the message of Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENagel1994215-232">[200]</a> It seems that Gnostic ideas were an influential part of early Islamic development but later lost its influence. However light metaphors and the idea of <a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">unity of existence</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: وحدة الوجود, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: waḥdat al-wujūd) still prevailed in later Islamic thought, such as that of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sina" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Sina">ibn Sina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENagel1994222-230">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Kabbalah">edit</a>]</div> Gershom Scholem, a historian of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish philosophy</a>, wrote that several core Gnostic ideas reappear in medieval <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a>, where they are used to reinterpret earlier Jewish sources. In these cases, according to Scholem, texts such as the <a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a> adapted Gnostic precepts for the interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, while not using the language of Gnosticism.<a href="#cite_note-240">[208]</a> Scholem further proposed that there was a Jewish Gnosticism which influenced the early origins of Christian Gnosticism.<a href="#cite_note-Scholem_Jewish_Gnosticism-241">[209]</a> Given that some of the earliest dated Kabbalistic texts emerged in medieval <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>, at which time <a href="/wiki/Cathar" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathar">Cathar</a> movements were also supposed to have been active, Scholem and other mid-20th century scholars argued that there was mutual influence between the two groups. According to Dan Joseph, this hypothesis has not been substantiated by any extant texts.<a href="#cite_note-242">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_times">Modern times</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Modern times">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism_in_modern_times" title="Gnosticism in modern times">Gnosticism in modern times</a></div> Found today in Iraq, Iran and diaspora communities, the <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a> are an ancient Gnostic <a href="/wiki/Ethnoreligious_group" title="Ethnoreligious group">ethnoreligious group</a> that follow <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> and have survived from antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudolph1987343-243">[211]</a> Their name comes from the Aramaic <a href="/wiki/Manda_(Mandaeism)" title="Manda (Mandaeism)">manda</a> meaning knowledge or <a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">gnosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rudolph-165">[139]</a> There are thought to be 60,000 to 70,000 Mandaeans worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-yaledailynews-164">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudolph1987-169">[143]</a> A number of modern gnostic ecclesiastical bodies have been set up or re-founded since the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_Gnostica" title="Ecclesia Gnostica">Ecclesia Gnostica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannite_Church#Apostolic_Johannite_Church" title="Johannite Church">Apostolic Johannite Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_Gnostica_Catholica" title="Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica">Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gnostic_Church_of_France" title="Gnostic Church of France">Gnostic Church of France</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Thomasine Church</a>, the Alexandrian Gnostic Church, and the North American College of Gnostic Bishops.<a href="#cite_note-Taussig2013-244">[212]</a> A number of 19th-century thinkers such as <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-245">[213]</a> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Pike" title="Albert Pike">Albert Pike</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helena_Petrovna_Blavatsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena Petrovna Blavatsky">Madame Blavatsky</a> studied Gnostic thought extensively and were influenced by it, and even figures like <a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Herman Melville</a> and <a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a> were more tangentially influenced.<a href="#cite_note-smith-246">[214]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jules_Doinel" title="Jules Doinel">Jules Doinel</a> "re-established" a <a href="/wiki/Gnostic_Church_of_France" title="Gnostic Church of France">Gnostic church in France</a> in 1890, which altered its form as it passed through various direct successors (Fabre des Essarts as Tau Synésius and Joanny Bricaud as Tau Jean II most notably), and, though small, is still active today.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Early 20th-century thinkers who heavily studied and were influenced by Gnosticism include <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a> (who supported Gnosticism), <a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Eric Voegelin</a> (who opposed it), <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a> (who included it in many of his short stories), and <a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a>, with figures such as <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a> being more moderately influenced. <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a> founded the gnostic review, La Gnose in 1909, before moving to a more <a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennialist</a> position, and founding his <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School">Traditionalist School</a>. Gnostic <a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelemite</a> organizations, such as Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica and <a href="/wiki/Ordo_Templi_Orientis" title="Ordo Templi Orientis">Ordo Templi Orientis</a>, trace themselves to Crowley's thought. The discovery and translation of the Nag Hammadi library after 1945 has had a huge effect on Gnosticism since World War II. Intellectuals who were heavily influenced by Gnosticism in this period include <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Durrell" title="Lawrence Durrell">Lawrence Durrell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Jonas" title="Hans Jonas">Hans Jonas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick" title="Philip K. Dick">Philip K. Dick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a> being more moderately influenced.<a href="#cite_note-smith-246">[214]</a> <a href="/wiki/Celia_Green" title="Celia Green">Celia Green</a> has written on Gnostic Christianity in relation to her own philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-Green-247">[215]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred North Whitehead</a> was aware of the existence of the newly discovered Gnostic scrolls. Accordingly, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Weber" title="Michel Weber">Michel Weber</a> has proposed a Gnostic interpretation of his late metaphysics.<a href="#cite_note-248">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heresiologists">Heresiologists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Heresiologists">edit</a>]</div> Prior to the discovery of the Nag Hammadi library in 1945 Gnosticism was known primarily through the works of <a href="/wiki/Heresiologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Heresiologist">heresiologists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> who opposed those movements. These writings had an antagonistic bias towards gnostic teachings, and were incomplete. Several heresiological writers, such as Hippolytus, made little effort to exactly record the nature of the <a href="/wiki/Sect" title="Sect">sects</a> they reported on, or transcribe their sacred texts. Reconstructions of incomplete Gnostic texts were attempted in modern times, but research on Gnosticism was coloured by the orthodox views of those heresiologists. <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 100/114 – c. 162/168) wrote the <a href="/wiki/First_Apology" class="mw-redirect" title="First Apology">First Apology</a>, addressed to <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a>, which criticised <a href="/wiki/Simon_Magus" title="Simon Magus">Simon Magus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menander_(gnostic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menander (gnostic)">Menander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcion" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcion">Marcion</a>. Since then, both Simon and Menander have been considered as 'proto-Gnostic'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkschies200337-249">[217]</a> <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a> (died c. 202) wrote <a href="/wiki/On_the_Detection_and_Overthrow_of_the_So-Called_Gnosis" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis">Against Heresies</a> (c. 180–185), which identifies <a href="/wiki/Simon_Magus" title="Simon Magus">Simon Magus</a> from <a href="/wiki/Flavia_Neapolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavia Neapolis">Flavia Neapolis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a> as the inceptor of Gnosticism. From Samaria he charted an apparent spread of the teachings of Simon through the ancient "knowers" into the teachings of Valentinus and other, contemporary Gnostic sects.<a href="#cite_note-250">[note 29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippolytus (writer)">Hippolytus</a> (170–235) wrote the ten-volume <a href="/wiki/Refutatio_Omnium_Haeresium" class="mw-redirect" title="Refutatio Omnium Haeresium">Refutation Against all Heresies</a>, of which eight have been unearthed. It also focuses on the connection between pre-Socratic (and therefore Pre-Incantation of Christ) ideas and the false beliefs of early gnostic leaders. Thirty-three of the groups he reported on are considered Gnostic by modern scholars, including 'the foreigners' and 'the <a href="/wiki/Seth" title="Seth">Seth</a> people'. Hippolytus further presents individual teachers such as Simon, <a href="/wiki/Valentinus_(Gnostic)" title="Valentinus (Gnostic)">Valentinus</a>, Secundus, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_(gnostic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy (gnostic)">Ptolemy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heracleon" title="Heracleon">Heracleon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_(Marcosian)" title="Marcus (Marcosian)">Marcus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_(gnostic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy (gnostic)">Colorbasus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> (c. 155 – c. 230) from <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> wrote Adversus Valentinianos ('Against the Valentinians'), c. 206, as well as five books around 207–208 chronicling and refuting the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Marcion" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcion">Marcion</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gnostic_texts">Gnostic texts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Gnostic texts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gnostic_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic texts">Gnostic texts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a></div> Prior to the discovery at Nag Hammadi, a limited number of texts were available to students of Gnosticism. Reconstructions were attempted from the records of the heresiologists, but these were necessarily coloured by the motivation behind the source accounts. The Nag Hammadi library is a collection of <a href="/wiki/Gnostic_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic texts">Gnostic texts</a> discovered in 1945 near Nag Hammadi, Upper Egypt. Twelve leather-bound <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> <a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codices</a> buried in a sealed jar were found by a local farmer named Muhammed al-Samman.<a href="#cite_note-251">[218]</a> The writings in these codices comprised fifty-two mostly Gnostic <a href="/wiki/Treatise" title="Treatise">treatises</a>, but they also include three works belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Hermetica" title="Hermetica">Corpus Hermeticum</a> and a partial translation/alteration of Plato's Republic. These codices may have belonged to a nearby <a href="/wiki/Pachomian_monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Pachomian monastery">Pachomian monastery</a>, and buried after <a href="/wiki/Athanasius" class="mw-redirect" title="Athanasius">Bishop Athanasius</a> condemned the use of <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">non-canonical</a> books in his <a href="/wiki/Easter_letter" title="Easter letter">Festal Letter of 367</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1978Introduction-252">[219]</a> Though the original language of composition was probably <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, the various codices contained in the collection were written in <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>. A 1st- or 2nd-century date of composition for the lost Greek originals has been proposed, though this is disputed; the manuscripts themselves date from the 3rd and 4th centuries. The Nag Hammadi texts demonstrated the fluidity of early Christian scripture and early Christianity itself.<a href="#cite_note-254">[note 30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_studies">Academic studies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Academic studies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_2">Development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> Prior to the discovery of Nag Hammadi, the Gnostic movements were largely perceived through the lens of the early church heresiologists. <a href="/wiki/Johann_Lorenz_von_Mosheim" title="Johann Lorenz von Mosheim">Johann Lorenz von Mosheim</a> (1694–1755) proposed that Gnosticism developed on its own in Greece and Mesopotamia, spreading to the west and incorporating Jewish elements. According to Mosheim, Jewish thought took Gnostic elements and used them against Greek philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053531-76">[57]</a> J. Horn and Ernest Anton Lewald proposed Persian and Zoroastrian origins, while Jacques Matter described Gnosticism as an intrusion of eastern cosmological and theosophical speculation into Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053531-76">[57]</a> In the 1880s, Gnosticism was placed within Greek philosophy, especially neo-Platonism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053532-72">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack" title="Adolf von Harnack">Adolf von Harnack</a> (1851–1930), who belonged to the School of the History of Dogma and proposed a Kirchengeschichtliches Ursprungsmodell, saw Gnosticism as an internal development within the church under the influence of Greek philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053532-72">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELahe2006221-255">[221]</a> According to Harnack, Gnosticism was the "acute Hellenization of Christianity".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053532-72">[53]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Religionsgeschichtliche_Schule" class="mw-redirect" title="Religionsgeschichtliche Schule">Religionsgeschichtliche Schule</a> ("history of religions school", 19th century) had a profound influence on the study of Gnosticism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053532-72">[53]</a> The Religionsgeschichtliche Schule saw Gnosticism as a pre-Christian phenomenon, and Christian gnosis as only one, and even marginal instance of this phenomenon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053532-72">[53]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Bousset" title="Wilhelm Bousset">Wilhelm Bousset</a> (1865–1920), Gnosticism was a form of Iranian and Mesopotamian syncretism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053532-72">[53]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Norden" title="Eduard Norden">Eduard Norden</a> (1868–1941) also proposed pre-Christian origins,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053532-72">[53]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Richard_August_Reitzenstein" title="Richard August Reitzenstein">Richard August Reitzenstein</a> (1861–1931), and <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a> (1884–1976) also situated the origins of Gnosticism in Persia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053532-72">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Heinrich_Schaeder" title="Hans Heinrich Schaeder">Hans Heinrich Schaeder</a> (1896–1957) and Hans Leisegang (1890–1951) saw Gnosticism as an amalgam of eastern thought in a Greek form.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053532-72">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Jonas" title="Hans Jonas">Hans Jonas</a> (1903–1993) took an intermediate approach, using both the comparative approach of the Religionsgeschichtliche Schule and existentialist hermeneutics that predated <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Bultmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph Bultmann">Rudolph Bultmann</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Demythologization" title="Demythologization">demythologization</a> procedure.<a href="#cite_note-jg-256">[222]</a>: 94-95  Jonas emphasized the duality between the Gnostic God and the actual world, read as an independent existential standpoint. According to his reading, Gnosticism manifested a unique, collective existential situation, historically triggered by the conquests of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_The_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander The Great">Alexander The Great</a>. Following {[Weber]] and <a href="/wiki/Spengler" title="Spengler">Spengler</a>, he noted the impact of the conquests over Greek city-states (in the "West") and casts of priests-intellectuals (in the Persian "East").<a href="#cite_note-jg-256">[222]</a>: 107-108  <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonas19633–27-257">[223]</a> Minding origins, Jonas concluded that Gnosticism cannot be derived nor Judaism, which he considered a view committed to the unity of totality rather than separation into distinct realms.<a href="#cite_note-jg-256">[222]</a>: 99-105, 108-110  <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053533-61">[42]</a>Following Jonas's existential lead and some of his methods, scholarship contemporary of Jonas advocated an opposed proposal, claiming that Gnosticism has Jewish or Judeo-Christian origins;<a href="#cite_note-jg-256">[222]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053533-61">[42]</a> These theses were notably put forward by <a href="/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem">Gershom Scholem</a> (1897–1982) and <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Quispel" title="Gilles Quispel">Gilles Quispel</a> (1916–2006).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053533–3534-258">[224]</a> The study of Gnosticism and of early Alexandrian Christianity received a strong impetus from the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a> <a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Nag Hammadi Library">Nag Hammadi Library</a> in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroek1996vii-259">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053535-260">[226]</a> A great number of translations have been published, and the works of <a href="/wiki/Elaine_Pagels" title="Elaine Pagels">Elaine Pagels</a>, Professor of Religion at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, especially The Gnostic Gospels, which detailed the suppression of some of the writings found at Nag Hammadi by early bishops of the Christian church, have popularized Gnosticism in mainstream culture,<a href="#cite_note-National_Book_Award-261">[web 3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beliefnet-262">[web 4]</a> but also incited strong responses and condemnations from clerical writers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuispel20048-263">[227]</a> As of the 1970s, these and other publications applied the revised version of Jonas's proposal and criticized it, mostly relating to the evidence regarding "Pre-Cristian" Gnosticism.<a href="#cite_note-jg-256">[222]</a>: 115  A prominent shift of emphasis surfaced during the mid 1990s and the early years of the 21st century. In 1996, Michael Williams published his landmark <a href="/wiki/Rethinking_%22Gnosticism%22" title="Rethinking "Gnosticism"">Rethinking "Gnosticism"</a> where he doubted the applicability of "Gnosticism" as a socio-historical category. Instead, and somewhat to the converse, he proposed the use of "Biblical-Demiurgic tradition", where "tradition" is read as a collective religious choice that competes on the religious "marketplace".<a href="#cite_note-jg-256">[222]</a>: 116  In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Karen_Leigh_King" title="Karen Leigh King">Karen Leigh King</a> published her equally important What is Gnosticism?. Broadly, King's book traces elements of the history of research, arguing that the term and its typical connotations do injustice to the diversity and breadth of early Christianity. Thus, in King's reading, it is not precisely the category of Gnosticism that is flawed, but the way in which it was conceived and applied, a form of self/other rhetoric that rendered the remaining portion of Christianity less diverse for centuries to come.<a href="#cite_note-jg-256">[222]</a>: 116-117  The effects of Williams and King cannot be understated, to the point that "Gnostic studies" often became "Nag Hammadi studies". Nevertheless, some scholars seem to retain either a nuanced version of the term, considered "the Gnostic school of thought,"<a href="#cite_note-264">[228]</a> or as a unique phenomenon regardless of defamation campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-265">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definitions_of_Gnosticism">Definitions of Gnosticism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Definitions of Gnosticism">edit</a>]</div> According to Matthew J. Dillon, six trends can be discerned in the definitions of Gnosticism:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon201624-266">[230]</a> <ul><li>Typologies, "a catalogue of shared characteristics that are used to classify a group of objects together."