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class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Protest march </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protest_march-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Riots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Riots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Riots </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Riots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Social media </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Social media subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Social_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-BlackBerry_Messenger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BlackBerry_Messenger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 BlackBerry Messenger </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BlackBerry_Messenger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twitter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twitter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Twitter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twitter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobile_phones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobile_phones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Mobile phones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobile_phones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Effects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Effects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deaths_and_injuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deaths_and_injuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Deaths and injuries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deaths_and_injuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trevor_Ellis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trevor_Ellis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Trevor Ellis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trevor_Ellis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haroon_Jahan,_Shahzad_Ali_and_Abdul_Musavir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haroon_Jahan,_Shahzad_Ali_and_Abdul_Musavir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Haroon Jahan, Shahzad Ali and Abdul Musavir </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haroon_Jahan,_Shahzad_Ali_and_Abdul_Musavir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Richard_Mannington_Bowes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Richard_Mannington_Bowes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Richard Mannington Bowes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Richard_Mannington_Bowes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Injuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Injuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.4 Injuries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Injuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Property_and_business_damage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Property_and_business_damage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Property and business damage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Property_and_business_damage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_attacks_and_thefts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_attacks_and_thefts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Personal attacks and thefts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_attacks_and_thefts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sporting_fixtures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sporting_fixtures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Sporting fixtures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sporting_fixtures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Reactions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reactions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Political </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 International </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Press" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Press"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Press </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Press-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Public </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vigilantism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vigilantism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 Vigilantism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vigilantism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Race_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.2 Race relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Race_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Police" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Police"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Police </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Police-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.1 Operations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrests_and_charges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrests_and_charges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.2 Arrests and charges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrests_and_charges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Justice_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Justice_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Justice system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Justice_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prosecutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prosecutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6.1 Prosecutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prosecutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sentencing_guidelines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sentencing_guidelines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6.2 Sentencing guidelines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sentencing_guidelines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trials_and_sentencing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trials_and_sentencing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6.3 Trials and sentencing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trials_and_sentencing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatrical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatrical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Theatrical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatrical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suggested_contributory_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suggested_contributory_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Suggested contributory factors </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Suggested_contributory_factors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Suggested contributory factors subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Suggested_contributory_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poor_relations_with_the_police" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poor_relations_with_the_police"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Poor relations with the police </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poor_relations_with_the_police-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_exclusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_exclusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Social exclusion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_exclusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_breakdown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_breakdown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Family breakdown </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_breakdown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_cuts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_cuts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Government cuts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_cuts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unemployment_and_poverty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unemployment_and_poverty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Unemployment and poverty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unemployment_and_poverty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rioting_for_fun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rioting_for_fun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Rioting for fun </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rioting_for_fun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gang_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gang_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Gang culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gang_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criminal_opportunism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criminal_opportunism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Criminal opportunism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criminal_opportunism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moral_decay_at_the_top" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moral_decay_at_the_top"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 Moral decay at the top </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moral_decay_at_the_top-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Failure_of_the_penal_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failure_of_the_penal_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.10 Failure of the penal system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failure_of_the_penal_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mainstream_media_relationship_with_the_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mainstream_media_relationship_with_the_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.11 Mainstream media relationship with the communities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mainstream_media_relationship_with_the_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">2011 England riots</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" > 41 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%BA%D8%A8_%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7_2011" title="شغب إنجلترا 2011 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شغب إنجلترا 2011" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%9E_%D0%9B%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_(2011)" title="Хваляваньні ў Лёндане (2011) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хваляваньні ў Лёндане (2011)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_2011" title="Безредици в Англия 2011 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Безредици в Англия 2011" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uli%C4%8Dni_neredi_u_Londonu_2011." title="Ulični neredi u Londonu 2011. – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ulični neredi u Londonu 2011." data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disturbis_d%27Anglaterra_de_2011" title="Disturbis d'Anglaterra de 2011 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Disturbis d'Anglaterra de 2011" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepokoje_v_Anglii_(2011)" title="Nepokoje v Anglii (2011) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nepokoje v Anglii (2011)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terfysgoedd_Lloegr,_Awst_2011" title="Terfysgoedd Lloegr, Awst 2011 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Terfysgoedd Lloegr, Awst 2011" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unruhen_in_England_2011" title="Unruhen in England 2011 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Unruhen in England 2011" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011._aasta_Suurbritannia_rahutused" title="2011. aasta Suurbritannia rahutused – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="2011. aasta Suurbritannia rahutused" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disturbios_en_Inglaterra_de_2011" title="Disturbios en Inglaterra de 2011 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Disturbios en Inglaterra de 2011" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B1%DB%B1_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شورش‌های ۲۰۱۱ انگلستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شورش‌های ۲۰۱۱ انگلستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89meutes_de_2011_en_Angleterre" title="Émeutes de 2011 en Angleterre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Émeutes de 2011 en Angleterre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%ADr%C3%A9ibeacha_Shasana_2011" title="Círéibeacha Shasana 2011 – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Círéibeacha Shasana 2011" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumultos_en_Inglaterra_en_2011" title="Tumultos en Inglaterra en 2011 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tumultos en Inglaterra en 2011" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%EB%85%84_%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AD_%ED%8F%AD%EB%8F%99" title="2011년 영국 폭동 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="2011년 영국 폭동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerusuhan_Inggris_2011" title="Kerusuhan Inggris 2011 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerusuhan Inggris 2011" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93eir%C3%B0irnar_%C3%AD_London_2011" title="Óeirðirnar í London 2011 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Óeirðirnar í London 2011" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disordini_in_Inghilterra_del_2011" title="Disordini in Inghilterra del 2011 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Disordini in Inghilterra del 2011" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93%D7%AA_(2011)" title="המהומות בממלכה המאוחדת (2011) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המהומות בממלכה המאוחדת (2011)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haruhara_Inggris_2011" title="Haruhara Inggris 2011 – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Haruhara Inggris 2011" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_m._riau%C5%A1%C4%97s_Anglijoje" title="2011 m. riaušės Anglijoje – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="2011 m. riaušės Anglijoje" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8_(2011)" title="Англиски нереди (2011) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Англиски нереди (2011)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusuhan_England_2011" title="Rusuhan England 2011 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rusuhan England 2011" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rellen_in_Engeland_in_2011" title="Rellen in Engeland in 2011 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rellen in Engeland in 2011" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E5%B9%B4%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E6%9A%B4%E5%8B%95" title="2011年イギリス暴動 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="2011年イギリス暴動" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppt%C3%B8yene_i_England_2011" title="Opptøyene i England 2011 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Opptøyene i England 2011" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamieszki_w_Wielkiej_Brytanii_(2011)" title="Zamieszki w Wielkiej Brytanii (2011) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zamieszki w Wielkiej Brytanii (2011)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumultos_na_Inglaterra_em_2011" title="Tumultos na Inglaterra em 2011 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tumultos na Inglaterra em 2011" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violen%C8%9Bele_din_2011_din_Anglia" title="Violențele din 2011 din Anglia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Violențele din 2011 din Anglia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5_2011_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Беспорядки в Англии в августе 2011 года – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Беспорядки в Англии в августе 2011 года" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_England_riots" title="2011 England riots – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="2011 England riots" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D1%83_%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%98_2011." title="Нереди у Енглеској 2011. – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нереди у Енглеској 2011." data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neredi_u_Engleskoj_2011" title="Neredi u Engleskoj 2011 – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Neredi u Engleskoj 2011" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englannin_mellakat_2011" title="Englannin mellakat 2011 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Englannin mellakat 2011" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kravallerna_i_England_2011" title="Kravallerna i England 2011 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing: 2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">2011 England riots</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; line-height: 1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Carpetright_store_after_Tottenham_riots.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Carpetright_store_after_Tottenham_riots.jpg/300px-Carpetright_store_after_Tottenham_riots.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Carpetright_store_after_Tottenham_riots.jpg/450px-Carpetright_store_after_Tottenham_riots.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Carpetright_store_after_Tottenham_riots.jpg/600px-Carpetright_store_after_Tottenham_riots.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Firefighters dousing a shop and flats destroyed by arson during the initial rioting in <a href="/wiki/Tottenham" title="Tottenham">Tottenham</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">6–11 August 2011 (<a href="/wiki/Copycat_crime" title="Copycat crime">copycat</a> incidents continued after this period)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline;" class="location">Several boroughs of <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">London</a>; <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)" title="West Midlands (region)">West Midlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merseyside" title="Merseyside">Merseyside</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Midlands" title="East Midlands">East Midlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> and several other areas<a href="#cite_note-guardianmap-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-telegraphmap-2">[2]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Methods</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Rioting, looting, arson, robbery, assault, murder</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Resulted in</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Shops, homes, vehicles destroyed</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Reported fatalities and injuries</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Death(s)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Injuries</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">205 (16 members of the public,<a href="#cite_note-independent_injuries-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc_mugging-4">[4]</a> 186 police officers, and 3 <a href="/wiki/Police_community_support_officer" title="Police community support officer">police community support officers</a>)<a href="#cite_note-pcs.org.uk-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnn_figures-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Arrested</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">3,000+</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Damage</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">2,815 homes, businesses attacked<a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-9">[9]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> A series of riots took place between 6 and 11 August 2011 in cities and towns across England, which saw <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">looting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">arson</a>, as well as mass deployment of police and the deaths of five people.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The protests started in <a href="/wiki/Tottenham_Hale" title="Tottenham Hale">Tottenham Hale</a>, London, following the <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Mark_Duggan" title="Killing of Mark Duggan">killing of Mark Duggan</a>, a local black man who was shot dead by police on 4 August.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Several violent clashes with police followed Duggan's death, along with the destruction of police vehicles, a <a href="/wiki/Double-decker_bus" title="Double-decker bus">double-decker bus</a> and many homes and businesses; which rapidly gained the attention of the media. Overnight, looting took place in Tottenham Hale retail park and in nearby <a href="/wiki/Wood_Green" title="Wood Green">Wood Green</a>. The following days saw similar scenes in other parts of London, with the worst rioting taking place in <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Hackney" title="London Borough of Hackney">Hackney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brixton" title="Brixton">Brixton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walthamstow" title="Walthamstow">Walthamstow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wandsworth" title="Wandsworth">Wandsworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peckham" title="Peckham">Peckham</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Enfield" title="London Borough of Enfield">Enfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battersea" title="Battersea">Battersea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croydon" title="Croydon">Croydon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ealing" title="Ealing">Ealing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barking,_London" title="Barking, London">Barking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woolwich" title="Woolwich">Woolwich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lewisham" title="Lewisham">Lewisham</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Ham" title="East Ham">East Ham</a>. From 8 to 11 August, other towns and cities in England (including <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a>) faced what was described by the media as "copycat violence", with social media playing a role. By 10 August, more than 3,000 arrests had been made across England, with at least 1,984 people facing criminal charges for various offences related to the riots.<a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc15Aug-13">[13]</a> Initially, courts sat for extended hours. A total of 3,443 crimes across London were linked to the disorder.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Along with the five deaths, at least 16 others were injured<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit">[update]</a> as a direct result of related violent acts. An estimated £200 million worth of property damage was incurred, and local economic activity – which in many cases was already struggling due to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> – was significantly compromised. Significant debate was generated among political, social, and academic figures about the causes and context of the riots. Attributions for the rioters' behaviour included social factors such as racial tension, class tension, economic decline and its consequent unemployment.<a href="#cite_note-cnn_figures-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc15Aug-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-07-peaceful-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian-06-duggan-16">[16]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Police_shooting_of_Mark_Duggan">Police shooting of Mark Duggan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Police shooting of Mark Duggan">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Mark_Duggan" title="Killing of Mark Duggan">Killing of Mark Duggan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferry_Lane,_Tottenham_Hale_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1767129.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Ferry_Lane%2C_Tottenham_Hale_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1767129.jpg/220px-Ferry_Lane%2C_Tottenham_Hale_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1767129.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Ferry_Lane%2C_Tottenham_Hale_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1767129.jpg/330px-Ferry_Lane%2C_Tottenham_Hale_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1767129.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Ferry_Lane%2C_Tottenham_Hale_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1767129.jpg/440px-Ferry_Lane%2C_Tottenham_Hale_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1767129.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Ferry Lane, Tottenham Hale, location of the shooting</figcaption></figure> On 4 August 2011, a police officer shot dead 29-year-old Mark Duggan during an intelligence-led, targeted vehicle stop procedure on the Ferry Lane bridge next to <a href="/wiki/Tottenham_Hale_station" title="Tottenham Hale station">Tottenham Hale station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc2nd-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Laville07-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-Mark-Duggan-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Independent_Police_Complaints_Commission" title="Independent Police Complaints Commission">Independent Police Complaints Commission</a> (IPCC, now replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Office_for_Police_Conduct" title="Independent Office for Police Conduct">Independent Office for Police Conduct</a>) said that the planned arrest was part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Trident_(Metropolitan_Police)" title="Operation Trident (Metropolitan Police)">Operation Trident</a>, which at that time investigated gun crime in the black community.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-06-duggan-16">[16]</a> The incident had been referred to the IPCC,<a href="#cite_note-bbc2nd-17">[17]</a> which was standard practice if death or serious injury follows police contact.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Following the shooting, the media widely reported that a bullet was found embedded in a police radio, implying that Duggan fired on the police.<a href="#cite_note-Laville07-18">[18]</a> Friends and relatives of Duggan said that he was unarmed. The police later revealed that initial <a href="/wiki/Ballistics" title="Ballistics">ballistics</a> tests on the bullet recovered from the police radio indicate that it was a "very distinct" police issue <a href="/wiki/Hollow-point_bullet" title="Hollow-point bullet">hollow-point bullet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Laville07-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The IPCC later stated that a loaded <a href="/wiki/Bruni_Olympic_.380_BBM" title="Bruni Olympic .380 BBM">Bruni BBM</a> <a href="/wiki/Starting_pistol" title="Starting pistol">blank-firing pistol</a>, converted to fire live ammunition, was recovered from the scene.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> It was wrapped in a sock, and there was no evidence that it had been fired.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> On 13 August, the IPCC stated that Duggan did not open fire: "It seems possible that we may have verbally led journalists to [wrongly] believe that shots were exchanged." The bullet that had lodged in an officer's radio is believed to have been an <a href="/wiki/Overpenetration" class="mw-redirect" title="Overpenetration">overpenetration</a>, having passed through Duggan's body.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> At lunchtime on 6 August, a meeting was called by police between local community leaders, councillors and members of police advisory groups. In this meeting, police were warned several times that there could possibly be another riot similar to the <a href="/wiki/Broadwater_Farm_riot" title="Broadwater Farm riot">Broadwater Farm riot</a> of 1985 if local concerns regarding the death were not addressed.<a href="#cite_note-channel4ex-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbcreport-28">[28]</a> On 8 January 2014, a coroner’s jury concluded that Duggan was lawfully killed. The verdict of lawful killing was upheld by the Court of Appeal in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protest_march">Protest march</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Protest march">edit</a>]</div> On 6 August, a protest was held, initially peacefully, beginning at <a href="/wiki/Broadwater_Farm" title="Broadwater Farm">Broadwater Farm</a> and finishing at Tottenham police station.