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href="#Pre-dreadnought_battleship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Pre-dreadnought battleship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-dreadnought_battleship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dreadnought_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dreadnought_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Dreadnought era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dreadnought_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 Origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms_race" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms_race"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 Arms race </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms_race-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 World War I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inter-war_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inter-war_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Inter-war period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inter-war_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rise_of_air_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_air_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.1 Rise of air power </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_air_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rearmament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rearmament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.2 Rearmament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rearmament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Cold War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_battleship_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_battleship_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 End of the battleship era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_battleship_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strategy_and_doctrine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategy_and_doctrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Strategy and doctrine </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Strategy_and_doctrine-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Strategy and doctrine subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Strategy_and_doctrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Doctrine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doctrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Doctrine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doctrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Tactics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strategic_and_diplomatic_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategic_and_diplomatic_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Strategic and diplomatic impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strategic_and_diplomatic_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Value_for_money" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Value_for_money"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Value for money </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Value_for_money-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_operators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_operators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Former operators </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_operators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Battleship</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" > 62 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A9" title="بارجة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بارجة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoraz%C3%A1u" title="Acorazáu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Acorazáu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C9%99tt_g%C9%99misi" title="Xətt gəmisi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xətt gəmisi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA" title="ব্যাটেলশিপ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্যাটেলশিপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C3%A0n-t%C3%B2%CD%98-l%C4%81m" title="Chiàn-tò͘-lām – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chiàn-tò͘-lām" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Лінейны карабель – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лінейны карабель" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Лінкар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лінкар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Линеен кораб – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Линеен кораб" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bojni_brod" title="Bojni brod – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bojni brod" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuirassat" title="Cuirassat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cuirassat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%95_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF" title="Йĕрлĕ карап – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Йĕрлĕ карап" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitevn%C3%AD_lo%C4%8F" title="Bitevní loď – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitevní loď" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slagskib" title="Slagskib – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Slagskib" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlachtschiff" title="Schlachtschiff – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlachtschiff" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsin_naa%CA%BCee%C5%82_bee_da%CA%BCahijigh%C3%A1n%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Tsin naaʼeeł bee daʼahijighánígíí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tsin naaʼeeł bee daʼahijighánígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahingulaev" title="Lahingulaev – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lahingulaev" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CF%89%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%8C" title="Θωρηκτό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θωρηκτό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorazado" title="Acorazado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Acorazado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batal%C5%9Dipo" title="Batalŝipo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Batalŝipo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korazatu" title="Korazatu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Korazatu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88" title="نبردناو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نبردناو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuirass%C3%A9" title="Cuirassé – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cuirassé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slachskip" title="Slachskip – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Slachskip" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoirazado" title="Acoirazado – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Acoirazado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%ED%95%A8" title="전함 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전함" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BE" title="Գծանավ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գծանավ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bojni_brod" title="Bojni brod – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bojni brod" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapal_tempur" title="Kapal tempur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kapal tempur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orrustuskip" title="Orrustuskip – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Orrustuskip" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave_da_battaglia" title="Nave da battaglia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nave da battaglia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%94" title="אוניית מערכה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוניית מערכה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Салалық кеме – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Салалық кеме" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csatahaj%C3%B3" title="Csatahajó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csatahajó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Борбен брод – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Борбен брод" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="युद्धनौका – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="युद्धनौका" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapal_tempur" title="Kapal tempur – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kapal tempur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slagschip" title="Slagschip – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slagschip" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%A6%E8%89%A6" title="戦艦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="戦艦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slagskip" title="Slagskip – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slagskip" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slagskip" title="Slagskip – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Slagskip" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuirassat" title="Cuirassat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cuirassat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AA" title="ਬੈਟਲਸ਼ਿਪ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੈਟਲਸ਼ਿਪ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancernik" title="Pancernik – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pancernik" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coura%C3%A7ado" title="Couraçado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Couraçado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuirasat" title="Cuirasat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cuirasat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Линейный корабль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Линейный корабль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%90%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A" title="යුද්ධ නැව් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යුද්ධ නැව්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Battleship" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bojov%C3%A1_lo%C4%8F_(typ_lode)" title="Bojová loď (typ lode) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bojová loď (typ lode)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" 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data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taistelulaiva" title="Taistelulaiva – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Taistelulaiva" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slagskepp" title="Slagskepp – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slagskepp" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Large armored warship with a main battery consisting of heavy caliber guns</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the class of warship. For the game, see <a href="/wiki/Battleship_(game)" title="Battleship (game)">Battleship (game)</a>. For other types of military ships, see <a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">warship</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Battleship_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Battleship (disambiguation)">Battleship (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BB61_USS_Iowa_BB61_broadside_USN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/BB61_USS_Iowa_BB61_broadside_USN.jpg/220px-BB61_USS_Iowa_BB61_broadside_USN.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/BB61_USS_Iowa_BB61_broadside_USN.jpg/330px-BB61_USS_Iowa_BB61_broadside_USN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/BB61_USS_Iowa_BB61_broadside_USN.jpg/440px-BB61_USS_Iowa_BB61_broadside_USN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2354" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The firepower of a battleship's <a href="/wiki/Main_battery" title="Main battery">main armament</a> demonstrated by <a href="/wiki/USS_Iowa_(BB-61)" title="USS Iowa (BB-61)">USS Iowa</a> unleashing a <a href="/wiki/Broadside_(naval)" title="Broadside (naval)">broadside</a> <a href="/wiki/Volley_fire" title="Volley fire">volley</a>, during which the <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_blast" title="Muzzle blast">muzzle blasts</a> from her <a href="/wiki/16-inch/50-caliber_Mark_7_gun" title="16-inch/50-caliber Mark 7 gun">16-inch main guns</a> disturbs the surrounding ocean surface.</figcaption></figure> A battleship is a large, heavily <a href="/wiki/Naval_armour" title="Naval armour">armored</a> <a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">warship</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Main_battery" title="Main battery">main battery</a> consisting of large-<a href="/wiki/Caliber" title="Caliber">caliber</a> <a href="/wiki/Naval_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval gun">guns</a>, designed to serve as <a href="/wiki/Capital_ship" title="Capital ship">capital ships</a> with the most intense <a href="/wiki/Firepower" title="Firepower">firepower</a>. Before the rise of <a href="/wiki/Supercarrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Supercarrier">supercarriers</a>, battleships were among the largest and most formidable <a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">weapon systems</a> ever built. The term battleship came into use in the late 1880s to describe a type of <a href="/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">ironclad warship</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Stoll-1">[1]</a> now referred to by historians as <a href="/wiki/Pre-dreadnought_battleship" title="Pre-dreadnought battleship">pre-dreadnought battleships</a>. In 1906, the commissioning of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Dreadnought_(1906)" title="HMS Dreadnought (1906)">HMS Dreadnought</a> into the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> heralded a revolution in the field of battleship design. Subsequent battleship designs, influenced by HMS Dreadnought, were referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">dreadnoughts</a>", though the term eventually became obsolete as dreadnoughts became the only type of battleship in common use. Battleships dominated <a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">naval warfare</a> in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and were a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Command_of_the_sea" title="Command of the sea">naval dominance</a> and national might, and for decades were a <a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">major intimidation factor</a> for <a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">power projection</a> in both <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">military strategy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sondhaus-2">[2]</a> A global <a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">arms race</a> in battleship construction began in Europe in the 1890s and culminated at the decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tsushima" title="Battle of Tsushima">Battle of Tsushima</a> in 1905,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston198224-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> the outcome of which significantly influenced the design of HMS Dreadnought.