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon201624-266">[230]</a></li> <li>Traditional approaches, viewing Gnosticism as a Christian heresy<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon201625-267">[231]</a></li> <li>Phenomenological approaches, most notably <a href="/wiki/Hans_Jonas" title="Hans Jonas">Hans Jonas</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonas1963-268">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon201626-269">[233]</a></li> <li>Restricting Gnosticism, "identifying which groups were explicitly called gnostics",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon201627-270">[234]</a> or which groups were clearly sectarian<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon201627-270">[234]</a></li> <li>Deconstructing Gnosticism, abandoning the category of "Gnosticism"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon201628-271">[235]</a></li> <li>Psychology and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">cognitive science of religion</a>, approaching Gnosticism as a psychological phenomenon<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon201627–28-272">[236]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Typologies">Typologies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Typologies">edit</a>]</div> The 1966 <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a> conference on the origins of gnosis and Gnosticism proposed to designate <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">... a particular group of systems of the second century after Christ" as gnosticism, and to use gnosis to define a <a href="/wiki/Conception_of_knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Conception of knowledge">conception of knowledge</a> that transcends the times, which was described as "knowledge of divine mysteries for an élite.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkschies200313-273">[237]</a></blockquote> This definition has now been abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon201624-266">[230]</a> It created a religion, "Gnosticism", from the "gnosis" which was a widespread element of ancient religions,<a href="#cite_note-275">[note 31]</a> suggesting a homogeneous conception of gnosis by these Gnostic religions, which did not exist at the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkschies200314–15-274">[238]</a> According to Dillon, the texts from Nag Hammadi made clear that this definition was limited, and that they are "better classified by movements (such as Valentinian), mythological similarity (Sethian), or similar tropes (presence of a Demiurge)."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon201624-266">[230]</a> Dillon further notes that the Messian-definition "also excluded pre-Christian Gnosticism and later developments, such as the Mandaeans and the Manichaeans."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon201624-266">[230]</a> Hans Jonas discerned two main currents of Gnosticism, namely Syrian-Egyptian, and Persian, which includes <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manicheanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053533-61">[42]</a> Among the Syrian-Egyptian schools and the movements they spawned are a typically more Monist view. Persian Gnosticism possesses more dualist tendencies, reflecting a strong influence from the beliefs of the Persian <a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanist Zoroastrians</a>. Those of the medieval Cathars, Bogomils, and Carpocratians seem to include elements of both categories. However, scholars such as Kurt Rudolph, Mark Lidzbarski, Rudolf Macúch, Ethel S. Drower and Jorunn Jacobsen Buckley argue for a Palestinian origin for Mandaeism. Gilles Quispel divided Syrian-Egyptian Gnosticism further into Jewish Gnosticism (the <a href="/wiki/Apocryphon_of_John" title="Apocryphon of John">Apocryphon of John</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuispel20053510-189">[163]</a> and Christian Gnosis (Marcion, Basilides, Valentinus). This "Christian Gnosticism" was Christocentric, and influenced by Christian writings such as the Gospel of John and the Pauline epistles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuispel20053511-276">[239]</a> Other authors speak rather of "Gnostic Christians", noting that Gnostics were a prominent substream in the early church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrekeGandy2005-277">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Traditional_approaches_–_Gnosticism_as_Christian_heresy">Traditional approaches – Gnosticism as Christian heresy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Traditional approaches – Gnosticism as Christian heresy">edit</a>]</div> The best known example of this approach is <a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack" title="Adolf von Harnack">Adolf von Harnack</a> (1851–1930), who stated that "Gnosticism is the acute Hellenization of Christianity."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon201625-267">[231]</a> According to Dillon, "many scholars today continue in the vein of Harnack in reading gnosticism as a late and contaminated version of Christianity", notably Darrell Block, who criticises Elaine Pagels for her view that early Christianity was wildly diverse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon201626-269">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phenomenological_approaches">Phenomenological approaches</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Phenomenological approaches">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Jonas" title="Hans Jonas">Hans Jonas</a> (1903–1993) took an <a href="/wiki/Existential_phenomenology" title="Existential phenomenology">existential phenomenological</a> approach to Gnosticism. According to Jonas, <a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">alienation</a> is a distinguishing characteristic of Gnosticism, making it different from contemporary religions. Jonas compares this alienation with the existentialist notion of <a href="/wiki/Geworfenheit" class="mw-redirect" title="Geworfenheit">geworfenheit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a>'s "thrownness", as in being thrown into a hostile world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon201626-269">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Restricting_Gnosticism">Restricting Gnosticism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Restricting Gnosticism">edit</a>]</div> In the late 1980s scholars voiced concerns about the broadness of "Gnosticism" as a meaningful category. Bentley Layton proposed to categorize Gnosticism by delineating which groups were marked as gnostic in ancient texts. According to Layton, this term was mainly applied by heresiologists to the myth described in the Apocryphon of John, and was used mainly by the Sethians and the <a href="/wiki/Ophites" title="Ophites">Ophites</a>. According to Layton, texts which refer to this myth can be called "classical Gnostic".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon201627-270">[234]</a> In addition, Alastair Logan uses social theory to identify Gnosticism. He uses <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Stark" title="Rodney Stark">Rodney Stark</a> and William Bainbridge's sociological theory on traditional religion, sects and cults. According to Logan, the Gnostics were a cult, at odds with the society at large.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon201627-270">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_of_"Gnosticism"_as_a_category">Criticism of "Gnosticism" as a category</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Criticism of "Gnosticism" as a category">edit</a>]</div> According to the <a href="/wiki/Westar_Institute" title="Westar Institute">Westar Institute</a>'s Fall 2014 Christianity Seminar Report on Gnosticism, there is no group that possesses all of the usually-attributed features. Nearly every group possesses one or more of them, or some modified version of them. There was no particular relationship among any set of groups which one could distinguish as "Gnostic", as if they were in opposition to some other set of groups. For instance, every sect of Christianity on which we have any information on this point believed in a separate Logos who created the universe at God's behest. Likewise, they believed some kind of secret knowledge ("gnosis") was essential to ensuring one's salvation. Likewise, they had a dualist view of the cosmos, in which the lower world was corrupted by meddling divine beings and the upper world's God was awaiting a chance to destroy it and start over, thereby helping humanity to escape its corrupt bodies and locations by fleeing into celestial ones.<a href="#cite_note-278">[241]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Michael_Allen_Williams" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Allen Williams">Michael Allen Williams</a>, the concept of Gnosticism as a distinct religious tradition is questionable, since "gnosis" was a pervasive characteristic of many religious traditions in antiquity, and not restricted to the so-called Gnostic systems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1996-15">[15]</a> According to Williams, the conceptual foundations on which the category of Gnosticism rests are the remains of the agenda of the <a href="/wiki/Heresiology" title="Heresiology">heresiologists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1996-15">[15]</a> The early church heresiologists created an interpretive definition of Gnosticism, and modern scholarship followed this example and created a categorical definition. According to Williams the term needs replacing to more accurately reflect those movements it comprises,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1996-15">[15]</a> and suggests to replace it with the term "the Biblical demiurgical tradition".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon201628-271">[235]</a> According to Karen King, scholars have "unwittingly continued the project of ancient heresiologists", searching for non-Christian influences, thereby continuing to portray a pure, original Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon201628-271">[235]</a> In light of such increasing scholarly rejection and restriction of the concept of Gnosticism, David G. Robertson has written on the distortions which misapplications of the term continue to perpetuate in religious studies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson2021-279">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychological_approaches">Psychological approaches</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Psychological approaches">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a> approached Gnosticism from a psychological perspective, which was followed by <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Quispel" title="Gilles Quispel">Gilles Quispel</a>. According to this approach, Gnosticism is a map for the human development in which an undivided person, centered on the <a href="/wiki/Self_in_Jungian_psychology" title="Self in Jungian psychology">Self</a>, develops out of the fragmentary personhood of young age. According to Quispel, gnosis is a third force in western culture, alongside faith and reason, which offers an experiential awareness of this Self.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon201628-271">[235]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Ioan_Petru_Culianu" title="Ioan Petru Culianu">Ioan Culianu</a>, gnosis is made possible through universal operations of the mind, which can be arrived at "anytime, anywhere".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon201628–29-280">[243]</a> A similar suggestion has been made by Edward Conze, who suggested that the similarities between <a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">prajñā</a> and sophia may be due to "the actual modalities of the human mind", which in certain conditions result in similar experiences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConze1975165-281">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> In Plato's dialogue between Young Socrates and the Foreigner in his <a href="/wiki/Statesman_(dialogue)" title="Statesman (dialogue)">The Statesman</a> (258e). </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> 10x <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, Cratylus, Theaetetus, Sophist, Statesman 2x <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, Compendium libri de animae procreatione + De animae procreatione in Timaeo, 2x <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Plutarch" title="Pseudo-Plutarch">Pseudo-Plutarch</a>, De musica<a href="#cite_note-perseus_gnostikos-26">[web 2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> In Book 7 of his <a href="/wiki/Stromateis" class="mw-redirect" title="Stromateis">Stromateis</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> For example A. Rousseau and L. Doutreleau, translators of the French edition (1974)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERousseauDoutreleau1974-30">[24]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> As in 1.25.6, 1.11.3, 1.11.5. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Adv. haer. 1.11.1 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Irenaeus' <a href="/wiki/Comparative_adjective" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparative adjective">comparative adjective</a> gnostikeron "more learned", evidently cannot mean "more Gnostic" as a name.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams199636-34">[25]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Williams, p. 36: "But several of Irenaeus's uses of the designation gnostikos are more ambiguous, and it is not so clear whether he is indicating the specific sect again or using 'gnostics' now merely as a shorthand reference for virtually all of the groups he is criticizing"; p. 37: "They argue that Irenaeus uses gnostikos in two senses: (1) with the term's 'basic and customary meaning' of 'learned' (savant), and (2) with reference to adherents of the specific sect called 'the gnostic heresy' in Adv. haer. 1.11.1."; p. 271: "1.25.6 where they think that gnostikos means 'learned' are in 1.11.3 ('A certain other famous teacher of theirs, reaching for a doctrine more lofty and learned [gnostikoteron] ...') and 1.11.5 ('... in order that they [i.e.,])."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams199636-34">[25]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Of those groups that Irenaeus identifies as "intellectual" (gnostikos), only one, the followers of <a href="/wiki/Marcellina_(gnostic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcellina (gnostic)">Marcellina</a> use the term gnostikos of themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams199642–43-37">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[subnote 2]</a> Later <a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus</a> uses "learned" (gnostikos) of <a href="/wiki/Cerinthus" title="Cerinthus">Cerinthus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ebionites" title="Ebionites">Ebionites</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius</a> applied "learned" (gnostikos) to specific groups. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Dunderberg: "The problems with the term 'Gnosticism' itself are now well known. It does not appear in ancient sources at all"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunderberg200816-40">[27]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Pearson: "As Bentley Layton points out, the term Gnosticism was first coined by <a href="/wiki/Henry_More" title="Henry More">Henry More</a> (1614–1687) in an expository work on the seven letters of the Book of Revelation.29 More used the term Gnosticisme to describe the heresy in Thyatira."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPearson2004210-42">[28]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> This occurs in the context of Irenaeus' work On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis, (Greek: elenchos kai anatrope tes pseudonymou gnoseos, ἔλεγχος καὶ ἀνατροπὴ τῆς ψευδωνύμου γνώσεως) where the term "knowledge falsely so-called" (pseudonymos gnosis) is a quotation of the <a href="/wiki/Apostle_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle Paul">apostle Paul</a>'s warning against "knowledge falsely so-called" in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Timothy%206:20&version=nrsv">1 Timothy 6:20</a>, and covers various groups, not just Valentinus.<a href="#cite_note-45">[30]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>: "In the times of the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Hadrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Hadrian">Emperor Hadrian</a> appeared those who devised heresies, and they continued until the age of the elder <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuidekoper1891331-50">[34]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen_55-2">c</a> Cohen & Mendes-Flohr: "Recent research, however, has tended to emphasize that Judaism, rather than Persia, was a major origin of Gnosticism. Indeed, it appears increasingly evident that many of the newly published Gnostic texts were written in a context from which Jews were not absent. In some cases, indeed, a violent rejection of the Jewish God, or of Judaism, seems to stand at the basis of these texts. ... facie, various trends in Jewish thought and literature of the Second Commonwealth appear to have been potential factors in Gnostic origins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenMendes-Flohr2010286-54">[37]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Robinson: "At this stage we have not found any Gnostic texts that clearly antedate the origin of Christianity." J. M. Robinson, "Sethians and Johannine Thought: The Trimorphic Protennoia and the Prologue of the Gospel of John" in The Rediscovery of Gnosticism, vol. 2, Sethian Gnosticism, ed. B. Layton (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1981), p. 662. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> The idea that Gnosticism was derived from Buddhism was first proposed by the Victorian gem collector and numismatist <a href="/wiki/Charles_William_King" title="Charles William King">Charles William King</a> (1864).<a href="#cite_note-89">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Longueville_Mansel" title="Henry Longueville Mansel">Mansel</a> (1875) <a href="#cite_note-90">[71]</a> considered the principal sources of Gnosticism to be Platonism, Zoroastrianism, and Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-91">[72]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_(gnostic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy (gnostic)">Ptolemy</a>, in Letter to Flora: "External physical fasting is observed even among our followers, for it can be of some benefit to the soul if it is engaged in with reason (<a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">logos</a>), whenever it is done neither by way of limiting others, nor out of habit, nor because of the day, as if it had been specially appointed for that purpose." </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Other names include <a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">The Absolute</a>, Aion teleos (The Perfect <a href="/wiki/%C3%86on" class="mw-redirect" title="Æon">Æon</a>), Bythos (Depth or Profundity, Βυθός), Proarkhe (Before the Beginning, προαρχή), and He Arkhe (The Beginning, ἡ ἀρχή). </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> The relevant passage of The Republic was found within the <a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a>,<a href="#cite_note-nhlrepublic-117">[95]</a> wherein a text existed describing the demiurge as a "lion-faced serpent".<a href="#cite_note-apocryphon-105">[83]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> The term dēmiourgos occurs in a number of other religious and philosophical systems, most notably Platonism. The gnostic demiurge bears resemblance to figures in Plato's <a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Republic_(Plato)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Republic (Plato)">Republic</a>. In Timaeus, the demiourgós is a central figure, a benevolent creator of the universe who works to make the universe as benevolent as the limitations of matter will allow. In The Republic the description of the leontomorphic "desire" in <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>' model of the <a href="/wiki/Psyche_(psychology)" title="Psyche (psychology)">psyche</a> bears a resemblance to descriptions of the demiurge as being in the shape of the lion.<a href="#cite_note-118">[note 19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Earl_Doherty" title="Earl Doherty">Earl Doherty</a>, a prominent proponent of the <a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Christ myth theory</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Q_source" title="Q source">Q-authors</a> may have regarded themselves as "spokespersons for the Wisdom of God, with Jesus being the <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_(personification)" title="Wisdom (personification)">embodiment of this Wisdom</a>. In time, the gospel-narrative of this embodiment of Wisdom became interpreted as the literal history of the life of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-JP-PPCO-130">[106]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> The existence of Jesus is explored in other Wikipedia articles, such as: <a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Christ myth theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity of Jesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus" title="Sources for the historicity of Jesus">Sources for the historicity of Jesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest for the historical Jesus</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> The doctrine of the "triple-powered one" found in the text Allogenes, as discovered in the Nag Hammadi Library, is "the same doctrine as found in the anonymous <a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a> commentary (Fragment XIV) ascribed by Hadot to Porphyry [...] and is also found in <a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a>' <a href="/wiki/Ennead" title="Ennead">Ennead</a> 6.7, 17, 13–26."