<a href="#cite_note-bolesworth-30">[30]</a> The protest was organised by friends and relatives of Duggan to "demand justice" for the family.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-06-duggan-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The group of some 300 people demanded that a senior local police officer come out to speak to them. When Chief Inspector Ade Adelekan arrived, he was met with boos and cries of "murderer", "<a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom#Epithet" title="Uncle Tom">Uncle Tom</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs#C" title="List of ethnic slurs">coconut</a>".<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The crowd stayed in front of the police station hours longer than they originally planned because they were not satisfied with the seniority of the officers available at the time. Rumours that a 16-year-old girl had sustained injuries after attacking police with a champagne bottle began circulating on social media. To date, the girl remains unidentified and the report unconfirmed. However, the rumour alone was sufficient to further fuel tensions in the area.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-07-peaceful-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-jackson-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Riots">Riots</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Riots">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2011_England_riots" title="Timeline of the 2011 England riots">Timeline of the 2011 England riots</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fireman_in_action_at_Tottenham_riots_2011_aftermath-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Fireman_in_action_at_Tottenham_riots_2011_aftermath-crop.jpg/220px-Fireman_in_action_at_Tottenham_riots_2011_aftermath-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Fireman_in_action_at_Tottenham_riots_2011_aftermath-crop.jpg/330px-Fireman_in_action_at_Tottenham_riots_2011_aftermath-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Fireman_in_action_at_Tottenham_riots_2011_aftermath-crop.jpg/440px-Fireman_in_action_at_Tottenham_riots_2011_aftermath-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption>A firefighter douses a blaze in Tottenham during the aftermath of the initial riot.</figcaption></figure> The peaceful march on the morning of Saturday 6 August in Tottenham was followed by rioting and looting, first in Tottenham and later in Tottenham Hale Retail Park.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_timeline-36">[36]</a> Rioting occurred shortly after about 120 people marched from the Broadwater Farm estate to Tottenham Police Station via the High Road.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The spread of news and rumours about the previous evening's disturbances in Tottenham sparked riots during the night of Sunday 7 August in the London districts of Brixton, Enfield, Islington and Wood Green and in Oxford Circus in the centre of London.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_timeline-36">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tottenham_riots_August_6th.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Tottenham_riots_August_6th.jpg/220px-Tottenham_riots_August_6th.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Tottenham_riots_August_6th.jpg/330px-Tottenham_riots_August_6th.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Tottenham_riots_August_6th.jpg/440px-Tottenham_riots_August_6th.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Rioters facing police on the evening of Saturday 6 August 2011</figcaption></figure> In the evening of Monday 8 August, many areas of London were affected by widespread looting, arson and violence. There were significant outbreaks in parts of Battersea, Brixton, Bromley, Camden, Croydon, Ealing, East Ham, Hackney, Harrow, Lewisham, Peckham, Stratford, Tower Hamlets, Waltham Forest, Wandsworth, Woolwich, and Wood Green. A man was found shot in Croydon and died later in hospital. Another man who had been assaulted in Ealing died in hospital on Thursday 11 August.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Similar riots were reported outside London – most notably in Birmingham, Manchester, Nottingham, Wolverhampton, Liverpool and Bristol.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_timeline-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> There were reports of unrest on a smaller scale in other parts of the country, including Gillingham and Derby.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2011_London_riots.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/2011_London_riots.jpg/220px-2011_London_riots.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/2011_London_riots.jpg/330px-2011_London_riots.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/2011_London_riots.jpg/440px-2011_London_riots.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3577" data-file-height="2376" /></a><figcaption>Rioters attempt to loot a cycle shop in Chalk Farm, Camden.</figcaption></figure> Following a greatly increased police presence, London was quiet on Tuesday 9 August, but rioting continued in Nottingham and Birmingham (where, according to the police account, 11 shots were fired at police, including at a police helicopter, and <a href="/wiki/Petrol_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrol bomb">petrol bombs</a> thrown at officers<a href="#cite_note-WMP-41">[41]</a>) and spread to Leicester, parts of the <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(county)" title="West Midlands (county)">West Midlands</a> and to parts of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merseyside" title="Merseyside">Merseyside</a> in the north-west of England.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_timeline-36">[36]</a> On 10 August, London remained quiet while hundreds of arrests were being made by the police. Three men were killed in Birmingham in a hit-and-run incident related to the disturbances. Looting and violence continued in two locations around Manchester and Liverpool.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_timeline-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_media">Social media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Social media">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barclays_-_2011_London_Looting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Barclays_-_2011_London_Looting.jpg/220px-Barclays_-_2011_London_Looting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Barclays_-_2011_London_Looting.jpg/330px-Barclays_-_2011_London_Looting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Barclays_-_2011_London_Looting.jpg/440px-Barclays_-_2011_London_Looting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2667" data-file-height="1778" /></a><figcaption>Bank workers in Walthamstow observe the destruction which was caused in the early hours of the morning.</figcaption></figure> The existence of social media made the 2011 riots unparalleled to any before them in terms of the speed at which issues managed to spread and at which rioters were able to mobilise and organise. Many used sites such as Facebook and Twitter to promote and advertise sites for looting and disorder. As a result, many online organisers were handed severe sentences for their roles in the violence.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Throughout the rioting, many of the rioters failed to cover their faces. Some posed for pictures with stolen goods, posting them on social-networking sites.<a href="#cite_note-Tom_de_Castella_&_Caroline_McClatchey-43">[43]</a> Although London employs <a href="/wiki/CCTV" class="mw-redirect" title="CCTV">CCTV</a> cameras to monitor crime and large events, reports indicate that citizen footage contributed more to capturing looters in action than the police force.<a href="#cite_note-London_and_England_riots:_CCTV_Pictures-44">[44]</a> Beyond the CCTV, looters were filmed and photographed with their faces visible. Police forces and investigators used websites like <a href="/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a> to find galleries of the looters to help solve and prevent cases of vandalism and further damage. Facebook pages were also created to identify looters.<a href="#cite_note-Citizen_Cameras-45">[45]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liverpool_Riots_2011_burnt_cars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Liverpool_Riots_2011_burnt_cars.jpg/220px-Liverpool_Riots_2011_burnt_cars.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Liverpool_Riots_2011_burnt_cars.jpg/330px-Liverpool_Riots_2011_burnt_cars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Liverpool_Riots_2011_burnt_cars.jpg/440px-Liverpool_Riots_2011_burnt_cars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Burnt-out cars in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></figcaption></figure> Several interactive maps were implemented in the <a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a> website that showed satellite views of what was happening in the streets during the rioting. James Cridland, the managing director of the free media resources, created a Google Map that tracked verified locations of rioting. <a href="/wiki/Channel_4_News" title="Channel 4 News">Channel 4 News</a> had similar maps that progressively tracked the damage in the streets as well.<a href="#cite_note-Interactive_Maps_reveal_satellite's_view_of_UK_Riots-46">[46]</a> The Guardian created both a map and a dataset of events of the riots<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> News channels also were able to utilise this public service to capture live footage on the streets and inform citizens of dangerous or crowded areas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="BlackBerry_Messenger">BlackBerry Messenger</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: BlackBerry Messenger">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Croydon_Riots_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Croydon_Riots_2011.jpg/220px-Croydon_Riots_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Croydon_Riots_2011.jpg/330px-Croydon_Riots_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Croydon_Riots_2011.jpg/440px-Croydon_Riots_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2325" /></a><figcaption>Stand-off between rioters and police in Croydon</figcaption></figure> There were reports that the <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_Messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="BlackBerry Messenger">BlackBerry Messenger</a> (BBM) service was used by looters to organise their activities, and that inflammatory and inaccurate accounts of Mark Duggan's killing on social media sites may have incited disturbances.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-G8AUG2011-51">[51]</a> One of the many messages shared between users was the following: <blockquote>"Everyone in edmonton enfield wood green everywhere in north link up at <a href="/wiki/Enfield_Town_railway_station" title="Enfield Town railway station">enfield town station</a> at 4 o clock sharp!!!!," it began. "Start leaving ur yards n linking up with your niggas. Fuck da feds, bring your ballys and your bags trollys, cars vans, hammers the lot!!"<a href="#cite_note-guardian4-52">[52]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tottenham_Riot-shops.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tottenham_Riot-shops.jpg/220px-Tottenham_Riot-shops.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tottenham_Riot-shops.jpg/330px-Tottenham_Riot-shops.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tottenham_Riot-shops.jpg/440px-Tottenham_Riot-shops.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>A shop in Tottenham Hale Retail park after the looting</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Research_in_Motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Research in Motion">Research in Motion</a> assisted British police in tracking rioters who used BBM, stating, "We comply with the <a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_Investigatory_Powers_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act">Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act</a> and co-operate fully with the Home Office and UK police forces."<a href="#cite_note-garside1-53">[53]</a> Increased connectivity among individuals led to a greater ability to organise and execute massive gatherings.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> This not only occurred during the riots in England, but with other collective gatherings such as the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian revolution of 2011">Egyptian revolution of 2011</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twitter">Twitter</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Twitter">edit</a>]</div> Much like BBM, activity on social media shaped the London riots. During the Tottenham riots of 1985, citizens had to head into a public place to voice their message.<a href="#cite_note-Adams-56">[56]</a> Yet, with access to Twitter as a communication medium, social media was used to rapidly spread messages of the riots.<a href="#cite_note-Adams-56">[56]</a> On <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">Radio 4</a>, a police official said social media was used to "organize [...] greed and criminality."<a href="#cite_note-Williams-57">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a> described Twitter as being an outlet for promoting gang violence.<a href="#cite_note-Williams-57">[57]</a> Evidence shows that Twitter is powerful because tweets of individuals were inspired by news content.<a href="#cite_note-Tonkin-58">[58]</a> However, an article in <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine suggested that BlackBerry Messenger was more to blame.<a href="#cite_note-Adams-56">[56]</a> During the riots, Twitter accounted for four out of every 170 UK Internet visits on Monday 8 August. In addition, citizens also used Twitter to band together, after the destruction with hashtags including "#riotcleanup".<a href="#cite_note-Tonkin-58">[58]</a> Evidence shows that people were tweeting and re-tweeting news related to the riots, not original content.<a href="#cite_note-Tonkin-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobile_phones">Mobile phones</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mobile phones">edit</a>]</div> Other than BlackBerry Messenger and social networking sites, mobile phone operators <a href="/wiki/T-Mobile_International_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="T-Mobile International AG">T-Mobile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orange_UK" title="Orange UK">Orange</a> prioritised police requests for information about the phones that were used to plan the riots that hit British cities. Under the <a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_Investigatory_Powers_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act">Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act</a>, phone companies were required to hand over data about the locations calls were made from, the owners of phones, and lists of calls made to and from a particular handset.<a href="#cite_note-garside1-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Effects">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Firemen_in_action_at_Tottenham_riots_2011_aftermath.ogv/220px--Firemen_in_action_at_Tottenham_riots_2011_aftermath.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="13" data-mwtitle="Firemen_in_action_at_Tottenham_riots_2011_aftermath.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Firemen_in_action_at_Tottenham_riots_2011_aftermath.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Firemen_in_action_at_Tottenham_riots_2011_aftermath.ogv/Firemen_in_action_at_Tottenham_riots_2011_aftermath.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Firemen_in_action_at_Tottenham_riots_2011_aftermath.ogv/Firemen_in_action_at_Tottenham_riots_2011_aftermath.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Firemen_in_action_at_Tottenham_riots_2011_aftermath.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Firemen_in_action_at_Tottenham_riots_2011_aftermath.ogv/Firemen_in_action_at_Tottenham_riots_2011_aftermath.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Firemen_in_action_at_Tottenham_riots_2011_aftermath.ogv/Firemen_in_action_at_Tottenham_riots_2011_aftermath.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Firemen_in_action_at_Tottenham_riots_2011_aftermath.ogv/Firemen_in_action_at_Tottenham_riots_2011_aftermath.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Firemen_in_action_at_Tottenham_riots_2011_aftermath.ogv/Firemen_in_action_at_Tottenham_riots_2011_aftermath.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>A burnt-out building being doused with water. Built by the London Co-operative Society in 1930 as "Union Point",<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> the building included a <a href="/wiki/Carpetright" title="Carpetright">Carpetright</a> on the ground floor and many flats on the upper storeys.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deaths_and_injuries">Deaths and injuries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Deaths and injuries">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trevor_Ellis">Trevor Ellis</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Trevor Ellis">edit</a>]</div> Trevor Ellis, a 26-year-old man from <a href="/wiki/Brixton_Hill" title="Brixton Hill">Brixton Hill</a> was shot dead in <a href="/wiki/Croydon" title="Croydon">Croydon</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_London" title="South London">South London</a>, on 8 August.<a href="#cite_note-death_one-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> His family denied reports that Ellis, who had come from the Brixton area to Croydon with a group of friends, had been involved in looting.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> 13 people were arrested in connection with the murder. All were later bailed and then released without action. On 16 December, the eve of Ellis's birthday, detectives opened up a fresh appeal into the murder, asking for witnesses to come forward.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Haroon_Jahan,_Shahzad_Ali_and_Abdul_Musavir">Haroon Jahan, Shahzad Ali and Abdul Musavir</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Haroon Jahan, Shahzad Ali and Abdul Musavir">edit</a>]</div> On 10 August, in <a href="/wiki/Winson_Green" title="Winson Green">Winson Green</a>, Birmingham, three men – Haroon Jahan, 21, and brothers Shahzad Ali, 30, and Abdul Musavir, 31 – were killed in a <a href="/wiki/Hit_and_run_(vehicular)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hit and run (vehicular)">hit-and-run incident</a> while attempting to protect their neighbourhood from rioters and looters.<a href="#cite_note-death_two-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-death_three-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> On 19 April 2012, eight men, each indicted on three counts of murder, were tried at <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Crown_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham Crown Court">Birmingham Crown Court</a> before Mr Justice Flaux; the jury acquitted all of the defendants on all charges.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Richard_Mannington_Bowes">Richard Mannington Bowes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Richard Mannington Bowes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Springbridge_Mews_floral_tributes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Springbridge_Mews_floral_tributes.jpg/220px-Springbridge_Mews_floral_tributes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Springbridge_Mews_floral_tributes.jpg/330px-Springbridge_Mews_floral_tributes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Springbridge_Mews_floral_tributes.jpg/440px-Springbridge_Mews_floral_tributes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2337" data-file-height="3268" /></a><figcaption>Floral tributes at the site of the fatal assault of Richard Mannington Bowes. The flowers at the top spell out the word "why".</figcaption></figure> A 68-year-old man, Richard Mannington Bowes, died on 11 August after he was attacked while attempting to stamp out a litter-bin fire in <a href="/wiki/Ealing" title="Ealing">Ealing</a> on the evening of 8 August.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The attacker inflicted severe head injuries which resulted in a coma. The assault was caught on <a href="/wiki/CCTV" class="mw-redirect" title="CCTV">CCTV</a> and reportedly filmed on mobile phones by associates of the alleged assailant.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The attack on Bowes was witnessed by several police officers, but due to the number of rioters they were unable to come to his aid until riot squad officers pushed back the rioters while being attacked to reach Bowes. A line of officers then held back the rioters as paramedics arrived. Bowes' wallet and phone had been stolen, and police faced difficulty in identifying him. He died of his injuries at <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Hospital,_London" title="St Mary's Hospital, London">St Mary's Hospital</a> on 11 August 2011 after being removed from life support.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-72">[72]</a> Many tributes were paid to Bowes, including Ealing Council, who flew the <a href="/wiki/Union_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Flag">Union Flag</a> at half-mast over its town hall and announced the launch of a relief fund in his name,<a href="#cite_note-guardian-73">[73]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a>, who described him as a hero.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> 16-year-old Darrell Desuze<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hounslow" title="Hounslow">Hounslow</a> was charged with the murder of Bowes, violent disorder and four burglaries.<a href="#cite_note-Tel_charged-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> He appeared at <a href="/wiki/Croydon" title="Croydon">Croydon</a> <a href="/wiki/Magistrates%27_court_(England_and_Wales)" title="Magistrates' court (England and Wales)">Magistrates' Court</a> on 16 August 2011, where he was remanded in custody until his appearance at the <a href="/wiki/Old_Bailey" title="Old Bailey">Central Criminal Court</a> on 18 August 2011.<a href="#cite_note-Tel_charged-76">[76]</a> His 31-year-old mother, Lavinia Desuze,<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> was charged with perverting the course of justice.<a href="#cite_note-Tel_charged-76">[76]</a> On 12 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Inner_London_Crown_Court" title="Inner London Crown Court">Inner London Crown Court</a>, Darrel Desuze pleaded guilty to manslaughter, after previously pleading guilty to burglary and violent disorder.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The following day the Crown withdrew the murder charge against him.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After a trial at the Inner London Crown Court before <a href="/wiki/John_Saunders_(English_judge)" title="John Saunders (English judge)">Mr Justice Saunders</a> and a jury, Lavinia Desuze was convicted of perverting the course of justice after she destroyed the clothing her son wore on the day of Bowes' death.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> On 17 April 2012, Mr Justice Saunders sentenced Darrell Desuze to detention for a term of eight years, and Lavinia Desuze to imprisonment for eighteen months.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Injuries">Injuries</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Injuries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Welcome_to_Hackney,_2011_riots.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Welcome_to_Hackney%2C_2011_riots.jpg/220px-Welcome_to_Hackney%2C_2011_riots.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Welcome_to_Hackney%2C_2011_riots.jpg/330px-Welcome_to_Hackney%2C_2011_riots.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Welcome_to_Hackney%2C_2011_riots.jpg/440px-Welcome_to_Hackney%2C_2011_riots.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>A burnt-out and vandalised car in Hackney with misspelt graffiti. Arsonists set fire to 12 cars during the riots.</figcaption></figure> In London, between Monday afternoon and the early hours of Tuesday, 14 people were injured by rioters. These included a 75-year-old woman who suffered a broken hip in <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Hackney" title="London Borough of Hackney">Hackney</a>.<a href="#cite_note-independent_injuries-3">[3]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Barking,_London" title="Barking, London">Barking</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_(London_sub_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="East (London sub region)">East London</a>, 20-year-old <a href="/wiki/Malaysians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Malaysians in the United Kingdom">Malaysian</a> student Ashraf Haziq was beaten and then robbed twice by looters emptying his rucksack. Footage of the second mugging, which appears to show the second set of muggers pretend to help him then proceed to ransack his rucksack, was uploaded onto YouTube. He suffered a broken jaw, requiring surgery.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_mugging-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-82">[82]</a> On 2 March 2012, two men, John Kafunda of <a href="/wiki/Ilford" title="Ilford">Ilford</a> and Reece Donovan of <a href="/wiki/Romford" title="Romford">Romford</a>, were found guilty of the robbery of Rossli and also violent disorder by a jury at <a href="/wiki/Wood_Green_Crown_Court" title="Wood Green Crown Court">Wood Green Crown Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The convictions were quashed by the Court of Appeal on 29 November 2012.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Chingford" title="Chingford">Chingford</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_(London_sub_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="East (London sub region)">East London</a>, three police officers were hit by a car used as a getaway vehicle by a group who had looted the Aristocrat store on Chingford Mount Road. Two of the officers were seriously injured and taken to hospital.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In total, 186 police officers were injured<a href="#cite_note-cnn_figures-6">[6]</a> as well as 3 <a href="/wiki/Police_Community_Support_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Police Community Support Officer">Police Community Support Officers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pcs.org.uk-5">[5]</a> Five police dogs were also reported injured.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Ten firefighters were injured as the <a href="/wiki/London_Fire_Brigade" title="London Fire Brigade">London Fire Brigade</a> dealt with over 100 serious fires caused by the disturbances. The LFB also reported that eight of its <a href="/wiki/Fire_appliances_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Fire appliances in the United Kingdom">fire appliances</a> had their windscreens smashed and that two <a href="/wiki/Fire_chief%27s_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire chief's vehicle">fire cars</a> were attacked.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Property_and_business_damage">Property and business damage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Property and business damage">edit</a>]</div> Vehicles, homes and shops were attacked and set alight. At least 100 families are thought to have been made homeless by arson and looting.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Shopkeepers estimated the damages in their Tottenham Hale and Tottenham branches at several million pounds.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The riots caused the irretrievable loss of heritage architecture.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> It was estimated that retailers lost at least 30,000 trading hours.<a href="#cite_note-Tele_24_August_2011-91">[91]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cash_Converters_on_Salford_Precinct_riot_damage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Cash_Converters_on_Salford_Precinct_riot_damage.jpg/220px-Cash_Converters_on_Salford_Precinct_riot_damage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Cash_Converters_on_Salford_Precinct_riot_damage.jpg/330px-Cash_Converters_on_Salford_Precinct_riot_damage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Cash_Converters_on_Salford_Precinct_riot_damage.jpg/440px-Cash_Converters_on_Salford_Precinct_riot_damage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="963" /></a><figcaption>Cash Converters shop in Salford</figcaption></figure> The Association of British Insurers said that they expected the industry to pay out in excess of £200 million.