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Richardson, first president of the ARC (1905–1917)]] [[File:Alaska Road Commission 1920 map.jpg|thumb|right|Roads, trails, telegraph lines and railways of Alaska, circa 1920]] The '''Board of Road Commissioners for Alaska''', more commonly known as the '''Alaska Road Commission''' or ARC, was created in 1905 as a board of the [[U.S. War Department]]. It was responsible for the construction and improvement of many important Alaska highways, such as the [[Richardson Highway]], [[Steese Highway]], [[Elliot Highway]] and [[Edgerton Highway]], among others.<ref name='asl'>{{cite web| url=http://www.library.state.ak.us/hist/hist_docs/finding_aids/PCA061.doc| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080718175457/http://www.library.state.ak.us/hist/hist_docs/finding_aids/PCA061.doc| url-status=live| archive-date=2008-07-18| title=Alaska Road Commission Photograph Collection, ca. 1909-1959| accessdate=2009-08-29| publisher=Alaska State Library}}</ref> The commission was transferred to the [[Department of the Interior]] in 1932, and was absorbed by the Bureau of Public Roads, a division of the [[Commerce Department]] in 1956. Today, responsibility for road development and maintenance in Alaska lies with the [[Alaska Department of Transportation & Public Facilities]]. == Background and Motivation == The [[Alaska Interior]] was largely roadless up until about the 1870s, with only a network of trails established by the native people of Alaska, which Russian, and later American, traders and prospectors used as well. The Russians in Alaska stuck to coastal regions,<ref name='nrhp'>{{cite web|first= Geoffrey| last= Bleakley|title= Valdez Trail Multiple Property Documentation Form| url= {{NRHP url|id=64500004}}|date= 1998-01-16|publisher= [[National Register of Historic Places]]|work= NRHP Document Repository|accessdate = 2009-08-29}}</ref> and built almost no new trails or roads during their time of possession (1741 to 1867), and early mining, such as near [[Sitka, Alaska|Sitka]] was close to the coast.<ref name='ahc175'>{{cite web| title= Alaska's Heritage - Chapters 4-10: Road Transportation| url= http://www.akhistorycourse.org/articles/article.php?artID=230| publisher= Alaska History and Cultural Studies| accessdate= 2009-08-29| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090912115052/http://www.akhistorycourse.org/articles/article.php?artID=230| archive-date= 2009-09-12| url-status=dead| df= }}</ref> In the 1870s and 1880s, spurred by increased settlement and prospecting, some settlers began making arrangements with the natives, improving trails and in some cases imposing tolls, such as on the [[Dalton Trail]].<ref name='ahc230'>{{cite web| title= America's Territory - Overland Routes Develop| url= http://www.akhistorycourse.org/articles/article.php?artID=230| publisher= Alaska History and Cultural Studies| accessdate= 2009-08-29| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090912115052/http://www.akhistorycourse.org/articles/article.php?artID=230| archive-date= 2009-09-12| url-status=dead| df= }}</ref> Prospectors and others wished for an easier overland route between a year-round port in southern Alaska and the [[Yukon River]]. The [[US Army]] began surveying and determined the best route would be north from [[Valdez, Alaska|Valdez]]. The Army started construction of a pack trail from Valdez to [[Eagle, Alaska|Eagle]] in 1898.<ref name='mp09'>{{cite book | last = Valencia | first = Kris | title = The Milepost 2009: Alaska Travel Planner | year = 2009 | publisher = Morris Communications Corp | location = | isbn = 978-1-892154-26-2 | pages = 465, 482 }}</ref> By 1899 this project was also known as the Trans-Alaska Military Road. In the early 1900s [[United States Congress|congressional committees]] investigating transportation needs in Alaska, including a 1903 visit by a [[United States Senate|Senate]] committee on Territories,<ref name='nrhp' /> recommended that the [[United States Department of War|War Department]] construct a trail system and upgrade the newly built Valdez-Eagle trail to a wagon road.