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The launch of Dreadnought in 1906 commenced a new naval arms race. Three major <a href="/wiki/Fleet_action" title="Fleet action">fleet actions</a> between steel battleships took place: the long-range gunnery duel at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yellow_Sea" title="Battle of the Yellow Sea">Battle of the Yellow Sea</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> in 1904, the decisive Battle of Tsushima in 1905 (both during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>) and the inconclusive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a> in 1916, during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>. Jutland was the largest naval battle and the only full-scale clash of dreadnoughts of the war, and it was the last major battle in naval history fought primarily by battleships.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_for_the_Limitation_of_Naval_Armament" title="Treaty for the Limitation of Naval Armament">Naval Treaties</a> of the 1920s and 1930s limited the number of battleships, though technical innovation in battleship design continued. Both the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> and <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> built battleships during World War II, though the increasing importance of the <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a> meant that the battleship played a less important role than had been expected in that conflict. The value of the battleship has been questioned, even during their heyday.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> There were few of the decisive fleet battles that battleship proponents expected and used to justify the vast resources spent on building battlefleets. Even in spite of their huge firepower and protection, battleships were increasingly vulnerable to much smaller and relatively inexpensive weapons: initially the <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Naval_mine" title="Naval mine">naval mine</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Attack_aircraft" title="Attack aircraft">attack aircraft</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Guided_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Guided missile">guided missile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lenton-13">[13]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The growing range of naval engagements led to the <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a> replacing the battleship as the leading <a href="/wiki/Capital_ship" title="Capital ship">capital ship</a> during World War II, with the last battleship to be launched being <a href="/wiki/HMS_Vanguard_(23)" title="HMS Vanguard (23)">HMS Vanguard</a> in 1944. Four battleships were retained by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> until the end of the Cold War for <a href="/wiki/Fire_support" title="Fire support">fire support</a> purposes and were last used in combat during the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> in 1991, and then struck from the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register" title="Naval Vessel Register">Naval Vessel Register</a> in the 2000s. Many World War II-era American battleships survive today as <a href="/wiki/Museum_ship" title="Museum ship">museum ships</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battleship&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ships_of_the_line">Ships of the line</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battleship&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ships of the line">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">Ship of the line</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TheNapoleonAtToulonIn1852ByLauvergne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/TheNapoleonAtToulonIn1852ByLauvergne.jpg/220px-TheNapoleonAtToulonIn1852ByLauvergne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/TheNapoleonAtToulonIn1852ByLauvergne.jpg/330px-TheNapoleonAtToulonIn1852ByLauvergne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/TheNapoleonAtToulonIn1852ByLauvergne.jpg/440px-TheNapoleonAtToulonIn1852ByLauvergne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1941" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Napol%C3%A9on_(1850)" title="French ship Napoléon (1850)">Napoléon</a> (1850), the world's first steam-powered battleship</figcaption></figure> A ship of the line was a large, unarmored wooden sailing ship which mounted a <a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">battery</a> of up to 120 <a href="/wiki/Smoothbore" title="Smoothbore">smoothbore</a> <a href="/wiki/Gun" title="Gun">guns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carronade" title="Carronade">carronades</a>, which came to prominence with the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Line_of_battle" title="Line of battle">line of battle</a> tactics in the early 17th century and the end of the sailing battleship's heyday in the 1830s. From 1794, the alternative term 'line of battle ship' was contracted (informally at first) to 'battle ship' or 'battleship'.<a href="#cite_note-OED-14">[14]</a> The sheer number of guns fired <a href="/wiki/Broadside_(naval)" title="Broadside (naval)">broadside</a> meant a ship of the line could wreck any wooden enemy, holing her <a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">hull</a>, knocking down <a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">masts</a>, wrecking her <a href="/wiki/Rigging" title="Rigging">rigging</a>, and killing her crew. However, the effective range of the guns was as little as a few hundred yards, so the battle tactics of sailing ships depended in part on the wind.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Over time, ships of the line gradually became larger and carried more guns, but otherwise remained quite similar. The first major change to the ship of the line concept was the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Steam_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam power">steam power</a> as an auxiliary <a href="/wiki/Marine_propulsion" title="Marine propulsion">propulsion system</a>. Steam power was gradually introduced to the navy in the first half of the 19th century, initially for small craft and later for <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigates</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a> introduced steam to the line of battle with the 90-gun <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Napol%C3%A9on_(1850)" title="French ship Napoléon (1850)">Napoléon</a> in 1850<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>—the first true steam battleship.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Napoléon was armed as a conventional ship-of-the-line, but her steam engines could give her a speed of 12 knots (22 km/h), regardless of the wind. This was a potentially decisive advantage in a naval engagement. The introduction of steam accelerated the growth in size of battleships. France and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> were the only countries to develop <a href="/wiki/List_of_steam_powered_ships_of_the_line" class="mw-redirect" title="List of steam powered ships of the line">fleets of wooden steam screw battleships</a> although several other navies operated small numbers of screw battleships, including <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> (9), the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> (3), <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> (2), <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a> (1), <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (1) and <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a> (1).<a href="#cite_note-LambertBIT-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sondhaus-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ironclads">Ironclads</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battleship&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ironclads">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">Ironclad warship</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LaGloirePhotograph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/LaGloirePhotograph.jpg/220px-LaGloirePhotograph.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/LaGloirePhotograph.jpg/330px-LaGloirePhotograph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/LaGloirePhotograph.jpg/440px-LaGloirePhotograph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4293" data-file-height="2724" /></a><figcaption>The French <a href="/wiki/French_ironclad_Gloire" title="French ironclad Gloire">Gloire</a> (1859), the first ocean-going <a href="/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">ironclad warship</a></figcaption></figure> The adoption of steam power was only one of a number of technological advances which revolutionized warship design in the 19th century.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The ship of the line was overtaken by the <a href="/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">ironclad</a>: powered by steam, protected by metal armor, and armed with guns firing <a href="/wiki/High-explosive" class="mw-redirect" title="High-explosive">high-explosive</a> <a href="/wiki/Shell_(projectile)" title="Shell (projectile)">shells</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Explosive_shells">Explosive shells</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battleship&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Explosive shells">edit</a>]</div> Guns that fired explosive or <a href="/wiki/Incendiary_ammunition" title="Incendiary ammunition">incendiary shells</a> were a major threat to wooden ships, and these weapons quickly became widespread after the introduction of 8-inch shell guns as part of the standard armament of French and American line-of-battle ships in 1841.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, six line-of-battle ships and two frigates of the Russian <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet" title="Black Sea Fleet">Black Sea Fleet</a> destroyed seven Turkish frigates and three corvettes with explosive shells at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sinop" title="Battle of Sinop">Battle of Sinop</a> in 1853.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Later in the war, French ironclad floating batteries used similar weapons against the defenses at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kinburn_(1855)" title="Battle of Kinburn (1855)">Battle of Kinburn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lambert-20">[20]</a> Nevertheless, wooden-hulled ships stood up comparatively well to shells, as shown in the 1866 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lissa_(1866)" title="Battle of Lissa (1866)">Battle of Lissa</a>, where the modern Austrian steam two-decker <a href="/wiki/SMS_Kaiser_(1858)" title="SMS Kaiser (1858)">SMS Kaiser</a> ranged across a confused battlefield, rammed an <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italian</a> ironclad and took 80 hits from Italian ironclads,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> many of which were shells,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> but including at least one 300-pound shot at point-blank range. Despite losing her <a href="/wiki/Bowsprit" title="Bowsprit">bowsprit</a> and her foremast, and being set on fire, she was ready for action again the very next day.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iron_armor_and_construction">Iron armor and construction</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battleship&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Iron armor and construction">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_warriorjune20092.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/HMS_warriorjune20092.jpg/220px-HMS_warriorjune20092.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/HMS_warriorjune20092.jpg/330px-HMS_warriorjune20092.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/HMS_warriorjune20092.jpg/440px-HMS_warriorjune20092.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3922" data-file-height="2536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMS_Warrior_(1860)" title="HMS Warrior (1860)">HMS Warrior (1860)</a>, the Royal Navy's first ocean-going iron-hulled warship</figcaption></figure> The development of high-explosive shells made the use of iron <a href="/wiki/Armour" title="Armour">armor</a> plate on warships necessary. In 1859 <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> launched <a href="/wiki/French_ironclad_Gloire" title="French ironclad Gloire">Gloire</a>, the first ocean-going ironclad warship. She had the profile of a ship of the line, cut to one deck due to weight considerations. Although made of wood and reliant on sail for most journeys, Gloire was fitted with a propeller, and her wooden hull was protected by a layer of thick iron armor.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Gloire prompted further innovation from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, anxious to prevent France from gaining a technological lead.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The superior armored frigate <a href="/wiki/HMS_Warrior_(1860)" title="HMS Warrior (1860)">Warrior</a> followed Gloire by only 14 months, and both nations embarked on a program of building new ironclads and converting existing screw ships of the line to armored frigates.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Within two years, Italy, Austria, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a> and Russia had all ordered ironclad warships, and by the time of the famous clash of the <a href="/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor">USS Monitor</a> and the <a href="/wiki/CSS_Virginia" title="CSS Virginia">CSS Virginia</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Battle of Hampton Roads">Battle of Hampton Roads</a> at least eight navies possessed ironclad ships.