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class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Retejo"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Enhavo" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Enhavo</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">movigi al flanka panelo</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">kaŝi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Komenco</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-La_bestaro_de_la_(ankaŭ_arbara)_tundro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_bestaro_de_la_(ankaŭ_arbara)_tundro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>La bestaro de la (ankaŭ arbara) tundro</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_bestaro_de_la_(ankaŭ_arbara)_tundro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vidu_ankaŭ" class="vector-toc-list-item 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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ŝaltu la enhavtabelon" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ŝaltu la enhavtabelon</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tundro</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Iru al artikolo en alia lingvo. Havebla en 102 lingvo" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-102" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">102 lingvoj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toendra" title="Toendra — afrikansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Toendra" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — aragona" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="تندرة — araba" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تندرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="araba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — azerbajĝana" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajĝana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра — baŝkira" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baŝkira" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — balia" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tondra" title="Tondra — Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Tondra" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра — belorusa" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belorusa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра — Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра — bulgara" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="তুন্দ্রা — bengala" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তুন্দ্রা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — bosna" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosna" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — kataluna" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataluna" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — cebua" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="تەندرا — sorana" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تەندرا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — ĉeĥa" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ĉeĥa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра — ĉuvaŝa" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ĉuvaŝa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — dana" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — germana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Τούνδρα — greka" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τούνδρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — angla" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — hispana" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hispana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — estona" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — eŭska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="eŭska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="توندرا — persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توندرا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — finna" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finna" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toundra" title="Toundra — franca" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Toundra" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — nord-frisa" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="nord-frisa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BBndra" title="Tûndra — okcident-frisa" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tûndra" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="okcident-frisa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — irlanda" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — galega" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galega" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%94" title="טונדרה — hebrea" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טונדרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="टुण्ड्रा — hinda" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टुण्ड्रा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hinda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — kroata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toundra" title="Toundra — haitia kreola" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Toundra" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitia kreola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — hungara" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Տունդրա — armena" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տունդրա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armena" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — Interlingvao" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingvao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — indonezia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunavik" title="Nunavik — eskima" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Nunavik" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="eskima" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundro" title="Tundro — Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tundro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fre%C3%B0m%C3%BDri" title="Freðmýri — islanda" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Freðmýri" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — itala" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%87%E1%90%B9%E1%96%85%E1%91%90%E1%96%83%E1%95%88%E1%93%90%E1%93%87%E1%99%B1%E1%91%A6%E1%91%90%E1%96%85" title="ᓇᐹᖅᑐᖃᕈᓐᓇᙱᑦᑐᖅ — inuita" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓇᐹᖅᑐᖃᕈᓐᓇᙱᑦᑐᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="inuita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%84%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9" title="ツンドラ — japana" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ツンドラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ტუნდრა — kartvela" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტუნდრა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="kartvela" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — kabila" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabila" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра — kazaĥa" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaĥa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%88%B0%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC" title="툰드라 — korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="툰드라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра — kirgiza" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiza" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — latino" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toendra" title="Toendra — limburga" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Toendra" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundula" title="Tundula — lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Tundula" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — litova" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — latva" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Тундро — Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Тундро" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра — makedona" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0" title="തുന്ദ്ര — malajalama" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തുന്ദ്ര" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="टुंड्रा प्रदेश — marata" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="टुंड्रा प्रदेश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — malaja" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toendra" title="Toendra — nederlanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Toendra" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — novnorvega" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="novnorvega" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — dannorvega" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="dannorvega" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tondra" title="Tondra — okcitana" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tondra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundru" title="Tundru — Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Tundru" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundiraa" title="Tundiraa — oroma" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Tundiraa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oroma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — pola" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="pola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ٹنڈرا — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹنڈرا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — portugala" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundr%C4%83" title="Tundră — rumana" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tundră" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра — rusa" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра — Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Туундара — jakuta" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Туундара" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakuta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — skota" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skota" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BD%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ٽنڊرا — sinda" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٽنڊرا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sinda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — serbo-Kroata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-Kroata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F" title="තුන්ද්‍රා — sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තුන්ද්‍රා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — slovaka" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — slovena" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovena" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — albana" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра — serba" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — sveda" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sveda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — svahila" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahila" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தூந்திரம் — tamila" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தூந்திரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamila" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" title="ทันดรา — taja" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทันดรา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="taja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — tagaloga" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — turka" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра — ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ٹنڈرا — urduo" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹنڈرا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urduo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — uzbeka" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0i_nguy%C3%AAn" title="Đài nguyên — vjetnama" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đài nguyên" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vjetnama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toendra" title="Toendra — West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Toendra" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra — varaja" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varaja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%BB%E5%8E%9F" title="冻原 — vua" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="冻原" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="vua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%8D%E5%8E%9F" title="凍原 — ĉina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="凍原" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ĉina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%8D%E5%8E%9F" title="凍原 — kantona" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="凍原" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra_climate" title="Tundra climate — zulua" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Tundra climate" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43262#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redakti interlingvajn ligilojn" class="wbc-editpage">Redakti ligilojn</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Nomspacoj"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tundro" title="Vidi la artikolon [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikolo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diskuto:Tundro&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Diskuto pri la artikolo (paĝo ne ekzistas) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskuto</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ŝanĝi lingvan varianton" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Esperanto</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vidoj"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tundro&stable=1"><span>Legi</span></a></li><li id="ca-current" class="collapsible selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tundro&stable=0&redirect=no" title="Vidi ĉi tiu paĝo kun kontrolendaj ŝanĝoj [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Kontrolendaj ŝanĝoj</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tundro&veaction=edit" title="Redakti ĉi tiun paĝon [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redakti</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tundro&action=edit" title="Redakti fontan kodon de tiu ĉi paĝo [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Redakti fonton</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tundro&action=history" title="Antaŭaj versioj de ĉi tiu paĝo. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Vidi historion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Paĝaj iloj"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Iloj" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Iloj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header 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vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspekto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">movigi al flanka panelo</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">kaŝi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-indicator-fr-review-status" class="mw-indicator"><indicator name="fr-review-status" 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La <a class="external text" href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speciala%C4%B5o:Badtitle/Message&stable=1">stabila versio</a> estis <a class="external text" href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speciala%C4%B5o:Protokolo&type=review&page=Speciala%C4%B5o:Badtitle/Message">patrolita</a> je <i>11 nov. 2023</i>.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eo" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Dosiero:Tundra_in_Siberia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Tundra_in_Siberia.jpg/220px-Tundra_in_Siberia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Tundra_in_Siberia.jpg/330px-Tundra_in_Siberia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Tundra_in_Siberia.jpg/440px-Tundra_in_Siberia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Tundro kun lagoj en <a href="/wiki/Siberio" title="Siberio">Siberio</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Dosiero:800px-Map-Tundra.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/800px-Map-Tundra.png/220px-800px-Map-Tundra.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/800px-Map-Tundra.png/330px-800px-Map-Tundra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/800px-Map-Tundra.png/440px-800px-Map-Tundra.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>Situo de la subarktaj tundroj</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/%C4%88iamfrosta_grundo_-_scivolemo_-_zdf.webm/220px--%C4%88iamfrosta_grundo_-_scivolemo_-_zdf.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="120" data-mwtitle="Ĉiamfrosta_grundo_-_scivolemo_-_zdf.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Dosiero:%C4%88iamfrosta_grundo_-_scivolemo_-_zdf.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/39/%C4%88iamfrosta_grundo_-_scivolemo_-_zdf.webm/%C4%88iamfrosta_grundo_-_scivolemo_-_zdf.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/39/%C4%88iamfrosta_grundo_-_scivolemo_-_zdf.webm/%C4%88iamfrosta_grundo_-_scivolemo_-_zdf.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/%C4%88iamfrosta_grundo_-_scivolemo_-_zdf.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/39/%C4%88iamfrosta_grundo_-_scivolemo_-_zdf.webm/%C4%88iamfrosta_grundo_-_scivolemo_-_zdf.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/39/%C4%88iamfrosta_grundo_-_scivolemo_-_zdf.webm/%C4%88iamfrosta_grundo_-_scivolemo_-_zdf.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/39/%C4%88iamfrosta_grundo_-_scivolemo_-_zdf.webm/%C4%88iamfrosta_grundo_-_scivolemo_-_zdf.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A%C4%88iamfrosta_grundo_-_scivolemo_-_zdf.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A%C4%88iamfrosta_grundo_-_scivolemo_-_zdf.webm&lang=eo&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eo" label="Esperanto ‪(eo)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Kio estas ĉiamfrosta grundo? - video de la jutuba kanalo <a href="/wiki/Scivolemo_(projekto)" title="Scivolemo (projekto)">Scivolemo</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>La <b>tundro</b> kaj la <b>arbara tundro</b> estas naturaj areoj ĉirkaŭ la polusa regiono de <a href="/wiki/Tero" title="Tero">nia planedo</a>. </p><p>La tundra areo troviĝas de la 50.  