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Estimated losses in London were indicated to be in the region of £100m.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reeves_furniture_store_burnt_out.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Reeves_furniture_store_burnt_out.jpg/220px-Reeves_furniture_store_burnt_out.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Reeves_furniture_store_burnt_out.jpg/330px-Reeves_furniture_store_burnt_out.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Reeves_furniture_store_burnt_out.jpg/440px-Reeves_furniture_store_burnt_out.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>The remains of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Reeves" title="House of Reeves">House of Reeves</a> shop in <a href="/wiki/Croydon" title="Croydon">Croydon</a></figcaption></figure> On 8 August 2011, a <a href="/wiki/Sony_DADC" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony DADC">Sony DADC</a> warehouse in <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Enfield" title="London Borough of Enfield">Enfield</a> at <a href="/wiki/Enfield_Lock" title="Enfield Lock">Enfield Lock</a>, which also acted as the primary distribution centre for <a href="/wiki/Independent_music" title="Independent music">independent music</a> distributor <a href="/wiki/PIAS_Entertainment_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="PIAS Entertainment Group">PIAS Entertainment Group</a>, was destroyed by fire.<a href="#cite_note-piasfire-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pitchfork-95">[95]</a> Initially, because millions of items of stock were lost, including most of PIAS's inventory, it was thought that long-term damage to the British independent music industry might result.<a href="#cite_note-piasfire-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-piasbbc-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-piasloss-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-piasfund-98">[98]</a> On 18 August 2011, PIAS confirmed that their operations were back to normal.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> On 11 August 2011, London police reported that they had arrested three teenagers in connection with the warehouse fire.<a href="#cite_note-psarr-100">[100]</a> The Financial Times reported that an analysis showed that 48,000 local businesses – shops, restaurants, pubs and clubs – had suffered financial losses as a result of the looting and rioting in English streets.<a href="#cite_note-FT12AUG2011-101">[101]</a> According to BBC News, a total of 2,584 businesses were attacked and looted, 231 homes were targeted by burglars and vandals, 664 people were robbed or injured.<a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_attacks_and_thefts">Personal attacks and thefts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Personal attacks and thefts">edit</a>]</div> A 15-year-old was accused in August 2011 of raping a 13-year-old girl while the riots were taking place. The prosecution described the incident as being geographically "close" to the riots.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph_courts_struggle-102">[102]</a> A 20-year-old student, Ashraf Haziq, was attacked while cycling along Queen's Road in <a href="/wiki/Barking,_London" title="Barking, London">Barking</a>. The prosecution said that the victim was punched in the face by one of a group of 100 youths. His bike, <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Portable" title="PlayStation Portable">PlayStation Portable</a> and mobile phone were stolen.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph_courts_struggle-102">[102]</a> In September 2011, an accusation of robbery was made against 24-year-old Reece Donovan. The same month, a 17-year-old, Beau Isagba, was accused and in February 2012 convicted of breaking the victim's jaw with an unprovoked punch.<a href="#cite_note-guardian_accused_punching-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> In February 2012, John Kafunda and Reece Donovan were convicted of stealing from Rossli, after being identified on camera pretending to help him.<a href="#cite_note-guardian_guilty_stealing-105">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sony_Interactive_Entertainment" title="Sony Interactive Entertainment">Sony</a> offered to replace his <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Portable" title="PlayStation Portable">PSP</a> after a video of the attack attracted attention, and <a href="/wiki/Namco_Bandai" class="mw-redirect" title="Namco Bandai">Namco Bandai</a> sent him a package of games.<a href="#cite_note-sony_psp-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-sony_psp_vg247-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> Four London buses were set on fire during the riots (two of which were completely destroyed, one suffered serious damage but was subsequently repaired, and one suffered less serious damage and was also repaired) and other buses suffered broken windows and other minor damage. On 9 August, Croydon's <a href="/wiki/Tramlink" title="Tramlink">Tramlink</a> was partly shut down due to damage inflicted along its route.<a href="#cite_note-thisislondon1-108">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Transport_for_London" title="Transport for London">Transport for London</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Overground" title="London Overground">London Overground</a> and <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a> shut Barking, Peckham Rye and Harrow-on-the-Hill and Hackney Central stations. The train operating company <a href="/wiki/Southern_(train_operating_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern (train operating company)">Southern</a> later announced that trains were not stopping at many stations in south London.<a href="#cite_note-thisislondon1-108">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Express_Coaches" title="National Express Coaches">National Express Coaches</a> stopped serving Wolverhampton and suburban stops in the Birmingham area (but not <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Coach_Station" title="Birmingham Coach Station">Birmingham Coach Station</a> itself) and Manchester (but not Manchester Airport).<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sporting_fixtures">Sporting fixtures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sporting fixtures">edit</a>]</div> Five <a href="/wiki/Football_League_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Football League Cup">Football League Cup</a> games due to be played on 9 and 10 August were postponed after requests from police due to the riots. The games at <a href="/wiki/Bristol_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol City">Bristol City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Rovers" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol Rovers">Bristol Rovers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlton_Athletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlton Athletic">Charlton Athletic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C." title="Crystal Palace F.C.">Crystal Palace</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Ham_United" class="mw-redirect" title="West Ham United">West Ham United</a> were all postponed, as they were all situated within a short distance of areas which had seen some of the worst disturbances.<a href="#cite_note-West_Ham-Aldershot_Carling_Cup_tie_postponed_on_police_advice-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-London_riots_hit_sports_fixtures-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Charlton-Reading_Carling_Cup_match_called_off-112">[112]</a> There was also uncertainty as to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_cricket_team_in_England_in_2011" title="Indian cricket team in England in 2011">Third Test cricket match</a> between <a href="/wiki/India_national_cricket_team" title="India national cricket team">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/England_cricket_team" title="England cricket team">England</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Edgbaston_Cricket_Ground" title="Edgbaston Cricket Ground">Edgbaston</a> in Birmingham, but the match was played.<a href="#cite_note-London_riots_continue,_Birmingham_test_in_jeopardy-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Test_set_to_begin_despite_riots-114">[114]</a> The international <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> <a href="/wiki/Friendly_match" class="mw-redirect" title="Friendly match">friendly match</a> between <a href="/wiki/England_national_football_team" title="England national football team">England</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_national_football_team" title="Netherlands national football team">Netherlands</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wembley_Stadium" title="Wembley Stadium">Wembley Stadium</a> due to take place on 10 August was cancelled,<a href="#cite_note-London_riots_hit_sports_fixtures-111">[111]</a> as well as the international friendly between <a href="/wiki/Ghana_national_football_team" title="Ghana national football team">Ghana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nigeria_national_football_team" title="Nigeria national football team">Nigeria</a> scheduled for 9 August at <a href="/wiki/Vicarage_Road" title="Vicarage Road">Vicarage Road</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watford" title="Watford">Watford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ghana_versus_Nigeria_friendly_in_Watford_called_off-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Four_Carling_Cup_ties_postponed-116">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur" class="mw-redirect" title="Tottenham Hotspur">Tottenham Hotspur</a>'s opening game of the <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Premier_League" title="2011–12 Premier League">2011–12 Premier League</a> season against <a href="/wiki/Everton_F.C." title="Everton F.C.">Everton</a> on 13 August was postponed.<a href="#cite_note-Tottenham_v_Everton_match_postponed_after_London_riots-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The League Two game between <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheltenham Town">Cheltenham Town</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swindon_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Swindon Town">Swindon Town</a>, due to be played the same day, was also initially postponed until further consultation allowed Gloucestershire Police to provide the required resources.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions">Reactions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Reactions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2011_England_riots" title="Timeline of the 2011 England riots">Timeline of the 2011 England riots</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political">Political</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Political">edit</a>]</div> Following the initial disorder in Tottenham, the <a href="/wiki/Tottenham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Tottenham (UK Parliament constituency)">constituency</a> <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> MP <a href="/wiki/David_Lammy" title="David Lammy">David Lammy</a> appealed for calm, saying that "true justice can only follow a thorough investigation of the facts"<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> and that Tottenham had had its "heart ripped out" by the riots.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph1-121">[121]</a> He said that rioters were not representative of the local community as a whole<a href="#cite_note-guardian1-122">[122]</a> and insisted that the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Police_Complaints_Commission" title="Independent Police Complaints Commission">Independent Police Complaints Commission</a> must fully establish the circumstances of Mark Duggan's death.<a href="#cite_note-lammy-123">[123]</a> Lammy voiced concerns that the <a href="/wiki/English_Defence_League" title="English Defence League">EDL</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_National_Party" title="British National Party">BNP</a> were playing on the London riots and people's fears to advance their political motives.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_Johnson_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Boris_Johnson_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Boris_Johnson_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Boris_Johnson_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Boris_Johnson_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Boris_Johnson_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">London Mayor</a> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Streatham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Streatham (UK Parliament constituency)">Streatham</a>'s Labour MP <a href="/wiki/Chuka_Umunna" title="Chuka Umunna">Chuka Umunna</a> condemned the violence in Brixton and Tottenham.<a href="#cite_note-guardian3-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-yourlocalguardian1-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-streathamguardian1-127">[127]</a> Umunna called for the <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_Messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="BlackBerry Messenger">BlackBerry Messenger</a> service, used by some of the rioters to co-ordinate their activities, to be "temporarily disabled" between 6pm and 6am <a href="/wiki/British_Summer_Time" title="British Summer Time">BST</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> The use of BlackBerry Messenger to encourage violent disorder led to arrests – a <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a> man was detained under the <a href="/wiki/Serious_Crime_Act_2007" title="Serious Crime Act 2007">Serious Crime Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap 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style="top:33.723%;left:52.862%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="2011 England riots" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/8px-Yellow_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/12px-Yellow_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/16px-Yellow_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:27.745%;left:49.32%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="2011 England riots" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/8px-Yellow_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/12px-Yellow_pog.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/12px-Yellow_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/16px-Yellow_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:15.068%;left:51.402%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="2011 England riots" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/8px-Yellow_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/12px-Yellow_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/16px-Yellow_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:14.553%;left:52.213%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="2011 England riots" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/8px-Yellow_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/12px-Yellow_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/16px-Yellow_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:16.6%;left:56.044%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="2011 England riots" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/8px-Yellow_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/12px-Yellow_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/16px-Yellow_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:54.681%;left:49.362%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="2011 England riots" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/8px-Yellow_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/12px-Yellow_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/16px-Yellow_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.447%;left:49.713%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="2011 England riots" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/8px-Yellow_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/12px-Yellow_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/16px-Yellow_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:43.553%;left:45.532%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="2011 England riots" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/8px-Yellow_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/12px-Yellow_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/16px-Yellow_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:7.234%;left:57.117%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="2011 England riots" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/8px-Yellow_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/12px-Yellow_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/16px-Yellow_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:62.149%;left:47.5%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="2011 England riots" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/8px-Yellow_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/12px-Yellow_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/16px-Yellow_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:60.943%;left:46.923%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="2011 England riots" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/8px-Yellow_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/12px-Yellow_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/16px-Yellow_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.234%;left:53.191%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="2011 England riots" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/8px-Yellow_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/12px-Yellow_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/16px-Yellow_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.234%;left:52.553%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="2011 England riots" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/8px-Yellow_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/12px-Yellow_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/16px-Yellow_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.66%;left:51.043%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="2011 England riots" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/8px-Yellow_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/12px-Yellow_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/16px-Yellow_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.617%;left:50.66%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="2011 England riots" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/8px-Yellow_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/12px-Yellow_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/16px-Yellow_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:33.924%;left:58.993%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="2011 England riots" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/8px-Yellow_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/12px-Yellow_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yellow_pog.svg/16px-Yellow_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_London_UK_location_map_2.svg" title="File:Greater London UK location map 2.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Location of incidents on 6 and 7 August: Red = 6 August, Yellow = 7 August</div></div></div><a href="/wiki/John_Randall_(British_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Randall (British politician)">John Randall</a>, the Conservative MP for Uxbridge and South Ruislip said: "It's a small minority of people causing the trouble. The events in Ealing brought it home, it's just down the Uxbridge Road."<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hackney_North_and_Stoke_Newington" class="mw-redirect" title="Hackney North and Stoke Newington">Hackney North and Stoke Newington</a> MP <a href="/wiki/Diane_Abbott" title="Diane Abbott">Diane Abbott</a> called for the introduction of a <a href="/wiki/Curfew" title="Curfew">curfew</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newark_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Newark (UK Parliament constituency)">Newark</a> MP <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_Kingdom)" title="Colonel (United Kingdom)">Colonel</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Mercer" title="Patrick Mercer">Patrick Mercer</a> called for the deployment of <a href="/wiki/Water_cannon" title="Water cannon">water cannon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> In December 2010 <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a>, the Home Secretary, had said that the deployment of water cannon by police forces on the British mainland was an operational decision which had been "resisted until now by senior police officers".<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> On 9 August 2011, May rejected their use and said: "The way we police in Britain is not through use of water cannon. The way we police in Britain is through consent of communities." <a href="/wiki/Ken_Livingstone" title="Ken Livingstone">Ken Livingstone</a>, the former London mayor, said "The issue of water cannon would be very useful given the level of arson we are seeing here." Scotland Yard said officers did not have any water cannon and if their use was approved they would have to be brought over from <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> May said: "I condemn utterly the violence in Tottenham... Such disregard for public safety and property will not be tolerated, and the Metropolitan Police have my full support in restoring order."<a href="#cite_note-patrol-streets-134">[134]</a> She returned to the UK from her summer holiday early to meet senior police officials on 8 August. A spokesman for the <a href="/wiki/10_Downing_Street#Office_of_the_Prime_Minister" title="10 Downing Street">Prime Minister's office</a> added: "The rioting in Tottenham last night was utterly unacceptable. There is no justification for the aggression the police and the public faced, or for the damage to property."<a href="#cite_note-patrol-streets-134">[134]</a> The deputy prime minister <a href="/wiki/Nick_Clegg" title="Nick Clegg">Nick Clegg</a> said that the riots were "completely unacceptable" and described the violence as "needless and opportunistic".<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> London's mayor, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a>, who cut short his summer holiday in Canada to return to the UK on 9 August,<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> said: "I'm appalled at the scenes of violence and destruction in Tottenham"<a href="#cite_note-guardian1-122">[122]</a> whilst his deputy <a href="/wiki/Kit_Malthouse" title="Kit Malthouse">Kit Malthouse</a> told a <a href="/wiki/Sky_News" title="Sky News">Sky News</a> reporter that "criminal elements were to blame for the trouble".<a href="#cite_note-guardian1-122">[122]</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> returned from his Italian summer holiday early and he chaired several COBRA emergency meetings with police officials. Cameron condemned the "terrible scenes of people looting, vandalising, thieving, robbing" and told rioters "You will feel the full force of the law. And if you are old enough to commit these crimes, you are old enough to face the punishment."<a href="#cite_note-BBC_news-138">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Croydon_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="Croydon Central">Croydon Central</a> MP <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Barwell" title="Gavin Barwell">Gavin Barwell</a> called the damage caused in the London Borough of Croydon "sickening".<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> In a strongly worded criticism of what he deems to be a misplaced "hyper-sensitivity about race", dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Macpherson_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Macpherson Report">Macpherson Report</a> of 1999, <a href="/wiki/Civitas_(think_tank)" title="Civitas (think tank)">Civitas</a> director David Green attributed the reluctance by police to use force to a fear of disciplinary action. He said that "officers in charge of [handling] a riot think it safer to wait for orders from the top".<a href="#cite_note-DavidGreen-140">[140]</a> In a public speech on 15 August, David Cameron blamed a "broken society" in "moral collapse"<a href="#cite_note-Broken_Society-141">[141]</a> – broad societal change themes common to his party's election campaign theme <a href="/wiki/Broken_Britain" title="Broken Britain">Broken Britain</a>. The city councils of Manchester and Salford were reported to be investigating their powers for ways of evicting tenants if they, or their children, have been involved in violence or looting in their cities.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_eviction-142">[142]</a> The <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Greenwich" class="mw-redirect" title="London Borough of Greenwich">London Borough of Greenwich</a> also stated on its website: "We shall seek the eviction of anyone living in council property if they are found to have been engaged in criminal acts."<a href="#cite_note-Greenwich_Council-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International">International</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: International">edit</a>]</div> Several countries issued warnings advising caution to travellers visiting the United Kingdom during the riots.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <a href="/wiki/Khaled_Kaim" title="Khaled Kaim">Khaled Kaim</a>, the Deputy Foreign Minister of the <a href="/wiki/Gaddafi_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaddafi government">Gaddafi government</a> in Libya, called on Cameron to resign over the riots, stating that "Cameron has lost all legitimacy and must go", he also called for an international intervention in the UK against Cameron and accused Cameron of using Irish and Scottish mercenaries against rioters, mocking Cameron's comments on Gaddafi during the <a href="/wiki/First_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Libyan Civil War">First Libyan Civil War</a> that year.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> In 2012, the Syrian Ambassador to the UN, Bashar Jaafari compared the situation and government response of the Syrian uprising to that of the 2011 England riots.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Press">Press</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Press">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyber_Candy_Birmingham_after_riots.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Cyber_Candy_Birmingham_after_riots.jpg/170px-Cyber_Candy_Birmingham_after_riots.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Cyber_Candy_Birmingham_after_riots.jpg/255px-Cyber_Candy_Birmingham_after_riots.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Cyber_Candy_Birmingham_after_riots.jpg/340px-Cyber_Candy_Birmingham_after_riots.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Keep_Calm_and_Carry_On" title="Keep Calm and Carry On">Keep Calm and Candy On</a>" graffiti on boards covering the windows of the Cyber Candy store in Upper Bull Street, Birmingham, smashed in the riots</figcaption></figure>The riots were described by one journalist as "the worst disturbances of their kind since the <a href="/wiki/1995_Brixton_riot" title="1995 Brixton riot">1995 Brixton riots</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-07-peaceful-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-jackson-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Commentators likened the riots to the <a href="/wiki/Broadwater_Farm_riot" title="Broadwater Farm riot">Broadwater Farm riot</a> of 1985, during which a police officer, <a href="/wiki/Keith_Blakelock" class="mw-redirect" title="Keith Blakelock">Keith Blakelock</a>, was murdered.<a href="#cite_note-lammy-123">[123]</a> The disturbances were preceded by calls for better oversight of the Metropolitan Police, repeating observations which go back to the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Stephen_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Stephen Lawrence">death of Stephen Lawrence</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Cross_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="New Cross Fire">New Cross Fire</a>. In April 2011<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> there was a large nonviolent march to <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Yard" title="Scotland Yard">Scotland Yard</a> as a result of the death of <a href="/wiki/Smiley_Culture" title="Smiley Culture">Smiley Culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> The very widespread scale of the violence prompted comparisons with the <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Riots" title="Gordon Riots">Gordon Riots</a> of 1780.