<a href="#cite_note-Sondhaus-2">[2]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Redoutable_(1889).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Le_Redoutable_%281889%29.jpg/220px-Le_Redoutable_%281889%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Le_Redoutable_%281889%29.jpg/330px-Le_Redoutable_%281889%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Le_Redoutable_%281889%29.jpg/440px-Le_Redoutable_%281889%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3948" data-file-height="1909" /></a><figcaption>The French <a href="/wiki/French_ironclad_Redoutable" title="French ironclad Redoutable">Redoutable</a>, the first battleship to use steel as the main building material<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></figcaption></figure> Navies experimented with the positioning of guns, in <a href="/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">turrets</a> (like the USS Monitor), <a href="/wiki/Central_battery_ship" title="Central battery ship">central-batteries</a> or <a href="/wiki/Barbette" title="Barbette">barbettes</a>, or with the <a href="/wiki/Naval_ram" title="Naval ram">ram</a> as the principal weapon. As steam technology developed, masts were gradually removed from battleship designs. By the mid-1870s <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> was used as a construction material alongside iron and wood. The French Navy's <a href="/wiki/French_ironclad_Redoutable" title="French ironclad Redoutable">Redoutable</a>, laid down in 1873 and launched in 1876, was a central battery and barbette warship which became the first battleship in the world to use steel as the principal building material.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-dreadnought_battleship">Pre-dreadnought battleship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battleship&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pre-dreadnought battleship">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pre-dreadnought_battleship" title="Pre-dreadnought battleship">Pre-dreadnought battleship</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Texas2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/USS_Texas2.jpg/220px-USS_Texas2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/USS_Texas2.jpg/330px-USS_Texas2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/USS_Texas2.jpg/440px-USS_Texas2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7147" data-file-height="5290" /></a><figcaption>Pre-Dreadnought <a href="/wiki/USS_Texas_(1892)" title="USS Texas (1892)">USS Texas</a>, built in 1892, was the first battleship of the U.S. Navy. <a href="/wiki/Photochrom" title="Photochrom">Photochrom</a> print <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1898.</figcaption></figure> The term "battleship" was officially adopted by the Royal Navy in the re-classification of 1892. By the 1890s, there was an increasing similarity between battleship designs, and the type that later became known as the 'pre-dreadnought battleship' emerged. These were heavily armored ships, mounting a mixed battery of guns in turrets, and without sails. The typical first-class battleship of the pre-dreadnought era displaced 15,000 to 17,000 <a href="/wiki/Ton" title="Ton">tons</a>, had a speed of 16 knots (30 km/h), and an armament of four 12-inch (305 mm) guns in two turrets fore and aft with a mixed-caliber secondary battery amidships around the superstructure.<a href="#cite_note-Stoll-1">[1]</a> An early design with superficial similarity to the pre-dreadnought is the British <a href="/wiki/Devastation-class_ironclad" title="Devastation-class ironclad">Devastation class</a> of 1871.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The slow-firing 12-inch (305 mm) main guns were the principal weapons for battleship-to-battleship combat. The intermediate and secondary batteries had two roles. Against major ships, it was thought a 'hail of fire' from quick-firing secondary weapons could distract enemy gun crews by inflicting damage to the superstructure, and they would be more effective against smaller ships such as <a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">cruisers</a>. Smaller guns (12-pounders and smaller) were reserved for protecting the battleship against the threat of torpedo attack from <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_boat" title="Torpedo boat">torpedo boats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The beginning of the pre-dreadnought era coincided with Britain reasserting her naval dominance. For many years previously, Britain had taken naval supremacy for granted. Expensive naval projects were criticized by political leaders of all inclinations.<a href="#cite_note-Sondhaus-2">[2]</a> However, in 1888 a war scare with France and the build-up of the Russian navy gave added impetus to naval construction, and the British Naval Defence Act of 1889 laid down a new fleet including eight new battleships. The principle that Britain's navy should be more powerful than the two next most powerful fleets combined was established. This policy was designed to deter France and Russia from building more battleships, but both nations nevertheless expanded their fleets with more and better pre-dreadnoughts in the 1890s.<a href="#cite_note-Sondhaus-2">[2]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Agamemnon_(1908)_profile_drawing.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/HMS_Agamemnon_%281908%29_profile_drawing.png/220px-HMS_Agamemnon_%281908%29_profile_drawing.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/HMS_Agamemnon_%281908%29_profile_drawing.png/330px-HMS_Agamemnon_%281908%29_profile_drawing.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/HMS_Agamemnon_%281908%29_profile_drawing.png/440px-HMS_Agamemnon_%281908%29_profile_drawing.png 2x" data-file-width="1173" data-file-height="861" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Agamemnon_(1906)" title="HMS Agamemnon (1906)">HMS Agamemnon</a> (1908), a typical late pre-dreadnought battleship</figcaption></figure> In the last years of the 19th century and the first years of the 20th, the escalation in the building of battleships became an <a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">arms race</a> between Britain and <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>. The German naval laws of 1890 and 1898 authorized a fleet of 38 battleships, a vital threat to the balance of naval power.<a href="#cite_note-Sondhaus-2">[2]</a> Britain answered with further shipbuilding, but by the end of the pre-dreadnought era, British supremacy at sea had markedly weakened. In 1883, the United Kingdom had 38 battleships, twice as many as France and almost as many as the rest of the world put together. In 1897, Britain's lead was far smaller due to competition from France, Germany, and Russia, as well as the development of pre-dreadnought fleets in Italy, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1983209-31">[31]</a> The Ottoman Empire, Spain, Sweden, Denmark, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> all had second-rate fleets led by <a href="/wiki/Armored_cruiser" title="Armored cruiser">armored cruisers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_ship" title="Coastal defence ship">coastal defence ships</a> or <a href="/wiki/Monitor_(warship)" title="Monitor (warship)">monitors</a>.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2012)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston1989[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2012]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2012)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-32">[32]</a> Pre-dreadnoughts continued the technical innovations of the ironclad. Turrets, armor plate, and <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engines</a> were all improved over the years, and <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedo</a> tubes were also introduced. A small number of designs, including the American <a href="/wiki/Kearsarge-class_battleship" title="Kearsarge-class battleship">Kearsarge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginia-class_battleship" title="Virginia-class battleship">Virginia classes</a>, experimented with all or part of the 8-inch intermediate battery superimposed over the 12-inch primary. Results were poor: recoil factors and blast effects resulted in the 8-inch battery being completely unusable, and the inability to train the primary and intermediate armaments on different targets led to significant tactical limitations. Even though such innovative designs saved weight (a key reason for their inception), they proved too cumbersome in practice.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dreadnought_era">Dreadnought era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battleship&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dreadnought era">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">Dreadnought</a></div> In 1906, the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> launched the revolutionary <a href="/wiki/HMS_Dreadnought_(1906)" title="HMS Dreadnought (1906)">HMS Dreadnought</a>. Created as a result of pressure from Admiral <a href="/wiki/John_Fisher,_1st_Baron_Fisher" title="John Fisher, 1st Baron Fisher">Sir John ("Jackie") Fisher</a>, HMS Dreadnought rendered existing battleships obsolete. Combining an "all-big-gun" armament of ten 12-inch (305 mm) guns with unprecedented speed (from steam turbine engines) and protection, she prompted navies worldwide to re-evaluate their battleship building programs. While the Japanese had laid down an all-big-gun battleship, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Satsuma" title="Japanese battleship Satsuma">Satsuma</a>, in 1904<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> and the concept of an all-big-gun ship had been in circulation for several years, it had yet to be validated in combat. Dreadnought sparked a new <a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">arms race</a>, principally between Britain and Germany but reflected worldwide, as the new class of warships became a crucial element of national power.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Technical development continued rapidly through the dreadnought era, with steep changes in armament, armor and propulsion. Ten years after Dreadnought's commissioning, much more powerful ships, the super-dreadnoughts, were being built. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Origin">Origin</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battleship&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Origin">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vittoriocuniberti001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Vittoriocuniberti001.jpg/170px-Vittoriocuniberti001.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Vittoriocuniberti001.jpg/255px-Vittoriocuniberti001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Vittoriocuniberti001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>Vittorio Cuniberti</figcaption></figure> In the first years of the 20th century, several navies worldwide experimented with the idea of a new type of battleship with a uniform armament of very heavy guns. Admiral <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Cuniberti" title="Vittorio Cuniberti">Vittorio Cuniberti</a>, the Italian Navy's chief naval architect, articulated the concept of an all-big-gun battleship in 1903. When the <a href="/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina">Regia Marina</a> did not pursue his ideas, Cuniberti wrote an article in <a href="/wiki/Jane%27s_Fighting_Ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Jane's Fighting Ships">Jane's</a> proposing an "ideal" future British battleship, a large armored warship of 17,000 tons, armed solely with a single calibre main battery (twelve 12-inch [305 mm] guns), carrying 300-millimetre (12 in) <a href="/wiki/Belt_armor" title="Belt armor">belt armor</a>, and capable of 24 <a href="/wiki/Knot_(unit)" title="Knot (unit)">knots</a> (44 km/h).<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> provided operational experience to validate the "all-big-gun" concept. During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yellow_Sea" title="Battle of the Yellow Sea">Battle of the Yellow Sea</a> on August 10, 1904, Admiral Togo of the Imperial Japanese Navy commenced deliberate 12-inch gun fire at the Russian flagship Tzesarevich at 14,200 yards (13,000 meters).<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> At the Battle of Tsushima on May 27, 1905, Russian Admiral Rozhestvensky's flagship fired the first 12-inch guns at the Japanese flagship Mikasa at 7,000 meters.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> It is often held that these engagements demonstrated the importance of the 12-inch (305 mm) gun over its smaller counterparts, though some historians take the view that secondary batteries were just as important as the larger weapons when dealing with smaller fast-moving torpedo craft.<a href="#cite_note-Sondhaus-2">[2]</a> Such was the case, albeit unsuccessfully, when the Russian battleship <a href="/wiki/Russian_battleship_Knyaz_Suvorov" title="Russian battleship Knyaz Suvorov">Knyaz Suvorov</a> at Tsushima had been sent to the bottom by <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyer</a>-launched torpedoes.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The 1903–04 design also retained traditional <a href="/wiki/Compound_steam_engine#Multiple_expansion_engines" title="Compound steam engine">triple-expansion steam engines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_battleship_Satsuma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Japanese_battleship_Satsuma.jpg/220px-Japanese_battleship_Satsuma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Japanese_battleship_Satsuma.jpg/330px-Japanese_battleship_Satsuma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Japanese_battleship_Satsuma.jpg/440px-Japanese_battleship_Satsuma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption>A preliminary design for the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Satsuma" title="Japanese battleship Satsuma">Satsuma</a> was an "all-big-gun" design.</figcaption></figure> As early as 1904, Jackie Fisher had been convinced of the need for fast, powerful ships with an all-big-gun armament. If Tsushima influenced his thinking, it was to persuade him of the need to standardise on 12-inch (305 mm) guns.