latitudo norde. La frosta periodo daŭras 9-10 monatojn, sed la suba grundo restas frosta eĉ dum la surfaca senfrosta vetero. (<a href="/wiki/%C4%88iamfrosto" class="mw-redirect" title="Ĉiamfrosto">ĉiamfrosto</a>). </p><p>Sur la vera tundro (male al arbara tundro, kie aperas malgrandaj arbetoj kaj trairas al <a href="/wiki/Tajgo" title="Tajgo">pingla arbaro</a>) povas kreski – pro la ĉiamfrosto kaj malgranda akvoenhavo de la grundo - nur malgrandaj organismoj kiel <a href="/wiki/Musko" class="mw-redirect" title="Musko">muskoj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arbusto" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbusto">arbustoj</a> kaj <a href="/wiki/Filiko" title="Filiko">filikoj</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="La_bestaro_de_la_(ankaŭ_arbara)_tundro"><span id="La_bestaro_de_la_.28anka.C5.AD_arbara.29_tundro"></span>La bestaro de la (ankaŭ arbara) tundro</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tundro&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redakti sekcion: La bestaro de la (ankaŭ arbara) tundro" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redakti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tundro&action=edit&section=1" title="Redakti la fontkodo de la sekcio: La bestaro de la (ankaŭ arbara) tundro"><span>redakti fonton</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ne%C4%9Dostrigo" title="Neĝostrigo">neĝostrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polusa_lupo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polusa lupo (paĝo ne ekzistas)">polusa lupo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansero" title="Ansero">ansero</a> (somere)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulpo" title="Vulpo">vulpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boaco" title="Boaco">rangifero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosko" title="Mosko">mosko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemingo" title="Lemingo">Lemingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polusa_urso" class="mw-redirect" title="Polusa urso">polusa urso</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vidu_ankaŭ"><span id="Vidu_anka.C5.AD"></span>Vidu ankaŭ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tundro&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redakti sekcion: Vidu ankaŭ" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redakti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tundro&action=edit&section=2" title="Redakti la fontkodo de la sekcio: Vidu ankaŭ"><span>redakti fonton</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpa_herbejo" title="Alpa herbejo">Alpa herbejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarkta_ekozono" title="Antarkta ekozono">Antarkta ekozono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holarktiso" title="Holarktiso">Holarktiso</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksteraj_ligiloj">Eksteraj ligiloj</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tundro&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redakti sekcion: Eksteraj ligiloj" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redakti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tundro&action=edit&section=3" title="Redakti la fontkodo de la sekcio: Eksteraj ligiloj"><span>redakti fonton</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" id="aliaj_projektoj" style="float: right; clear: right; width: 250px; border: 1px solid #aaa; padding: 4px; font-size: 90%; background: #f9f9f9;"> <ul class="noarchive"><li class="commons"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tundra?uselang=eo">Tundro en la <span>Vikimedia Komunejo</span></a> (Multrimedaj datumoj)</span></li><li class="commons"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tundra?uselang=eo">Kategorio Tundro en la <span>Vikimedia Komunejo</span></a> (Multrimedaj datumoj)</span> </li></ul> </div><div class="noprint tright portal" style="border:solid #aaa 1px;text-align:center;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;"> <table style="background:#f9f9f9;font-size:90%;line-height:110%;max-width:210px;padding:1ex;"> <tbody><tr valign="middle"><td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dosiero:Morpho_didius_Male_Dos_MHNT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portala ikono" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Morpho_didius_Male_Dos_MHNT.jpg/32px-Morpho_didius_Male_Dos_MHNT.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Morpho_didius_Male_Dos_MHNT.jpg/48px-Morpho_didius_Male_Dos_MHNT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Morpho_didius_Male_Dos_MHNT.jpg/64px-Morpho_didius_Male_Dos_MHNT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5410" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></td><td style="padding:0 1ex;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Portalo:Biologio" title="Portalo:Biologio"><span style="color:white; padding:0.5px .7ex; display: block; background: #6495ED">Portalo pri Biologio</span></a></td></tr> <tr valign="middle"><td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dosiero:Geographylogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portala ikono" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Geographylogo.svg/28px-Geographylogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Geographylogo.svg/42px-Geographylogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Geographylogo.svg/56px-Geographylogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></td><td style="padding:0 1ex;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Portalo:Geografio" title="Portalo:Geografio"><span style="color:white; padding:0.5px .7ex; display: block; background: #A18267">Portalo pri Geografio</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angla_lingvo" title="Angla lingvo"><span style="color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">angle</span></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldwildlife.org/biomes/tundra">Tundroj : listo de ekoregionoj (WWF)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109174337/http://worldwildlife.org/biomes/tundra">Arkivigite je</a> 2013-11-09 per la retarkivo <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angla_lingvo" title="Angla lingvo"><span style="color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">angle</span></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/about/habitat_types/selecting_terrestrial_ecoregions/habitat11.cfm">Tundroj : tutmondaj 200-unuoj (WWF).