<ref name='ahc175' /><ref name='ahc230' /> Congress approved legislation establishing a commission to oversee these and other improvements on January 27, 1905,<ref name='tv74'>{{cite web |url = http://govdocs.evergreen.edu/tools/1909checklist/alpha2/pgs1460-1462.pdf |title = TV74, page 1460 |work = Government Document Archive, [[Evergreen State College]] |accessdate = 2009-08-29 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090919233931/http://govdocs.evergreen.edu/tools/1909checklist/alpha2/pgs1460-1462.pdf |archive-date = 2009-09-19 |url-status=dead |df = }}</ref> and the Board of Road Commissioners for Alaska, generally referred to as the Alaska Road Commission (ARC), was organized May 15, 1905, by order of the [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]].<ref name='aaa22'> {{cite book | title = Highways Green Book | publisher = [[American Automobile Association]] | year = 1922 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/highwaysgreenbo00assogoog/page/n88 70]–77 | url = https://archive.org/details/highwaysgreenbo00assogoog }}</ref> == Structure and operations == The ARC had three members, as follows; The chairman or president of the board, in overall charge of operations, an engineer officer with fieldwork responsibility, and a secretary and disbursing officer who ran the office proper and paid for work executed.<ref name='aaa22' /> The Department of War at the time was in charge of the [[US Army]] and many of the board members were US Army officers, including the first chairman, [[Brigadier General]] [[Wilds P. Richardson]].<ref name='ahc230' /> Initially, the board reported directly to the War Department through the Army [[Adjutant General]] but on December 29, 1917, supervision was transferred to the [[Chief of Engineers]], the head of the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]].<ref name='aaa22' /> Funding for commission operations was initially intended to come from 70 percent of the business license fees (Federal vocational and trade license taxes) from areas outside incorporated towns. However this funding source was sporadic and insufficient so it was supplemented with general congressional appropriations, with yearly appropriations initially running between $100,000 and $500,000.<ref name='aaa22' /> There was also a special tax imposed on residents of unincorporated areas of 2 days labor at road building, or 8 USD cash to fund construction.<ref name='ahc230' /> In 1912, after Alaska became a [[United States Territory|territory]] this was revised to $4 but was levied against all Alaska residents.<ref name='ahc175' /> This resulted in a mix of about 60–70% congressional appropriation and 30–40% territorial funding.<ref name='ahc230' /> In 1914 the Territorial Legislature set up road districts with elected road commissioners but this did not last. Shortly thereafter, in 1917, the Territorial Legislature set up a Territorial Board of Road Commissioners and 4 regional boards.<ref name='ahc230' /><ref name='rg17'> {{cite book | author = United States Department of the Interior | author-link = United States Department of the Interior | title = Annual report of the Secretary of the Interior for the fiscal year 1917, Volume 2 | year = 1918 | publisher = [[United States Government Printing Office]] | pages = 430 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BUgZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA430 | accessdate = 2009-08-29 }}</ref> These boards tended to approve projects and give funding to the ARC to carry them out, and the head of the territorial boards were sometimes the superintendents of the relevant ARC district, and the chairman of the Territorial Board was often the chairman of the ARC.<ref name='aaa22' /> From its formation, the ARC also had subcontracted responsibility from the [[United States Department of Agriculture|Department of Agriculture]] for road maintenance in the [[Tongass National Forest|Tongass]] and [[Chugach National Forest|Chugach]] national forests, but in 1922 this was transferred to the [[United States Department of the Interior|Department of the Interior]]'s Bureau of Public Roads, which then took on construction of roads and trails in the forests.