<a href="#cite_note-Sondhaus-2">[2]</a> Fisher's concerns were <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a> equipped with torpedoes, then threatening to outrange battleship guns, making speed imperative for <a href="/wiki/Capital_ship" title="Capital ship">capital ships</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sondhaus-2">[2]</a> Fisher's preferred option was his brainchild, the <a href="/wiki/Battlecruiser" title="Battlecruiser">battlecruiser</a>: lightly armored but heavily armed with eight 12-inch guns and propelled to 25 knots (46 km/h) by <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">steam turbines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> It was to prove this revolutionary technology that Dreadnought was designed in January 1905, laid down in October 1905 and sped to completion by 1906. She carried ten 12-inch guns, had an 11-inch armor belt, and was the first large ship powered by turbines. She mounted her guns in five turrets; three on the centerline (one forward, two aft) and two on the <a href="/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">wings</a>, giving her at her launch twice the <a href="/wiki/Broadside_(naval)" title="Broadside (naval)">broadside</a> of any other warship. She retained a number of 12-pound (3-inch, 76 mm) <a href="/wiki/British_ordnance_terms#QF" class="mw-redirect" title="British ordnance terms">quick-firing</a> guns for use against destroyers and torpedo-boats. Her armor was heavy enough for her to go head-to-head with any other ship in a gun battle, and conceivably win.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Dreadnought_(1911)_profile_drawing.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/HMS_Dreadnought_%281911%29_profile_drawing.png/220px-HMS_Dreadnought_%281911%29_profile_drawing.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/HMS_Dreadnought_%281911%29_profile_drawing.png/330px-HMS_Dreadnought_%281911%29_profile_drawing.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/HMS_Dreadnought_%281911%29_profile_drawing.png/440px-HMS_Dreadnought_%281911%29_profile_drawing.png 2x" data-file-width="1385" data-file-height="879" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMS_Dreadnought_(1906)" title="HMS Dreadnought (1906)">HMS Dreadnought (1906)</a></figcaption></figure> Dreadnought was to have been followed by three <a href="/wiki/Invincible-class_battlecruiser" title="Invincible-class battlecruiser">Invincible-class</a> battlecruisers, their construction delayed to allow lessons from Dreadnought to be used in their design. While Fisher may have intended Dreadnought to be the last Royal Navy battleship,<a href="#cite_note-Sondhaus-2">[2]</a> the design was so successful he found little support for his plan to switch to a battlecruiser navy. Although there were some problems with the ship (the wing turrets had limited arcs of fire and strained the hull when firing a full broadside, and the top of the thickest armor belt lay below the waterline at full load), the Royal Navy promptly commissioned another six ships to a similar design in the <a href="/wiki/Bellerophon-class_battleship" title="Bellerophon-class battleship">Bellerophon</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Vincent-class_battleship" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Vincent-class battleship">St. Vincent classes</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] An American design, <a href="/wiki/USS_South_Carolina_(BB-26)" title="USS South Carolina (BB-26)">South Carolina</a>, authorized in 1905 and laid down in December 1906, was another of the first dreadnoughts, but she and her sister, <a href="/wiki/USS_Michigan_(BB-27)" title="USS Michigan (BB-27)">Michigan</a>, were not launched until 1908. Both used triple-expansion engines and had a superior layout of the main battery, dispensing with Dreadnought's wing turrets. They thus retained the same broadside, despite having two fewer guns.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arms_race">Arms race</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battleship&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Arms race">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_naval_arms_race_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="World War I naval arms race (disambiguation)">World War I naval arms race</a></div> In 1897, before the revolution in design brought about by <a href="/wiki/HMS_Dreadnought_(1906)" title="HMS Dreadnought (1906)">HMS Dreadnought</a>, the Royal Navy had 62 battleships in commission or building, a lead of 26 over France and 50 over Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1983209-31">[31]</a> From the 1906 launching of Dreadnought, an arms race with major strategic consequences was prompted. Major naval powers raced to build their own dreadnoughts. Possession of modern battleships was not only seen as vital to naval power, but also, as with <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a> after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, represented a nation's standing in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Sondhaus-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ireland_p66-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> all began dreadnought programmes; while the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ireland_p66-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> commissioned dreadnoughts to be built in British and American yards. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battleship&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: World War I">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare of World War I</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_High_Seas_Fleet_(Hoschseeflotte)_during_World_War_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3c/German_High_Seas_Fleet_%28Hoschseeflotte%29_during_World_War_I.jpg/220px-German_High_Seas_Fleet_%28Hoschseeflotte%29_during_World_War_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3c/German_High_Seas_Fleet_%28Hoschseeflotte%29_during_World_War_I.jpg/330px-German_High_Seas_Fleet_%28Hoschseeflotte%29_during_World_War_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3c/German_High_Seas_Fleet_%28Hoschseeflotte%29_during_World_War_I.jpg/440px-German_High_Seas_Fleet_%28Hoschseeflotte%29_during_World_War_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>German <a href="/wiki/High_Seas_Fleet" title="High Seas Fleet">High Seas Fleet</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></figcaption></figure> By virtue of geography, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> was able to use her imposing battleship and battlecruiser fleet to impose a strict and successful naval blockade of Germany and kept <a href="/wiki/High_Seas_Fleet" title="High Seas Fleet">Germany's smaller battleship fleet</a> bottled up in the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>: only narrow channels led to the Atlantic Ocean and these were guarded by British forces.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Both sides were aware that, because of the greater number of British dreadnoughts, a full fleet engagement would be likely to result in a British victory. The German strategy was therefore to try to provoke an engagement on their terms: either to induce a part of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Fleet" title="Grand Fleet">Grand Fleet</a> to enter battle alone, or to fight a pitched battle near the German coastline, where friendly minefields, torpedo-boats and submarines could be used to even the odds.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> This did not happen, however, due in large part to the necessity to keep submarines for the Atlantic campaign. Submarines were the only vessels in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy" title="Imperial German Navy">Imperial German Navy</a> able to break out and raid British commerce in force, but even though they sank many merchant ships, they could not successfully counter-blockade the United Kingdom; the Royal Navy successfully adopted convoy tactics to combat Germany's submarine counter-blockade and eventually defeated it.<a href="#cite_note-Wells_Brothers_2001-47">[47]</a> This was in stark contrast to Britain's successful blockade of Germany. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Fleet_Assembly_(front).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Grand_Fleet_Assembly_%28front%29.jpg/220px-Grand_Fleet_Assembly_%28front%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Grand_Fleet_Assembly_%28front%29.jpg/330px-Grand_Fleet_Assembly_%28front%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Grand_Fleet_Assembly_%28front%29.jpg/440px-Grand_Fleet_Assembly_%28front%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="295" /></a><figcaption>Britain's Grand Fleet</figcaption></figure> The first two years of war saw the Royal Navy's battleships and battlecruisers regularly "sweep" the North Sea making sure that no German ships could get in or out. Only a few German surface ships that were already at sea, such as the famous light cruiser <a href="/wiki/SMS_Emden" title="SMS Emden">SMS Emden</a>, were able to raid commerce. Even some of those that did manage to get out were hunted down by battlecruisers, as in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Falklands" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Falklands">Battle of the Falklands</a>, December 7, 1914. The results of sweeping actions in the North Sea were battles including the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heligoland_(1914)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Heligoland (1914)">Heligoland Bight</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dogger_Bank_(1915)" title="Battle of Dogger Bank (1915)">Dogger Bank</a> and German raids on the English coast, all of which were attempts by the Germans to lure out portions of the Grand Fleet in an attempt to defeat the Royal Navy in detail. On May 31, 1916, a further attempt to draw British ships into battle on German terms resulted in a clash of the battlefleets in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The German fleet withdrew to port after two short encounters with the British fleet. Less than two months later, the Germans once again attempted to draw portions of the Grand Fleet into battle. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Action_of_19_August_1916" title="Action of 19 August 1916">Action of 19 August 1916</a> proved inconclusive. This reinforced German determination not to engage in a fleet to fleet battle.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Warspite_and_HMS_Malaya_during_the_battle_of_Jutland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/HMS_Warspite_and_HMS_Malaya_during_the_battle_of_Jutland.jpg/220px-HMS_Warspite_and_HMS_Malaya_during_the_battle_of_Jutland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/HMS_Warspite_and_HMS_Malaya_during_the_battle_of_Jutland.jpg/330px-HMS_Warspite_and_HMS_Malaya_during_the_battle_of_Jutland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/HMS_Warspite_and_HMS_Malaya_during_the_battle_of_Jutland.jpg/440px-HMS_Warspite_and_HMS_Malaya_during_the_battle_of_Jutland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="947" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>Warspite and Malaya at Jutland</figcaption></figure> In the other naval theatres there were no decisive pitched battles. In the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, engagement between <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> battleships was restricted to skirmishes. In the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, action was largely limited to the raiding of convoys, and the laying of defensive minefields; the only significant clash of battleship squadrons there was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moon_Sound" title="Battle of Moon Sound">Battle of Moon Sound</a> at which one Russian pre-dreadnought was lost. The <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic</a> was in a sense the mirror of the North Sea: the <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a> dreadnought fleet remained bottled up by the British and French blockade. And in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>, the most important use of battleships was in support of the amphibious assault on <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipoli Campaign">Gallipoli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In September 1914, the threat posed to surface ships by German U-boats was confirmed by successful attacks on British cruisers, including the sinking of three British <a href="/wiki/Armored_cruiser" title="Armored cruiser">armored cruisers</a> by the German submarine <a href="/wiki/SM_U-9" title="SM U-9">SM U-9</a> in less than an hour. The British Super-dreadnought <a href="/wiki/HMS_Audacious_(1912)" title="HMS Audacious (1912)">HMS Audacious</a> soon followed suit as she struck a mine laid by a German U-boat in October 1914 and sank. The threat that German U-boats posed to British dreadnoughts was enough to cause the Royal Navy to change their strategy and tactics in the North Sea to reduce the risk of U-boat attack.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Further near-misses from submarine attacks on battleships and casualties amongst cruisers led to growing concern in the Royal Navy about the vulnerability of battleships. As the war wore on however, it turned out that whilst submarines did prove to be a very dangerous threat to older pre-dreadnought battleships, as shown by examples such as the sinking of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_ironclad_Mesudiye" title="Ottoman ironclad Mesudiye">Mesûdiye</a>, which was caught in the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> by a British submarine<a href="#cite_note-Compton-Hall_2004-52">[52]</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Majestic_(1895)" title="HMS Majestic (1895)">HMS Majestic</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Triumph_(1903)" title="HMS Triumph (1903)">HMS Triumph</a> were torpedoed by U-21 as well as <a href="/wiki/HMS_Formidable_(1898)" title="HMS Formidable (1898)">HMS Formidable</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Cornwallis_(1901)" title="HMS Cornwallis (1901)">HMS Cornwallis</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Britannia_(1904)" title="HMS Britannia (1904)">HMS Britannia</a> etc., the threat posed to dreadnought battleships proved to have been largely a false alarm. HMS Audacious turned out to be the only dreadnought sunk by a submarine in World War I.<a href="#cite_note-Wells_Brothers_2001-47">[47]</a> While battleships were never intended for anti-submarine warfare, there was one instance of a submarine being sunk by a dreadnought battleship. HMS Dreadnought rammed and sank the German submarine U-29 on March 18, 1915, off the Moray Firth.<a href="#cite_note-Wells_Brothers_2001-47">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_134-C2280,_Szent_Istv%C3%A1n,_Sinkendes_Linienschiff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_134-C2280%2C_Szent_Istv%C3%A1n%2C_Sinkendes_Linienschiff.