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner198659-74">[55]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> Quotes: * Elaine Pagels: "Valentinian gnosticism [...] differs essentially from dualism";&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagels1979[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-204">[177]</a> * Schoedel: "a standard element in the interpretation of Valentinianism and similar forms of Gnosticism is the recognition that they are fundamentally monistic".<a href="#cite_note-schoedel-205">[178]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> Irenaeus describes how the <a href="/wiki/Valentinians" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentinians">Valentinians</a> claim to find evidence in <a href="/wiki/Ephesians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephesians">Ephesians</a> for their characteristic belief in the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Aeon_(Gnosticism)" title="Aeon (Gnosticism)">Æons</a> as supernatural beings: "Paul also, they affirm, very clearly and frequently names these Æons, and even goes so far as to preserve their order, when he says, "To all the generations of the Æons of the Æon." (Ephesians 3:21) Nay, we ourselves, when at the giving of thanks we pronounce the words, 'To Æons of Æons' (for ever and ever), do set forth these Æons. And, in fine, wherever the words Æon or Æons occur, they at once refer them to these beings." <a href="/wiki/On_the_Detection_and_Overthrow_of_Knowledge_Falsely_So_Called" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Detection and Overthrow of Knowledge Falsely So Called">On the Detection and Overthrow of Knowledge Falsely So Called</a> Book 1. Ch.3 </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> The texts commonly attributed to the Thomasine Traditions are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Hymn_of_the_Pearl" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hymn of the Pearl">The Hymn of the Pearl</a>, or, the <a href="/wiki/Hymn_of_the_Pearl" title="Hymn of the Pearl">Hymn of Jude Thomas the Apostle in the Country of Indians</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Gospel of Thomas">Gospel of Thomas</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Infancy_Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Infancy Gospel of Thomas">Infancy Gospel of Thomas</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Thomas" title="Acts of Thomas">Acts of Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Thomas_the_Contender" title="Book of Thomas the Contender">The Book of Thomas: The Contender Writing to the Perfect</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Psalms_of_Thomas" title="Psalms of Thomas">Psalms of Thomas</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Thomas" title="Apocalypse of Thomas">Apocalypse of Thomas</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-217"><a href="#cite_ref-EB_217-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>: "In Marcion's own view, therefore, the founding of his church – to which he was first driven by opposition – amounts to a reformation of <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> through a return to the gospel of Christ and to Paul; nothing was to be accepted beyond that. This of itself shows that it is a mistake to reckon Marcion among the Gnostics. A <a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">dualist</a> he certainly was, but he was not a Gnostic". </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> Where Augustine was a member of the school from 373–382.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford:Platonism-226">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[196]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> This understanding of the transmission of Gnostic ideas, despite Irenaeus' certain antagonistic bias, is often utilized today, though it has been criticized. </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> According to Layton, "the lack of uniformity in ancient Christian scripture in the early period is very striking, and it points to the substantial diversity within the Christian religion."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELayton1987xviii-253">[220]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> Markschies: "something was being called "gnosticism" that the ancient theologians had called 'gnosis' ... [A] concept of gnosis had been created by Messina that was almost unusable in a historical sense."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkschies200314–15-274">[238]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subnotes">Subnotes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Subnotes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> perseus.tufts.edu, LSJ entry: γνωστ-ικός, ή, όν, A. of or for knowing, cognitive: ἡ -κή (sc. ἐπιστήμη), theoretical science (opp. πρακτική), Pl.Plt.258e, etc.; τὸ γ. ib.261b; "ἕξεις γ." Arist.AP0.100a11 (Comp.); "γ. εἰκόνες" Hierocl.in CA25p.475M.: c. gen., able to discern, Ocell. 2.7. Adv. "-κῶς" Procl.Inst.39, Dam.Pr.79, Phlp.in Ph.241.22.<a href="#cite_note-perseus_LSJ-24">[web 1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Williams: "On the other hand, the one group whom Irenaeus does explicitly mention as users of this self-designation, the followers of the Second Century teacher Marcellina, are not included in Layton's anthology at all, on the grounds that their doctrines are not similar to those of the "classic" gnostics. As we have seen, Epiphanius is one of the witnesses for the existence of a special sect called 'the gnostics', and yet Epiphanius himself seems to distinguish between these people and 'the Sethians' (Pan 40.7.5), whereas Layton treats them as both under the 'classic gnostic' category."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams199642–43-37">[26]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Citation_style plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-citation_style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article has an unclear <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Citation_style" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citation style</a>. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">footnoting</a>. (January 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagels198928–47"One_God,_One_Bishop:_The_Politics_of_Monotheism"-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagels198928–47"One_God,_One_Bishop:_The_Politics_of_Monotheism"_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPagels1989">Pagels 1989</a>, pp. 28–47, "One God, One Bishop: The Politics of Monotheism". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagels1989xx-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagels1989xx_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPagels1989">Pagels 1989</a>, p. xx. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDunn2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">Dunn, James</a> (2017). Who Was Jesus? (Little Books of Guidance). Church Publishing. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0898692488" title="Special:BookSources/978-0898692488"><bdi>978-0898692488</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Was+Jesus%3F+%28Little+Books+of+Guidance%29&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Church+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0898692488&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon2016a" class="citation journal cs1">Dillon, M. 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(February 1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commentary.org/articles/jakob-petuchowski-2/jewish-gnosticism-merkabah-mysticism-and-talmudic-tradition-by-gershom-g-scholem/">"Jewish Gnosticism, Merkabah Mysticism, and Talmudic Tradition by Gershom G. Scholem"</a>. Commentary Magazine (book review). Retrieved 2024-10-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Commentary+Magazine&rft.atitle=Jewish+Gnosticism%2C+Merkabah+Mysticism%2C+and+Talmudic+Tradition+by+Gershom+G.+Scholem&rft.date=1961-02&rft.aulast=Petuchowski&rft.aufirst=Jakob+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commentary.org%2Farticles%2Fjakob-petuchowski-2%2Fjewish-gnosticism-merkabah-mysticism-and-talmudic-tradition-by-gershom-g-scholem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMastrocinque2005" class="citation book cs1">Mastrocinque, Attilio (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gSb2wAEACAAJ">From Jewish Magic to Gnosticism</a>. Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-148555-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-148555-8"><bdi>978-3-16-148555-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Jewish+Magic+to+Gnosticism&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-16-148555-8&rft.aulast=Mastrocinque&rft.aufirst=Attilio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgSb2wAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELayton1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGC4vwTXJSaMCpgPA106_106]-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELayton1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGC4vwTXJSaMCpgPA106_106]_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLayton1995">Layton 1995</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GC4vwTXJSaMC&pg=PA106">106</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-ep-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ep_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ep_12-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPagels1989">Pagels 1989</a>, p. xx. </li> <li id="cite_note-DEUTSCH2-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DEUTSCH2_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DEUTSCH2_13-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutsch2007">Deutsch 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2010109-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley2010109_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley2010109_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley2010109_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley2010109_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley2010109_14-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuckley2010">Buckley 2010</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1996-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1996_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1996_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1996_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1996_15-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams1996">Williams 1996</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-King2005-16"><a href="#cite_ref-King2005_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karen_Leigh_King" title="Karen Leigh King">King, Karen L</a> (2005). What is Gnosticism?. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674017627" title="Special:BookSources/9780674017627"><bdi>9780674017627</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+Gnosticism%3F&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780674017627&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Karen+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson2021[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson2021[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobertson2021">Robertson 2021</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-scotttufts-18"><a href="#cite_ref-scotttufts_18-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Liddell_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Liddell Scott">Liddell Scott</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=gnwsis&la=greek#lexicon">entry</a> γνῶσις, εως, ἡ, A. seeking to know, inquiry, investigation, esp. judicial, "τὰς τῶν δικαστηρίων γ." D.18.224; "τὴν κατὰ τοῦ διαιτητοῦ γdeetr." Id.21.92, cf. 7.9, Lycurg.141; "γ. περὶ τῆς δίκης" PHib.1.92.13 (iii B. C.). 2. result of investigation, decision, PPetr.3p.118 (iii B. C.). II. knowing, knowledge, Heraclit.56; opp. ἀγνωσίη, Hp. Vict.1.23 (dub.); opp. ἄγνοια, Pl.R.478c; "ἡ αἴσθησις γ. τις" Arist.GA731a33: pl., "Θεὸς γνώσεων κύριος" LXX 1 Ki.2.3. b. higher, esoteric knowledge, 1 Ep.Cor.8.7,10, Ep.Eph.3.19, etc.; "χαρισάμενος ἡμῖν νοῦν, λόγον, γνῶσιν" PMag.Par.2.290. 2. acquaintance with a person, "πρός τινα" Test. ap.Aeschin.1.50; "τῶν Σεβαστῶν" IPE1.47.6 (Olbia). 3. recognizing, Th.7.44. 4. means of knowing, "αἱ αἰσθήσεις κυριώταται τῶν καθ᾽ ἕκαστα γ." Arist.Metaph.981b11. III. being known, "γνῶσιν ἔχει τι", = "γνωστόν ἐστι", Pl.Tht.206b. 2. fame, credit, Hdn.7.5.5, Luc.Herod.3. IV. means of knowing: hence, statement in writing, PLond.5.1708, etc. (vi A. D.). V. = γνῶμα, <a href="/wiki/Hsch." class="mw-redirect" title="Hsch.">Hsch.</a> s. h. v. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=gnwstikos&la=greek#lexicon">LSJ entry</a> γνωστ-ικός, ή, όν, A. of or for knowing, cognitive: ἡ -κή (sc. ἐπιστήμη), theoretical science (opp. πρακτική), Pl.Plt.258b.c., etc.; τὸ γ. ib.261b; "ἕξεις γ." Arist.AP0.100a11 (Comp.); "γ. εἰκόνες" Hierocl.in CA25p.475M.: c. gen., able to discern, Ocell. 2.7. Adv. "-κῶς" Procl.Inst.39, Dam.Pr.79, Phlp.in Ph.241.22. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/wordfreq?lang=greek&lookup=gnwstiko%2Fs">In Perseus databank</a> 10x <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, Cratylus, Theaetetus, Sophist, Statesman 2x <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, Compendium libri de animae procreatione + De animae procreatione in Timaeo, 2x <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Plutarch" title="Pseudo-Plutarch">Pseudo-Plutarch</a>, De musica </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2003185-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2003185_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2003">Ehrman 2003</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEValantasis2006[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValantasis2006[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValantasis2006[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_22-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFValantasis2006">Valantasis 2006</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1981-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1981_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1981">Smith 1981</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERousseauDoutreleau1974-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERousseauDoutreleau1974_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRousseauDoutreleau1974">Rousseau & Doutreleau 1974</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams199636-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams199636_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams199636_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams199636_34-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams1996">Williams 1996</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams199642–43-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams199642–43_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams199642–43_37-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams1996">Williams 1996</a>, pp. 42–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunderberg200816-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunderberg200816_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunderberg200816_40-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunderberg2008">Dunderberg 2008</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPearson2004210-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPearson2004210_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPearson2004210_42-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPearson2004">Pearson 2004</a>, p. 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaar2012231-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaar2012231_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaar2012">Haar 2012</a>, p. 231. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUngerDillon1992">Unger & Dillon 1992</a>, p. 3: "the final phrase of the title 'knowledge falsely so-called' is found in 1 Timothy 6:20". </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson1984" class="citation journal cs1">Pearson, Birger A. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1509519">"Gnosticism as Platonism: With Special Reference to Marsanes (NHC 10,1)"</a>. The Harvard Theological Review. 77 (1): 55–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017816000014206">10.1017/S0017816000014206</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0017-8160">0017-8160</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1509519">1509519</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=Gnosticism+as+Platonism%3A+With+Special+Reference+to+Marsanes+%28NHC+10%2C1%29&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55-72&rft.date=1984&rft.issn=0017-8160&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1509519%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017816000014206&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Birger+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1509519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnerCorriganRasimus2013" class="citation book cs1">Turner, John D.; Corrigan, Kevin; Rasimus, Tuomas, eds. (2013). Gnosticism, Platonism and the late ancient world: essays in honour of John D. Turner. Nag Hammadi and Manichaean studies. Leiden; Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22383-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22383-7"><bdi>978-90-04-22383-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gnosticism%2C+Platonism+and+the+late+ancient+world%3A+essays+in+honour+of+John+D.+Turner&rft.place=Leiden%3B+Boston&rft.series=Nag+Hammadi+and+Manichaean+studies&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-22383-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDardagan2017" class="citation web cs1">Dardagan, Amer (2017-05-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/krj2n">"Neoplatonism, The Response on Gnostic and Manichean ctiticism of Platonism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31235%2Fosf.io%2Fkrj2n">10.31235/osf.io/krj2n</a>. Retrieved 2024-06-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Neoplatonism%2C+The+Response+on+Gnostic+and+Manichean+ctiticism+of+Platonism&rft.date=2017-05-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31235%2Fosf.io%2Fkrj2n&rft.aulast=Dardagan&rft.aufirst=Amer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.31235%2Fosf.io%2Fkrj2n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuidekoper1891331-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuidekoper1891331_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuidekoper1891">Huidekoper 1891</a>, p. 331. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwickn.d.-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwickn.d._52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChadwickn.d.">Chadwick n.d</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagris20053515–3516-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagris20053515–3516_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagris20053515–3516_53-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMagris2005">Magris 2005</a>, pp. 3515–3516. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenMendes-Flohr2010286-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenMendes-Flohr2010286_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenMendes-Flohr2010286_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenMendes-Flohr2010286_54-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohenMendes-Flohr2010286_54-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohenMendes-Flohr2010">Cohen & Mendes-Flohr 2010</a>, p. 286. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrakke2012[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrakke2012[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrakke2012">Brakke 2012</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerillat1997ch._22-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerillat1997ch._22_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMerillat1997">Merillat 1997</a>, ch. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1982292-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1982292_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1982">Wilson 1982</a>, p. 292. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson19825-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson19825_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson1982">Robinson 1982</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053533-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053533_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053533_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053533_61-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053533_61-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053533_61-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlbrile2005">Albrile 2005</a>, p. 3533. </li> <li id="cite_note-Drower1960-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drower1960_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drower1960_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrower1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._S._Drower" title="E. S. Drower">Drower, Ethel Stephana</a> (1960). The secret Adam, a study of Nasoraean gnosis. London UK: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+secret+Adam%2C+a+study+of+Nasoraean+gnosis&rft.place=London+UK&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Drower&rft.aufirst=Ethel+Stephana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JE-G-63"><a href="#cite_ref-JE-G_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsBlau1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jacobs, Joseph; Blau, Ludwig (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6723-gnosticism">"Gnosticism"</a>. Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2023-09-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gnosticism&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Blau%2C+Ludwig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F6723-gnosticism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053534-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053534_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053534_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053534_64-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlbrile2005">Albrile 2005</a>, p. 3534. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGager1985" class="citation book cs1">Gager, John G. (1985). The origins of anti-semitism: attitudes toward Judaism in pagan and Christian antiquity. Oxford University Press. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503607-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503607-7"><bdi>978-0-19-503607-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origins+of+anti-semitism%3A+attitudes+toward+Judaism+in+pagan+and+Christian+antiquity&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-19-503607-7&rft.aulast=Gager&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayme1997" class="citation book cs1">Bayme, Steven (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=56QJ9O7MFJ4C&dq=gershom+scholem+gnosticism+anti-semitic&pg=PA122">Understanding Jewish History: Texts and Commentaries</a>. KTAV Publishing House, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88125-554-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88125-554-6"><bdi>978-0-88125-554-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Jewish+History%3A+Texts+and+Commentaries&rft.pub=KTAV+Publishing+House%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-88125-554-6&rft.aulast=Bayme&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D56QJ9O7MFJ4C%26dq%3Dgershom%2Bscholem%2Bgnosticism%2Banti-semitic%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kabbalah_New_Perspectives-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Kabbalah_New_Perspectives_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIdel1988" class="citation book cs1">Idel, Moshe (1988-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=utWy5kz5K7IC&pg=PA31">Kabbalah: New Perspectives</a>. Yale University Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04699-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04699-1"><bdi>978-0-300-04699-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kabbalah%3A+New+Perspectives&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1988-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-300-04699-1&rft.aulast=Idel&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DutWy5kz5K7IC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagris20053516-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagris20053516_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagris20053516_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagris20053516_68-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMagris2005">Magris 2005</a>, p. 3516. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannah1999" class="citation book cs1">Hannah, Darrell D. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qKtXVU9EQTIC&pg=PA214">Michael and Christ: Michael Traditions and Angel Christology in Early Christianity</a>. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 214f. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-147054-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-147054-7"><bdi>978-3-16-147054-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michael+and+Christ%3A+Michael+Traditions+and+Angel+Christology+in+Early+Christianity&rft.pages=214f&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-3-16-147054-7&rft.aulast=Hannah&rft.aufirst=Darrell+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqKtXVU9EQTIC%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM.A._Knibb_(trans.)2010" class="citation book cs1">M.A. Knibb (trans.) (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RU77ekrD_vIC&pg=PA173">"Martyrdom and Ascension of Isaiah"</a>. In James H. Charlesworth (ed.). The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. Vol. 2. Hendrickson Publishers. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59856-490-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59856-490-7"><bdi>978-1-59856-490-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Martyrdom+and+Ascension+of+Isaiah&rft.btitle=The+Old+Testament+Pseudepigrapha&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Hendrickson+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59856-490-7&rft.au=M.A.+Knibb+%28trans.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRU77ekrD_vIC%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Papandrea2016-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Papandrea2016_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapandrea2016" class="citation book cs1">Papandrea, James L. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x_akCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA29">The Earliest Christologies: Five Images of Christ in the Postapostolic Age</a>. InterVarsity Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-5127-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-5127-0"><bdi>978-0-8308-5127-0</bdi></a>. <q>The most prominent example of Angel Adoptionism from the early Church would have to be the document known as The Shepherd of Hermass. In The Shepherd, the savior is an angel called the "angel of justification", who seems to be identified with the archangel Michael. Although the angel is often understood to be Jesus, he is never named as Jesus.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earliest+Christologies%3A+Five+Images+of+Christ+in+the+Postapostolic+Age&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-5127-0&rft.aulast=Papandrea&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx_akCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053532-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053532_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053532_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053532_72-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053532_72-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053532_72-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053532_72-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053532_72-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053532_72-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053532_72-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053532_72-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053532_72-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053532_72-11">l</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlbrile2005">Albrile 2005</a>, p. 3532. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson1984" class="citation journal cs1">Pearson, Birger A. (1984). "Gnosticism as Platonism: With Special Reference to Marsanes (NHC 10,1)". The Harvard Theological Review. 77 (1): 55–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017816000014206">10.1017/S0017816000014206</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1509519">1509519</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170677052">170677052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=Gnosticism+as+Platonism%3A+With+Special+Reference+to+Marsanes+%28NHC+10%2C1%29&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55-72&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170677052%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1509519%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017816000014206&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Birger+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner198659-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner198659_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner198659_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner198659_74-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner198659_74-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurner1986">Turner 1986</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-Schenke1-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Schenke1_75-0">^</a> Schenke, Hans Martin. "The Phenomenon and Significance of Gnostic Sethianism" in The Rediscovery of Gnosticism. E.J. Brill 1978 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053531-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053531_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053531_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053531_76-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlbrile2005">Albrile 2005</a>, p. 3531. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053534–3535-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053534–3535_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlbrile2005">Albrile 2005</a>, pp. 3534–3535. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERudolph19874-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudolph19874_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRudolph1987">Rudolph 1987</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gunduz_1994-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Gunduz_1994_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGündüz1994" class="citation journal cs1">Gündüz, Şinasi (1994). "The Knowledge of Life: The Origins and Early History of the Mandaeans and Their Relation to the Sabians of the Qur'ān and to the Harranians". Journal of Semitic Studies Supplement. 3. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-922193-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-922193-6"><bdi>0-19-922193-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-4480">0022-4480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Semitic+Studies+Supplement&rft.atitle=The+Knowledge+of+Life%3A+The+Origins+and+Early+History+of+the+Mandaeans+and+Their+Relation+to+the+Sabians+of+the+Qur%27%C4%81n+and+to+the+Harranians&rft.volume=3&rft.date=1994&rft.issn=0022-4480&rft.isbn=0-19-922193-6&rft.aulast=G%C3%BCnd%C3%BCz&rft.aufirst=%C5%9Einasi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buckley_2002-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buckley_2002_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buckley_2002_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buckley_2002_80-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buckley_2002_80-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2002" class="citation book cs1">Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mandaeannetwork.com/Mandaean/books/english/2The_Mandaeans_Ancient_Texts_and_Modern_People_American_Academy_of_Religion_Books_Jorunn_Jacobsen_Buckley.pdf?bcsi_scan_955b0cd764557e80=0&bcsi_scan_filename=2The_Mandaeans_Ancient_Texts_and_Modern_People_American_Academy_of_Religion_Books_Jorunn_Jacobsen_Buckley.pdf">The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195153859" title="Special:BookSources/9780195153859"><bdi>9780195153859</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mandaeans%3A+ancient+texts+and+modern+people&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780195153859&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Jorunn+Jacobsen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmandaeannetwork.com%2FMandaean%2Fbooks%2Fenglish%2F2The_Mandaeans_Ancient_Texts_and_Modern_People_American_Academy_of_Religion_Books_Jorunn_Jacobsen_Buckley.pdf%3Fbcsi_scan_955b0cd764557e80%3D0%26bcsi_scan_filename%3D2The_Mandaeans_Ancient_Texts_and_Modern_People_American_Academy_of_Religion_Books_Jorunn_Jacobsen_Buckley.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> McGrath, James F.,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1194&context=facsch_papers">"Reading the Story of Miriai on Two Levels: Evidence from Mandaean Anti-Jewish Polemic about the Origins and Setting of Early Mandaeism"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Story+of+Miriai+on+Two+Levels%3A+Evidence+from+Mandaean+Anti-Jewish+Polemic+about+the+Origins+and+Setting+of+Early+Mandaeism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.butler.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Freferer%3D%26httpsredir%3D1%26article%3D1194%26context%3Dfacsch_papers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988">ARAM Periodical / (2010): 583–592. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Lidzbarski, Mark 1915 Das Johannesbuch der Mandäer. Giessen: Alfred Töpelmann. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Macuch, Rudolf A Mandaic Dictionary (with E. S. Drower). Oxford: Clarendon Press 1963. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> R. Macuch, “Anfänge der Mandäer. Versuch eines geschichtliches Bildes bis zur früh-islamischen Zeit,” chap. 6 of F. Altheim and R. Stiehl, Die Araber in der alten Welt II: Bis zur Reichstrennung, Berlin, 1965. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Charles Häberl, "Hebraisms in Mandaic" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TDSDXF5_K8Q,">Mar 3, 2021</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHäberl2021" class="citation journal cs1">Häberl, Charles (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:37489/">"Mandaic and the Palestinian Question"</a>. Journal of the American Oriental Society. 141 (1): 171–184. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7817%2Fjameroriesoci.141.1.0171">10.7817/jameroriesoci.141.1.0171</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0279">0003-0279</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234204741">234204741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Mandaic+and+the+Palestinian+Question&rft.volume=141&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=171-184&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234204741%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0003-0279&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7817%2Fjameroriesoci.141.1.0171&rft.aulast=H%C3%A4berl&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhcommons.org%2Fdeposits%2Fitem%2Fhc%3A37489%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988">Journal of the American Oriental Society 141.1 (2021) pp. 171–184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerardi1997323-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerardi1997323_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVerardi1997">Verardi 1997</a>, p. 323. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConze1967-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConze1967_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConze1967">Conze 1967</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, Clare Goodrick-Clarke G. R. S. Mead and the Gnostic Quest 2005 p. 8. Quote: "The idea that Gnosticism was derived from Buddhism was first postulated by Charles William King in his classic work, The Gnostics and their Remains (1864). He was one of the earliest and most emphatic scholars to propose the Gnostic debt to Buddhist thought." </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> H. L. Mansel, Gnostic Heresies of the First and Second Centuries (1875); p. 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E–J ed. Geoffrey W. Bromiley  (1982). Quote: "Mansel ... summed up the principal sources of Gnosticism in these three: Platonism, the Persian religion, and the Buddhism of India." p. 490. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagels198921-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagels198921_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPagels1989">Pagels 1989</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnosis.org/naghamm/apocjn.html">"The Apocryphon of John – Frederik Wisse – The Nag Hammadi Library"</a>. www.gnosis.org. Retrieved 2022-10-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gnosis.org&rft.atitle=The+Apocryphon+of+John+%E2%80%93+Frederik+Wisse+%E2%80%93+The+Nag+Hammadi+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnosis.org%2Fnaghamm%2Fapocjn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkschies200316–17-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkschies200316–17_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarkschies2003">Markschies 2003</a>, p. 16–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonas196342-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonas196342_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonas1963">Jonas 1963</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1989" class="citation journal cs1">Edwards, M. J. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/jts/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/jts/40.1.26">"Gnostics and Valentinians in the Church Fathers"</a>. The Journal of Theological Studies. 40 (1): 41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjts%2F40.1.26">10.1093/jts/40.1.26</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-5185">0022-5185</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Theological+Studies&rft.atitle=Gnostics+and+Valentinians+in+the+Church+Fathers&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=41&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjts%2F40.1.26&rft.issn=0022-5185&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=M.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fjts%2Farticle-lookup%2Fdoi%2F10.1093%2Fjts%2F40.1.26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELayton1987Introduction_to_"Against_Heresies"_by_St._Irenaeus-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELayton1987Introduction_to_"Against_Heresies"_by_St._Irenaeus_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLayton1987">Layton 1987</a>, Introduction to "Against Heresies" by St. Irenaeus. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Gaans2012" class="citation journal cs1">van Gaans, Gijs Martijn (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157007212x613483">"David Brakke, The Gnostics. Myth, Ritual, and Diversity in Early Christianity, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London: Harvard University Press 2010; xii + 164 pp.; ISBN 978-0-674-04684-9; US$ 29.95 (hardback with jacket)"</a>. Vigiliae Christianae. 66 (2): 217–220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157007212x613483">10.1163/157007212x613483</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0042-6032">0042-6032</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vigiliae+Christianae&rft.atitle=David+Brakke%2C+The+Gnostics.+Myth%2C+Ritual%2C+and+Diversity+in+Early+Christianity%2C+Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts+%26+London%3A+Harvard+University+Press+2010%3B+xii+%2B+164+pp.%3B+ISBN+978-0-674-04684-9%3B+US%24+29.95+%28hardback+with+jacket%29.&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=217-220&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157007212x613483&rft.issn=0042-6032&rft.aulast=van+Gaans&rft.aufirst=Gijs+Martijn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F157007212x613483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2021" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Nicola Denzey (2021-02-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867067.003.0007">"Women in Gnosticism"</a>. Patterns of Women's Leadership in Early Christianity. Oxford University Press. pp. 109–129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198867067.003.0007">10.1093/oso/9780198867067.003.0007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-886706-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-886706-7"><bdi>978-0-19-886706-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2023-05-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Women+in+Gnosticism&rft.btitle=Patterns+of+Women%27s+Leadership+in+Early+Christianity&rft.pages=109-129&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021-02-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198867067.003.0007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-886706-7&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Nicola+Denzey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198867067.003.0007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing2003">King 2003</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_103-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin_H._Dunning2019" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin H. Dunning, ed. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1123192570">The Oxford handbook of New Testament, gender, and sexuality</a>. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-021341-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-021341-1"><bdi>978-0-19-021341-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1123192570">1123192570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+handbook+of+New+Testament%2C+gender%2C+and+sexuality&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1123192570&rft.isbn=978-0-19-021341-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1123192570&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-apocryphon-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-apocryphon_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-apocryphon_105-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-apocryphon_105-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-apocryphon_105-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-apocryphon_105-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-apocryphon_105-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-apocryphon_105-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnosis.org/naghamm/nhl_sbj.htm">"The Apocryphon of John"</a>. The Gnostic Society Library. Retrieved 2009-02-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Apocryphon+of+John&rft.pub=The+Gnostic+Society+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnosis.org%2Fnaghamm%2Fnhl_sbj.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-allogenes-106"><a href="#cite_ref-allogenes_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnosis.org/naghamm/allogene.html">"Allogenes"</a>. The Gnostic Society Library. Retrieved 2009-02-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Allogenes&rft.pub=The+Gnostic+Society+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnosis.org%2Fnaghamm%2Fallogene.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-trimorph-107"><a href="#cite_ref-trimorph_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnosis.org/naghamm/trimorph.html">"Trimorphic Protennoia"</a>. The Gnostic Society Library. Retrieved September 29, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trimorphic+Protennoia&rft.pub=The+Gnostic+Society+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnosis.org%2Fnaghamm%2Ftrimorph.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-valen_syzygy-108"><a href="#cite_ref-valen_syzygy_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/valentinus/Syzygy_Valentinian.htm">"The Pair (Syzygy) in Valentinian Thought"</a>. 