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>'s editorial said: "What we have experienced in London and elsewhere since Saturday night is a wholly new phenomenon: violent disorder whose sole intent is criminal... In such circumstances, there can be only one response if the law-abiding majority is to be protected: the thugs must be taught to respect the law of the land the hard way."<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> The Telegraph also reported: "Tottenham riots: police let gangs run riot and loot: Britain's biggest police force is facing criticism after it let looters run riot in north London for almost 12 hours..."<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> called on the public to back the police: "... Britain's 2011 riots have become a defining contest between disorder and order. In that contest, important caveats notwithstanding, there is only one right side to be on. The attacks, the destruction, the criminality and the reign of fear must be stopped. The rule of law in the cities of Britain must not only be defended against delinquent destruction. It must also be enforced."<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> During the height of the riots, The Guardian was accused of anti-Semitic incitement by the media monitoring organisation, Comment Is Free Watch (CiFW), after Guardian journalist Paul Lewis singled out <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasidic Jewish">Hasidic Jewish</a> residents who were not involved in the rioting.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> The content of his report stated, "The make-up of the rioters was racially mixed. Most were men or boys, some apparently as young as 10....But families and other local residents, including some from Tottenham's Hasidic Jewish community, also gathered to watch and jeer at police." CIFW responded by condemning the newspaper saying, "A 1,800 Guardian report doesn't mention the race, ethnicity, or religion of the rioters, somehow found it pertinent to note that some of those who gathered to jeer police were, allegedly, Hasidic Jews." As a result of the negative publicity, The Guardian revised the story.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-07-peaceful-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> In its 9 August leading article, <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a> said the police's handling of <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Mark_Duggan" title="Killing of Mark Duggan">Mark Duggan's death</a> "looks to have been poor", and that there is "context of mistrust of the police here". The paper added that "it is spurious to draw a connection between that disaffection [by the inner-city youth] and specific outbreaks of violence of the sort we have seen in recent days."<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dalrymple" title="Theodore Dalrymple">Theodore Dalrymple</a> wrote an opinion piece for the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Daily_News" title="New York Daily News">New York Daily News</a>, in which he blamed the "sense of entitlement" that he sees as being common among Britain's youth as a cause for the riots, and said that British youth are today among "the most unpleasant and violent in the world" as a result.<a href="#cite_note-ny_daniels-157">[157]</a> Some journalists made comparisons between these riots and the <a href="/wiki/2005_riots_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 riots in France">2005 riots in France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes1-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> In both cases, the unrest started with the death of a young person during a confrontation with the police.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes1-158">[158]</a> In fact, a television report by <a href="/wiki/France_2" title="France 2">France 2</a>, broadcast in November 2005, showed a visit by a delegation from <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vry,_Essonne" title="Évry, Essonne">Évry</a> (just outside Paris) to <a href="/wiki/Tottenham" title="Tottenham">Tottenham</a>, with the report calling "Tottenham part of London "regularly shaken by riots" in earlier decades, where "a lot of money was invested" and "the promotion of ethnic minorities", had been made a priority".<a href="#cite_note-nytimes1-158">[158]</a> Writing in Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Newsline_(magazine)" title="Newsline (magazine)">Newsline</a>, Mahir Ali likened the government's response to that of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> to the <a href="/wiki/1981_England_riots" title="1981 England riots">1981 England riots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-newslinemagazine_trying_to_make_sense-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public">Public</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Public">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peace_wall_at_Manchester_Arndale_Centre,_2011_riots.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Peace_wall_at_Manchester_Arndale_Centre%2C_2011_riots.jpg/220px-Peace_wall_at_Manchester_Arndale_Centre%2C_2011_riots.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Peace_wall_at_Manchester_Arndale_Centre%2C_2011_riots.jpg/330px-Peace_wall_at_Manchester_Arndale_Centre%2C_2011_riots.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Peace_wall_at_Manchester_Arndale_Centre%2C_2011_riots.jpg/440px-Peace_wall_at_Manchester_Arndale_Centre%2C_2011_riots.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>'Peace wall' in the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Arndale_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Arndale Centre">Manchester Arndale Centre</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Co-operative_loves_MCR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Co-operative_loves_MCR.jpg/170px-The_Co-operative_loves_MCR.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Co-operative_loves_MCR.jpg/255px-The_Co-operative_loves_MCR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Co-operative_loves_MCR.jpg/340px-The_Co-operative_loves_MCR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2124" data-file-height="3300" /></a><figcaption>A number of campaigns were launched, aiming to foster greater civic pride in their cities. Pictured is the <a href="/wiki/CIS_Tower" title="CIS Tower">CIS Tower</a>, Manchester.</figcaption></figure> Many people called for the government to urge the police to deploy anti-riot methods often used outside Great Britain, such as <a href="/wiki/Water_cannon" title="Water cannon">water cannon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plastic_bullet" title="Plastic bullet">baton rounds</a> (which have been used in Northern Ireland), the use of which has long been resisted by senior police commanders and politicians.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-CapitalFM-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Pearce" title="Pauline Pearce">Pauline Pearce</a>, a 45-year-old woman from Hackney, was filmed close to the rioting, furiously chastising looters over their criminal behaviour.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph_jazz_singer-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-fearless_hackney_woman_evening_standard-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-fearless_hackney_woman_telegraph-166">[166]</a> She is seen holding a walking-stick and gesturing.<a href="#cite_note-fearless_hackney_woman_telegraph-166">[166]</a> The resulting Heroine of Hackney video subsequently went <a href="/wiki/Viral_video" title="Viral video">viral</a>. Its rapid spread was helped by <a href="/wiki/Tweeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tweeting">tweeting</a> from famous people such as newspaper editor <a href="/wiki/Piers_Morgan" title="Piers Morgan">Piers Morgan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fearless_hackney_woman_evening_standard-165">[165]</a> Pearce was hailed as a heroine for helping to ease tensions in Hackney; her influence was acknowledged by politicians<a href="#cite_note-guardian_history_in_tottenham-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-huffington_post_reactionary_ideas-168">[168]</a> and the national press.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph_raised_to_rampage-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-telegraph_not_bowed_by_the_mob-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian_people_who_defined_week-171">[171]</a> MP for <a href="/wiki/Hackney_South_and_Shoreditch" class="mw-redirect" title="Hackney South and Shoreditch">Hackney South and Shoreditch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meg_Hillier" title="Meg Hillier">Meg Hillier</a>, has invited Pearce to the <a href="/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Houses of Parliament">Houses of Parliament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sundaymirror_why_she_took_a_stand-172">[172]</a> Speaking to <a href="/wiki/The_Australian" title="The Australian">The Australian</a> newspaper, Pearce described the looting and vandalism as being "heart-breaking" and also contrasted people's <a href="/wiki/Relative_poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative poverty">relative poverty</a> with expenditure for the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">Olympic Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-the_Australian_voice_of_reason-173">[173]</a> Pearce has since been featured in <a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a>, dismissing <a href="/wiki/David_Starkey" title="David Starkey">David Starkey</a>'s view that <a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_culture" title="Hip-hop culture">hip-hop culture</a> was partly to blame for the riots.<a href="#cite_note-spectator_fifteen_minutes_later-174">[174]</a> In September 2011, she was awarded the Team London Award at the annual Peace Awards by <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hackneygazette_boris_johnson-175">[175]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Still_image_from_Hackney_woman_2011_speech.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bc/Still_image_from_Hackney_woman_2011_speech.jpg/170px-Still_image_from_Hackney_woman_2011_speech.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bc/Still_image_from_Hackney_woman_2011_speech.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="223" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Still image from <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Pearce" title="Pauline Pearce">Pauline Pearce</a>'s Heroine of Hackney speech</figcaption></figure> On <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon</a>, sales of <a href="/wiki/Baseball_bat" title="Baseball bat">baseball bats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baton_(law_enforcement)" title="Baton (law enforcement)">truncheons</a> increased significantly overnight.<a href="#cite_note-independent_vigilantes-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian_neighbourhoods-177">[177]</a> Deputy Assistant Commissioner Stephen Kavanagh stated: "We are already seeing a community kickback. People are angry. This is their neighbourhoods that are at stake."<a href="#cite_note-guardian_neighbourhoods-177">[177]</a> Political commentator and foreign affairs analyst <a href="/wiki/Nile_Gardiner" title="Nile Gardiner">Nile Gardiner</a> suggested that the British Government should prompt a debate which will allow British business owners the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">right to keep and bear arms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Three men killed in a hit-and-run incident in Birmingham, Haroon Jahan, Shazad Ali, and Abdul Musavir Tariq, were described as heroes for dying while attempting to defend their neighbourhood.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Tariq Jahan, the father of 21-year-old victim Haroon, gave a speech appealing for calm, social unity and an end to the violence, hours after his son's death. Jahan was hailed as a hero and a patriot for helping to ease tensions in Birmingham; his influence was acknowledged by politicians and the national press, receiving an award at the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Pride_of_Britain_Awards" title="Pride of Britain Awards">Pride of Britain Awards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-jahang-182">[182]</a> Conservative MEP <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hannan" title="Daniel Hannan">Daniel Hannan</a> said of him: "Uncomplaining, in control of his emotions, Tariq Jahan reminds us of what it means to be British."<a href="#cite_note-hannan-183">[183]</a> The Financial Times described Jahan as eloquent and inspiring, and said "His selfless intervention contrasted with the rapacious self-interest of the looters, and was a timely reminder of the obligations of community."<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Tens of thousands of users of social networking sites coordinated clean-up operations of their local shopping areas and streets. Some of these groups began being referred to as 'riot wombles', taking up brooms and other tools to clear streets of debris and wreckage,<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> a term that was later used by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> during a speech on the aftermath of the riots on 15 August 2011.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> Social media sites Twitter and Facebook were also used for reporting information on the riots and to co-ordinate a voluntary citizens' operation to clear up riot-hit areas.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Clapham_Junction_(area)" title="Clapham Junction (area)">Clapham Junction</a>, dozens of volunteers carrying brooms turned out to assist with clean-up efforts.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> On Facebook, over 900,000 people joined a group entitled "Supporting the Met Police against the London rioters".<a href="#cite_note-Tom_de_Castella_&_Caroline_McClatchey-43">[43]</a> Manchester City Councillor Pat Karney, the city centre spokesperson for <a href="/wiki/Manchester_City_Council" title="Manchester City Council">Manchester City Council</a>, said: "The true Mancunian civic spirit has been shown in Manchester today." Staff from city centre businesses and Manchester Metropolitan University joined the volunteers, as food outlets gave out free drinks and snacks.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> There were several fundraising initiatives to help independent business owners re-build their businesses and livelihoods.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> A petition was submitted to the UK government proposing that any convicted rioters have their benefit payments cut. This petition was signed by over 200,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> A petition on the UK government website demanding convicted rioters to be banished to the <a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer Hebrides</a> of Scotland was set up in the summer of 2011. The reaction caused a public outcry in Scotland and eventually Westminster offered an apology to <a href="/wiki/Western_Isles" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Isles">Western Isles</a> MP <a href="/wiki/Angus_Brendan_MacNeil" class="mw-redirect" title="Angus Brendan MacNeil">Angus Brendan MacNeil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vigilantism">Vigilantism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Vigilantism">edit</a>]</div> By 20:00 on 7 August, the major rioting had spread to <a href="/wiki/Wood_Green" title="Wood Green">Wood Green</a>, but some riot police were on hand.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-07-peaceful-15">[15]</a> Again, the police did not intervene to stop the looting.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-07-peaceful-15">[15]</a> The mostly <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in the United Kingdom">Turkish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurdish</a> shop owners along Wood Green, <a href="/wiki/Turnpike_Lane,_Haringey" title="Turnpike Lane, Haringey">Turnpike Lane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Green_Lanes_(London)" title="Green Lanes (London)">Green Lanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harringay" title="Harringay">Harringay</a>, were said to have formed local "protection units" around their shops.<a href="#cite_note-londondailynews-197">[197]</a> On 8 and 9 August, people from <a href="/wiki/British_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian">Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="British Bangladeshi">Bangladeshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Pakistani" class="mw-redirect" title="British Pakistani">Pakistani</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Kurds" class="mw-redirect" title="British Kurds">Kurdish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in the United Kingdom">Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sikhism in the United Kingdom">Sikh</a> and English communities chased down masked youths in several areas of <a href="/wiki/North_London" title="North London">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_End_of_London" title="East End of London">East London</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Green_Street,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Street, London">Green Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Hackney" title="London Borough of Hackney">Hackney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haringey" class="mw-redirect" title="Haringey">Haringey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tower_Hamlets" class="mw-redirect" title="Tower Hamlets">Tower Hamlets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-independent_vigilantes-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian_neighbourhoods-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> Conservative MEP Daniel Hannan praised the community for their brave and responsible reactions to the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-hannan-183">[183]</a> On 9 August, vigilantes assembled in <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Enfield" title="London Borough of Enfield">Enfield</a>, including several members of the <a href="/wiki/English_Defence_League" title="English Defence League">English Defence League</a>,<a href="#cite_note-independent_vigilantes-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> locals and supporters of <a href="/wiki/Millwall_F.C." title="Millwall F.C.">Millwall F.C.</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eltham" title="Eltham">Eltham</a>,<a href="#cite_note-guardian_neighbourhoods-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-telegraph_riots-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-huff_riots-203">[203]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sikhism in the United Kingdom">Sikh communities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southall" title="Southall">Southall</a>,<a href="#cite_note-independent_vigilantes-176">[176]</a> <a href="/wiki/East_Ham" title="East Ham">East Ham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilford" title="Ilford">Ilford</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romford" title="Romford">Romford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sangat_TV" title="Sangat TV">Sangat TV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Channel" title="Sikh Channel">Sikh Channel</a> urged their viewers to protect <a href="/wiki/Sikh_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh temples">Sikh temples</a> after a report that one was attacked in Birmingham.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> On the night of 9–10 August 2011, following violence, arson and rioting in London, members of the Sikh community in Southall volunteered to stand guard at various city <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwaras</a>, with as many as 200 to 300 Sikhs from different age groups gathered in various Gurudwaras across Southall to safeguard their places of worship from rioters, some armed with swords and hockey sticks.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> The Sikhs drew praise from Prime Minister David Cameron for this action.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> On 10 August in <a href="/wiki/Eltham" title="Eltham">Eltham</a>, police clashed with a bottle-throwing crowd of about 200 vigilantes, including many <a href="/wiki/English_Defence_League" title="English Defence League">English Defence League</a> members.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph3-209">[209]</a> It was reported that 50 EDL members joined forces with locals to patrol the streets.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> That same day, a senior police officer said that some vigilante groups were hampering police operations in London.<a href="#cite_note-GuardianCopycat-211">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Race_relations">Race relations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Race relations">edit</a>]</div> The ethnic makeup of the rioters varied in different cities: 76% of those arrested in Manchester were white, while 29% were white and 39% black in London, and the <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(county)" title="West Midlands (county)">West Midlands</a> was the only area where more than 6% were Asian.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> Research conducted by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a> suggested that race relations in Britain deteriorated in the period following the riots and that prejudice towards ethnic minorities increased.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> After the hit-and-run incident in Birmingham, in which three Asian men were killed by a black driver, racial tensions between blacks and Asians in Birmingham increased; hostilities were defused by the public appeals for an end to violence by Tariq Jahan, father of one of the victims.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> The effects of <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black culture</a> were discussed by historian <a href="/wiki/David_Starkey" title="David Starkey">David Starkey</a> in the edition of the BBC's <a href="/wiki/Newsnight" title="Newsnight">Newsnight</a> TV programme of 12 August. Starkey singled out the influence of black <a href="/wiki/Gangsta_rap" title="Gangsta rap">gangster and rap culture</a> on youths of all races, contrasting contemporary <a href="/wiki/Multicultural_London_English" title="Multicultural London English">youth patois</a> with the speech patterns of black Tottenham MP <a href="/wiki/David_Lammy" title="David Lammy">David Lammy</a>, who, Starkey asserted, "sounded white". The author <a href="/wiki/Dreda_Say_Mitchell" title="Dreda Say Mitchell">Dreda Say Mitchell</a> countered his argument by saying that there is no one single "black culture".<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-216">[216]</a> Some commentators remarked on the apparently high proportion of black people involved in the riots and took the view that there was a disproportionately high number of rioters who were black, compared to the overall demographics of the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-economist-black_community-217">[217]</a> As the Ministry of Justice has admitted "the group of people brought before the courts is only a subset of all people who took part in the public disorder". In February 2012 a report was published by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Justice</a> providing demographic statistics of the people charged over participation the riots up to 1 February 2012 which revealed that 41% of those brought before the courts identified themselves as being from the White group, 39% from the black ethnic group, 12% from the Mixed ethnic group, 6% the Asian ethnic group, and 2% the Other ethnic group.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> These figures were disproportionate to the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">average UK population</a>;<a href="#cite_note-ethnicity-moj-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-ethnicity-sky-220">[220]</a> however the figures revealed varying demographics in different areas when compared to local populations. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Haringey" class="mw-redirect" title="Haringey">Haringey</a>, the figures revealed that 55% of defendants in court over riot-related charges were black, compared to a 17% Black population; in <a href="/wiki/City_of_Salford" title="City of Salford">Salford</a>, 94% of rioters in court were white, compared to an 88% white population, and 6% of rioters were black, compared to a 2% black population.<a href="#cite_note-ethnicity-bbc-221">[221]</a> Additionally, looters from 44 foreign countries were jailed, with Jamaicans representing the largest group.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> The Ministry of Justice report also noted that rioters brought before the courts were disproportionately male (89%) and young (53% were aged 20 or under, with the number of "<a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">juveniles</a>" ranging from 26% in London to 39% in <a href="/wiki/Merseyside" title="Merseyside">Merseyside</a>, and very few listed as over 40).<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Police">Police</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Police">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Operations">Operations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Operations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keir_Starmer_DPP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Keir_Starmer_DPP.jpg/220px-Keir_Starmer_DPP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Keir_Starmer_DPP.jpg/330px-Keir_Starmer_DPP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Keir_Starmer_DPP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Keir Starmer</a>, Director of Public Prosecutions</figcaption></figure> The Metropolitan Police launched Operation Withern, an investigation into the events leading up to and during the riots.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian2-225">[225]</a> The operation was initially led by <a href="/wiki/Detective_Superintendent" class="mw-redirect" title="Detective Superintendent">Detective Superintendent</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Sweeney_(police_officer)" title="John Sweeney (police officer)">John Sweeney</a> of the Metropolitan Police, with detectives from the <a href="/wiki/Homicide_and_Serious_Crime_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Homicide and Serious Crime Command">Homicide and Serious Crime Command</a>, specialist investigators from the Public Order Branch, and police support staff. Detective Superintendent Robin Bhairam, took over the post event investigation, where officers were drawn from all over the MPS, from different business groups, and placed into 10 Investigation Hubs across London.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> The Deputy Assistant Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police, Steve Kavanagh, stated that the number of officers deployed tripled between 6 and 7 August.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> The BBC reported that West Midlands riot police officers were issued with <a href="/wiki/Plastic_bullets" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic bullets">plastic bullets</a> to use against looters, but that none were fired.<a href="#cite_note-BBC6SEP2011-229">[229]</a> Metropolitan Police deputy assistant commissioner Stephen Kavanagh confirmed that police in London were considering using baton rounds against rioters, not previously used by mainland police in public order operations (though they were first approved for use in England and Wales in 2001).<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a> assigned 450 detectives to hunt for rioters and looters.<a href="#cite_note-laville-looting-231">[231]</a> The list of photographed looters was made available on their website.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> Assistant Chief Constable Garry Shewan of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Police" title="Greater Manchester Police">Greater Manchester Police</a> criticised "unprecedented" criminality. On 10 August, he warned: "Hundreds and hundreds of people, we have your image, we have your face, we have your acts of wanton criminality on film."<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_in_Motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Research in Motion">Research in Motion</a> (RIM), the maker of the BlackBerry, are reported to have contacted the police to offer help in investigating the use of their system for the organisation of riots.