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_134-C2280%2C_Szent_Istv%C3%A1n%2C_Sinkendes_Linienschiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_134-C2280%2C_Szent_Istv%C3%A1n%2C_Sinkendes_Linienschiff.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_134-C2280%2C_Szent_Istv%C3%A1n%2C_Sinkendes_Linienschiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_134-C2280%2C_Szent_Istv%C3%A1n%2C_Sinkendes_Linienschiff.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_134-C2280%2C_Szent_Istv%C3%A1n%2C_Sinkendes_Linienschiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption>The sinking of <a href="/wiki/SMS_Szent_Istv%C3%A1n" title="SMS Szent István">SMS Szent István</a>, after being torpedoed by <a href="/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina">Italian</a> <a href="/wiki/Motor_torpedo_boats" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor torpedo boats">motor boats</a></figcaption></figure> Whilst the escape of the German fleet from the superior British firepower at Jutland was effected by the German cruisers and destroyers successfully turning away the British battleships, the German attempt to rely on U-boat attacks on the British fleet failed.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Torpedo boats did have some successes against battleships in World War I, as demonstrated by the sinking of the British pre-dreadnought <a href="/wiki/HMS_Goliath_(1898)" title="HMS Goliath (1898)">HMS Goliath</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_destroyer_Muavenet-i_Milliye" title="Ottoman destroyer Muavenet-i Milliye">Muâvenet-i Millîye</a> during the Dardanelles Campaign and the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Navy" title="Austro-Hungarian Navy">Austro-Hungarian</a> dreadnought <a href="/wiki/SMS_Szent_Istv%C3%A1n" title="SMS Szent István">SMS Szent István</a> by <a href="/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina">Italian</a> <a href="/wiki/Motor_torpedo_boats" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor torpedo boats">motor torpedo boats</a> in June 1918. In large fleet actions, however, destroyers and torpedo boats were usually unable to get close enough to the battleships to damage them.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The only battleship sunk in a fleet action by either torpedo boats or destroyers was the obsolescent German pre-dreadnought <a href="/wiki/SMS_Pommern" title="SMS Pommern">SMS Pommern</a>. She was sunk by destroyers during the night phase of the Battle of Jutland.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The German High Seas Fleet, for their part, were determined not to engage the British without the assistance of submarines; and since the submarines were needed more for raiding commercial traffic, the fleet stayed in port for much of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1983247–249-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inter-war_period">Inter-war period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battleship&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Inter-war period">edit</a>]</div> For many years, <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Germany</a> simply had no battleships. The <a href="/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany_(Compi%C3%A8gne)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice with Germany (Compiègne)">Armistice with Germany</a> required that most of the High Seas Fleet be disarmed and interned in a neutral port; largely because no neutral port could be found, the ships remained in British custody in <a href="/wiki/Scapa_Flow" title="Scapa Flow">Scapa Flow</a>, Scotland. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> specified that the ships should be handed over to the British. Instead, most of them were <a href="/wiki/Scuttling" title="Scuttling">scuttled</a> by their German crews on June 21, 1919, just before the signature of the peace treaty. The treaty also limited the German Navy, and prevented Germany from building or possessing any <a href="/wiki/Capital_ship" title="Capital ship">capital ships</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Nelson_(1931)_profile_drawing.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/HMS_Nelson_%281931%29_profile_drawing.png/220px-HMS_Nelson_%281931%29_profile_drawing.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/HMS_Nelson_%281931%29_profile_drawing.png/330px-HMS_Nelson_%281931%29_profile_drawing.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/HMS_Nelson_%281931%29_profile_drawing.png/440px-HMS_Nelson_%281931%29_profile_drawing.png 2x" data-file-width="1965" data-file-height="1026" /></a><figcaption>Profile drawing of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Nelson_(28)" title="HMS Nelson (28)">HMS Nelson</a> commissioned 1927</figcaption></figure> The inter-war period saw the battleship subjected to strict international limitations to prevent a costly arms race breaking out.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scrapping_Battleships_1923.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Scrapping_Battleships_1923.jpg/220px-Scrapping_Battleships_1923.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Scrapping_Battleships_1923.jpg/330px-Scrapping_Battleships_1923.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Scrapping_Battleships_1923.jpg/440px-Scrapping_Battleships_1923.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5624" data-file-height="4528" /></a><figcaption>Scrapping of battleships in the Philadelphia Navy Yard, Pennsylvania, in December 1923</figcaption></figure> While the victors were not limited by the Treaty of Versailles, many of the major naval powers were crippled after the war. Faced with the prospect of a naval arms race against the United Kingdom and Japan, which would in turn have led to a possible <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific war</a>, the United States was keen to conclude the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty" title="Washington Naval Treaty">Washington Naval Treaty</a> of 1922. This treaty limited the number and size of battleships that each major nation could possess, and required Britain to accept parity with the U.S. and to abandon the British alliance with Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1983277-57">[57]</a> The Washington treaty was followed by a series of other naval treaties, including the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Naval_Conference" title="Geneva Naval Conference">First Geneva Naval Conference</a> (1927), the <a href="/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty" title="London Naval Treaty">First London Naval Treaty</a> (1930), the <a href="/wiki/Second_Geneva_Naval_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Geneva Naval Conference">Second Geneva Naval Conference</a> (1932), and finally the <a href="/wiki/Second_London_Naval_Treaty" title="Second London Naval Treaty">Second London Naval Treaty</a> (1936), which all set limits on major warships. These treaties became effectively obsolete on September 1, 1939, at the beginning of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, but the ship classifications that had been agreed upon still apply.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The treaty limitations meant that fewer new battleships were launched in 1919–1939 than in 1905–1914. The treaties also inhibited development by imposing upper limits on the weights of ships. Designs like the projected British <a href="/wiki/N3-class_battleship" title="N3-class battleship">N3-class</a> battleship, the first American <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota-class_battleship_(1920)" title="South Dakota-class battleship (1920)">South Dakota class</a>, and the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Kii-class_battleship" title="Kii-class battleship">Kii class</a>—all of which continued the trend to larger ships with bigger guns and thicker armor—never got off the drawing board. Those designs which were commissioned during this period were referred to as <a href="/wiki/Treaty_battleship" title="Treaty battleship">treaty battleships</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rise_of_air_power">Rise of air power</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battleship&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Rise of air power">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostfriesland_bombed_by_Mitchells_team_p19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ostfriesland_bombed_by_Mitchells_team_p19.jpg/220px-Ostfriesland_bombed_by_Mitchells_team_p19.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ostfriesland_bombed_by_Mitchells_team_p19.jpg/330px-Ostfriesland_bombed_by_Mitchells_team_p19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ostfriesland_bombed_by_Mitchells_team_p19.jpg/440px-Ostfriesland_bombed_by_Mitchells_team_p19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2174" data-file-height="1197" /></a><figcaption>Bombing tests which sank <a href="/wiki/SMS_Ostfriesland" title="SMS Ostfriesland">SMS Ostfriesland</a> (1909), September 1921</figcaption></figure> As early as 1914, the British Admiral <a href="/wiki/Percy_Scott" title="Percy Scott">Percy Scott</a> predicted that battleships would soon be made irrelevant by <a href="/wiki/Military_aviation" title="Military aviation">aircraft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1983199-60">[60]</a> By the end of World War I, aircraft had successfully adopted the <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedo</a> as a weapon.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> In 1921 the Italian general and air theorist <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Douhet" title="Giulio Douhet">Giulio Douhet</a> completed a hugely influential treatise on strategic bombing titled The Command of the Air, which foresaw the dominance of air power over naval units. In the 1920s, General <a href="/wiki/Billy_Mitchell" title="Billy Mitchell">Billy Mitchell</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps" title="United States Army Air Corps">United States Army Air Corps</a>, believing that air forces had rendered navies around the world obsolete, testified in front of Congress that "1,000 bombardment airplanes can be built and operated for about the price of one battleship" and that a squadron of these bombers could sink a battleship, making for more efficient use of government funds.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> This infuriated the U.S. Navy, but Mitchell was nevertheless allowed to conduct a careful series of bombing tests alongside Navy and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine</a> bombers. In 1921, he bombed and sank numerous ships, including the "unsinkable" German World War I battleship <a href="/wiki/SMS_Ostfriesland" title="SMS Ostfriesland">SMS Ostfriesland</a> and the American pre-dreadnought <a href="/wiki/USS_Alabama_(BB-8)" title="USS Alabama (BB-8)">Alabama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Although Mitchell had required "war-time conditions", the ships sunk were obsolete, stationary, defenseless and had no damage control. The sinking of Ostfriesland was accomplished by violating an agreement that would have allowed Navy engineers to examine the effects of various munitions: Mitchell's airmen disregarded the rules, and sank the ship within minutes in a coordinated attack. The stunt made headlines, and Mitchell declared, "No surface vessels can exist wherever air forces acting from land bases are able to attack them." While far from conclusive, Mitchell's test was significant because it put proponents of the battleship against naval aviation on the defensive.<a href="#cite_note-Sondhaus-2">[2]</a> Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/William_A._Moffett" title="William A. Moffett">William A. Moffett</a> used public relations against Mitchell to make headway toward expansion of the U.S. Navy's nascent aircraft carrier program.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rearmament">Rearmament</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battleship&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Rearmament">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> extensively upgraded and modernized their World War I–era battleships during the 1930s. Among the new features were an increased tower height and stability for the optical rangefinder equipment (for gunnery control), more armor (especially around turrets) to protect against plunging fire and aerial bombing, and additional anti-aircraft weapons. Some British ships received a large block superstructure nicknamed the "Queen Anne's castle", such as in <a href="/wiki/HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_(1913)" title="HMS Queen Elizabeth (1913)">Queen Elizabeth</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Warspite_(03)" title="HMS Warspite (03)">Warspite</a>, which would be used in the new conning towers of the <a href="/wiki/King_George_V-class_battleship_(1939)" title="King George V-class battleship (1939)">King George V-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Fast_battleship" title="Fast battleship">fast battleships</a>. External bulges were added to improve both buoyancy to counteract weight increase and provide underwater protection against mines and torpedoes. The Japanese rebuilt all of their battleships, plus their battlecruisers, with distinctive "<a href="/wiki/Pagoda_mast" title="Pagoda mast">pagoda</a>" structures, though the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Hiei" title="Japanese battleship Hiei">Hiei</a> received a more modern bridge tower that would influence the new <a href="/wiki/Yamato-class_battleship" title="Yamato-class battleship">Yamato class</a>. Bulges were fitted, including steel tube arrays to improve both underwater and vertical protection along the waterline. The U.S. experimented with <a href="/wiki/Lattice_mast" title="Lattice mast">cage masts</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Tripod_mast" title="Tripod mast">tripod masts</a>, though after the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> some of the most severely damaged ships (such as <a href="/wiki/USS_West_Virginia_(BB-48)" title="USS West Virginia (BB-48)">West Virginia</a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_California_(BB-44)" title="USS California (BB-44)">California</a>) were rebuilt with tower masts, for an appearance similar to their <a href="/wiki/Iowa-class_battleship" title="Iowa-class battleship">Iowa-class</a> contemporaries. Radar, which was effective beyond visual range and effective in complete darkness or adverse weather, was introduced to supplement optical fire control.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Even when war threatened again in the late 1930s, battleship construction did not regain the level of importance it had held in the years before World War I. The "building holiday" imposed by the naval treaties meant the capacity of dockyards worldwide had shrunk, and the strategic position had changed.