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109193153/http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/about/habitat_types/selecting_terrestrial_ecoregions/habitat11.cfm">Arkivigite je</a> 2013-11-09 per la retarkivo <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="width:700px;margin:1em auto"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:lightgreen" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/A%C5%ADstralazia_ekozono" title="Aŭstralazia ekozono">Aŭstralaziaj</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">tundroj</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>AA1101 <a href="/wiki/Antipoda-subantarktinsula_tundro" title="Antipoda-subantarktinsula tundro">Antipoda-subantarktinsula tundro</a></td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/eo/thumb/a/a8/Flago-de-A%C5%ADstralio.svg/20px-Flago-de-A%C5%ADstralio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/eo/thumb/a/a8/Flago-de-A%C5%ADstralio.svg/30px-Flago-de-A%C5%ADstralio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/eo/thumb/a/a8/Flago-de-A%C5%ADstralio.svg/40px-Flago-de-A%C5%ADstralio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/A%C5%ADstralio" title="Aŭstralio">Aŭstralio</a>, <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/eo/thumb/0/08/Flago-de-Nov-Zelando.svg/20px-Flago-de-Nov-Zelando.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/eo/thumb/0/08/Flago-de-Nov-Zelando.svg/30px-Flago-de-Nov-Zelando.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/eo/thumb/0/08/Flago-de-Nov-Zelando.svg/40px-Flago-de-Nov-Zelando.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nov-Zelando" title="Nov-Zelando">Nov-Zelando</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="width:700px;margin:1em auto"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:lightgreen" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nearktiso" title="Nearktiso">Nearktisaj</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">tundroj</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>NA1103 <a href="/wiki/Arkta_marborda_tundro" title="Arkta marborda tundro">Arkta marborda tundro</a></td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/eo/thumb/8/83/Flago-de-Kanado.svg/20px-Flago-de-Kanado.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/eo/thumb/8/83/Flago-de-Kanado.svg/30px-Flago-de-Kanado.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/eo/thumb/8/83/Flago-de-Kanado.svg/40px-Flago-de-Kanado.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kanado" title="Kanado">Kanado</a>, <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/eo/thumb/f/f7/Flago-de-Usono.svg/20px-Flago-de-Usono.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/eo/thumb/f/f7/Flago-de-Usono.svg/30px-Flago-de-Usono.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/eo/thumb/f/f7/Flago-de-Usono.svg/40px-Flago-de-Usono.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Usono" title="Usono">Usono</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="width:700px;margin:1em auto"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:lightgreen" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palearktiso" title="Palearktiso">Palearktisaj</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">tundroj</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>PA1106 Kol-duonsula tundro</td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/eo/thumb/e/e0/Flago-de-Norvegio.svg/20px-Flago-de-Norvegio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/eo/thumb/e/e0/Flago-de-Norvegio.svg/30px-Flago-de-Norvegio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/eo/thumb/e/e0/Flago-de-Norvegio.svg/40px-Flago-de-Norvegio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Norvegio" title="Norvegio">Norvegio</a>, <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/eo/thumb/a/ac/Flago-de-Rusio.svg/20px-Flago-de-Rusio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/eo/thumb/a/ac/Flago-de-Rusio.svg/30px-Flago-de-Rusio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/eo/thumb/a/ac/Flago-de-Rusio.svg/40px-Flago-de-Rusio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rusio" title="Rusio">Rusio</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>PA1108 Nordokcident-rusaj kaj novzemlaj tundroj kaj tajgoj</td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/eo/thumb/a/ac/Flago-de-Rusio.svg/20px-Flago-de-Rusio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/eo/thumb/a/ac/Flago-de-Rusio.svg/30px-Flago-de-Rusio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/eo/thumb/a/ac/Flago-de-Rusio.svg/40px-Flago-de-Rusio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rusio" title="Rusio">Rusio</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>PA1110 <a href="/wiki/Skandinavaj_montaraj_betularoj_kaj_herbejoj" title="Skandinavaj montaraj betularoj kaj herbejoj">Skandinavaj montaraj betularoj kaj herbejoj</a></td> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/eo/thumb/e/e0/Flago-de-Norvegio.svg/20px-Flago-de-Norvegio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/eo/thumb/e/e0/Flago-de-Norvegio.svg/30px-Flago-de-Norvegio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/eo/thumb/e/e0/Flago-de-Norvegio.svg/40px-Flago-de-Norvegio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Norvegio" title="Norvegio">Norvegio</a>, <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/eo/thumb/5/5a/Flago-de-Svedio.svg/20px-Flago-de-Svedio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/eo/thumb/5/5a/Flago-de-Svedio.svg/30px-Flago-de-Svedio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/eo/thumb/5/5a/Flago-de-Svedio.svg/40px-Flago-de-Svedio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Svedio" title="Svedio">Svedio</a>, <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/eo/thumb/8/8b/Flago-de-Finnlando.svg/20px-Flago-de-Finnlando.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/eo/thumb/8/8b/Flago-de-Finnlando.svg/30px-Flago-de-Finnlando.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/eo/thumb/8/8b/Flago-de-Finnlando.svg/40px-Flago-de-Finnlando.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Finnlando" title="Finnlando">Finnlando</a> </td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Elŝutita el "<a dir="ltr" href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tundro&oldid=8459474">https://eo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tundro&oldid=8459474</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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