<a href="#cite_note-G8AUG2011-51">[51]</a> According to The Independent, the costs to the Metropolitan Police of policing the disorder and disturbances in London were expected to exceed £34 million. This would have been more than their total bill for the policing of all major public disorder events in the year from April 2010 to March 2011.<a href="#cite_note-I30AUG2011-234">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arrests_and_charges">Arrests and charges</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Arrests and charges">edit</a>]</div> By 15 August 2011 around 3,100 people had been arrested, of whom over 1,100 had appeared in court.<a href="#cite_note-bbc15Aug-13">[13]</a> On 25 August the BBC reported that more than 2,000 people had been arrested in connection with the disorder in London.<a href="#cite_note-BBC25AUG2011-235">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Justice_system">Justice system</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Justice system">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prosecutions">Prosecutions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Prosecutions">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Public_Prosecutions_(England_and_Wales)" title="Director of Public Prosecutions (England and Wales)">Director of Public Prosecutions</a> and Head of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prosecution_Service" title="Crown Prosecution Service">Crown Prosecution Service</a> <a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Keir Starmer</a> said that he thought that speedy prosecutions were more effective as a deterrent than long sentences.<a href="#cite_note-:5-236">[236]</a> Some lawyers involved in the prosecutions criticised what they referred to as "chaos".<a href="#cite_note-:6-237">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sentencing_guidelines">Sentencing guidelines</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sentencing guidelines">edit</a>]</div> It was reported in mid-August that some courts were advised by senior justice clerks to deal harshly with offences committed during the disturbances.<a href="#cite_note-dt_penalties-238">[238]</a> The advice was said to tell the courts that they could ignore existing sentencing guidelines and hand down heavy sentences.<a href="#cite_note-dt_penalties-238">[238]</a> David Cameron defended the courts for handing out tough sentences, while some Liberal Democrat MPs and civil rights groups criticised some sentences being handed down.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> Groups of lawyers complained that Crown Prosecutors were opposing bail in more cases than usual.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> Empirical evidence suggests tougher sentencing reduced riot-related offences, but that non-riot offences increased.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trials_and_sentencing">Trials and sentencing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Trials and sentencing">edit</a>]</div> On 1 September 2011 the BBC reported that official <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Justice</a> figures showed that of the 1,566 people that had appeared before magistrates on charges connected with the disorder, 1,027 had been in London, 190 in Greater Manchester, 132 in the West Midlands, 67 in Merseyside and 64 in Nottingham.<a href="#cite_note-BBC1SEP2011-244">[244]</a> Sentences of four years in a <a href="/wiki/Young_Offender_Institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Offender Institution">Young Offender Institution</a> were given to two males who promoted riots via Facebook. The proposed events in <a href="/wiki/Northwich" title="Northwich">Northwich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warrington" title="Warrington">Warrington</a> were not attended by any other people.<a href="#cite_note-guardian_four_years-245">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-sydney_morning_herald_four_years-246">[246]</a> These sentences were affirmed on appeal by the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_England_and_Wales#Criminal_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeal of England and Wales">Court of Appeal</a>. Giving the judgment of the court, the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_England_and_Wales" title="Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales">Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Judge" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Judge">Lord Judge</a>, sitting with Sir John Thomas and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Justice_Leveson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Justice Leveson">Lord Justice Leveson</a>, stated that there is "an overwhelming obligation on sentencing courts to do what they can to ensure the protection of the public", that "the imposition of severe sentences, intended to provide both punishment and deterrence, must follow" and that "[t]hose who deliberately participate in disturbances of this magnitude, causing injury and damage and fear to even the most stout-hearted of citizens, and who individually commit further crimes during the course of the riots are committing aggravated crimes". The appeals were dismissed.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> On 25 April 2012, the Court of Appeal (Lord Judge CJ, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Openshaw_(judge)" title="Peter Openshaw (judge)">Openshaw</a> & Irwin <a href="/wiki/High_Court_judge_(England_and_Wales)" title="High Court judge (England and Wales)">JJ</a>) increased the sentence imposed by the Inner London Crown Court on Adam Ahmadzai from four years detention to seven years detention for offences of violent disorder, robbery, burglary and criminal damage committed during the riots on 8 August 2011, following a reference from <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_for_England_and_Wales" title="Attorney General for England and Wales">Attorney General</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Grieve" title="Dominic Grieve">Dominic Grieve</a> <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Counsel" title="King's Counsel">QC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> The Lord Chief Justice stated that the offences were of the "greatest possible seriousness".<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> A woman who had not taken part in the riots received five months for receiving a pair of stolen shorts. The sentence was later reduced on appeal.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> Greater Manchester Police used Twitter to celebrate the five-month sentence; they later apologised and removed the tweet.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> A teenager was freed when prosecutors found evidence he had been wrongly charged with arson. While in prison, his own flat was burned down.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> The detaining of under-18s without <a href="/wiki/Criminal_record" title="Criminal record">criminal records</a> was criticised by <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> in October 2011 for possibly breaching the 1989 UN <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a>.<a href="#cite_note-guardian_unicef_criticises-254">[254]</a> By August 2012, 1,292 rioters had been handed custodial sentences totalling 1,800 years at 16.8 months on an average.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatrical">Theatrical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Theatrical">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/The_Tricycle_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tricycle Theatre">The Tricycle Theatre</a> in Kilburn presented a piece of new writing, <a href="/wiki/The_Riots" title="The Riots">The Riots</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gillian_Slovo" title="Gillian Slovo">Gillian Slovo</a>, which looked into the events over those days in August and the thoughts and opinions of a range of people directly involved and politicians. It transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Grant_Arts_Centre" title="Bernie Grant Arts Centre">Bernie Grant Arts Centre</a> in Tottenham, about 400 metres from where the Mark Duggan protest took place, on 5 January 2012, and was due to run until 15 January. The piece included community leaders Stafford Scott and Martin Sylvester Brown, police constables on duty that night and a former resident of the Carpet-Right building, the burned remains now providing a reminder of the events.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] They were combined with the views of <a href="/wiki/Diane_Abbott" title="Diane Abbott">Diane Abbott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith" title="Iain Duncan Smith">Iain Duncan Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Michael Gove</a> and Pastor Nims Obunge. It was received well by all critics,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] with 4 stars from The Guardian.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> Australian mod rock band <a href="/wiki/The_Feldons" title="The Feldons">the Feldons</a> referenced the riots in their song "London Town" from their 2012 album Goody Hallett and Other Stories.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Suggested_contributory_factors">Suggested contributory factors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Suggested contributory factors">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The causes of the 2011 England riots both immediate and long-term have been the subject of media and academic debate. Several speculations have emerged as to what the likely contributory factors might be for the riots; from <a href="/wiki/Socio-economic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socio-economic">socio-economic</a> causes focusing on unemployment and spending cuts, as well as social media, <a href="/wiki/Gang_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Gang culture">gang culture</a> and criminal opportunism. The House of Commons Home Affairs select committee began examining the police response to the riots in late 2011. The then <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(United_Kingdom)" title="Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)">leader of the Opposition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ed_Miliband" title="Ed Miliband">Ed Miliband</a>, called for a public inquiry into the wider causes of the riots and has stated that his party would set up such an inquiry if the coalition fails to do so.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> A wide-ranging <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">LSE</a> study called Reading the Riots concluded that the major contributory factors were opportunism, perceived social injustice, deprivation, and frustration at the way communities were policed.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> A <a href="/wiki/YouGov" title="YouGov">YouGov</a> poll was carried out on 8–9 August 2011 for <a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)" title="The Sun (United Kingdom)">The Sun</a> asking what those surveyed believed to be the main cause of the riots.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> In it, 42% of those polled thought "criminal behaviour" to be the main cause, whilst 26% thought "gang culture" was, 8% thought "government cuts" were, 5% thought "unemployment" was, 5% thought "racial tensions" was and 3% thought "poor policing" was. In a <a href="/wiki/ComRes" class="mw-redirect" title="ComRes">ComRes</a> poll for the Sunday Mirror and Independent on Sunday, in which the question was "do you agree or disagree with these statements about the recent riots?", 90% of those polled agreed that the "Police should be allowed use [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] to water cannon to disperse rioters", 90% agreed that "There is no excuse whatsoever for the violent rioting and looting over the last few days", 61% agreed that "Government ministers failed to return to their desks quickly enough from holidays" and 50% agreed that "The Government's response to the economic crisis (e.g. cuts to services, unemployment, reduced education funding) is helping fuel the rioters".<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> Researchers who study the causes of political instability suggest that the critical common factor is the density of youths. A nation's extent of political unrest, i.e. its vulnerability to riot, war or regime change, is directly associated with the percentage of 15- to 24-year-olds in its population. They argue that communities with more than 20% of individuals in this age group run the greatest risk of more frequent and more intense political instability. They describe the phenomena as the "<a href="/wiki/Youth_bulge" class="mw-redirect" title="Youth bulge">youth bulge theory</a>", where the "bulge" refers to the fattening of the population pyramid just before the base of the youngest age groups.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poor_relations_with_the_police">Poor relations with the police</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Poor relations with the police">edit</a>]</div> The riots in Tottenham after the death of Mark Duggan were initially blamed on poor relations between the police and the black community.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> Professor <a href="/wiki/Gus_John" title="Gus John">Gus John</a> has argued that the tactical use of frequent "<a href="/wiki/Stop_and_search" title="Stop and search">stop and search</a>", particularly of young black men, has caused resentment of the police in the black community.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/David_Lammy" title="David Lammy">David Lammy</a>, the MP for Tottenham, the "cracks that already existed between the police and the community became deep fissures".<a href="#cite_note-lammy-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-polcl-265">[265]</a> The Guardian's Reading the Riots Survey concluded: "Although rioters expressed a mix of opinions about the disorder, many of those involved said they felt like they were participating in explicitly anti-police riots. They cited "policing" as the most significant cause of the riots, and anger over the police shooting of Mark Duggan, which triggered initial disturbances in Tottenham, was repeatedly mentioned – even outside London."<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_exclusion">Social exclusion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Social exclusion">edit</a>]</div> Rioters themselves cited exclusion as a reason for their actions. One person, asked by a journalist if rioting was really the best way to accomplish their objectives, responded: "Yes, because if we weren't rioting, you wouldn't be talking to us."<a href="#cite_note-DN10Aug-267">[267]</a> <a href="/wiki/Camila_Batmanghelidjh" title="Camila Batmanghelidjh">Camila Batmanghelidjh</a> writing in <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a> blames <a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">social exclusion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_deprivation" title="Social deprivation">social deprivation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> Various journalists have identified poverty and the <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">growing gap between rich and poor</a> as causative factors.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> In a House of Commons debate on the riots Home Secretary <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a> stated that the riots were symptomatic of a "wider malaise" including worklessness, illiteracy, and drug abuse but also stated that "Everybody, no matter what their background or circumstances, has the freedom to choose between right and wrong".<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> Former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>, writing in The Observer, stated that the riots were not caused by a broken society, but due to a group of young, alienated, disaffected youth who are outside the social mainstream and who live in a culture at odds with any canons of proper behaviour; he added that this is found in virtually every developed nation.<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> An article from the <a href="/wiki/IWCA" class="mw-redirect" title="IWCA">IWCA</a> dubbed the riots as "the lumpen rebellion" and example of a <a href="/wiki/Neo-liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-liberal">neo-liberal</a> riot.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> <a href="/wiki/Max_Hastings" title="Max Hastings">Max Hastings</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a> was quoted as blaming young people with an "entitlement culture" and being "bereft of discipline".<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> A journalist on Al Jazeera suggested a similarity to the disenfranchisement behind the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_wave" title="Revolutionary wave">revolutionary wave</a> of 2011. Links were made to high youth unemployment and general disenfranchisement.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> A study by The <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a> published in September 2011 found a strong link between rioting and deprivation.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_breakdown">Family breakdown</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Family breakdown">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Christina_Odone" class="mw-redirect" title="Christina Odone">Christina Odone</a> writing in <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a> links the riots to a lack of male role models and argues that "Like the overwhelming majority of youth offenders behind bars, these gang members have one thing in common: no father at home."<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> This has been linked further with England's having the "worst record in family breakdown in Europe".<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_cuts">Government cuts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Government cuts">edit</a>]</div> The spending cuts of the <a href="/wiki/Cameron%E2%80%93Clegg_coalition" title="Cameron–Clegg coalition">coalition government in the United Kingdom</a> have also been cited as a cause.<a href="#cite_note-polcl-265">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-dlammy-283">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> Ken Livingstone, the Labour Candidate for Mayor of London in 2012 has argued that "The economic stagnation and cuts being imposed by the Tory government inevitably create social division."<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nick_Clegg" title="Nick Clegg">Nick Clegg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Deputy Prime Minister</a> and leader of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats political party</a>, made it clear that the government's planned cuts to police budgets will go ahead.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> The local government budget had been cut in the past year so Haringey Council, which includes <a href="/wiki/Tottenham" title="Tottenham">Tottenham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tottenham_Hale" title="Tottenham Hale">Tottenham Hale</a>, decided to close eight of its 13 youth clubs in 2011, rather than save money through increased efficiency or make cuts in other areas.<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a> Scrapping of the <a href="/wiki/Education_Maintenance_Allowance" title="Education Maintenance Allowance">Education Maintenance Allowance</a>, removing of funding for courses where the student already has an equal or lower level qualification and trebling of university tuition fees, combined with high youth unemployment has placed the British youth "between a rock and a hard place" alienating and angering the youth population.<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a> Proponents of this argument say that Scottish youth did not riot partly because Scottish students do not have to pay tuition fees.<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unemployment_and_poverty">Unemployment and poverty</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Unemployment and poverty">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/David_Lammy" title="David Lammy">David Lammy</a> MP has said that Tottenham has the highest unemployment rate in London and the eighth highest in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a> The number of people chasing every one job vacancy in Haringey has been put at 23 and 54 in separate reports, and fears had spread of disorder after youth club closures in recent months.<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> One report about a citizen's inquiry conducted in the aftermath of the violence noted that in Tottenham there were about 10,000 unemployed residents and only 367 job vacancies when the riots broke.<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> Haringey has the fourth highest level of child poverty in London and 8.8% unemployed.<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rioting_for_fun">Rioting for fun</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Rioting for fun">edit</a>]</div> Other academics have pointed to more prosaic causes of the 2011 riots, citing the <a href="/wiki/Carnivalesque" title="Carnivalesque">carnivalesque</a> atmospheres created through the usual uses of urban space. For example, researchers from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a> noted that 'another sound could be heard above the mêlée, that of laughter. Above the bark of police dogs, and behind the masked and hooded faces of the throng, were smiles, laughter, and shrieks of joy.'<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gang_culture">Gang culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Gang culture">edit</a>]</div> In a <a href="/wiki/Newsnight" title="Newsnight">Newsnight</a> discussion on 12 August, historian <a href="/wiki/David_Starkey" title="David Starkey">David Starkey</a> blamed black gangster culture, saying that it had influenced youths of all races.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-216">[216]</a> The BBC received nearly 700 complaints about his statement that the "whites have become black".<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> Cottrell-Boyce, writing in the Youth Justice journal, argued that gangs were constructed as a "suitable enemy" by politicians and the media, obscuring the wider, structural and economic roots of youth violence.<a href="#cite_note-Cottrell-Boyce-299">[299]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criminal_opportunism">Criminal opportunism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Criminal opportunism">edit</a>]</div> During the riots, on 9 August 2011, UK Home Secretary <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a> said: "I think this is about sheer criminality. That is what we have seen on the streets. The violence we've seen, the looting we've seen, the thuggery we've seen – this is sheer criminality, and let's make no bones about it."<a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a> Paul Hobbs, London correspondent for <a href="/wiki/One_News_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="One News (New Zealand)">One News</a> said that looters are not politically motivated and called the riots "recreational violence".<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-301">[301]</a> A Manchester rioter said to a BBC correspondent: "Every time I go into town I just think how the shops got smashed up in 2011 by all of us, I just laugh about it every time I go back in now."<a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a> The BBC reported that the Chief Constable of West Midlands Police had stated that he thought that the motivation for rioters targeting the city centre was not anger, but greed.<a href="#cite_note-greed-303">[303]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moral_decay_at_the_top">Moral decay at the top</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Moral decay at the top">edit</a>]</div> Daily Telegraph columnist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Oborne" title="Peter Oborne">Peter Oborne</a> suggested that moral decay is just as bad at the top of society as it is at the bottom, with the rich and powerful generating anger among the British population. He cited the <a href="/wiki/MPs%27_expenses_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="MPs' expenses scandal">MPs' expenses scandal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bankers%27_bonuses" title="Bankers' bonuses">bankers' bonuses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/News_International_phone_hacking_scandal" title="News International phone hacking scandal">the phone hacking scandal</a> as setting poor examples.<a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a> In <a href="/wiki/The_Financial_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The Financial Times">The Financial Times</a> cartoonist Ingram Pinn depicted a Union Flag being broken through by a looter in a <a href="/wiki/Hoodie" title="Hoodie">hoodie</a> carrying a stolen box of Adidas trainers, preceded by two men in suits carrying piles of cash, one saying "MP's Expenses" and another "Banker's Bonus".<a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Failure_of_the_penal_system">Failure of the penal system</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Failure of the penal system">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clarke" title="Kenneth Clarke">Kenneth Clarke</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Justice" title="Secretary of State for Justice">Secretary of State for Justice</a>, writing in The Guardian, described the riots in part as "an outburst of outrageous behaviour by the criminal classes". He drew attention to the statistic that almost three-quarters of the adults who had been charged with offences related to the disorder already had a criminal record. Clarke characterised this as the legacy of "a broken penal system", one that did not have a good record for preventing reoffending. He said he was proposing radical new measures intended to focus on robust punishment and on delivering reductions in reoffending.<a href="#cite_note-G5SEP2011-306">[306]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mainstream_media_relationship_with_the_communities">Mainstream media relationship with the communities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Mainstream media relationship with the communities">edit</a>]</div> A conference held in November 2012 and its subsequent report by Dr Leah Bassel of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leicester" title="University of Leicester">University of Leicester</a>, entitled Media and the Riots – A Call For Action, examined the relationship between mainstream media and communities affected by the riots. It criticised the portrayal of young people in the media coverage, particularly young black people who were disproportionately singled out as being involved. It also criticised the press in spreading misinformation from unreliable sources and in particular disinformation emanating from the police.<a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a> In the article Youth voices in post-English riots Tottenham: The role of reflexivity in negotiating negative representations, Elster explores the subjective accounts of a group of eighteen 15- to 25-year-olds from Tottenham.<a href="#cite_note-:0-310">[310]</a> This study shows that the media portrayals of the communities associated with the riots were unrecognisable to those actually living in these communities. Its findings also indicate a consensus among the research participants, who were all from the "riot-hit areas", that the UK general public perceive them, and the wider communities in which they live, through media's "riot discourse".