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a>, the ambitious <a href="/wiki/Plan_Z" title="Plan Z">Plan Z</a> for naval rearmament was abandoned in favor of a strategy of submarine warfare supplemented by the use of battlecruisers and <a href="/wiki/Commerce_raiding" title="Commerce raiding">commerce raiding</a> (in particular by <a href="/wiki/Bismarck-class_battleship" title="Bismarck-class battleship">Bismarck-class</a> battleships). In Britain, the most pressing need was for air defenses and convoy escorts to safeguard the civilian population from bombing or starvation, and re-armament construction plans consisted of five ships of the <a href="/wiki/King_George_V-class_battleship_(1939)" title="King George V-class battleship (1939)">King George V class</a>. It was in the Mediterranean that navies remained most committed to battleship warfare. France intended to build six battleships of the <a href="/wiki/Dunkerque-class_battleship" title="Dunkerque-class battleship">Dunkerque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richelieu-class_battleship" title="Richelieu-class battleship">Richelieu classes</a>, and the Italians four <a href="/wiki/Littorio-class_battleship" title="Littorio-class battleship">Littorio-class</a> ships. Neither navy built significant aircraft carriers. The U.S. preferred to spend limited funds on aircraft carriers until the <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota-class_battleship_(1939)" title="South Dakota-class battleship (1939)">South Dakota class</a>. Japan, also prioritising aircraft carriers, nevertheless began work on three mammoth Yamatos (although the third, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Shinano" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano">Shinano</a>, was later completed as a carrier) and a planned fourth was cancelled.<a href="#cite_note-Lenton-13">[13]</a> At the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Spanish</a> navy included only two small dreadnought battleships, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_battleship_Alfonso_XIII" title="Spanish battleship Alfonso XIII">España</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_battleship_Jaime_I" title="Spanish battleship Jaime I">Jaime I</a>. España (originally named Alfonso XIII), by then in reserve at the northwestern naval base of <a href="/wiki/Ferrol,_Spain" title="Ferrol, Spain">El Ferrol</a>, fell into <a href="/wiki/Spain_under_Franco" class="mw-redirect" title="Spain under Franco">Nationalist</a> hands in July 1936. The crew aboard Jaime I remained loyal to the Republic, killed their officers, who apparently supported Franco's attempted coup, and joined the Republican Navy. Thus each side had one battleship; however, the Republican Navy generally lacked experienced officers. The Spanish battleships mainly restricted themselves to mutual blockades, convoy escort duties, and shore bombardment, rarely in direct fighting against other surface units.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In April 1937, España ran into a mine laid by friendly forces, and sank with little loss of life. In May 1937, Jaime I was damaged by Nationalist air attacks and a grounding incident. The ship was forced to go back to port to be repaired. There she was again hit by several aerial bombs. It was then decided to tow the battleship to a more secure port, but during the transport she suffered an internal explosion that caused 300 deaths and her total loss. Several Italian and German capital ships participated in the non-intervention blockade. On May 29, 1937, two Republican aircraft managed to bomb the German pocket battleship <a href="/wiki/German_cruiser_Deutschland" title="German cruiser Deutschland">Deutschland</a> outside <a href="/wiki/Ibiza" title="Ibiza">Ibiza</a>, causing severe damage and loss of life. <a href="/wiki/German_cruiser_Admiral_Scheer" title="German cruiser Admiral Scheer">Admiral Scheer</a> retaliated two days later by bombarding <a href="/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa" title="Almería">Almería</a>, causing much destruction, and the resulting <a href="/wiki/Deutschland_incident_(1937)" title="Deutschland incident (1937)">Deutschland incident</a> meant the end of German and Italian participation in non-intervention.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battleship&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battleships_in_World_War_II" title="Battleships in World War II">Battleships in World War II</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_battleships_of_the_Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="List of battleships of the Second World War">List of battleships of the Second World War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_battleship_Yamato_under_air_attack_off_Kure_on_19_March_1945_(80-G-309662).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Japanese_battleship_Yamato_under_air_attack_off_Kure_on_19_March_1945_%2880-G-309662%29.jpg/220px-Japanese_battleship_Yamato_under_air_attack_off_Kure_on_19_March_1945_%2880-G-309662%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Japanese_battleship_Yamato_under_air_attack_off_Kure_on_19_March_1945_%2880-G-309662%29.jpg/330px-Japanese_battleship_Yamato_under_air_attack_off_Kure_on_19_March_1945_%2880-G-309662%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Japanese_battleship_Yamato_under_air_attack_off_Kure_on_19_March_1945_%2880-G-309662%29.jpg/440px-Japanese_battleship_Yamato_under_air_attack_off_Kure_on_19_March_1945_%2880-G-309662%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5663" data-file-height="4434" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a>'s Yamato, seen here under air attack in 1945, and her sister ship <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Musashi" title="Japanese battleship Musashi">Musashi</a> (1940) were the heaviest battleships in history.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_warships_entering_Lingayen_Gulf_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/US_warships_entering_Lingayen_Gulf_1945.jpg/220px-US_warships_entering_Lingayen_Gulf_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/US_warships_entering_Lingayen_Gulf_1945.jpg/330px-US_warships_entering_Lingayen_Gulf_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/US_warships_entering_Lingayen_Gulf_1945.jpg/440px-US_warships_entering_Lingayen_Gulf_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1384" data-file-height="969" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_Pennsylvania_(BB-38)" title="USS Pennsylvania (BB-38)">Pennsylvania</a> leading battleship <a href="/wiki/USS_Colorado_(BB-45)" title="USS Colorado (BB-45)">Colorado</a> and cruisers <a href="/wiki/USS_Louisville_(CA-28)" title="USS Louisville (CA-28)">Louisville</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Portland_(CA-33)" title="USS Portland (CA-33)">Portland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/USS_Columbia_(CL-56)" title="USS Columbia (CL-56)">Columbia</a> into <a href="/wiki/Lingayen_Gulf" title="Lingayen Gulf">Lingayen Gulf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, January 1945</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/SMS_Schleswig-Holstein" title="SMS Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>—an obsolete <a href="/wiki/Pre-dreadnought" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-dreadnought">pre-dreadnought</a>—fired the first shots of World War II with the bombardment of the Polish garrison at <a href="/wiki/Westerplatte" title="Westerplatte">Westerplatte</a>;<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> and the final surrender of the Japanese Empire took place aboard a United States Navy battleship, <a href="/wiki/USS_Missouri_(BB-63)" title="USS Missouri (BB-63)">USS Missouri</a>. Between those two events, it had become clear that aircraft carriers were the new principal ships of the fleet and that battleships now performed a secondary role. Battleships played a part in major engagements in Atlantic, Pacific and Mediterranean theaters; in the Atlantic, the Germans used their battleships as independent commerce raiders. However, clashes between battleships were of little strategic importance. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a> was fought between destroyers and submarines, and most of the decisive fleet clashes of the Pacific war were determined by <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carriers</a>. In the first year of the war, armored warships defied predictions that aircraft would dominate naval warfare. <a href="/wiki/German_battleship_Scharnhorst" title="German battleship Scharnhorst">Scharnhorst</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_battleship_Gneisenau" title="German battleship Gneisenau">Gneisenau</a> surprised and sank the aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/HMS_Glorious" title="HMS Glorious">Glorious</a> off western <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> in June 1940.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> This engagement marked the only time a fleet carrier was sunk by surface gunnery. In the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir" title="Attack on Mers-el-Kébir">attack on Mers-el-Kébir</a>, British battleships opened fire on the French battleships in the harbor near Oran in Algeria with their heavy guns. The fleeing French ships were then pursued by planes from aircraft carriers. The subsequent years of the war saw many demonstrations of the maturity of the aircraft carrier as a strategic naval weapon and its effectiveness against battleships. The British air attack on the Italian naval base at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taranto" title="Battle of Taranto">Taranto</a> sank one Italian battleship and damaged two more. The same <a href="/wiki/Fairey_Swordfish" title="Fairey Swordfish">Swordfish</a> torpedo bombers played a crucial role in sinking the German battleship <a href="/wiki/German_battleship_Bismarck" title="German battleship Bismarck">Bismarck</a>. On December 7, 1941, the Japanese launched a surprise <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>. Within a short time, five of eight U.S. battleships were sunk or sinking, with the rest damaged. All three American aircraft carriers were out to sea, however, and evaded destruction. The <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse" title="Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse">sinking</a> of the British battleship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Prince_of_Wales_(53)" title="HMS Prince of Wales (53)">Prince of Wales</a> and battlecruiser <a href="/wiki/HMS_Repulse_(1916)" title="HMS Repulse (1916)">Repulse</a>, demonstrated the vulnerability of a battleship to air attack while at sea without sufficient air cover, settling the argument begun by Mitchell in 1921. Both warships were under way and en route to attack the Japanese amphibious force that had invaded <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Malaya">Malaya</a> when they were caught by Japanese land-based <a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">bombers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_bomber" title="Torpedo bomber">torpedo bombers</a> on December 10, 1941.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_battleship_Haruna_under_attack_on_28_July_1945_(80-G-490224).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Japanese_battleship_Haruna_under_attack_on_28_July_1945_%2880-G-490224%29.jpg/220px-Japanese_battleship_Haruna_under_attack_on_28_July_1945_%2880-G-490224%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Japanese_battleship_Haruna_under_attack_on_28_July_1945_%2880-G-490224%29.jpg/330px-Japanese_battleship_Haruna_under_attack_on_28_July_1945_%2880-G-490224%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Japanese_battleship_Haruna_under_attack_on_28_July_1945_%2880-G-490224%29.jpg/440px-Japanese_battleship_Haruna_under_attack_on_28_July_1945_%2880-G-490224%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5756" data-file-height="4492" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Haruna" title="Japanese battleship Haruna">Haruna</a> attacked by U.S. Navy carrier aircraft at Kure air raid, 28 July 1945</figcaption></figure> At many of the early crucial battles of the Pacific, for instance <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Midway</a>, battleships were either absent or overshadowed as carriers launched wave after wave of planes into the attack at a range of hundreds of miles. In later battles in the Pacific, battleships primarily performed shore bombardment in support of amphibious landings and provided anti-aircraft defense as escort for the carriers. Even the largest battleships ever constructed, Japan's <a href="/wiki/Yamato-class_battleship" title="Yamato-class battleship">Yamato class</a>, which carried a main battery of nine 18-inch (46 cm) guns and were designed as a principal strategic weapon, were never given a chance to show their potential in the decisive battleship action that figured in <a href="/wiki/Kantai_Kessen" title="Kantai Kessen">Japanese pre-war planning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The last battleship confrontation in history was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Surigao_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Surigao Strait">Battle of Surigao Strait</a>, on October 25, 1944, in which a numerically and technically superior American battleship group destroyed a lesser Japanese battleship group by gunfire after it had already been devastated by destroyer torpedo attacks. All but one of the American battleships in this confrontation had previously been sunk during the attack on <a href="/wiki/Naval_Station_Pearl_Harbor" title="Naval Station Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a> and subsequently raised and repaired. <a href="/wiki/USS_Mississippi_(BB-41)" title="USS Mississippi (BB-41)">Mississippi</a> fired the last major-caliber <a href="/wiki/Salvo" title="Salvo">salvo</a> of this battle.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> In April 1945, during the battle for <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a>, the world's most powerful battleship,<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> the Yamato, was sent out on a <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ten-Go" title="Operation Ten-Go">suicide mission</a> against a massive U.S. force and sunk by overwhelming pressure from carrier aircraft with nearly all hands lost. After that, the Japanese fleet remaining in the home islands was also destroyed by the US naval air force. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_War">Cold War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battleship&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cold War">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Operation_Crossroads_Baker_Edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Operation_Crossroads_Baker_Edit.jpg/290px-Operation_Crossroads_Baker_Edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Operation_Crossroads_Baker_Edit.jpg/435px-Operation_Crossroads_Baker_Edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Operation_Crossroads_Baker_Edit.jpg/580px-Operation_Crossroads_Baker_Edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5137" data-file-height="2696" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossroads" title="Operation Crossroads">Operation Crossroads</a></figcaption></figure> After World War II, several navies retained their existing battleships, but they were no longer strategically dominant military assets. It soon became apparent that they were no longer worth the considerable cost of construction and maintenance and only one new battleship was commissioned after the war, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Vanguard_(23)" title="HMS Vanguard (23)">HMS Vanguard</a>. During the war it had been demonstrated that battleship-on-battleship engagements like <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte Gulf</a> or the sinking of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hood" title="HMS Hood">HMS Hood</a> were the exception and not the rule, and with the growing role of aircraft, engagement ranges were becoming longer and longer, making heavy gun armament irrelevant. The armor of a battleship was equally irrelevant in the face of a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">nuclear attack</a> as tactical missiles with a range of 100 kilometres (60 mi) or more could be mounted on the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Kildin-class_destroyer" title="Kildin-class destroyer">Kildin-class</a> destroyer and <a href="/wiki/Whiskey-class_submarine" title="Whiskey-class submarine">Whiskey-class</a> submarines. By the end of the 1950s, smaller vessel classes such as destroyers, which formerly offered no noteworthy opposition to battleships, now were capable of eliminating battleships from outside the range of the ship's heavy guns. The remaining battleships met a variety of ends. <a href="/wiki/USS_Arkansas_(BB-33)" title="USS Arkansas (BB-33)">USS Arkansas</a> and the Japanese battleship <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Nagato" title="Japanese battleship Nagato">Nagato</a> were sunk during the testing of nuclear weapons in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossroads" title="Operation Crossroads">Operation Crossroads</a> in 1946. Both battleships proved resistant to nuclear air burst but vulnerable to underwater nuclear explosions (in the case of Arkansas, "vulnerable" due to her proximity to the bomb crushing, flipping, and sinking her in less than a second).<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Italian_battleship_Giulio_Cesare" title="Italian battleship Giulio Cesare">Italian battleship Giulio Cesare</a> was taken by the Soviets as reparations and renamed Novorossiysk; she was sunk by a leftover German mine in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> on October 29, 1955. The two <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Doria-class_battleship" title="Andrea Doria-class battleship">Andrea Doria-class</a> ships were scrapped in 1956.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The French battleship <a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Lorraine" title="French battleship Lorraine">Lorraine</a> was scrapped in 1954, <a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Richelieu" title="French battleship Richelieu">Richelieu</a> in 1968,<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Jean_Bart_(1940)" title="French battleship Jean Bart (1940)">Jean Bart</a> in 1970.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_Group_Alpha_(Midway,_Iowa)_underway,_1987.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Battle_Group_Alpha_%28Midway%2C_Iowa%29_underway%2C_1987.jpg/220px-Battle_Group_Alpha_%28Midway%2C_Iowa%29_underway%2C_1987.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Battle_Group_Alpha_%28Midway%2C_Iowa%29_underway%2C_1987.jpg/330px-Battle_Group_Alpha_%28Midway%2C_Iowa%29_underway%2C_1987.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Battle_Group_Alpha_%28Midway%2C_Iowa%29_underway%2C_1987.jpg/440px-Battle_Group_Alpha_%28Midway%2C_Iowa%29_underway%2C_1987.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="1416" /></a><figcaption>United States Battleship <a href="/wiki/Naval_fleet" title="Naval fleet">naval fleet</a> in 1987, during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></figcaption></figure> The United Kingdom's four surviving <a href="/wiki/King_George_V-class_battleship_(1939)" title="King George V-class battleship (1939)">King George V-class</a> ships were scrapped in 1957,<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Vanguard_(23)" title="HMS Vanguard (23)">Vanguard</a> followed in 1960.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> All other surviving British battleships had been sold or broken up by 1949.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The Soviet Union's <a href="/wiki/Russian_battleship_Petropavlovsk_(1911)" title="Russian battleship Petropavlovsk (1911)">Marat</a> was scrapped in 1953, <a href="/wiki/Russian_battleship_Sevastopol_(1911)" title="Russian battleship Sevastopol (1911)">Parizhskaya Kommuna</a> in 1957 and <a href="/wiki/Russian_battleship_Gangut_(1911)" title="Russian battleship Gangut (1911)">Oktyabrskaya Revolutsiya</a> (back under her original name, <a href="/wiki/Russian_battleship_Gangut_(1911)" title="Russian battleship Gangut (1911)">Gangut</a>, since 1942)<a href="#cite_note-Fitzsimons-82">[82]</a> in 1956–57.<a href="#cite_note-Fitzsimons-82">[82]</a> Brazil's <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_battleship_Minas_Geraes" title="Brazilian battleship Minas Geraes">Minas Geraes</a> was scrapped in Genoa in 1953,<a href="#cite_note-Fitzsimons_2-83">[83]</a> and her sister ship <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_battleship_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Brazilian battleship São Paulo">São Paulo</a> sank during a storm in the Atlantic en route to the breakers in Italy in 1951.<a href="#cite_note-Fitzsimons_2-83">[83]</a> Argentina kept its two <a href="/wiki/Rivadavia-class_battleship" title="Rivadavia-class battleship">Rivadavia-class</a> ships until 1956 and Chile kept <a href="/wiki/Chilean_battleship_Almirante_Latorre" title="Chilean battleship Almirante Latorre">Almirante Latorre</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Chilean_battleship_Almirante_Latorre" title="Chilean battleship Almirante Latorre">HMS Canada</a>) until 1959.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish</a> battlecruiser <a href="/wiki/SMS_Goeben" title="SMS Goeben">Yavûz</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/SMS_Goeben" title="SMS Goeben">SMS Goeben</a>, launched in 1911) was scrapped in 1976 after an offer to sell her back to Germany was refused. Sweden had several small coastal-defense battleships, one of which, <a href="/wiki/HSwMS_Gustaf_V" title="HSwMS Gustaf V">HSwMS Gustav V</a>, survived until 1970.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The Soviets scrapped four large incomplete cruisers in the late 1950s, whilst plans to build a number of new <a href="/wiki/Stalingrad-class_battlecruiser" title="Stalingrad-class battlecruiser">Stalingrad-class</a> battlecruisers were abandoned following the death of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> in 1953.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The three old German battleships <a href="/wiki/SMS_Schleswig-Holstein" title="SMS Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/SMS_Schlesien" title="SMS Schlesien">Schlesien</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SMS_Hessen" title="SMS Hessen">Hessen</a> all met similar ends. Hessen was taken over by the Soviet Union and renamed Tsel. She was scrapped in 1960. Schleswig-Holstein was renamed Borodino, and was used as a target ship until 1960. Schlesien, too, was used as a target ship. She was broken up between 1952 and 1957.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Missouri_missile_BGM-109_Tomahawk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Missouri_missile_BGM-109_Tomahawk.JPG/220px-Missouri_missile_BGM-109_Tomahawk.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Missouri_missile_BGM-109_Tomahawk.JPG/330px-Missouri_missile_BGM-109_Tomahawk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Missouri_missile_BGM-109_Tomahawk.JPG/440px-Missouri_missile_BGM-109_Tomahawk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2810" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_Missouri_(BB-63)" title="USS Missouri (BB-63)">USS Missouri</a> launches a <a href="/wiki/Tomahawk_(missile_family)" title="Tomahawk (missile family)">Tomahawk missile</a> during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Storm">Operation Desert Storm</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Iowa-class_battleship" title="Iowa-class battleship">Iowa-class</a> battleships gained a new lease of life in the U.S. Navy as fire support ships. <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a> and computer-controlled gunfire could be aimed with pinpoint accuracy to target. The U.S. recommissioned all four Iowa-class battleships for the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/USS_New_Jersey_(BB-62)" title="USS New Jersey (BB-62)">New Jersey</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. These were primarily used for shore bombardment, New Jersey firing nearly 6,000 rounds of 16-inch shells and over 14,000 rounds of 5-inch projectiles during her tour on the gunline,<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> seven times more rounds against shore targets in Vietnam than she had fired in the Second World War.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> As part of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Navy Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/John_F._Lehman" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Lehman">John F. Lehman</a>'s effort to build a <a href="/wiki/600-ship_Navy" title="600-ship Navy">600-ship Navy</a> in the 1980s, and in response to the commissioning of <a href="/wiki/Russian_battlecruiser_Kirov" title="Russian battlecruiser Kirov">Kirov</a> by the Soviet Union, the United States recommissioned all four Iowa-class battleships. On several occasions, battleships were support ships in <a href="/wiki/Carrier_battle_group" title="Carrier battle group">carrier battle groups</a>, or led their own <a href="/wiki/Battleship_battle_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Battleship battle group">battleship battle group</a>. These were modernized to carry <a href="/wiki/Tomahawk_(missile_family)" title="Tomahawk (missile family)">Tomahawk</a> (TLAM) missiles, with New Jersey seeing action bombarding <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> in 1983 and 1984, while <a href="/wiki/USS_Missouri_(BB-63)" title="USS Missouri (BB-63)">Missouri</a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Wisconsin_(BB-64)" title="USS Wisconsin (BB-64)">Wisconsin</a> fired their 16-inch (406 mm) guns at land targets and launched missiles during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Storm">Operation Desert Storm</a> in 1991. Wisconsin served as the TLAM strike commander for the Persian Gulf, directing the sequence of launches that marked the opening of Desert Storm, firing a total of 24 TLAMs during the first two days of the campaign. The primary threat to the battleships were Iraqi shore-based surface-to-surface missiles; Missouri was targeted by two <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a> <a href="/wiki/Silkworm_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Silkworm missile">Silkworm missiles</a>, with one missing and another being intercepted by the British destroyer <a href="/wiki/HMS_Gloucester_(D96)" title="HMS Gloucester (D96)">HMS Gloucester</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_battleship_era">End of the battleship era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battleship&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: End of the battleship era">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Texas_BB-35.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/USS_Texas_BB-35.jpg/220px-USS_Texas_BB-35.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/USS_Texas_BB-35.jpg/330px-USS_Texas_BB-35.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/USS_Texas_BB-35.jpg/440px-USS_Texas_BB-35.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="1682" /></a><figcaption>The American <a href="/wiki/USS_Texas_(BB-35)" title="USS Texas (BB-35)">Texas</a> (1912) is the only preserved example of a Dreadnought-type battleship that dates to the time of the original HMS Dreadnought.