<ref name='ahc230' /> == Scope of work == The ARC got busy quickly, by 1907 the commission had flagged {{convert|247|mi|0}} of winter trails on the Seward Peninsula, built {{convert|40|mi|0}} of road, upgraded 200 miles of existing trails, and cleared {{convert|285|mi|0}} of new trail. A significant project was construction of a spur trail from [[Gulkana, Alaska|Gulkana]] on the Valdez-Eagle route to the new mining camp of [[Fairbanks, Alaska|Fairbanks]].<ref name='ahc230' /> By 1922 these numbers had grown to {{convert|1101|mi|0}} of wagon road including {{convert|600|mi|0}} of gravel surfaced roads, {{convert|756|mi|0}} of winter sled roads, {{convert|3721|mi|0}} of permanent trail and {{convert|712|mi|0}} of temporary flagged trail.<ref name='aaa22' /> By 1932 the ARC had built and maintained {{convert|1231|mi|0}} of roads, {{convert|74|mi|0}} of tram road, {{convert|1495|mi|0}} of sled roads, {{convert|4732|mi|0}} of trails, {{convert|329|mi|0}} of temporary flagged trails, 26 airfields, and 32 shelter cabins. Total expenditures were in excess of $18 million.<ref name='ahc230' /> The ARC did not favor use of these trails by trucks or automobiles, declaring in 1914 that it made ''"no pretense of having built roads adapted for automobile travel"'',<ref name='nrhp' /> nevertheless by 1922 90% of the summer traffic was with motorized vehicles.<ref name='aaa22' /> Typical initial construction standards were {{convert|10|ft|0|adj=on}} width for light traffic trails and {{convert|16|ft|0}} for heavier traffic trails, usually just graded through the countryside. In [[permafrost]] areas [[corduroy road]] construction techniques were used. Small streams were bridged with culverts.<ref name='nrhp' /> Initially larger streams were forded or had ferries provided (such as the ferry across the [[Tanana River|Tanana]] at [[Rika's Landing Roadhouse|Rika's Landing]]), but as time and funds permitted, larger bridging projects were carried out, such as the {{convert|450|ft|0|adj=on}} bridge across the [[Tazlina River]], and the {{convert|420|ft|0|adj=on}} bridge across the [[Tonsina, Alaska|Tonsina River]].<ref name='nrhp' /> == Following Years == [[File:AlaskaHighwayRte51Mile16 cropped.jpg|thumb|right|Vehicle being towed out of the mud, 1939, Alaska Route 51, mile 16 (shows problematic roads)]] [[File:Igloo Creek Patrol Cabin.jpg|thumb|right|The ARC built many shelter cabins, such as this one, [[Igloo Creek Cabin No. 25]] <ref name='haer'>{{cite web| author= Library of Congress| author-link= Library of Congress| title= Mount McKinley Patrol, Igloo Creek Cabin No. 25, Near Igloo Creek, mile 34.1, McKinley Station, AK CALL NUMBER: HABS AK,23-MCKIN,2-A-|url= https://www.loc.gov/pictures/ |work= [[Historic American Buildings Survey]]|publisher= [[Library of Congress]]| accessdate = 2009-08-30}}</ref><ref name='lcc'>{{cite web|url=http://www.hscl.cr.nps.gov/insidenps/report.asp?STATE=AK&PARK=DENA&STRUCTURE=&SORT=&RECORDNO=27 |date=2008-11-24 |work=List of Classified Structures |title=Igloo Creek Patrol Cabin |publisher=National Park Service |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521195132/http://www.hscl.cr.nps.gov/insidenps/report.asp?STATE=AK&PARK=DENA&STRUCTURE=&SORT=&RECORDNO=27 |archivedate=2011-05-21 }}</ref> now in [[Denali National Park and Preserve]]]] In 1932 the Alaska Road Commission was transferred to the [[United States Department of the Interior|Department of the Interior]].<ref name='asl' /> The Interior Department imposed registration and license fee requirements on all vehicles in Alaska, which many vehicle operators ignored. In addition, a toll was collected from commercial vehicles on the Richardson Highway. The Interior Department also operated the [[Alaska Railroad]], and in a controversial bid to move traffic to the railroad, the tolls were increased<ref name='nrhp' /> to between $100 and $175.