<a href="#cite_note-:0-310">[310]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/48px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/64px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broken_Britain" title="Broken Britain">Broken Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_situations_and_unrest_in_Europe_since_2000" title="Crisis situations and unrest in Europe since 2000">Crisis situations and unrest in Europe since 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Northern_Ireland_riots" title="2011 Northern Ireland riots">2011 Northern Ireland riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_riots_in_Sweden" title="2016 riots in Sweden">2016 riots in Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_protests_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="2013–14 protests in Turkey">2013–14 protests in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Trappes_riots" title="2013 Trappes riots">2013 Trappes riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2013_Stockholm_riots" title="May 2013 Stockholm riots">2013 Stockholm riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Rinkeby_riots" title="2010 Rinkeby riots">2010 Rinkeby riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_French_riots" title="2009 French riots">2009 French riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Oslo_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="2008–2009 Oslo riots">2008–2009 Oslo riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Villiers-le-Bel_riots" title="2007 Villiers-le-Bel riots">2007 Villiers-le-Bel riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Brussels_riots" title="2006 Brussels riots">2006 Brussels riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_French_riots" title="2005 French riots">2005 French riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_England_riots_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="2001 England riots (disambiguation)">2001 England riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferguson_unrest" title="Ferguson unrest">Ferguson unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Brixton_riot" title="1981 Brixton riot">1981 Brixton riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots">1992 Los Angeles riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_riots" title="2024 United Kingdom riots">2024 United Kingdom riots</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-guardianmap-1"><a href="#cite_ref-guardianmap_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRogersSedghiEvans2011" class="citation news cs1">Rogers, Simon; Sedghi, Ami; Evans, 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Retrieved 10 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=London+riots%3A+YouTube+crime+victim+a+Malaysian+student&rft.date=2011-08-10&rft.aulast=Wardrop&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2Fcrime%2F8691953%2FLondon-riots-YouTube-crime-victim-a-Malaysian-student.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120305050823/https://www.google.com/hostednews/ukpress/article/ALeqM5i2i1fQRqj-3cCbUr4Kiun11ME1fg?docId=N0865721330685087691A">"The Press Association: Two convicted of student attack"</a>. 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East London and West Essex Guardian Series. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150427143255/http://www.guardian-series.co.uk/news/9183747.CHINGFORD__Injured_police__were_hit_by_fleeing_looter_s_car_/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=East+London+and+West+Essex+Guardian+Series&rft.atitle=CHINGFORD%3A+Injured+police+%27were+hit+by+fleeing+looter%27s+car%27&rft.date=2011-08-08&rft.au=Daniel+Binns&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian-series.co.uk%2Fnews%2F9183747.CHINGFORD__Injured_police__were_hit_by_fleeing_looter_s_car_%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2011/08/10/uk-riots-hundreds-of-arrests-around-the-country-as-yobs-find-new-targets-115875-23333702/">"UK riots: Hundreds of arrests around the country as yobs find new targets"</a>. Daily Mirror. UK. 10 August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110810080505/http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2011/08/10/uk-riots-hundreds-of-arrests-around-the-country-as-yobs-find-new-targets-115875-23333702/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Mirror&rft.atitle=UK+riots%3A+Hundreds+of+arrests+around+the+country+as+yobs+find+new+targets&rft.date=2011-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mirror.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftop-stories%2F2011%2F08%2F10%2Fuk-riots-hundreds-of-arrests-around-the-country-as-yobs-find-new-targets-115875-23333702%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110821002556/http://www.london-fire.gov.uk/news/LatestNewsReleases_PR1564.asp">"Busiest time in recent memory for Brigade"</a>. London-fire.gov.uk. London Fire Brigade. 13 August 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.london-fire.gov.uk/news/LatestNewsReleases_PR1564.asp">the original</a> on 21 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London-fire.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Busiest+time+in+recent+memory+for+Brigade&rft.date=2011-08-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.london-fire.gov.uk%2Fnews%2FLatestNewsReleases_PR1564.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/11/families-homeless-riots-compensated">Families made homeless by riots will be compensated</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170407085417/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/11/families-homeless-riots-compensated">Archived</a> 7 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Guardian, Thursday 11 August 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111124053544/http://news.sky.com/home/uk-news/article/16045157">"'Like The Blitz': Riot Eyewitnesses React"</a>. Sky News. 7 August 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.sky.com/home/uk-news/article/16045157">the original</a> on 24 November 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Like+The+Blitz%27%3A+Riot+Eyewitnesses+React&rft.date=2011-08-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fhome%2Fuk-news%2Farticle%2F16045157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInglis2011" class="citation news cs1">Inglis, Lucy (8 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/aug/08/tottenham-riots-destroyed-more-just-buildings">"The destruction of Tottenham's buildings isn't just a sentimental loss"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919035747/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/aug/08/tottenham-riots-destroyed-more-just-buildings">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+destruction+of+Tottenham%27s+buildings+isn%27t+just+a+sentimental+loss&rft.date=2011-08-08&rft.aulast=Inglis&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2011%2Faug%2F08%2Ftottenham-riots-destroyed-more-just-buildings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tele_24_August_2011-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Tele_24_August_2011_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmma_Rowley2011" class="citation news cs1">Emma Rowley (24 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/8718713/UK-retailers-lost-30000-trading-hours-due-to-riots.html">"UK retailers lost 30,000 trading hours due to riots"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110825103904/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/8718713/UK-retailers-lost-30000-trading-hours-due-to-riots.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=UK+retailers+lost+30%2C000+trading+hours+due+to+riots&rft.date=2011-08-24&rft.au=Emma+Rowley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffinance%2Fnewsbysector%2Fretailandconsumer%2F8718713%2FUK-retailers-lost-30000-trading-hours-due-to-riots.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120301213043/http://www.abi.org.uk/Media/Releases/2011/08/UK__Insurance_Industry_welcomes_Prime_Ministers_Compensation_Scheme_announcement_and_pledges_help_to_make_the_scheme_work_.aspx">"UK Insurance Industry welcomes Prime Minister's Compensation Scheme announcement and pledges help to make the scheme work"</a>. 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City A.M. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cityam.com/news-and-analysis/insurers-say-london-riot-losses-hit-100m">the original</a> on 17 January 2012. 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Retrieved 10 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Independent+record+labels+fear+ruinous+stock+loss+in+London+Riots+Fire&rft.date=2011-08-09&rft.au=Llewellyn+Smith%2C+Caspar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2011%2Faug%2F09%2Findependent-record-labels-stock-london-riots&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pitchfork-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Pitchfork_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pitchfork.com/news/43478-labels-react-to-sonypias-warehouse-fire">"Labels react to Sony/PIAS warehouse fire"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pitchfork_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitchfork Media">Pitchfork Media</a>. 9 August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200130002659/https://pitchfork.com/news/43478-labels-react-to-sonypias-warehouse-fire/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pitchfork+Media&rft.atitle=Labels+react+to+Sony%2FPIAS+warehouse+fire&rft.date=2011-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpitchfork.com%2Fnews%2F43478-labels-react-to-sonypias-warehouse-fire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-piasbbc-96"><a href="#cite_ref-piasbbc_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/14579343">"Independent record labels detail fire recovery plans"</a>. BBC News. 18 August 2011. 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Retrieved 17 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=BPI+establishes+fund+for+indie+labels+impacted+by+London+riots&rft.date=2011-08-15&rft.au=Smirke%2C+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.biz%2Fbbbiz%2Findustry%2Frecord-labels%2Fbpi-establishes-fund-for-indie-labels-impacted-1005316412.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-piasfund-98"><a href="#cite_ref-piasfund_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreihan,_Tom2011" class="citation web cs1">Breihan, Tom (17 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pitchfork.com/news/43540-bpi-starts-fund-for-labels-hurt-by-pias-fire">"BPI starts fund for labels hurt by PIAS fire"</a>. Pitchfork Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110820093057/http://www.pitchfork.com/news/43540-bpi-starts-fund-for-labels-hurt-by-pias-fire/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2011. Retrieved 17 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pitchfork+Media&rft.atitle=BPI+starts+fund+for+labels+hurt+by+PIAS+fire&rft.date=2011-08-17&rft.au=Breihan%2C+Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpitchfork.com%2Fnews%2F43540-bpi-starts-fund-for-labels-hurt-by-pias-fire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pias.com/uk/">"[PIAS] Back in Business For Labels Affected By Fire"</a> (Press release). PIAS. 18 August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110823005950/http://www.pias.com/uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%5BPIAS%5D+Back+in+Business+For+Labels+Affected+By+Fire&rft.pub=PIAS&rft.date=2011-08-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pias.com%2Fuk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-psarr-100"><a href="#cite_ref-psarr_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nme.com/news/various-artists/58573">"Three teenagers arrested over Sony warehouse fire"</a>. NME. UK. 11 August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114054704/http://www.nme.com/news/various-artists/58573">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NME&rft.atitle=Three+teenagers+arrested+over+Sony+warehouse+fire&rft.date=2011-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nme.com%2Fnews%2Fvarious-artists%2F58573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FT12AUG2011-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FT12AUG2011_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/a60382c6-c1d2-11e0-bc71-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1We4WbJt5">"Riots hit retail shares "at worst time""</a>. Financial Times. 12 August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110818172816/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/a60382c6-c1d2-11e0-bc71-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1We4WbJt5">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Riots+hit+retail+shares+%22at+worst+time%22&rft.date=2011-08-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F2%2Fa60382c6-c1d2-11e0-bc71-00144feabdc0.html%23axzz1We4WbJt5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph_courts_struggle-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-telegraph_courts_struggle_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-telegraph_courts_struggle_102-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawer,_PatrickLusher,_AdamLeach,_Ben2011" class="citation news cs1">Sawer, Patrick; Lusher, Adam; Leach, Ben (19 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8700139/UK-Riots-Courts-struggle-to-cope-with-the-roll-call-of-accused.html">"UK Riots: Courts struggle to cope with the roll-call of accused"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120401232132/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8700139/UK-Riots-Courts-struggle-to-cope-with-the-roll-call-of-accused.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2012. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151003101440/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/sep/05/riot-attacker-of-malaysian-student">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2015. 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Retrieved 2 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Men+guilty+of+stealing+from+Malaysian+student+they+pretended+to+help+in+riots&rft.date=2012-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2012%2Fmar%2F02%2Fmalaysian-student-london-riots&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sony_psp-106"><a href="#cite_ref-sony_psp_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds,_Matthew2011" class="citation news cs1">Reynolds, Matthew (10 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalspy.com/gaming/news/a334390/london-riots-victim-to-have-stolen-psp-replaced-by-sony/">"London riots victim to have stolen PSP replaced by Sony"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_Spy" title="Digital Spy">Digital Spy</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110123229/http://www.digitalspy.com/gaming/news/a334390/london-riots-victim-to-have-stolen-psp-replaced-by-sony/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2018. Retrieved 10 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Digital+Spy&rft.atitle=London+riots+victim+to+have+stolen+PSP+replaced+by+Sony&rft.date=2011-08-10&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalspy.com%2Fgaming%2Fnews%2Fa334390%2Flondon-riots-victim-to-have-stolen-psp-replaced-by-sony%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sony_psp_vg247-107"><a href="#cite_ref-sony_psp_vg247_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarratt,_Patrick2011" class="citation news cs1">Garratt, Patrick (10 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vg247.com/2011/08/10/injured-boy-mugged-in-riot-to-have-psp-replaced-by-scee/">"Injured boy mugged in riot to have PSP replaced by SCEE"</a>. <a href="/wiki/VG247" class="mw-redirect" title="VG247">VG247</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110120901/https://www.vg247.com/2011/08/10/injured-boy-mugged-in-riot-to-have-psp-replaced-by-scee/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2018. 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London Evening Standard. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23976771-shock-and-anger-as-city-awakes-to-worst-scenes-since-the-blitz.do">the original</a> on 9 December 2012. 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BBC Sport. 8 August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190822094414/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/14368434">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2019. 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Retrieved 9 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=London+riots+continue%2C+Birmingham+test+in+jeopardy&rft.date=2011-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Flondon-riots-continue-birmingham-test-in-jeopardy-125318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Test_set_to_begin_despite_riots-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Test_set_to_begin_despite_riots_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espncricinfo.com/england-v-india-2011/content/story/526739.html">"Test set to begin despite riots"</a>. ESPNcricinfo. 9 August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111219225131/http://www.espncricinfo.com/england-v-india-2011/content/story/526739.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Test+set+to+begin+despite+riots&rft.date=2011-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.espncricinfo.com%2Fengland-v-india-2011%2Fcontent%2Fstory%2F526739.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ghana_versus_Nigeria_friendly_in_Watford_called_off-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Ghana_versus_Nigeria_friendly_in_Watford_called_off_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/14465389.stm">"Ghana versus Nigeria friendly in Watford called off"</a>. BBC News. 9 August 2011. 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BBC News. 11 August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190822094347/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/14485169">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Tottenham+v+Everton+match+postponed+after+London+riots&rft.date=2011-08-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport1%2Fhi%2Ffootball%2F14485169.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metro.co.uk/sport/football/872070-spurs-v-everton-off-but-liverpool-man-united-qpr-and-fulham-get-go-ahead">"Spurs v Everton off but Liverpool, Manchester United F.C., QPR and Fulham get go-ahead"</a>. Metro. 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Retrieved 11 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Metro&rft.atitle=Spurs+v+Everton+off+but+Liverpool%2C+Manchester+United+F.C.%2C+QPR+and+Fulham+get+go-ahead&rft.date=2011-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metro.co.uk%2Fsport%2Ffootball%2F872070-spurs-v-everton-off-but-liverpool-man-united-qpr-and-fulham-get-go-ahead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402022658/http://www.ctfc.com/page/LatestNews/0%2C%2C10434~2417567%2C00.html">"Match back on!"</a>. Cheltenham Town F.C. 11 August 2011. 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Retrieved 9 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Urban+riots%3A+The+battle+for+the+streets&rft.date=2011-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2011%2Faug%2F09%2Furban-riots-battle-streets-editorial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cifwatch.com/2011/08/08/guardian-report-on-london-riots-omits-the-race-or-ethnicity-of-rioters-but-still-mentions-jews/">"Guardian report on London riots omits the race or ethnicity of rioters – but, still mentions Jews"</a>. 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Retrieved 12 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Guardian+revises+story+about+UK+Riots+which+singled+out+Hasidic+Jews&rft.pub=CiF+Watch&rft.date=2011-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcifwatch.com%2F2011%2F08%2F09%2Fthe-guardian-revises-story-about-uk-riots-which-singled-out-hasidic-jews%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-the-lessons-to-be-drawn-from-mindless-violence-2333987.html">"Leading article: The lessons to be drawn from mindless violence"</a>. The Independent. 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Retrieved 9 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Leading+article%3A+The+lessons+to+be+drawn+from+mindless+violence&rft.date=2011-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fopinion%2Fleading-articles%2Fleading-article-the-lessons-to-be-drawn-from-mindless-violence-2333987.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ny_daniels-157"><a href="#cite_ref-ny_daniels_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels2011" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dalrymple" title="Theodore Dalrymple">Daniels, Anthony</a> (10 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/opinions/2011/08/10/2011-08-10_behind_englands_riots_a_violent_and_entitled_generation_of_british_young_people.html">"Behind England's riots, a violent and entitled generation of British young people"</a>. 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Retrieved 11 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Riots+in+London+and+Paris%3A+Plus+%C3%87a+Change%3F&rft.date=2006-11-17&rft.au=J.+David+Goodman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthelede.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F08%2F09%2Fplus-ca-change-riots-in-london-and-paris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10744251">"UK riots parallel France"</a>. 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Retrieved 13 September 2011. <q>There was plenty of breast-beating back then [1981] too, and Thatcher came up with prescriptions remarkably similar to the ones that Cameron has lately been offering.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsline&rft.atitle=English+Meltdown%3A+Trying+to+Make+Sense+of+The+London+Riots&rft.date=2011-09-13&rft.au=Ali%2C+Mahir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newslinemagazine.com%2F2011%2F09%2Fenglish-meltdown-trying-to-make-sense-of-the-london-riots%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_WhiteheadAndrew_Hough2011" class="citation news cs1">Tom Whitehead; Andrew Hough (8 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8690220/London-riots-send-in-water-cannon-to-clear-streets-Theresa-May-told.html">"London riots: send in water cannon to clear streets, Theresa May told"</a>. 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Retrieved 10 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Theresa+May+urged+to+send+in+water+cannon+to+tackle+riots&rft.date=2011-08-09&rft.aulast=Siddique&rft.aufirst=Haroon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2011%2Faug%2F09%2Ftheresa-may-water-cannon-riots&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph_jazz_singer-164"><a href="#cite_ref-telegraph_jazz_singer_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardham2011" class="citation news cs1">Gardham, Duncan (10 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8692712/Hackney-speech-woman-revealed-to-be-local-jazz-singer.html">""Hackney speech woman" revealed to be local jazz singer"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. 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Retrieved 15 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=David+Lammy%3A+%22There+is+a+history+in+Tottenham+that+involves+deaths+in+police+custody%22&rft.date=2011-08-14&rft.aulast=Hattenstone&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2011%2Faug%2F14%2Fdavid-lammy-tottenham-mark-duggan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-huffington_post_reactionary_ideas-168"><a href="#cite_ref-huffington_post_reactionary_ideas_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold,_Jennette2011" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jennette_Arnold" title="Jennette Arnold">Arnold, Jennette</a> (16 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/jennette-arnold/reactionary-ideas-are-not_b_928780.html">"Reactionary "Ideas" are not What London Needs"</a>. Huffington Post. New York City. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112100221/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/jennette-arnold/reactionary-ideas-are-not_b_928780.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2011. <q>At a recent meeting with Mayor Johnson [...] I wish he had taken up my offer to come with me to Clarence Rd in Hackney, one of the worst affected areas in the Borough, for a street-reclaiming tea party that had been organised by the rector of Hackney, Fr Rob Wickham and the local community. [...] He also would have met Pauline Pearce.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Reactionary+%22Ideas%22+are+not+What+London+Needs&rft.date=2011-08-16&rft.au=Arnold%2C+Jennette&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.co.uk%2Fjennette-arnold%2Freactionary-ideas-are-not_b_928780.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph_raised_to_rampage-169"><a href="#cite_ref-telegraph_raised_to_rampage_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson2011" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allison_Pearson" title="Allison Pearson">Pearson, Allison</a> (10 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/8693536/Raised-to-rampage.html">"Raised to rampage"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. 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Retrieved 12 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Raised+to+rampage&rft.date=2011-08-10&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Allison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2Flaw-and-order%2F8693536%2FRaised-to-rampage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph_not_bowed_by_the_mob-170"><a href="#cite_ref-telegraph_not_bowed_by_the_mob_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJardine2011" class="citation news cs1">Jardine, Cassandra (12 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/8697990/Burnt-out-but-not-bowed-by-the-mob.html">"Burnt out but not bowed by the mob"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110815134516/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/8697990/Burnt-out-but-not-bowed-by-the-mob.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Burnt+out+but+not+bowed+by+the+mob&rft.date=2011-08-12&rft.aulast=Jardine&rft.aufirst=Cassandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2Flaw-and-order%2F8697990%2FBurnt-out-but-not-bowed-by-the-mob.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian_people_who_defined_week-171"><a href="#cite_ref-guardian_people_who_defined_week_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2011" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Williams" title="Zoe Williams">Williams, Zoe</a> (12 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/12/uk-riots-people-defined-the-week">"UK riots: the stories behind the people who defined the week"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140113203849/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/12/uk-riots-people-defined-the-week">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=UK+riots%3A+the+stories+behind+the+people+who+defined+the+week&rft.date=2011-08-12&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Zoe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2011%2Faug%2F12%2Fuk-riots-people-defined-the-week&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sundaymirror_why_she_took_a_stand-172"><a href="#cite_ref-sundaymirror_why_she_took_a_stand_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler2011" class="citation news cs1">Butler, Adrian (14 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2011/08/14/uk-riots-the-heroine-of-hackney-pauline-pearce-reveals-why-she-took-a-stand-115875-23342559/">"UK riots: the heroine of Hackney Pauline Pearce reveals why she took a stand"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sunday_Mirror" title="Sunday Mirror">Sunday Mirror</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110814015731/http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2011/08/14/uk-riots-the-heroine-of-hackney-pauline-pearce-reveals-why-she-took-a-stand-115875-23342559/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunday+Mirror&rft.atitle=UK+riots%3A+the+heroine+of+Hackney+Pauline+Pearce+reveals+why+she+took+a+stand&rft.date=2011-08-14&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mirror.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftop-stories%2F2011%2F08%2F14%2Fuk-riots-the-heroine-of-hackney-pauline-pearce-reveals-why-she-took-a-stand-115875-23342559%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-the_Australian_voice_of_reason-173"><a href="#cite_ref-the_Australian_voice_of_reason_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMistryFordham,_Craig2011" class="citation news cs1">Mistry, Mark; Fordham, Craig (9 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/voice-of-reason-amid-london-violence/story-e6frg6so-1226111679575">"Voice of reason amid London violence"</a>. The Australian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203213214/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/voice-of-reason-amid-london-violence/story-e6frg6so-1226111679575">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian&rft.atitle=Voice+of+reason+amid+London+violence&rft.date=2011-08-09&rft.aulast=Mistry&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Fordham%2C+Craig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fvoice-of-reason-amid-london-violence%2Fstory-e6frg6so-1226111679575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-spectator_fifteen_minutes_later-174"><a href="#cite_ref-spectator_fifteen_minutes_later_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManzoor,_Sarfraz2011" class="citation news cs1">Manzoor, Sarfraz (3 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130421095140/http://www.spectator.co.uk/essays/7204558/fifteen-minutes-later.thtml">"Fifteen minutes later"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spectator.co.uk/essays/7204558/fifteen-minutes-later.thtml">the original</a> on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2011. <q>She is equally so about historian David Starkey's controversial claim that hip-hop culture and in particular a "particular sort of violent, destructive, nihilistic gangster culture" was to blame for the riots. 'What do you I think of that?' she says. 