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The Gnostic Society Library. Retrieved 2009-02-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Valentinian+Exposition&rft.pub=The+Gnostic+Society+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnosis.org%2Fnaghamm%2Fvalex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumney1989" class="citation journal cs1">Sumney, Jerry L. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/nt/31/2/article-p172_6.xml">"The Letter of Eugnostos and the Origins of Gnosticism"</a>. Novum Testamentum. 31 (2): 172–181. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156853689X00063">10.1163/156853689X00063</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0048-1009">0048-1009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Novum+Testamentum&rft.atitle=The+Letter+of+Eugnostos+and+the+Origins+of+Gnosticism&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=172-181&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156853689X00063&rft.issn=0048-1009&rft.aulast=Sumney&rft.aufirst=Jerry+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fnt%2F31%2F2%2Farticle-p172_6.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley1986" class="citation book cs1">Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13009837">Female fault and fulfilment in Gnosticism</a>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-1696-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-1696-5"><bdi>0-8078-1696-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13009837">13009837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Female+fault+and+fulfilment+in+Gnosticism&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13009837&rft.isbn=0-8078-1696-5&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Jorunn+Jacobsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F13009837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-newad_demi-113"><a href="#cite_ref-newad_demi_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04707b.htm">"Demiurge"</a>. Catholic encyclopedia. Retrieved 2009-02-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Demiurge&rft.pub=Catholic+encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F04707b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hypostasis-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hypostasis_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hypostasis_114-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnosis.org/naghamm/hypostas.html">"The Hypostasis of the Archons"</a>. The Gnostic Society Library. 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Retrieved 15 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gnosis.org&rft.atitle=The+Gnostic+World+View%3A+A+Brief+Summary+of+Gnosticism&rft.aulast=Hoeller&rft.aufirst=Stephan+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnosis.org%2Fgnintro.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1991262-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1991262_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1991">Campbell 1991</a>, p. 262. </li> <li id="cite_note-nhlrepublic-117"><a href="#cite_ref-nhlrepublic_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnosis.org/naghamm/plato.html">"Plato, Republic 588A–589B"</a>. "The Gnostic Society Library. 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Retrieved 2024-05-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bible.usccb.org&rft.atitle=Revelation%2C+CHAPTER+9+%7C+USCCB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbible.usccb.org%2Fbible%2Frevelation%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.usccb.org/bible/acts/8">"Acts of the Apostles, CHAPTER 8 | USCCB"</a>. bible.usccb.org. Retrieved 2024-05-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bible.usccb.org&rft.atitle=Acts+of+the+Apostles%2C+CHAPTER+8+%7C+USCCB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbible.usccb.org%2Fbible%2Facts%2F8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/philosophy/philosophy-terms-and-concepts/demiurge">"Demiurge | Encyclopedia.com"</a>. www.encyclopedia.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Demiurge+%26%23124%3B+Encyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fphilosophy-and-religion%2Fphilosophy%2Fphilosophy-terms-and-concepts%2Fdemiurge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-contra_celsum-123"><a href="#cite_ref-contra_celsum_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrigen" class="citation web cs1">Origen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnosis.org/library/orig_cc6.htm">"Cotra Celsum"</a>. The Gnostic Society Library. Retrieved 13 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cotra+Celsum&rft.pub=The+Gnostic+Society+Library&rft.au=Origen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnosis.org%2Flibrary%2Forig_cc6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mithraic_art-124"><a href="#cite_ref-mithraic_art_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727101037/http://www.public-domain-content.com/books/classic_greece_rome/mom/mom10.shtml">"Mithraic Art"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.public-domain-content.com/books/classic_greece_rome/mom/mom10.shtml">the original</a> on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2009-12-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mithraic+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.public-domain-content.com%2Fbooks%2Fclassic_greece_rome%2Fmom%2Fmom10.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagels1975-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagels1975_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagels1975_125-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagels1975_125-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPagels1975">Pagels 1975</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoukema2010" class="citation book cs1">Roukema, Riemer (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AfcRBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53">"Jesus′ Origin and Identity – Theodotus [of Byzantium]"</a>. Jesus, Gnosis and Dogma. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-61585-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-61585-5"><bdi>978-0-567-61585-5</bdi></a>. <q>The Saviour, jesus Christ, who from the fullness (the pleroma) of the Father descended on earth, is identified with the Logos, but initially not entirely with the Only Begotten Son. In John 1:14 is written, after all, that his glory was as of the Only Begotten, from which is concluded that his glory must be distinguished from this (7, 3b). When the Logos or Saviour descended, Sophia, according to Theodotus, provided a piece of flesh (sarkion), namely a carnal body, also called 'spiritual seed' (1, 1).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jesus%E2%80%B2+Origin+and+Identity+%E2%80%93+Theodotus+%26%2391%3Bof+Byzantium%26%2393%3B&rft.btitle=Jesus%2C+Gnosis+and+Dogma&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-567-61585-5&rft.aulast=Roukema&rft.aufirst=Riemer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAfcRBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/gnostic-gospels/">"The Gnostic Gospels"</a>. FRONTLINE. Retrieved 2020-08-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FRONTLINE&rft.atitle=The+Gnostic+Gospels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Ffrontline%2Farticle%2Fgnostic-gospels%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-macuch-128"><a href="#cite_ref-macuch_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacuch1965" class="citation book cs1">Macuch, Rudolf (1965). Handbook of Classical and Modern Mandaic. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jesuspuzzle.humanists.net/jhcjp.htm">the original</a> on 2008-06-08. 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HarperOne, 2007. pp. 2–3. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-052378-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-052378-6">0-06-052378-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1978Introduction-252"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1978Introduction_252-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson1978">Robinson 1978</a>, Introduction. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELayton1987xviii-253"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELayton1987xviii_253-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLayton1987">Layton 1987</a>, p. xviii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELahe2006221-255"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELahe2006221_255-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLahe2006">Lahe 2006</a>, p. 221. </li> <li id="cite_note-jg-256">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jg_256-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jg_256-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jg_256-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jg_256-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jg_256-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jg_256-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jg_256-6">g</a> Sariel, Aviram. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/harvard-theological-review/article/jonasian-gnosticism/A9BAD085CFAD0384CA4B2E744119C764">Jonasian Gnosticism</a>." Harvard Theological Review 116.1 (2023). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonas19633–27-257"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonas19633–27_257-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonas1963">Jonas 1963</a>, pp. 3–27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053533–3534-258"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053533–3534_258-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlbrile2005">Albrile 2005</a>, pp. 3533–3534. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroek1996vii-259"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroek1996vii_259-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBroek1996">Broek 1996</a>, p. vii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053535-260"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrile20053535_260-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlbrile2005">Albrile 2005</a>, p. 3535. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuispel20048-263"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuispel20048_263-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuispel2004">Quispel 2004</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> David Brakke, The Gnostics: Myth, Ritual, and Diversity in Early Christianity (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010), pages 5–10 </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> Jonathan Cahana-Blum, Wrestling with Archons: Gnosticism as a Critical Theory of Culture (London: Rowman, 2018). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon201624-266">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDillon201624_266-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDillon201624_266-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDillon201624_266-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDillon201624_266-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDillon201624_266-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFDillon2016">Dillon 2016</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon201625-267">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDillon201625_267-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDillon201625_267-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDillon2016">Dillon 2016</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonas1963-268"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonas1963_268-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJonas1963">Jonas 1963</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon201626-269">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDillon201626_269-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDillon201626_269-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDillon201626_269-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDillon2016">Dillon 2016</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon201627-270">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDillon201627_270-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDillon201627_270-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDillon201627_270-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDillon201627_270-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDillon2016">Dillon 2016</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon201628-271">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDillon201628_271-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDillon201628_271-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDillon201628_271-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDillon201628_271-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDillon2016">Dillon 2016</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon201627–28-272"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDillon201627–28_272-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDillon2016">Dillon 2016</a>, pp. 27–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkschies200313-273"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkschies200313_273-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarkschies2003">Markschies 2003</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkschies200314–15-274">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkschies200314–15_274-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkschies200314–15_274-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarkschies2003">Markschies 2003</a>, pp. 14–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuispel20053511-276"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuispel20053511_276-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuispel2005">Quispel 2005</a>, p. 3511. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrekeGandy2005-277"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrekeGandy2005_277-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrekeGandy2005">Freke & Gandy 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.westarinstitute.org/projects/christianity-seminar/fall-2014-meeting-report/">"Fall 2014 Christianity Seminar Report on Gnosticism"</a>. westar institute. Retrieved 31 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=westar+institute&rft.atitle=Fall+2014+Christianity+Seminar+Report+on+Gnosticism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.westarinstitute.org%2Fprojects%2Fchristianity-seminar%2Ffall-2014-meeting-report%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson2021-279"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson2021_279-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobertson2021">Robertson 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDillon201628–29-280"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDillon201628–29_280-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDillon2016">Dillon 2016</a>, pp. 28–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConze1975165-281"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConze1975165_281-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConze1975">Conze 1975</a>, p. 165. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Printed_sources">Printed sources</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Printed sources">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-ISBN plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_kdict_glass.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Nuvola_kdict_glass.svg/40px-Nuvola_kdict_glass.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Nuvola_kdict_glass.svg/60px-Nuvola_kdict_glass.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Nuvola_kdict_glass.svg/80px-Nuvola_kdict_glass.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article lacks <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBNs</a> for the books listed. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit">add the ISBNs</a> or run the <a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/citations/process_page.php?edit=template&slow=1&user=Biblio+template+user&page=Gnosticism">citation bot</a>. (January 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbrile2005" class="citation book cs1">Albrile, Ezio (2005). "Gnosticism: History of Study". In Jones, Lindsay (ed.). MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religion. MacMillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gnosticism%3A+History+of+Study&rft.btitle=MacMillan+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Albrile&rft.aufirst=Ezio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnstoneMeyer2009" class="citation book cs1">Barnstone, Willis; Meyer, Marvin (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gnosticbible0000unse">The Gnostic Bible: Revised and Expanded Edition</a>. Shambhala Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-834-82414-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-834-82414-0"><bdi>978-0-834-82414-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gnostic+Bible%3A+Revised+and+Expanded+Edition&rft.pub=Shambhala+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-834-82414-0&rft.aulast=Barnstone&rft.aufirst=Willis&rft.au=Meyer%2C+Marvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgnosticbible0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bauer" title="Walter Bauer">Bauer, Walter</a> (1979). Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity. Fortress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-1363-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-1363-1"><bdi>978-0-8006-1363-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orthodoxy+and+Heresy+in+Earliest+Christianity&rft.pub=Fortress&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-1363-1&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrakke2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Brakke" title="David Brakke">Brakke, David</a> (2012). The Gnostics: Myth, Ritual, and Diversity in Early Christianity. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674262331" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674262331"><bdi>978-0674262331</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gnostics%3A+Myth%2C+Ritual%2C+and+Diversity+in+Early+Christianity&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0674262331&rft.aulast=Brakke&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroek1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roel_van_den_Broek" title="Roel van den Broek">Broek, Roelof van den</a> (1996). Studies in Gnosticism and Alexandrian Christianity.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Gnosticism+and+Alexandrian+Christianity&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Broek&rft.aufirst=Roelof+van+den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroek2013" class="citation book cs1">Broek, Roelof van den (2013). Gnostic Religion in Antiquity. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gnostic+Religion+in+Antiquity&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Broek&rft.aufirst=Roelof+van+den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2010" class="citation book cs1">Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2010). "Turning the Tables on Jesus: The Mandaean View". In Horsley, Richard (ed.). Christian Origins. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Fortress Press. pp. 94–111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1451416640" title="Special:BookSources/978-1451416640"><bdi>978-1451416640</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Turning+the+Tables+on+Jesus%3A+The+Mandaean+View&rft.btitle=Christian+Origins&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+Minnesota&rft.pages=94-111&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1451416640&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Jorunn+Jacobsen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1991" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Joseph (1991). Occidental Mythology. Penguin Arkana.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Occidental+Mythology&rft.pub=Penguin+Arkana&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwickn.d." class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chadwick, Henry (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Christianity/Early-heretical-movements">"Early heretical movements"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 13 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+heretical+movements&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FChristianity%2FEarly-heretical-movements&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohenMendes-Flohr2010" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Arthur A.; Mendes-Flohr, Paul (2010). 20th Century Jewish Religious Thought.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=20th+Century+Jewish+Religious+Thought&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Arthur+A.&rft.au=Mendes-Flohr%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConze1967" class="citation conference cs1">Conze, Edward (1967). "Buddhism and Gnosis". In Bianchi, U. (ed.). Origins of Gnosticism: Colloquium of Messina, 13–18 April 1966.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Buddhism+and+Gnosis&rft.btitle=Origins+of+Gnosticism%3A+Colloquium+of+Messina%2C+13%E2%80%9318+April+1966&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Conze&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConze1975" class="citation journal cs1">Conze, Edward (1975). "Buddhist prajna and Greek Sophia". Religion. 5 (2): 160–167. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0048-721X%2875%2990017-2">10.1016/0048-721X(75)90017-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion&rft.atitle=Buddhist+prajna+and+Greek+Sophia&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=160-167&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0048-721X%2875%2990017-2&rft.aulast=Conze&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCulpepper1999" class="citation book cs1">Culpepper, R. Alan (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rn6wk-ipDVQC">"The Christology of the Johannine Writings"</a>. 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Theology Today. 37 (4): 498–501. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F004057368103700411">10.1177/004057368103700411</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170277327">170277327</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theology+Today&rft.atitle=Gnosticism%2C+Feminism%2C+and+Elaine+Pagels&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=498-501&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F004057368103700411&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170277327%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=McVey&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMead2005" class="citation book cs1">Mead, G. R. S. (2005). Fragments of a Faith Forgotten. Kessinger Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4179-8413-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4179-8413-8"><bdi>978-1-4179-8413-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fragments+of+a+Faith+Forgotten&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4179-8413-8&rft.aulast=Mead&rft.aufirst=G.+R.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeier1991" class="citation book cs1">Meier, John P. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mentormessagemir00john">A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the historical Jesus</a>. New York: Doubleday.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Marginal+Jew%3A+Rethinking+the+historical+Jesus&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmentormessagemir00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeier2016" class="citation book cs1">Meier, John P. (2016). A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus, Volume V: Probing the Authenticity of the Parables. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21647-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21647-9"><bdi>978-0-300-21647-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Marginal+Jew%3A+Rethinking+the+Historical+Jesus%2C+Volume+V%3A+Probing+the+Authenticity+of+the+Parables&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-300-21647-9&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerillat1997" class="citation book cs1">Merillat, Herbert Christian (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gnosis.org/thomasbook/ch22.html">"Buddhism and Gnosticism"</a>. The Gnostic Apostle Thomas: "Twin" of Jesus. Retrieved 13 February 2023 – via gnosis.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Buddhism+and+Gnosticism&rft.btitle=The+Gnostic+Apostle+Thomas%3A+%22Twin%22+of+Jesus&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Merillat&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Christian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgnosis.org%2Fthomasbook%2Fch22.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagel1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nagel, Tilman (1994). Geschichte der islamischen Theologie: von Mohammed bis zur Gegenwart (in German). C. H. Beck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-37981-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-37981-9"><bdi>978-3-406-37981-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+der+islamischen+Theologie%3A+von+Mohammed+bis+zur+Gegenwart&rft.pub=C.+H.+Beck&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-3-406-37981-9&rft.aulast=Nagel&rft.aufirst=Tilman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPagels1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Pagels" title="Elaine Pagels">Pagels, Elaine</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gnosticpaulgnost00page">The Gnostic Paul: Gnostic Exegesis of the Pauline Letters</a>. Trinity Press International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56338-039-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56338-039-6"><bdi>978-1-56338-039-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gnostic+Paul%3A+Gnostic+Exegesis+of+the+Pauline+Letters&rft.pub=Trinity+Press+International&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-1-56338-039-6&rft.aulast=Pagels&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgnosticpaulgnost00page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPagels1979" class="citation book cs1">Pagels, Elaine (1979). The Gnostic Gospels. New York: Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-72453-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-72453-7"><bdi>978-0-679-72453-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gnostic+Gospels&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-679-72453-7&rft.aulast=Pagels&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPagels1989" class="citation book cs1">Pagels, Elaine (1989). The Gnostic Gospels. Knopf Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-72453-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-72453-7"><bdi>978-0-679-72453-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gnostic+Gospels&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-679-72453-7&rft.aulast=Pagels&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson2004" class="citation book cs1">Pearson, Birger Albert (2004). 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Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567000972" title="Special:BookSources/9780567000972"><bdi>9780567000972</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Diatessaron+and+the+Fourfold+Gospel&rft.btitle=The+Earliest+Gospels&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780567000972&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0eYRBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrement1990" class="citation book cs1">Petrement, Simone (1990). A Separate God: The Origins and Teachings of Gnosticism. Harper and Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-066421-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-066421-5"><bdi>0-06-066421-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Separate+God%3A+The+Origins+and+Teachings+of+Gnosticism&rft.pub=Harper+and+Row&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-06-066421-5&rft.aulast=Petrement&rft.aufirst=Simone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Perkins, Pheme (2005). "Gnosticism: Gnosticism as a Christian heresy". In Jones, Lindsay (ed.). MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religion. 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Servire.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Voorwoord&rft.btitle=De+Gnostische+Evangelien&rft.pub=Servire&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Quispel&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuispel2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Quispel, Gilles (2005). "Gnosticism: Gnosticism from its origins to the Middle Ages". In Jones, Lindsay (ed.). MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religion (1st ed.). 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Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1350137691" title="Special:BookSources/978-1350137691"><bdi>978-1350137691</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gnosticism+and+the+History+of+Religions&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1350137691&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_M._Robinson" title="James M. Robinson">Robinson, James</a> (1978). The Nag Hammadi Library in English. San Francisco: Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-066934-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-066934-8"><bdi>978-0-06-066934-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nag+Hammadi+Library+in+English&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-06-066934-8&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1982" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, J. M. (1982). "Jesus: From Easter to Valentinus (Or to the Apostles' Creed)". Journal of Biblical Literature. 101 (1): 5–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3260438">10.2307/3260438</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3260438">3260438</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=Jesus%3A+From+Easter+to+Valentinus+%28Or+to+the+Apostles%27+Creed%29&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-37&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3260438&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3260438%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRousseauDoutreleau1974" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rousseau, A.; Doutreleau, L. (1974). Saint Irénée de Lyon: Traité contre les hérésies (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saint+Ir%C3%A9n%C3%A9e+de+Lyon%3A+Trait%C3%A9+contre+les+h%C3%A9r%C3%A9sies&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Rousseau&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Doutreleau%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudolph1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Rudolph" title="Kurt Rudolph">Rudolph, Kurt</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gnosisnaturehist00rudo">Gnosis: The Nature & History of Gnosticism</a>. Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-067018-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-067018-4"><bdi>978-0-06-067018-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gnosis%3A+The+Nature+%26+History+of+Gnosticism&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-06-067018-4&rft.aulast=Rudolph&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgnosisnaturehist00rudo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2004" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Carl B. (2004). No Longer Jews: The Search for Gnostic Origins. Hendrickson Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Longer+Jews%3A+The+Search+for+Gnostic+Origins&rft.pub=Hendrickson+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Carl+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Morton_Smith" title="Morton Smith">Smith, Morton</a> (1981). History of the Term Gnostikos. Netherlands: E.J. Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Term+Gnostikos&rft.place=Netherlands&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Morton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTemporiniVogtHaase1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_Temporini-Gr%C3%A4fin_Vitzthum" title="Hildegard Temporini-Gräfin Vitzthum">Temporini, Hildegard</a>; Vogt, Joseph; Haase, Wolfgang (1983). <a href="/wiki/Aufstieg_und_Niedergang_der_r%C3%B6mischen_Welt" title="Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt">Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt</a> [Rise and Decline of the Roman World] (in German). Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-008845-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-008845-8"><bdi>978-3-11-008845-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aufstieg+und+Niedergang+der+r%C3%B6mischen+Welt&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-3-11-008845-8&rft.aulast=Temporini&rft.aufirst=Hildegard&rft.au=Vogt%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Haase%2C+Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1986" class="citation book cs1">Turner, John (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121211123653/http://jdt.unl.edu/lithist.html">"Sethian Gnosticism: A Literary History"</a>. Nag Hammadi, Gnosticism and Early Christianity. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jdt.unl.edu/lithist.html">the original</a> on 2012-12-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sethian+Gnosticism%3A+A+Literary+History&rft.btitle=Nag+Hammadi%2C+Gnosticism+and+Early+Christianity&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjdt.unl.edu%2Flithist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2001" class="citation book cs1">Turner, John D. (2001). "Chapter Seven: The History of the Sethian Movement". Sethian Gnosticism and the Platonic Tradition. Presses Université Laval.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+Seven%3A+The+History+of+the+Sethian+Movement&rft.btitle=Sethian+Gnosticism+and+the+Platonic+Tradition&rft.pub=Presses+Universit%C3%A9+Laval&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUngerDillon1992" class="citation book cs1">Unger, Dominic J.; Dillon, John J. (1992). St. Irenaeus of Lyons Against the heresies. Vol. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St.+Irenaeus+of+Lyons+Against+the+heresies&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=Dominic+J.&rft.au=Dillon%2C+John+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValantasis2006" class="citation book cs1">Valantasis, Richard (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beliefnetguideto00vala">The Beliefnet Guide to Gnosticiam and Other Vanished Christianities</a>. Beliefnet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-51455-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-51455-2"><bdi>978-0-385-51455-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beliefnet+Guide+to+Gnosticiam+and+Other+Vanished+Christianities&rft.pub=Beliefnet&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-385-51455-2&rft.aulast=Valantasis&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeliefnetguideto00vala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerardi1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Verardi" title="Giovanni Verardi">Verardi, Giovanni</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opar.unior.it/1042/1/Articolo_Verardi_pdf.pdf">"The Buddhists, the Gnostics and the Antinomistic Society, or the Arabian Sea in the First Century AD"</a> (PDF). Aion. 57 (3–4): 324–346.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aion&rft.atitle=The+Buddhists%2C+the+Gnostics+and+the+Antinomistic+Society%2C+or+the+Arabian+Sea+in+the+First+Century+AD&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=324-346&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Verardi&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopar.unior.it%2F1042%2F1%2FArticolo_Verardi_pdf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1996" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Michael (1996). Rethinking Gnosticism: An Argument for Dismantling a Dubious Category. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01127-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01127-1"><bdi>978-0-691-01127-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Gnosticism%3A+An+Argument+for+Dismantling+a+Dubious+Category&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-691-01127-1&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1982" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, R. McL. (1982). "Nag Hammadi and the New Testament". New Testament Studies. 28 (3): 289–302. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002868850000744X">10.1017/S002868850000744X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170876890">170876890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Testament+Studies&rft.atitle=Nag+Hammadi+and+the+New+Testament&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=289-302&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS002868850000744X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170876890%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=R.+McL.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Web_sources">Web sources</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Web sources">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-perseus_LSJ-24"><a href="#cite_ref-perseus_LSJ_24-0">^</a> perseus.tufts.edu, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=gnwstikos&la=greek#lexicon">LSJ entry</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-perseus_gnostikos-26"><a href="#cite_ref-perseus_gnostikos_26-0">^</a> perseus.tufts.edu, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/wordfreq?lang=greek&lookup=gnwstiko%2Fs">Gnostikos</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-National_Book_Award-261"><a href="#cite_ref-National_Book_Award_261-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-1980">"National Book Awards – 1980"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Foundation" title="National Book Foundation">National Book Foundation</a>. Retrieved March 8, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Book+Awards+%E2%80%93+1980&rft.pub=National+Book+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalbook.org%2Fawards-prizes%2Fnational-book-awards-1980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beliefnet-262"><a href="#cite_ref-Beliefnet_262-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheahen2003" class="citation web cs1">Sheahen, Laura (June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beliefnet.com/story/128/story_12865_1.html">"Matthew, Mark, Luke and... Thomas?: What would Christianity be like if gnostic texts had made it into the Bible?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Beliefnet" title="Beliefnet">Beliefnet</a>. Retrieved June 7, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beliefnet&rft.atitle=Matthew%2C+Mark%2C+Luke+and...+Thomas%3F%3A+What+would+Christianity+be+like+if+gnostic+texts+had+made+it+into+the+Bible%3F&rft.date=2003-06&rft.aulast=Sheahen&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beliefnet.com%2Fstory%2F128%2Fstory_12865_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> Primary sources <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Willis_Barnstone" title="Willis Barnstone">Barnstone, Willis</a> (1984). The Other Bible: Gnostic Scriptures, Jewish Pseudepigrapha, Christian Apocyrypha, Kabbalah, Dead Sea Scrolls. San Francisco: Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-081598-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-081598-1"><bdi>978-0-06-081598-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Bible%3A+Gnostic+Scriptures%2C+Jewish+Pseudepigrapha%2C+Christian+Apocyrypha%2C+Kabbalah%2C+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-06-081598-1&rft.aulast=Barnstone&rft.aufirst=Willis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Barnstone, Willis; Meyer, Marvin (2010). Essential Gnostic Scriptures. Shambhala Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1590305492" title="Special:BookSources/978-1590305492"><bdi>978-1590305492</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Gnostic+Scriptures&rft.pub=Shambhala+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1590305492&rft.aulast=Barnstone&rft.aufirst=Willis&rft.au=Meyer%2C+Marvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a> (1989). <a href="/wiki/Enneads" title="Enneads">The Enneads</a>. Vol. 1. Translated by A. H. Armstrong. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99484-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99484-3"><bdi>978-0-674-99484-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Enneads&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-674-99484-3&rft.au=Plotinus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> General <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Aland, Barbara (1978). Festschrift für Hans Jonas. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-525-58111-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-525-58111-7"><bdi>978-3-525-58111-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Festschrift+f%C3%BCr+Hans+Jonas&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-3-525-58111-7&rft.aulast=Aland&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Burstein, Dan (2006). Secrets of Mary Magdalene. CDS Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59315-205-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59315-205-5"><bdi>978-1-59315-205-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secrets+of+Mary+Magdalene&rft.pub=CDS+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59315-205-5&rft.aulast=Burstein&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Filoramo, Giovanni (1990). A History of Gnosticism. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18707-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18707-3"><bdi>978-0-631-18707-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Gnosticism&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-631-18707-3&rft.aulast=Filoramo&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Freke, Timothy; Gandy, Peter (2002). Jesus and the Lost Goddess: The Secret Teachings of the Original Christians. Three Rivers Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-710071-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-710071-2"><bdi>978-0-00-710071-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+the+Lost+Goddess%3A+The+Secret+Teachings+of+the+Original+Christians&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-00-710071-2&rft.aulast=Freke&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft.au=Gandy%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Haardt, Robert (1967). Die Gnosis: Wesen und Zeugnisse (in German). Salzburg: Otto-Müller-Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Gnosis%3A+Wesen+und+Zeugnisse&rft.place=Salzburg&rft.pub=Otto-M%C3%BCller-Verlag&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Haardt&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"> Translated as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Haardt, Robert (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gnosischaractert0000haar">Gnosis: Character and Testimony</a>. Leiden: Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gnosis%3A+Character+and+Testimony&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Haardt&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgnosischaractert0000haar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephan_A._Hoeller" title="Stephan A. Hoeller">Hoeller, Stephan A.</a> (2002). Gnosticism: New Light on the Ancient Tradition of Inner Knowing. Wheaton, IL: Quest. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8356-0816-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8356-0816-9"><bdi>978-0-8356-0816-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gnosticism%3A+New+Light+on+the+Ancient+Tradition+of+Inner+Knowing&rft.place=Wheaton%2C+IL&rft.pub=Quest&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8356-0816-9&rft.aulast=Hoeller&rft.aufirst=Stephan+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Jonas" title="Hans Jonas">Jonas, Hans</a> (1993). Gnosis und spätantiker Geist (in German). Vol. 2: Von der Mythologie zur mystischen Philosophie. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-525-53841-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-525-53841-8"><bdi>978-3-525-53841-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gnosis+und+sp%C3%A4tantiker+Geist&rft.place=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-3-525-53841-8&rft.aulast=Jonas&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_King" title="Charles William King">King, Charles William</a> (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/gno/gar/">The Gnostics and Their Remains</a> – via Sacred-texts.