<ref name='ahc230' /> The commercial freighters did not like this toll and evaded it by various means. By 1940, a pirate ferry (complete with skull and crossbones flag) was operating at [[Big Delta, Alaska]], at the [[Tanana River]] crossing, with incidents such as seizing the local [[United States Marshals Service#Deputy Marshals|Deputy Marshal]] resulting. The government was unable to enforce the law, with at least one [[grand jury]] in Fairbanks refusing to return indictments, finding the tax discriminatory. Finally in 1942, Interior Secretary [[Harold L. Ickes]] repealed the toll.<ref name='nrhp' /> The ARC remained with the Department of the Interior until 1956 when it was absorbed by the Bureau of Public Roads, then a division of the Commerce Department.<ref name='asl' /> which later evolved into the [[Federal Highway Administration]]. The ARC operated as usual, federally managed, until 1960. With the advent of statehood in 1959 the State of Alaska assumed road building and maintenance responsibility, but contracted to the ARC for the work. However, in 1960, the state ended the agreement with the Bureau of Public Roads, and the ARC was transferred to the state, becoming the [[Alaska Department of Transportation & Public Facilities|Alaska State Highway Department]].<ref name='wj'> {{cite web |last=Johansen |first=Woodrow |author-link=Woodrow Johansen |title=Public Officials:Woodrow (Woody) Johansen |url=http://uaf-db.uaf.edu/jukebox/haul_road_07/htm/int_johansen.htm |publisher=[[University of Alaska, Fairbanks]] media repository |work=The Dalton Highway: A Multi-Media History of Alaska's Arctic Road |accessdate=2009-08-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20070616011455/http://uaf-db.uaf.edu/jukebox/haul_road_07/htm/int_johansen.htm |archivedate=2007-06-16 }}</ref> == Legacy == The ARC left a lasting mark on the development of Alaska. Many of Alaska's most important and historic highways are named for Road Commission officers instrumental in their construction,<ref name='asl' /> including * [[Richardson Highway]], named for [[Brigadier General]] [[Wilds P. Richardson]] * [[Steese Highway]], named for [[Colonel]] [[James G. Steese]] * [[Elliott Highway]], named for Major [[Malcolm Elliott (US Army)|Malcolm Elliott]] * [[Edgerton Highway]], named for [[Major General]] [[Glen Edgar Edgerton|Glen E. Edgerton]] * [[Taylor Highway]], named for ARC President (1932–1948) [[Ike P. Taylor]] In addition signs of the work of the ARC can still be seen, for example some of the shelter cabins built by the ARC during the construction of the Denali Park Road are still in use as ranger patrol cabins by [[National Park Service]] rangers in [[Denali National Park and Preserve]].<ref name='haer' /> == List of ARC Presidents == <ref>{{cite book |last1=Atwood |first1=Evangeline |last2=DeArmond |first2=Robert N. |title=Who's Who in Alaskan Politics |year=1977 |publisher=[[Binford & Mort]] for the Alaska Historical Commission |location=[[Portland, Oregon]]}}</ref> * 1905-1917 [[Wilds P. Richardson]] * 1917-1920 William H. Waugh * 1920-1920 [[John C. Gotwals]] * 1920-1927 James G. Steese * 1927-1932 Malcolm Elliott * 1932-1948 Ike P. Taylor * 1948-1951 John R. Noyes * 1951-1956 Angelo F. Ghiglione == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == {{Commons category|Alaska Road Commission}} * [http://vilda.alaska.edu/cdm4/results.php?CISOOP1=all&CISOBOX1=sound&CISOFIELD1=type&CISOOP2=all&CISOBOX2=Johansen%2C++Woody+(Narrator)&CISOFIELD2=creato&CISOROOT=/cdmg21,/cdmg2,/cdmg10,/cdmg13,/cdmg11,/cdmg3&t=s Recorded interviews] with Woody Johansen (the [[Johansen Expressway]] is named after him) from [http://vilda.alaska.edu/ Alaska's Digital Archives] about the ARC * [http://vilda.alaska.edu/cdm4/results.php?CISOOP1=all&CISOBOX1=&CISOFIELD1=CISOSEARCHALL&CISOOP2=exact&CISOBOX2=Alaska%20Road%20Commission&CISOFIELD2=CISOSEARCHALL&CISOOP3=any&CISOBOX3=&CISOFIELD3=CISOSEARCHALL&CISOOP4=none&CISOBOX4=&CISOFIELD4=CISOSEARCHALL&CISOROOT=all&t=a Image search] also from [http://vilda.alaska.edu/ Alaska's Digital Archives], for images related to the ARC * [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?pp/PPALL:@field(NUMBER+@(ak0066)) Typical plans] for shelter cabins built by the ARC at the 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