'Well, in the Queen's English: balderdash. Pigswill. What's been going on has no link to hip-hop. Instead of guessing in his suit and tie he should put a pair of jeans on and get out there and walk around with the people.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=Fifteen+minutes+later&rft.date=2011-09-03&rft.au=Manzoor%2C+Sarfraz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Fessays%2F7204558%2Ffifteen-minutes-later.thtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hackneygazette_boris_johnson-175"><a href="#cite_ref-hackneygazette_boris_johnson_175-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartholomew,_Emma2011" class="citation news cs1">Bartholomew, Emma (21 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hackneygazette.co.uk/news/london_mayor_boris_johnson_praises_hackney_heroine_pauline_pearce_1_1029077">"London Mayor Boris Johnson praises "Hackney heroine" Pauline Pearce"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hackney_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="Hackney Gazette">Hackney Gazette</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111004032653/http://www.hackneygazette.co.uk/news/london_mayor_boris_johnson_praises_hackney_heroine_pauline_pearce_1_1029077">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2011. <q>Mr Johnson presented [Pauline Pearce] with a Team London Award at the annual Peace Awards ceremony at City Hall, where he also thanked other "unsung heroes" of the recent disorder in the capital.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hackney+Gazette&rft.atitle=London+Mayor+Boris+Johnson+praises+%22Hackney+heroine%22+Pauline+Pearce&rft.date=2011-09-21&rft.au=Bartholomew%2C+Emma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hackneygazette.co.uk%2Fnews%2Flondon_mayor_boris_johnson_praises_hackney_heroine_pauline_pearce_1_1029077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-independent_vigilantes-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-independent_vigilantes_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-independent_vigilantes_176-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-independent_vigilantes_176-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-independent_vigilantes_176-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerome_Taylor2011" class="citation news cs1">Jerome Taylor (10 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/vigilantes-join-16000-police-on-capitals-streets-2334910.html">"Vigilantes join 16,000 police on capital's streets"</a>. 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Retrieved 19 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Vigilantes+join+16%2C000+police+on+capital%27s+streets&rft.date=2011-08-10&rft.au=Jerome+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fcrime%2Fvigilantes-join-16000-police-on-capitals-streets-2334910.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian_neighbourhoods-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardian_neighbourhoods_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian_neighbourhoods_177-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian_neighbourhoods_177-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian_neighbourhoods_177-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_BeaumontJasmine_ColemanSandra_Laville2011" class="citation news cs1">Peter Beaumont; Jasmine Coleman; Sandra Laville (10 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/09/london-riots-fighting-neighbourhoods">"London riots: 'People are fighting back. It's their neighbourhoods at stake'"</a>. The Guardian. UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131222045115/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/09/london-riots-fighting-neighbourhoods">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=London+riots%3A+%27People+are+fighting+back.+It%27s+their+neighbourhoods+at+stake%27&rft.date=2011-08-10&rft.au=Peter+Beaumont&rft.au=Jasmine+Coleman&rft.au=Sandra+Laville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2011%2Faug%2F09%2Flondon-riots-fighting-neighbourhoods&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060035/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/nilegardiner/100100323/if-british-shopkeepers-had-the-right-to-bear-arms-vicious-thugs-would-think-twice-before-looting/">"Nile Gardineer, "If British shopkeepers had the right to bear arms, vicious thugs would think twice before looting", The Telegraph, 10 August 2011"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/nilegardiner/100100323/if-british-shopkeepers-had-the-right-to-bear-arms-vicious-thugs-would-think-twice-before-looting/">the original</a> on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nile+Gardineer%2C+%22If+British+shopkeepers+had+the+right+to+bear+arms%2C+vicious+thugs+would+think+twice+before+looting%22%2C+The+Telegraph%2C+10+August+2011.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnilegardiner%2F100100323%2Fif-british-shopkeepers-had-the-right-to-bear-arms-vicious-thugs-would-think-twice-before-looting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPettifor2011" class="citation web cs1">Pettifor, Tom (11 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2011/08/11/birmingham-riots-family-tributes-to-three-men-who-died-protecting-their-community-from-looters-115875-23335899/">"Birmingham riots: family tributes to three men who died protecting their community from looters"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mirror" title="Daily Mirror">Daily Mirror</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110813102144/http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2011/08/11/birmingham-riots-family-tributes-to-three-men-who-died-protecting-their-community-from-looters-115875-23335899/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2011. Retrieved 14 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Mirror&rft.atitle=Birmingham+riots%3A+family+tributes+to+three+men+who+died+protecting+their+community+from+looters&rft.date=2011-08-11&rft.aulast=Pettifor&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mirror.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftop-stories%2F2011%2F08%2F11%2Fbirmingham-riots-family-tributes-to-three-men-who-died-protecting-their-community-from-looters-115875-23335899%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mirror.co.uk/most-popular/headlines/2011/08/14/uk-riots-hero-s-family-vow-to-tell-his-unborn-child-he-died-protecting-others-115875-23342556/">"UK riots: hero's family vow to tell his unborn child he died protecting others"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sunday_Mirror" title="Sunday Mirror">Sunday Mirror</a>. 14 August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110814015653/http://www.mirror.co.uk/most-popular/headlines/2011/08/14/uk-riots-hero-s-family-vow-to-tell-his-unborn-child-he-died-protecting-others-115875-23342556/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2011. Retrieved 14 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sunday+Mirror&rft.atitle=UK+riots%3A+hero%27s+family+vow+to+tell+his+unborn+child+he+died+protecting+others&rft.date=2011-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mirror.co.uk%2Fmost-popular%2Fheadlines%2F2011%2F08%2F14%2Fuk-riots-hero-s-family-vow-to-tell-his-unborn-child-he-died-protecting-others-115875-23342556%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120906120647/http://www.prideofbritain.com/contentpages/winners/2011/tariq_jahan.aspx">"The Pride of Britain Awards – Tariq Jahan"</a>. 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The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/danielhannan/100100638/amid-all-the-bad-news-tariq-jahan-made-me-feel-proud-to-be-british">the original</a> on 7 April 2016. 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Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110812194725/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/08/11/us-britain-riots-foreigners-idUSTRE77A5PY20110811">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 14 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Foreigners+stay+calm+and+carry+on+in+London+riots&rft.date=2011-08-11&rft.aulast=Graff&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-britain-riots-foreigners-idUSTRE77A5PY20110811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enfieldindependent.co.uk/news/localnews/9188400.Deputy_Mayor_condemns_EDL_vigilantes_in_Enfield_last_night/">"David Hardiman, "Deputy Mayor Kit Malthouse condemns Enfield Defence League vigilantes in Enfield last night", Enfield Independent, 10 August 2011"</a>. 10 August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118052123/http://www.enfieldindependent.co.uk/news/localnews/9188400.Deputy_Mayor_condemns_EDL_vigilantes_in_Enfield_last_night/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=David+Hardiman%2C+%22Deputy+Mayor+Kit+Malthouse+condemns+Enfield+Defence+League+vigilantes+in+Enfield+last+night%22%2C+Enfield+Independent%2C+10+August+2011.&rft.date=2011-08-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enfieldindependent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Flocalnews%2F9188400.Deputy_Mayor_condemns_EDL_vigilantes_in_Enfield_last_night%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph_riots-202"><a href="#cite_ref-telegraph_riots_202-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/sport/soccer/fearsome-fans-take-on-rioters/story-e6frey4r-1226112765999">"Fearsome fans take on rioters"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph_(Sydney)" title="The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)">The Daily Telegraph</a>. 10 August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190822094346/https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/z-redesign/archive-sport/fearsome-fans-take-on-rioters/news-story/c65c2ed4f6afc05d5c362ebb08429edf?nk=bec6284b19667a83483c244f33a9c2c6-1566467026">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 10 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Fearsome+fans+take+on+rioters&rft.date=2011-08-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailytelegraph.com.au%2Fsport%2Fsoccer%2Ffearsome-fans-take-on-rioters%2Fstory-e6frey4r-1226112765999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-huff_riots-203"><a href="#cite_ref-huff_riots_203-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2011/08/10/uk-riot-vigilantes-attemp_n_923110.html?1312983274">"UK Riot Vigilantes Attempt To 'Reclaim The Streets'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffington Post">Huffington Post</a>. 10 August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112180629/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2011/08/10/uk-riot-vigilantes-attemp_n_923110.html?1312983274">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=UK+Riot+Vigilantes+Attempt+To+%27Reclaim+The+Streets%27&rft.date=2011-08-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.co.uk%2F2011%2F08%2F10%2Fuk-riot-vigilantes-attemp_n_923110.html%3F1312983274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110930011902/http://www.sikhsangat.org/2011/08/hundreds-of-sikh-londoners-take-to-the-streets-to-keep-peace-in-various-towns-of-london/">"Hundreds of Sikh Londoners take to the streets to keep peace in various towns of London"</a>. Sikhsangat.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sikhsangat.org/2011/08/hundreds-of-sikh-londoners-take-to-the-streets-to-keep-peace-in-various-towns-of-london">the original</a> on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hundreds+of+Sikh+Londoners+take+to+the+streets+to+keep+peace+in+various+towns+of+London&rft.pub=Sikhsangat.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sikhsangat.org%2F2011%2F08%2Fhundreds-of-sikh-londoners-take-to-the-streets-to-keep-peace-in-various-towns-of-london&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120408214116/http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2011/08/sangat_tv_switc.php">"Sangat TV switches to Birmingham riots coverage"</a>. BizAsia. 9 August 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2011/08/sangat_tv_switc.php">the original</a> on 8 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BizAsia&rft.atitle=Sangat+TV+switches+to+Birmingham+riots+coverage&rft.date=2011-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia247.co.uk%2Fbizasia%2Fnewsarchive%2F2011%2F08%2Fsangat_tv_switc.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2011" class="citation web cs1">Singh, Tejashdeep (23 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sikhsiyasat.net/2011/08/10/sikhs-stood-guard-to-protect-gurudwaras-from-rioters-in-southall">"Sikhs stood guard to protect Gurudwaras from rioters in Southall"</a>. 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Retrieved 11 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sikhs+stood+guard+to+protect+Gurudwaras+from+rioters+in+Southall&rft.pub=Sikhsiyasat.net&rft.date=2011-07-23&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Tejashdeep&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sikhsiyasat.net%2F2011%2F08%2F10%2Fsikhs-stood-guard-to-protect-gurudwaras-from-rioters-in-southall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14470772">"Southall Sikhs stand against London rioters"</a>. BBC. 10 August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811031719/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14470772">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Southall+Sikhs+stand+against+London+rioters&rft.date=2011-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-14470772&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110812010807/http://www.sify.com/news/london-riots-cameron-hails-sikhs-for-protecting-gurdwara-news-international-lilskghcjij.html">""London riots: Cameron hails Sikhs for protecting gurdwara". Sify News,11 August 2011"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sify" title="Sify">Sify</a>. 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Retrieved 28 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sify&rft.atitle=%22London+riots%3A+Cameron+hails+Sikhs+for+protecting+gurdwara%22.+Sify+News%2C11+August+2011.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sify.com%2Fnews%2Flondon-riots-cameron-hails-sikhs-for-protecting-gurdwara-news-international-lilskghcjij.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph3-209"><a href="#cite_ref-telegraph3_209-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHough2011" class="citation news cs1">Hough, Andrew (31 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8694472/London-riots-vigilantes-hurl-bottles-at-police-in-Eltham.html">"London riots: vigilantes hurl bottles at police in Eltham"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811030141/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8694472/London-riots-vigilantes-hurl-bottles-at-police-in-Eltham.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=London+riots%3A+vigilantes+hurl+bottles+at+police+in+Eltham&rft.date=2011-05-31&rft.aulast=Hough&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2Fcrime%2F8694472%2FLondon-riots-vigilantes-hurl-bottles-at-police-in-Eltham.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.channel4.com/news/police-clash-with-vigilantes-in-eltham">"Police clash with vigilantes in Eltham – Channel 4 News"</a>. Channel 4. 11 August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110901024342/http://www.channel4.com/news/police-clash-with-vigilantes-in-eltham">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Police+clash+with+vigilantes+in+Eltham+%E2%80%93+Channel+4+News&rft.pub=Channel+4&rft.date=2011-08-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.channel4.com%2Fnews%2Fpolice-clash-with-vigilantes-in-eltham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GuardianCopycat-211"><a href="#cite_ref-GuardianCopycat_211-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesMeikle2011" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Sam; Meikle, James (10 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/10/london-riots-spark-copycat-birmingham">"UK riots: More than 1,000 arrests strain legal system to the limit"</a>. The Guardian. 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Retrieved 10 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=UK+riots%3A+More+than+1%2C000+arrests+strain+legal+system+to+the+limit&rft.date=2011-08-10&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft.au=Meikle%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2011%2Faug%2F10%2Flondon-riots-spark-copycat-birmingham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> Phillips, Richard Phillips; Frost, Diane; and Singleton, Alex (March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-4959.2012.00463.x/full">"Researching the Riots"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130310101117/http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-4959.2012.00463.x/full">Archived</a> 10 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Geographical Journal, Vol. 179, No. 1: <blockquote>There has been much speculation about the causes and meanings of the riots that swept through English cities in August 2011...These disturbances began on 6 August following the police shooting of Mark Duggan, a black resident of Tottenham, North London. Over the following days, they spread within London and to other English cities....There were no riots in English cities such as Sheffield and Newcastle, and the streets of Welsh and Scottish cities remained equally calm.</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-18681866">BBC News: "England riots: Who's been prosecuted?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180404135603/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-18681866">Archived</a> 4 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, quoting <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Justice">Ministry of Justice</a> statistics from June 2012: 89% are listed as male, 53% were twenty or under, and ethnic statistics are given for each area </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2011" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, Matthew (5 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/sep/05/british-public-prejudiced-minorities-riots">"British public 'are more prejudiced against minorities after riots'"</a>. 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Retrieved 10 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=British+public+%27are+more+prejudiced+against+minorities+after+riots%27&rft.date=2011-09-05&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2011%2Fsep%2F05%2Fbritish-public-prejudiced-minorities-riots&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerrins2011" class="citation news cs1">Kerrins, Suzanne (24 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/news/8786663/Sir-Ian-Botham-bring-in-corporal-punishment-and-ban-reality-TV-to-save-todays-youth.html">"Sir Ian Botham: bring in corporal punishment and ban reality TV to save today's youth"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170427100640/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/news/8786663/Sir-Ian-Botham-bring-in-corporal-punishment-and-ban-reality-TV-to-save-todays-youth.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Sir+Ian+Botham%3A+bring+in+corporal+punishment+and+ban+reality+TV+to+save+today%27s+youth&rft.date=2011-09-24&rft.aulast=Kerrins&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fsport%2Fcricket%2Fnews%2F8786663%2FSir-Ian-Botham-bring-in-corporal-punishment-and-ban-reality-TV-to-save-todays-youth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated4-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_216-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14513517">"'The whites have become black' says David Starkey"</a>. BBC. 12 August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110815022708/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14513517">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27The+whites+have+become+black%27+says+David+Starkey&rft.date=2011-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-14513517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-economist-black_community-217"><a href="#cite_ref-economist-black_community_217-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/21528285">"A reckoning – The black community wrestles with the causes of the riots"</a>. The Economist. 3 September 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111025011708/http://www.economist.com/node/21528285">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2011. 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The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170622153857/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/08/world/europe/08britain.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2017. 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The Guardian. UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151003095852/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2011/aug/11/nick-clegg-police-funding-cuts-riots">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2015. 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Retrieved 20 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=The+moral+decay+of+our+society+is+as+bad+at+the+top+as+the+bottom&rft.date=2011-08-11&rft.aulast=Oborne&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpeteroborne%2F100100708%2Fthe-moral-decay-of-our-society-is-as-bad-at-the-top-as-the-bottom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://domesticempire.wordpress.com/2011/08/16/broken-britain-riots/">"Broken Britain Riots"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131023004350/http://domesticempire.wordpress.com/2011/08/16/broken-britain-riots/">Archived</a> 23 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 16 August 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-G5SEP2011-306"><a href="#cite_ref-G5SEP2011_306-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_Clarke2011" class="citation news cs1">Kenneth Clarke (5 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/sep/05/punishment-rioters-help">"Punish the feral rioters, but address our social deficit too"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131206175102/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/sep/05/punishment-rioters-help">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 6 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Punish+the+feral+rioters%2C+but+address+our+social+deficit+too&rft.date=2011-09-05&rft.au=Kenneth+Clarke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2011%2Fsep%2F05%2Fpunishment-rioters-help&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> Roy Greenslade, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2012/jul/31/london-riots-universityofleicester">"What the media did wrong in the riots – and how to put it right"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170407090956/https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2012/jul/31/london-riots-universityofleicester">Archived</a> 7 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Greenslade Blog, The Guardian, 31 July 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Marc_Wadsworth" title="Marc Wadsworth">Marc Wadsworth</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voice-online.co.uk/article/media-coverage-2011-riots-was-disgraceful">"Media Coverage Of 2011 Riots 'Was Disgraceful'"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121021073034/http://voice-online.co.uk/article/media-coverage-2011-riots-was-disgraceful">Archived</a> 21 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Voice, 10 June 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-latest.com/riots-and-media-report">"Special report about media and the riots"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130402203648/http://www.the-latest.com/riots-and-media-report">Archived</a> 2 April 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Latest. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-310">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_310-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_310-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElster2020" class="citation journal cs1">Elster, Julius (31 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.londonmet.ac.uk/5713/1/Youth%20voices%20in%20post-English%20riots%20Tottenham%20-%20final%20manuscript%20for%20The%20Sociological%20Review%20-%20Dr%20Julius%20Elster.pdf">"Youth voices in post-English riots Tottenham: The role of reflexivity in negotiating negative representations"</a> (PDF). The Sociological Review. 68 (6): 1386–402. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0038026120915706">10.1177/0038026120915706</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-0261">0038-0261</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216285672">216285672</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200507103917/http://repository.londonmet.ac.uk/5713/1/Youth%20voices%20in%20post-English%20riots%20Tottenham%20-%20final%20manuscript%20for%20The%20Sociological%20Review%20-%20Dr%20Julius%20Elster.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 May 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=Youth+voices+in+post-English+riots+Tottenham%3A+The+role+of+reflexivity+in+negotiating+negative+representations&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1386-402&rft.date=2020-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216285672%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0038-0261&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0038026120915706&rft.aulast=Elster&rft.aufirst=Julius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.londonmet.ac.uk%2F5713%2F1%2FYouth%2520voices%2520in%2520post-English%2520riots%2520Tottenham%2520-%2520final%2520manuscript%2520for%2520The%2520Sociological%2520Review%2520-%2520Dr%2520Julius%2520Elster.