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gnostics+and+Their+Remains&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Charles+William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fgno%2Fgar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Klimkeit, Hans-Joachim (1993). Gnosis on the Silk Road: Gnostic Texts from Central Asia. San Francisco: Harper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-064586-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-064586-1"><bdi>978-0-06-064586-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gnosis+on+the+Silk+Road%3A+Gnostic+Texts+from+Central+Asia&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-06-064586-1&rft.aulast=Klimkeit&rft.aufirst=Hans-Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Layton, Bentley, ed. (1981). The Rediscovery of Gnosticism: Sethian Gnosticism. E.J. Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rediscovery+of+Gnosticism%3A+Sethian+Gnosticism&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Pagels, Elaine (1989). The Johannine Gospel in Gnostic Exegesis. Atlanta: Scholars Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55540-334-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55540-334-8"><bdi>978-1-55540-334-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Johannine+Gospel+in+Gnostic+Exegesis&rft.place=Atlanta&rft.pub=Scholars+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-1-55540-334-8&rft.aulast=Pagels&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_M._Tuckett" title="Christopher M. Tuckett">Tuckett, Christopher M.</a> (1986). Nag Hammadi and the Gospel Tradition: Synoptic Tradition in the Nag Hammadi Library. T & T Clark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-09364-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-09364-6"><bdi>978-0-567-09364-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nag+Hammadi+and+the+Gospel+Tradition%3A+Synoptic+Tradition+in+the+Nag+Hammadi+Library&rft.pub=T+%26+T+Clark&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-567-09364-6&rft.aulast=Tuckett&rft.aufirst=Christopher+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Van den Broek, Roelof (2013). Gnostic Religion in Antiquity. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gnostic+Religion+in+Antiquity&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Van+den+Broek&rft.aufirst=Roelof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Walker_(author)" title="Benjamin Walker (author)">Walker, Benjamin</a> (1990). Gnosticism: Its History and Influence. Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85274-057-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85274-057-3"><bdi>978-1-85274-057-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gnosticism%3A+Its+History+and+Influence&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-85274-057-3&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_M._Yamauchi" title="Edwin M. Yamauchi">Yamauchi, Edwin M.</a> (1983). Pre-Christian Gnosticism: A Survey of the Proposed Evidences. Baker Book House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-9919-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-9919-9"><bdi>978-0-8010-9919-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pre-Christian+Gnosticism%3A+A+Survey+of+the+Proposed+Evidences&rft.pub=Baker+Book+House&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-9919-9&rft.aulast=Yamauchi&rft.aufirst=Edwin+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Yamauchi, Edwin M. (1979). "Pre-Christian Gnosticism in the Nag Hammadi Texts?". Church History. 48 (2): 129–141. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3164879">10.2307/3164879</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3164879">3164879</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161310738">161310738</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+History&rft.atitle=Pre-Christian+Gnosticism+in+the+Nag+Hammadi+Texts%3F&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=129-141&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161310738%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3164879%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3164879&rft.aulast=Yamauchi&rft.aufirst=Edwin+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosticism&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Bousset" title="Wilhelm Bousset">Bousset, Wilhelm</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gnosticism">"Gnosticism" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). pp. 152–159.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gnosticism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=152-159&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.au=Bousset%2C+Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosticism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/gnostic/">Gnosticism</a>, by Edward Moore, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gnosticism">Gnosticism</a> by Kurt Rudolph, Encyclopædia Iranica</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06592a.htm">Gnosticism</a> Catholic Encyclopedia</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gnosticism_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gnosticism topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraxas" title="Abraxas">Abraxas/Abrasax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeon_(Gnosticism)" title="Aeon (Gnosticism)">Aeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">Anima mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archon_(Gnosticism)" title="Archon (Gnosticism)">Archon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_spark" title="Divine spark">Divine spark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">Gnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monad_(Gnosticism)" title="Monad (Gnosticism)">Monad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleroma" title="Pleroma">Pleroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_(Gnosticism)" title="Sophia (Gnosticism)">Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Hayyi Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_of_Light" title="World of Light">World of Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_of_Darkness_(Mandaeism)" title="World of Darkness (Mandaeism)">World of Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthra" title="Uthra">Uthra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruha" title="Ruha">Ruha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abatur" title="Abatur">Abatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptahil" title="Ptahil">Ptahil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_kasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam kasia">Adam kasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_pagria" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam pagria">Adam pagria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-Gnostics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilides" title="Basilides">Basilides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerinthus" title="Cerinthus">Cerinthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_(gnostic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Justin (gnostic)">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_(Marcosian)" title="Marcus (Marcosian)">Marcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturninus_of_Antioch" title="Saturninus of Antioch">Saturninus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Magus" title="Simon Magus">Simon Magus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinus_(Gnostic)" title="Valentinus (Gnostic)">Valentinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gnostic_sects" title="List of Gnostic sects">Gnostic sects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borborites" title="Borborites">Borborites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cainites" title="Cainites">Cainites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpocrates" title="Carpocrates">Carpocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcosians" title="Marcosians">Marcosians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaism" title="Nicolaism">Nicolaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonians" title="Simonians">Simonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syrian-Egyptian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archontics" title="Archontics">Archontics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardaisan" title="Bardaisan">Bardaisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilideans" title="Basilideans">Basilideans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophites" title="Ophites">Ophites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sethianism" title="Sethianism">Sethianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Catharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gnostic_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic texts">Gnostic texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gnostic Gospels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Judas" title="Gospel of Judas">Gospel of Judas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Marcion" title="Gospel of Marcion">Gospel of Marcion/Gospel of the Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mary" title="Gospel of Mary">Gospel of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Philip" title="Gospel of Philip">Gospel of Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Gospel of Thomas">Gospel of Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Truth" title="Gospel of Truth">Gospel of Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gnostic_Gospels" title="Category:Gnostic Gospels">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Askew_Codex" title="Askew Codex">Askew Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Codex" title="Bruce Codex">Bruce Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Tchacos" title="Codex Tchacos">Codex Tchacos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistis_Sophia" title="Pistis Sophia">Pistis Sophia/Faith-Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginza_Rabba" title="Ginza Rabba">Ginza Rabba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_Book_of_John" title="Mandaean Book of John">Mandaean Book of John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qulasta" title="Qulasta">Qulasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gnostic_apocrypha" title="Category:Gnostic apocrypha">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism_in_modern_times" title="Gnosticism in modern times">In modern times</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"> Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_Gnostica" title="Ecclesia Gnostica">Ecclesia Gnostica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_Gnostica_Catholica" title="Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica">Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnostic_Society" title="Gnostic Society">Gnostic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannite_Church" title="Johannite Church">Johannite Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_King" title="Charles William King">Charles William King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Pagels" title="Elaine Pagels">Elaine Pagels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Quispel" title="Gilles Quispel">Gilles Quispel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._R._S._Mead" title="G. R. S. Mead">G. R. S. Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Jonas" title="Hans Jonas">Hans Jonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Doinel" title="Jules Doinel">Jules Doinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Meyer" title="Marvin Meyer">Marvin Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_A._Hoeller" title="Stephan A. Hoeller">Stephan A. Hoeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bereslavsky" title="John Bereslavsky">John Bereslavsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_theosophy" title="Christian theosophy">Christian theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism in cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Buddhism and Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Relation_with_early_Christianity">Christianity and Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">Emanationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Gnosticism" title="Neoplatonism and Gnosticism">Neoplatonism and Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy (Blavatskian)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Belief_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Belief_systems" title="Template:Belief systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Belief_systems" title="Template talk:Belief systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Belief_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Belief systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Belief_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">Belief systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acosmism" title="Acosmism">Acosmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanence" title="Immanence">Immanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">Religious naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Shramanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">Taoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">Transcendence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christianity" title="Template talk:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">2nd and 3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_8th_century" title="Christianity in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century" title="Christianity in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" title="Christianity in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" title="Christianity in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_15th_century" title="Christianity in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins and Apostolic Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Early African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Roman state religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Development of primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Eastern Orthodox opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Xavier</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Monastery dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_rock" title="Mass rock">Mass rocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priest_hole" title="Priest hole">priest holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Neo-Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesial_community" title="Ecclesial community">Ecclesial community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#History" title="Icon">Icons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconodulism" title="Iconodulism">Iconodulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Slavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Brethren" title="Apostolic Brethren">Apostolic Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinian">Dulcinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Early_Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Early Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Five Ways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Papal Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Hus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synods</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_theory_in_the_Early_Modern_period#Christian_resistance_theories_of_the_early_modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance theory in the Early Modern period">Resistance theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Reformation" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" title="Formal and material principles of theology">Formal and material principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reformed_Christianity" title="History of Reformed Christianity">Calvinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_orthodoxy" title="Reformed orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Anglicanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_Reformation" title="Timeline of the English Reformation">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">39 Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Church music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Synod" title="Martyrs' Synod">Martyrs' Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1640–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_toleration#Early_modern_period" title="Edict of toleration">Edicts of toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Fostering of early experimental science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1789–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy">Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five solae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline</a> Protestants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">Martyrs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Beliefs_condemned_as_heretical_by_the_Catholic_Church_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Beliefs_condemned_as_heretical_by_the_Catholic_Church_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Heresy in the Catholic Church">Beliefs condemned as heretical by the Catholic Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_heresies_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="List of heresies in the Catholic Church">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollinarism" title="Apollinarism">Apollinarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomoeanism" title="Anomoeanism">Anomoeanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-Arianism" title="Semi-Arianism">Semi-Arianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidicomarianite" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidicomarianite">Antidicomarianites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audianism" title="Audianism">Audianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumcellions" title="Circumcellions">Circumcellions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collyridianism" title="Collyridianism">Collyridianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology#In_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebionites" title="Ebionites">Ebionites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euchites" title="Euchites">Euchites</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gnosticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscillianism" title="Priscillianism">Priscillianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naassenes" title="Naassenes">Naassenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophites" title="Ophites">Ophites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sethianism" title="Sethianism">Sethianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucifer_of_Cagliari" title="Lucifer of Cagliari">Luciferianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatomachi" title="Pneumatomachi">Macedonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athinganoi" title="Athinganoi">Melchisedechians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Modalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchianism" title="Monarchianism">Monarchianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athinganoi" title="Athinganoi">Athinganoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modalistic_Monarchianism" title="Modalistic Monarchianism">Modalistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novatianism" title="Novatianism">Novatianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patripassianism" title="Patripassianism">Patripassianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semipelagianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Semipelagianism">Semipelagianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatomachi" title="Pneumatomachi">Pneumatomachians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Denial of the virgin birth of Jesus">Psilanthropism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Sabellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subordinationism" title="Subordinationism">Subordinationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinianism</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="This 1711 illustration for the Index Librorum Prohibitorum depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire."><img alt="This 1711 illustration for the Index Librorum Prohibitorum depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/100px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/150px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/200px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1975" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnoldists" title="Arnoldists">Arnoldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Catharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinians" title="Dulcinians">Dulcinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraticelli" title="Fraticelli">Fraticelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Free_Spirit" title="Brethren of the Free Spirit">Free Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Lausanne" title="Henry of Lausanne">Henricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliati" title="Humiliati">Humiliati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impanation" title="Impanation">Impanation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephines" title="Josephines">Josephines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lollardy" title="Lollardy">Lollardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migetians" title="Migetians">Migetians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasagians" title="Pasagians">Pasagians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Adoptionism" title="Spanish Adoptionism">Spanish Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taborites" title="Taborites">Taborites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modernity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinomianism" title="Antinomianism">Antinomianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiation" title="Consubstantiation">Consubstantiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febronianism" title="Febronianism">Febronianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallicanism" title="Gallicanism">Gallicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephinism" title="Josephinism">Josephinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quietism_(Christian_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quietism (Christian philosophy)">Quietism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history">Modernity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(heresy)" title="Americanism (heresy)">Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_the_Lady_of_All_Nations" title="Community of the Lady of All Nations">Community of the Lady of All Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeneyism" title="Feeneyism">Feeneyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indifferentism" title="Indifferentism">Indifferentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narco-saint" title="Narco-saint">Narco-saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxim%C3%B3n" title="Maximón">Maximón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Muerte" title="Santa Muerte">Santa Muerte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reincarnationism">Reincarnationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold;background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Template:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Template talk:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Concepts in religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a> <ul><li>or <a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">religious belief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_veto" title="Theological veto">Theological veto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_egoism" title="Ethical egoism">Egoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misotheism" title="Misotheism">Misotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">God in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wicca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">For</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christological_argument" title="Christological argument">Christological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_consciousness" title="Argument from consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument" title="Cosmological argument">Cosmological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalam_cosmological_argument" title="Kalam cosmological argument">Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument#Argument_from_contingency" title="Cosmological argument">Contingency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_degree" title="Argument from degree">Degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_desire" title="Argument from desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_religious_experience" title="Argument from religious experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-tuned_universe" title="Fine-tuned universe">Fine-tuning of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_love" title="Argument from love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_miracles" title="Argument from miracles">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_morality" title="Argument from morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_the_Truthful" title="Proof of the Truthful">Necessary existent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Proper basis and Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_reason" title="Argument from reason">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleological_argument" title="Teleological argument">Teleological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural-law_argument" title="Natural-law argument">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker_analogy" title="Watchmaker analogy">Watchmaker analogy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_argument_for_the_existence_of_God" title="Transcendental argument for the existence of God">Transcendental</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Against</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Boeing_747_gambit" title="Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit">747 gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist%27s_Wager" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist's Wager">Atheist's Wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_free_will" title="Argument from free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_inconsistent_revelations" class="mw-redirect" title="Argument from inconsistent revelations">Inconsistent revelations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_nonbelief" title="Argument from nonbelief">Nonbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Noncognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Poor design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_teapot" title="Russell's teapot">Russell's teapot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acosmism" title="Acosmism">Acosmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheistic_existentialism" title="Atheistic existentialism">Atheistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusivism" title="Inclusivism">Inclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Theories about religions">Theories about religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Metaphysical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_naturalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanistic naturalism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possibilianism" title="Possibilianism">Possibilianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_skepticism" title="Religious skepticism">Religious skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">Taoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eschatological_verification" title="Eschatological verification">Eschatological verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_game_(philosophy)" title="Language game (philosophy)">Language game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verificationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_theodicy" title="Augustinian theodicy">Augustinian theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best_of_all_possible_worlds" title="Best of all possible worlds">Best of all possible worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inconsistent_triad" title="Inconsistent triad">Inconsistent triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaean_theodicy" title="Irenaean theodicy">Irenaean theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_evil" title="Natural evil">Natural evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophers of religion">Philosophers of religion</a></div> (by date active)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaunilo_of_Marmoutiers" title="Gaunilo of Marmoutiers">Gaunilo of Marmoutiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James VI and I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Calmet" title="Antoine Augustin Calmet">Augustin Calmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiderius Erasmus">Desiderius Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried W Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wollaston" title="William Wollaston">William Wollaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chubb" title="Thomas Chubb">Thomas Chubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Baron d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann G Herder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1800 1850</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl C F Krause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg W F Hegel</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Ritschl" title="Albrecht Ritschl">Albrecht Ritschl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikan_Spir" title="Afrikan Spir">Afrikan Spir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1880 1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kingdon_Clifford" title="William Kingdon Clifford">W K Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_H%C3%B8ffding" title="Harald Høffding">Harald Høffding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Troeltsch" title="Ernst Troeltsch">Ernst Troeltsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Otto" title="Rudolf Otto">Rudolf Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Shestov" title="Lev Shestov">Lev Shestov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Sergei Bulgakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Florensky" title="Pavel Florensky">Pavel Florensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Ernst Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1920 postwar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Brunner" title="Emil Brunner">Emil Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hartshorne" title="Charles Hartshorne">Charles Hartshorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Frithjof Schuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">J L Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Martin Lings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Peter Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I._Mavrodes" title="George I. Mavrodes">George I Mavrodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alston" title="William Alston">William Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Flew" title="Antony Flew">Antony Flew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1970 1990 2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Rowe" title="William L. Rowe">William L Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Zephaniah_Phillips" title="Dewi Zephaniah Phillips">Dewi Z Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kenny" title="Anthony Kenny">Anthony Kenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swinburne" title="Richard Swinburne">Richard Swinburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" title="Robert Merrihew Adams">Robert Merrihew Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Zacharias" title="Ravi Zacharias">Ravi Zacharias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Rue" title="Loyal Rue">Loyal Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Rashad" title="Ali Akbar Rashad">Ali Akbar Rashad</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pruss" title="Alexander Pruss">Alexander Pruss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desacralization_of_knowledge" title="Desacralization of knowledge">Desacralization of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">Exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_philosophy" title="Religious philosophy">Religious philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_religion_articles" title="Index of philosophy of religion articles">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophy of religion">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_topics" title="Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li 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colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>/<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelder Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement#Associated_Bible_Students" title="Bible Student movement">Associated Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Bible_Students" title="Free Bible Students">Free Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Kitawala" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Kitawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement" title="Laymen's Home Missionary Movement">Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">Swedenborgianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernist Salafism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Illahism" title="Ali-Illahism">Ali-Illahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Alevism" title="Kurdish Alevism">Kurdish Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdawi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdawi movement">Mahdavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milah_Abraham" title="Milah Abraham">Milah Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azali" title="Azali">Azalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm-e-Khshnoom" title="Ilm-e-Khshnoom">Ilm-e-Khshnoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kurdish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism/Uatsdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshani_movement" title="Roshani movement">Roshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_folk_religion" title="Nuo folk religion">Nuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Salvationist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao Taoism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeung_San_Do" title="Jeung San Do">Jeungsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Đạo Mẫu">Đạo Mẫu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_B%E1%BB%ADu_S%C6%A1n_K%E1%BB%B3_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương">Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduism)" title="Saura (Hinduism)">Sauraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Neo-Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Thiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Amidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Neo-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_people#Religion" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kirat Mundhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda#Religion" title="Vedda">Vedda religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turko</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_creation_myth" title="Tungusic creation myth">Tungusic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenks#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarna_(place)" title="Sarna (place)">Sarnaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Batak Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people#Religion_and_festivals" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Sabahan_religions" title="Traditional Sabahan religions">Traditional Sabahan religions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemena" title="Pemena">Karo Pemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine Dayawism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Sumbese Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sundanese Wiwitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Anishinaabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe#Spiritual_beliefs" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabunowin" title="Wabunowin">Wabunowin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache#Religion" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_narratives_of_Indigenous_Californians" title="Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians">Californian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuksu_(religion)" title="Kuksu (religion)">Kuksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_religion" title="Pomo religion">Pomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_religion" title="Crow religion">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Cherokee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people#Religion" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Muscogee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_mythology" title="Seneca mythology">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyandot religion">Wyandot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples#Religion" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_religion" title="Purépecha religion">Purépecha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo#Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_mythology" title="Nuu-chah-nulth mythology">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_religion" title="Pueblo religion">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo#Religion" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux#Religion" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_religion" title="Lakota religion">Lakota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian_mythology" title="Tsimshian mythology">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_mythology" title="Ute mythology">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions#Washat_Dreamers_Religion" title="Native American religions">Washat Dreamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui#Yaqui_cosmology_and_religion" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Hmongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba" title="Dongba">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Guanche church</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Sub-Saharan African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Akamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluba mythology">Baluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon religion">Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_people" title="Ik people">Ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">Diasporic</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Religion" title="Coconut Religion">Coconut Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meivazhi" title="Meivazhi">Meivazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modekngei" title="Modekngei">Modekngei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensegrity_(Castaneda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensegrity (Castaneda)">Tensegrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">White Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern paganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Circassian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism (modern religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Authentism" title="Russian Authentism">Authentism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">De novo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_religions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">Historical religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people#Religion" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuegians#Spiritual_culture" title="Fuegians">Fuegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology" title="Selk'nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Religion" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Harappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederacy#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Confederacy">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Jamaican Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_Indigenous_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruan Indigenous religion">Nauruan Indigenous religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian mythology">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era#Culture_and_religion" title="Basketmaker III Era">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo II Period">Pueblo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo III Period">Pueblo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo IV Period">Pueblo IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cult of Magna Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu#Religion" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization#Religion_and_Myth" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">Disaffiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_to_prayer" title="Call to prayer">Call to prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">Novice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">Trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Astral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Place</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">Religion and society</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_assimilation" title="Religious assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_religion" title="Growth of religion">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">National religiosity levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deconstruction" title="Positive deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Overviews and <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-related_lists" title="Category:Religion-related lists">lists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">Deification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles" title="Index of religion-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings">Mass gatherings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations" title="List of religious organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_religion" title="Outline of religion">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions and spiritual traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_America" title="Religion in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Religion in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Religion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Barbados" title="Religion in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belize" title="Religion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Religion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Dominica" title="Religion in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Religion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_El_Salvador" title="Religion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Honduras" title="Religion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jamaica" title="Religion in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Panama" title="Religion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Religion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_America" title="Religion in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Argentina" title="Religion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bolivia" title="Religion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chile" title="Religion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guyana" title="Religion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Paraguay" title="Religion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Suriname" title="Religion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uruguay" title="Religion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Venezuela" title="Religion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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