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2011+England+riots" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Daniel Briggs. The English Riots of 2011: A Summer of Discontent. Waterside Press, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-9043-8088-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-9043-8088-3">1-9043-8088-3</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:2011_riots_in_England" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:2011 riots in England">2011 riots in England</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/programmes/peopleandpower/2011/10/201110127328637271.html">Documentary on riots on Al Jazeera's People and Power</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14436499">Timeline and map of violence from the BBC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/8687177/London-riots-live.html">Coverage at the Daily Telegraph</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/london-riots">Coverage at the Guardian</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/aug/09/uk-riots-incident-listed-mapped">Guardian dataset & map of verified incidents</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/london-riots-spiral-out-of-control-2333748.html">Coverage at the Independent</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111127054748/http://www.mayomo.com/99045-london-riots-cleanup">Videos of the riot cleanup</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hesomagazine.com/featured/burning-questions-of-london-class-war-or-pure-criminality/">U.K. Citizen Isobel Wiles' Commentary from abroad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110929130138/http://hesomagazine.com/featured/burning-questions-of-london-class-war-or-pure-criminality/">Archived</a> 29 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120117102837/http://www.storyvault.com/video/view/the_tottenham_riots1">Tottenham MP David Lammy speaking on the aftermath of the riots</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://souciant.com/2011/08/inglan-is-a-bitch-2/">The View from Hackney</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://riotspanel.independent.gov.uk/">Official inquiry website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130127050527/http://riotspanel.independent.gov.uk/">Archived</a> 27 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-14492789">David Cameron's full statement on the UK riots</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Riots_in_England" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Riots_in_England" title="Template:Riots in England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Riots_in_England" title="Template talk:Riots in England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Riots_in_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Riots in England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Riots_in_England" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Riots in England</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">12th–17th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England_(1066%E2%80%931290)#Massacres_at_London_and_York_(1189–1190)" title="History of the Jews in England (1066–1290)">1189–1190 Massacres of the Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fitz_Osbert" title="William Fitz Osbert">The revolt of 1196</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Scholastica_Day_riot" title="St Scholastica Day riot">1355 St Scholastica Day riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt" title="Peasants' Revolt">1381 Peasants' Revolt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treason_Act_1381" title="Treason Act 1381">Treason Act 1381</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_May_Day" title="Evil May Day">1517 Evil May Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawdy_House_Riots_of_1668" title="Bawdy House Riots of 1668">1668 Bawdy House riots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacheverell_riots" title="Sacheverell riots">1710 Sacheverell riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_riots" title="Coronation riots">1714 Coronation riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1715_England_riots" title="1715 England riots">1715 England riots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riot_Act" title="Riot Act">Riot Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1766_food_riots" title="1766 food riots">1766 food riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_St_George%27s_Fields" title="Massacre of St George's Fields">1768 Massacre of St George's Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitalfield_riots" title="Spitalfield riots">1769 Spitalfield riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_cheese_riot" title="Nottingham cheese riot">1776 Nottingham cheese riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Riots" title="Gordon Riots">1780 Gordon riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priestley_Riots" title="Priestley Riots">1791 Priestley riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_riots#Bristol_Bridge_riot,_1793" title="Bristol riots">1793 Bristol Bridge riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_housewives" title="Revolt of the housewives">1795 Revolt of the housewives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Price_Riots" title="Old Price Riots">1809 Old Price riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spa_Fields_riots" title="Spa Fields riots">1816 Spa Fields riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ely_and_Littleport_riots_of_1816" title="Ely and Littleport riots of 1816">1816 Ely and Littleport riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterloo_Massacre" title="Peterloo Massacre">1819 Peterloo Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinderloo_Uprising" title="Cinderloo Uprising">1821 Cinderloo Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_Riots" title="Swing Riots">1830 Swing riots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Swing" title="Captain Swing">Captain Swing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1831_reform_riots" title="1831 reform riots">1831 reform riots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1831_Bristol_riots" title="1831 Bristol riots">1831 Bristol riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Days_of_May" title="Days of May">1832 Days of May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bossenden_Wood" title="Battle of Bossenden Wood">1838 Battle of Bossenden Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1842_Pottery_Riots" title="1842 Pottery Riots">1842 Pottery Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds_dripping_riot" title="Leeds dripping riot">1865 Leeds dripping riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_League#Hyde_Park_demonstration_of_1866" title="Reform League">1866 Hyde Park demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1887)" title="Bloody Sunday (1887)">1887 Bloody Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newlyn_riots" title="Newlyn riots">1896 Newlyn riots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">1900s–1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Dog_affair#Riots" title="Brown Dog affair">1907 Brown Dog riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsom_riot" title="Epsom riot">1919 Epsom riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bow_Street" title="Battle of Bow Street">1919 Battle of Bow Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luton_Town_Hall#Destruction_in_the_Peace_Day_Riots" title="Luton Town Hall">1919 Luton Peace Day riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_riots#Old_Market_riot,_1932" title="Bristol riots">1932 Old Market riot (Bristol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Hunger_March,_1932" title="National Hunger March, 1932">1932 National Hunger March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cable_Street" title="Battle of Cable Street">1936 Battle of Cable Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bamber_Bridge" title="Battle of Bamber Bridge">1943 Battle of Bamber Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Street_riot" title="Park Street riot">1944 Park Street riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldershot_riot_(1945)" title="Aldershot riot (1945)">1945 Aldershot riot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">1950s–1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1958_Notting_Hill_race_riots" title="1958 Notting Hill race riots">1958 Notting Hill race riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968#United_Kingdom" title="Protests of 1968">1968 student riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_House_riot" title="Garden House riot">1970 Garden House riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Lion_Square_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Lion Square disorders">1974 Red Lion Square disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Chapeltown_riot" title="1975 Chapeltown riot">1975 Chapeltown riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lewisham" title="Battle of Lewisham">1977 Battle of Lewisham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Blair_Peach" title="Death of Blair Peach">1979 Death of Blair Peach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_St_Pauls_riot" title="1980 St Pauls riot">1980 St Pauls riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_England_riots" title="1981 England riots">1981 England riots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1981_Brixton_riot" title="1981 Brixton riot">1981 Brixton riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Chapeltown_riots" title="1981 Chapeltown riots">1981 Chapeltown riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Toxteth_riots" title="1981 Toxteth riots">1981 Toxteth riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Moss_Side_riot" title="1981 Moss Side riot">1981 Moss Side riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Handsworth_riots" title="1981 Handsworth riots">1981 Handsworth riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Handsworth_riots" title="1985 Handsworth riots">1985 Handsworth riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Brixton_riot" title="1985 Brixton riot">1985 Brixton riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadwater_Farm_riot" title="Broadwater Farm riot">1985 Broadwater Farm riot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Keith_Blakelock" title="Murder of Keith Blakelock">Murder of Keith Blakelock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Chapeltown_riot" title="1987 Chapeltown riot">1987 Chapeltown riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Dewsbury_riot" title="1989 Dewsbury riot">1989 Dewsbury riot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poll_tax_riots" title="Poll tax riots">1990 Poll Tax riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strangeways_Prison_riot" title="Strangeways Prison riot">1990 Strangeways Prison riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadow_Well_riots" title="Meadow Well riots">1991 Meadow Well riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Handsworth_riots" title="1991 Handsworth riots">1991 Handsworth riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_riots#Hartcliffe,_1992" title="Bristol riots">1992 Hartcliffe riot (Bristol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Welling_riots" title="1993 Welling riots">1993 Welling riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Justice_and_Public_Order_Act_1994" title="Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994">1994 Criminal Justice Bill riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manningham_riot" title="Manningham riot">1995 Manningham riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Brixton_riot" title="1995 Brixton riot">1995 Brixton riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Trafalgar_Square_riots" title="1996 Trafalgar Square riots">1996 Trafalgar Square riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_Against_Capital" title="Carnival Against Capital">1999 Carnival Against Capital riot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_Bradford_riots" title="2001 Bradford riots">2001 Bradford riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Oldham_riots" title="2001 Oldham riots">2001 Oldham riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Harehills_riot" title="2001 Harehills riot">2001 Harehills riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Birmingham_riots" title="2005 Birmingham riots">2005 Birmingham riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_G20_London_summit_protests" title="2009 G20 London summit protests">2009 G20 London summit protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Ian_Tomlinson" title="Death of Ian Tomlinson">Death of Ian Tomlinson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Upton_Park_riot" title="2009 Upton Park riot">2009 Upton Park riot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_student_protests#Vandalism_and_disruption" title="2010 United Kingdom student protests">2010 UK student protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_riots#Stokes_Croft_Tesco_riot,_April_2011" title="Bristol riots">2011 Stokes Croft riot (Bristol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anti-austerity movement in the United Kingdom">2011 UK anti-austerity protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_London_anti-cuts_protest" title="2011 London anti-cuts protest">2011 London anti-cuts protest</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2011 England riots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Mark_Duggan" title="Killing of Mark Duggan">Killing of Mark Duggan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Reeves#Arson_attack" title="House of Reeves">House of Reeves fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2011_England_riots" title="Timeline of the 2011 England riots">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="George Floyd protests in the United Kingdom">George Floyd protests in the United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actions_against_memorials_in_Great_Britain_during_the_George_Floyd_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Actions against memorials in Great Britain during the George Floyd protests">Actions against memorials in Great Britain during the George Floyd protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Leicester_unrest" title="2022 Leicester unrest">2022 Leicester unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Harehills_riot" title="2024 Harehills riot">2024 Harehills riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_riots" title="2024 United Kingdom riots">2024 United Kingdom riots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Reports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scarman_Report" title="Scarman Report">1981 Scarman report</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_riots_in_Leeds" title="List of riots in Leeds">Riots in Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_riots_in_London" title="List of riots in London">Riots in London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot_Act" title="Riot Act">Riot Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Order_Act_1986" title="Public Order Act 1986">Public Order Act 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Support_Group" title="Territorial Support Group">Territorial Support Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Boris_Johnson" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Boris_Johnson" title="Template:Boris Johnson"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Boris_Johnson" title="Template talk:Boris Johnson"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Boris_Johnson" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Boris Johnson"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Boris_Johnson" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> (2019–2022)</li> <li>MP for <a href="/wiki/Uxbridge_and_South_Ruislip_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Uxbridge and South Ruislip (UK Parliament constituency)">Uxbridge and South Ruislip</a> (2015–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a> (2008–2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Boris_Johnson" title="Premiership of Boris Johnson">Premiership</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Johnson_ministry" title="First Johnson ministry">First ministry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2019 Conservative Party leadership election">2019 Conservative Party leadership election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/45th_G7_summit" title="45th G7 summit">2019 G7 summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_British_prorogation_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 British prorogation controversy">Prorogation controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_suspension_of_rebel_Conservative_MPs" title="2019 suspension of rebel Conservative MPs">Suspension of rebel Conservative MPs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Johnson_ministry" title="Second Johnson ministry">Second ministry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chancellorship_of_Rishi_Sunak" title="Chancellorship of Rishi Sunak">Chancellorship of Rishi Sunak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_Kingdom_budget" title="2020 United Kingdom budget">2020 budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2021_United_Kingdom_budget" title="March 2021 United Kingdom budget">March 2021 budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2021_United_Kingdom_budget" title="October 2021 United Kingdom budget">October 2021 budget</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_departures_from_the_second_Johnson_ministry" title="List of departures from the second Johnson ministry">List of departures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_British_cabinet_reshuffle" title="2020 British cabinet reshuffle">2020 cabinet reshuffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_British_cabinet_reshuffle" title="2021 British cabinet reshuffle">2021 cabinet reshuffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Withdrawal_Agreement)_Act_2020" title="European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020">EU withdrawal agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol" title="Northern Ireland Protocol">Northern Ireland Protocol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="British government response to the COVID-19 pandemic">government response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdown_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 lockdown in the United Kingdom">lockdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the United Kingdom">vaccinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_contracts_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID-19 contracts in the United Kingdom">contracts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_regarding_COVID-19_contracts_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Controversies regarding COVID-19 contracts in the United Kingdom">contract controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Cummings_scandal" title="Dominic Cummings scandal">Dominic Cummings scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partygate" title="Partygate">Partygate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons_Privileges_Committee_investigation_into_Boris_Johnson" title="Commons Privileges Committee investigation into Boris Johnson">Commons Privileges Committee investigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_refurbishment_controversy" title="Downing Street refurbishment controversy">Downing Street refurbishment controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_State_Opening_of_Parliament" title="2021 State Opening of Parliament">2021 State Opening of Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/47th_G7_summit" title="47th G7 summit">2021 G7 summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Atlantic_Charter" title="New Atlantic Charter">New Atlantic Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pitting" title="Operation Pitting">Evacuations from Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COP26" class="mw-redirect" title="COP26">COP26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea_Bridge" title="Irish Sea Bridge">Irish Sea Bridge feasibility study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Paterson_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Owen Paterson scandal">Owen Paterson scandal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_parliamentary_second_jobs_controversy" title="United Kingdom parliamentary second jobs controversy">Parliamentary second jobs controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levelling-up_policy_of_the_British_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Levelling-up policy of the British government">Levelling-up policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Growth_deal" title="Growth deal">Growth deals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levelling_Up_White_Paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Levelling Up White Paper">White Paper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_British_Railways" title="Great British Railways">Great British Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Rail_Plan_for_the_North_and_Midlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Rail Plan for the North and Midlands">Integrated Rail Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_the_EU" title="Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU">Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">Trade and Cooperation Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021-present_United_Kingdom_cost-of-living_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2021-present United Kingdom cost-of-living crisis">Cost of living crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda_asylum_plan" title="Rwanda asylum plan">Rwanda asylum plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_David_Amess" title="Murder of David Amess">Murder of David Amess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="United Kingdom and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">United Kingdom and the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_State_Opening_of_Parliament" title="2022 State Opening of Parliament">2022 State Opening of Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_vote_of_confidence_in_the_Conservative_Party_leadership_of_Boris_Johnson" title="2022 vote of confidence in the Conservative Party leadership of Boris Johnson">2022 Conservative Party confidence vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/48th_G7_summit" title="48th G7 summit">2022 G7 summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Pincher_scandal" title="Chris Pincher scandal">Chris Pincher scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2022_United_Kingdom_government_crisis" title="July 2022 United Kingdom government crisis">July 2022 government crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_2022_British_cabinet_reshuffle" title="July 2022 British cabinet reshuffle">2022 cabinet reshuffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July%E2%80%93September_2022_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="July–September 2022 Conservative Party leadership election">Conservative Party leadership election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_vote_of_confidence_in_the_Johnson_ministry" title="2022 vote of confidence in the Johnson ministry">2022 vote of confidence in the Johnson ministry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Prime_Minister%27s_Resignation_Honours_(Boris_Johnson)" title="2022 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours (Boris Johnson)">Resignation Honours</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Boris_Johnson" title="Political positions of Boris Johnson">Political positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Boris_Johnson" title="List of international prime ministerial trips made by Boris Johnson">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a></li></ul></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_Johnson_official_portrait_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Boris_Johnson_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Boris_Johnson_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Boris_Johnson_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Boris_Johnson_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Boris_Johnson_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Boris_Johnson_official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="1578" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_of_Boris_Johnson" title="Mayoralty of Boris Johnson">Mayoralty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Britannia_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="London Britannia Airport">"Boris Island"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santander_Cycles" title="Santander Cycles">"Boris Bikes"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Routemaster" title="New Routemaster">New Routemaster</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2011 London riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Cable_Car" class="mw-redirect" title="London Cable Car">London Cable Car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012 Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Paralympics" title="2012 Summer Paralympics">2012 Summer Paralympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_Bridge" title="Garden Bridge">Garden Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_Tube" title="Night Tube">Night Tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Arcuri" title="Jennifer Arcuri">Jennifer Arcuri</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other offices held</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)">Leader of the Conservative Party</a> (2019–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Chair-in-Office" title="Commonwealth Chair-in-Office">Commonwealth Chair-in-Office</a> (2019–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson_as_Foreign_Secretary" title="Boris Johnson as Foreign Secretary">Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs</a> (2016–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Minister_for_Higher_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow Minister for Higher Education">Shadow Minister for Higher Education</a> (2005–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Minister_for_the_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow Minister for the Arts">Shadow Minister for the Arts</a> (2004)</li> <li>MP for <a href="/wiki/Henley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Henley (UK Parliament constituency)">Henley</a> (2001–2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Boris_Johnson" title="Electoral history of Boris Johnson">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_London_mayoral_election" title="2008 London mayoral election">2008</a> (Mayoral)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_London_mayoral_election" title="2012 London mayoral election">2012</a> (Mayoral)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019</a> (General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_local_elections" title="2021 United Kingdom local elections">2021</a> (Local)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_United_Kingdom_local_elections" title="2022 United Kingdom local elections">2022</a> (Local)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By Johnson</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friends,_Voters,_Countrymen" title="Friends, Voters, Countrymen">Friends, Voters, Countrymen</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy-Two_Virgins" title="Seventy-Two Virgins">Seventy-Two Virgins</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_of_Rome" title="The Dream of Rome">The Dream of Rome</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Churchill_Factor" title="The Churchill Factor">The Churchill Factor</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unleashed_(book)" title="Unleashed (book)">Unleashed</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">About Johnson</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris:_The_Rise_of_Boris_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Boris: The Rise of Boris Johnson">Boris: The Rise of Boris Johnson</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_v._Ken" title="Boris v. Ken">Boris v. Ken</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_Boris_Johnson" title="Public image of Boris Johnson">Public image</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Headcases" title="Headcases">Headcases</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/When_Boris_Met_Dave" title="When Boris Met Dave">When Boris Met Dave</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newzoids" title="Newzoids">Newzoids</a> (2015–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_Only_(South_Park)" title="Members Only (South Park)">South Park</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit:_The_Uncivil_War" title="Brexit: The Uncivil War">Brexit: The Uncivil War</a> (2019)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Vossi_Bop" title="Vossi Bop">Vossi Bop</a>" (2019)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson_Is_a_Fucking_Cunt" title="Boris Johnson Is a Fucking Cunt">Boris Johnson Is a Fucking Cunt</a>" (2020)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Can%27t_Stop_Christmas" title="Can't Stop Christmas">Can't Stop Christmas</a>" (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitting_Image_(2020_TV_series)" title="Spitting Image (2020 TV series)">Spitting Image</a> (2020–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/This_England_(TV_series)" title="This England (TV series)">This England</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSP_(film)" title="DSP (film)">DSP</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partygate_(TV_drama)" class="mw-redirect" title="Partygate (TV drama)">Partygate</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1987_Bullingdon_Club_photograph" title="1987 Bullingdon Club photograph">1987 Bullingdon Club photograph</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Greased_piglet" title="Greased piglet">Greased piglet</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Dead_cat_strategy" title="Dead cat strategy">Dead cat strategy</a>"</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegra_Mostyn-Owen" title="Allegra Mostyn-Owen">Allegra Mostyn-Owen</a> (first wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marina_Wheeler" title="Marina Wheeler">Marina Wheeler</a> (second wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Johnson" title="Carrie Johnson">Carrie Johnson</a> (third wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lara_Johnson-Wheeler" title="Lara Johnson-Wheeler">Lara Johnson-Wheeler</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilyn" title="Dilyn">Dilyn</a> (dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Johnson_(writer)" title="Stanley Johnson (writer)">Stanley Johnson</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Johnson_Wahl" title="Charlotte Johnson Wahl">Charlotte Fawcett</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Johnson" title="Rachel Johnson">Rachel Johnson</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Johnson" title="Jo Johnson">Jo Johnson</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Fawcett" title="Edmund Fawcett">Edmund Fawcett</a> (uncle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fawcett" title="James Fawcett">James Fawcett</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Kemal" title="Ali Kemal">Ali Kemal</a> (great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Avery_Lowe" title="Elias Avery Lowe">Elias Avery Lowe</a> (great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Tracy_Lowe-Porter" title="Helen Tracy Lowe-Porter">H. T. Lowe-Porter</a> (great-grandmother)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>← <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Liz Truss</a> →</li></ul> <ul><li>←  <a href="/wiki/Ken_Livingstone" title="Ken Livingstone">Ken Livingstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadiq_Khan" title="Sadiq Khan">Sadiq Khan</a> →</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&oldid=1257175322">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&oldid=1257175322</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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