</figcaption></figure> After <a href="/wiki/USS_Indiana_(BB-58)" title="USS Indiana (BB-58)">Indiana</a> was stricken in 1962, the four Iowa-class ships were the only battleships in commission or reserve anywhere in the world. There was an <a href="/wiki/United_States_battleship_retirement_debate" title="United States battleship retirement debate">extended debate</a> when the four Iowa ships were finally decommissioned in the early 1990s. <a href="/wiki/USS_Iowa_(BB-61)" title="USS Iowa (BB-61)">USS Iowa</a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Wisconsin_(BB-64)" title="USS Wisconsin (BB-64)">USS Wisconsin</a> were maintained to a standard whereby they could be rapidly returned to service as fire support vessels, pending the development of a superior fire support vessel. These last two battleships were finally stricken from the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register" title="Naval Vessel Register">Naval Vessel Register</a> in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-BB61-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-BB64-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The Military Balance and Russian <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Зарубежное военное обозрение">Foreign Military Review</a> states the U.S. Navy listed one battleship in the reserve (Naval Inactive Fleet/Reserve 2nd Turn) in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The Military Balance states the U.S. Navy listed no battleships in the reserve in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> When the last Iowa-class ship was finally stricken from the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Registry" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Vessel Registry">Naval Vessel Registry</a>, no battleships remained in service or in reserve with any navy worldwide. A number are preserved as <a href="/wiki/Museum_ship" title="Museum ship">museum ships</a>, either afloat or in drydock. The U.S. has eight battleships on display: <a href="/wiki/USS_Massachusetts_(BB-59)" title="USS Massachusetts (BB-59)">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_North_Carolina_(BB-55)" title="USS North Carolina (BB-55)">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Alabama_(BB-60)" title="USS Alabama (BB-60)">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Iowa_(BB-61)" title="USS Iowa (BB-61)">Iowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_New_Jersey_(BB-62)" title="USS New Jersey (BB-62)">New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Missouri_(BB-63)" title="USS Missouri (BB-63)">Missouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Wisconsin_(BB-64)" title="USS Wisconsin (BB-64)">Wisconsin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/USS_Texas_(BB-35)" title="USS Texas (BB-35)">Texas</a>. Missouri and New Jersey are museums at <a href="/wiki/Naval_Station_Pearl_Harbor" title="Naval Station Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camden,_New_Jersey" title="Camden, New Jersey">Camden, New Jersey</a>, respectively. Iowa is on display as an educational attraction at the Los Angeles Waterfront in <a href="/wiki/San_Pedro,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Pedro, California">San Pedro, California</a>. Wisconsin now serves as a museum ship in <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk, Virginia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Massachusetts, which has the distinction of never having lost a man during service, is on display at the <a href="/wiki/Battleship_Cove" title="Battleship Cove">Battleship Cove</a> naval museum in <a href="/wiki/Fall_River,_Massachusetts" title="Fall River, Massachusetts">Fall River, Massachusetts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Texas, the first battleship turned into a museum, is normally on display at the <a href="/wiki/San_Jacinto_Battleground_State_Historic_Site" title="San Jacinto Battleground State Historic Site">San Jacinto Battleground State Historic Site</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, but as of 2021 is closed for repairs.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> North Carolina is on display in <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina" title="Wilmington, North Carolina">Wilmington, North Carolina</a>. Alabama is on display in <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile, Alabama</a>. The wreck of <a href="/wiki/USS_Arizona" title="USS Arizona">Arizona</a>, sunk during the Pearl Harbor attack in 1941, is designated a historical landmark and national gravesite. The wreck of <a href="/wiki/USS_Utah_(BB-31)" title="USS Utah (BB-31)">Utah</a>, also sunk during the attack, is a historic landmark. The only other 20th-century battleship on display is the Japanese pre-dreadnought <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Mikasa" title="Japanese battleship Mikasa">Mikasa</a>. A replica of the ironclad battleship <a href="/wiki/Chinese_ironclad_Dingyuan" title="Chinese ironclad Dingyuan">Dingyuan</a> was built by the Weihai Port Bureau in 2003 and is on display in <a href="/wiki/Weihai" title="Weihai">Weihai</a>, China.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Former battleships that were previously used as museum ships included <a href="/wiki/USS_Oregon_(BB-3)" title="USS Oregon (BB-3)">USS Oregon (BB-3)</a>, <a href="/wiki/SMS_Tegetthoff_(1912)" title="SMS Tegetthoff (1912)">SMS Tegetthoff</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SMS_Erzherzog_Franz_Ferdinand" title="SMS Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand">SMS Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strategy_and_doctrine">Strategy and doctrine</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battleship&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Strategy and doctrine">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doctrine">Doctrine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battleship&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Doctrine">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uss_iowa_bb-61_pr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Uss_iowa_bb-61_pr.jpg/220px-Uss_iowa_bb-61_pr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Uss_iowa_bb-61_pr.jpg/330px-Uss_iowa_bb-61_pr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Uss_iowa_bb-61_pr.jpg/440px-Uss_iowa_bb-61_pr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5695" data-file-height="4480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_Iowa_(BB-61)" title="USS Iowa (BB-61)">USS Iowa</a> fires a full broadside of her nine 16″/50 and six 5″/38 guns during a target exercise.</figcaption></figure> Battleships were the embodiment of <a href="/wiki/Sea_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea power">sea power</a>. For American naval officer <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Thayer_Mahan" title="Alfred Thayer Mahan">Alfred Thayer Mahan</a> and his followers, a strong navy was vital to the success of a nation, and control of the seas was vital for the projection of force on land and overseas. Mahan's theory, proposed in <a href="/wiki/The_Influence_of_Sea_Power_upon_History" title="The Influence of Sea Power upon History">The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660–1783</a> of 1890, dictated the role of the battleship was to sweep the enemy from the seas.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> While the work of escorting, <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockading</a>, and raiding might be done by <a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">cruisers</a> or smaller vessels, the presence of the battleship was a potential threat to any convoy escorted by any vessels other than capital ships. This concept of "potential threat" can be further generalized to the mere existence (as opposed to presence) of a powerful fleet tying the opposing fleet down. This concept came to be known as a "<a href="/wiki/Fleet_in_being" title="Fleet in being">fleet in being</a>"—an idle yet mighty fleet forcing others to spend time, resource and effort to actively guard against it.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Mahan went on to say victory could only be achieved by engagements between battleships, which came to be known as the decisive battle doctrine in some navies, while targeting merchant ships (<a href="/wiki/Commerce_raiding" title="Commerce raiding">commerce raiding</a> or guerre de course, as posited by the <a href="/wiki/Jeune_%C3%89cole" title="Jeune École">Jeune École</a>) could never succeed.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Mahan was highly influential in naval and political circles throughout the age of the battleship,<a href="#cite_note-Sondhaus-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy19832,_200,_206-102">[102]</a> calling for a large fleet of the most powerful battleships possible. Mahan's work developed in the late 1880s, and by the end of the 1890s it had acquired much international influence on naval strategy;<a href="#cite_note-Sondhaus-2">[2]</a> in the end, it was adopted by many major navies (notably the British, American, German, and Japanese). The strength of Mahanian opinion was important in the development of the battleships arms races, and equally important in the agreement of the Powers to limit battleship numbers in the interwar era.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The "fleet in being" suggested battleships could simply by their existence tie down superior enemy resources. This in turn was believed to be able to tip the balance of a conflict even without a battle. This suggested even for inferior naval powers a battleship fleet could have important strategic effect.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tactics">Tactics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battleship&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Tactics">edit</a>]</div> While the role of battleships in both World Wars reflected Mahanian doctrine, the details of battleship deployment were more complex. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">ships of the line</a>, the battleships of the late 19th and early 20th centuries had significant vulnerability to torpedoes and mines—because efficient mines and torpedoes did not exist before that<a href="#cite_note-Dahl-103">[103]</a>—which could be used by relatively small and inexpensive craft. The Jeune École doctrine of the 1870s and 1880s recommended placing <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_boat" title="Torpedo boat">torpedo boats</a> alongside battleships; these would hide behind the larger ships until gun-smoke obscured visibility enough for them to dart out and fire their torpedoes.<a href="#cite_note-Sondhaus-2">[2]</a> While this tactic was made less effective by the development of smokeless propellant, the threat from more capable torpedo craft (later including submarines) remained. By the 1890s, the Royal Navy had developed the first <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a>, which were initially designed to intercept and drive off any attacking torpedo boats. During the First World War and subsequently, battleships were rarely deployed without a protective screen of destroyers.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Battleship doctrine emphasized the concentration of the battlegroup. In order for this concentrated force to be able to bring its power to bear on a reluctant opponent (or to avoid an encounter with a stronger enemy fleet), battlefleets needed some means of locating enemy ships beyond horizon range. This was provided by scouting forces; at various stages <a href="/wiki/Battlecruisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Battlecruisers">battlecruisers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cruisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruisers">cruisers</a>, destroyers, <a href="/wiki/Airship" title="Airship">airships</a>, submarines and aircraft were all used. (With the development of radio, <a href="/wiki/Direction_finding" title="Direction finding">direction finding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traffic_analysis" title="Traffic analysis">traffic analysis</a> would come into play, as well, so even shore stations, broadly speaking, joined the battlegroup.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a>) So for most of their history, battleships operated surrounded by squadrons of destroyers and cruisers. The North Sea campaign of the First World War illustrates how, despite this support, the threat of mine and torpedo attack, and the failure to integrate or appreciate the capabilities of new techniques,<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> seriously inhibited the operations of the Royal Navy <a href="/wiki/Grand_Fleet" title="Grand Fleet">Grand Fleet</a>, the greatest battleship fleet of its time. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strategic_and_diplomatic_impact">Strategic and diplomatic impact</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battleship&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Strategic and diplomatic impact">edit</a>]</div> The presence of battleships had a great psychological and diplomatic impact. Similar to possessing <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> today, the ownership of battleships served to enhance a nation's force projection.<a href="#cite_note-Sondhaus-2">[2]</a> Even during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the psychological impact of a battleship was significant. In 1946, USS Missouri was dispatched to deliver the remains of the ambassador from Turkey, and her presence in Turkish and <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greek</a> waters staved off a possible Soviet thrust into the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> In September 1983, when <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> militia in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>'s Shouf Mountains fired upon U.S. Marine peacekeepers, the arrival of USS New Jersey stopped the firing. Gunfire from New Jersey later killed militia leaders.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Value_for_money">Value for money</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battleship&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Value for money">edit</a>]</div> Battleships were the largest and most complex, and hence the most expensive warships of their time; as a result, the value of investment in battleships has always been contested. As the French politician <a href="/wiki/Etienne_Lamy" class="mw-redirect" title="Etienne Lamy">Etienne Lamy</a> wrote in 1879, "The construction of battleships is so costly, their effectiveness so uncertain and of such short duration, that the enterprise of creating an armored fleet seems to leave fruitless the perseverance of a people".<a href="#cite_note-Dahl-103">[103]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jeune_%C3%89cole" title="Jeune École">Jeune École</a> school of thought of the 1870s and 1880s sought alternatives to the crippling expense and debatable utility of a conventional battlefleet. It proposed what would nowadays be termed a <a href="/wiki/Sea_denial" title="Sea denial">sea denial</a> strategy, based on fast, long-ranged cruisers for commerce raiding and torpedo boat flotillas to attack enemy ships attempting to blockade French ports. The ideas of the Jeune École were ahead of their time; it was not until the 20th century that efficient mines, torpedoes, submarines, and aircraft were available that allowed similar ideas to be effectively implemented.<a href="#cite_note-Dahl-103">[103]</a> The determination of powers such as <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> to build battlefleets with which to confront much stronger rivals has been criticized by historians, who emphasise the futility of investment in a battlefleet that has no chance of matching its opponent in an actual battle.<a href="#cite_note-Sondhaus-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Former_operators">Former operators</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battleship&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Former operators">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Battleship" title="Special:EditPage/Battleship">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (May 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Chinese_Navy" title="Imperial Chinese Navy">Imperial Chinese Navy</a>: lost its two <a href="/wiki/Dingyuan-class_ironclad" title="Dingyuan-class ironclad">Dingyuan-class battleships</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_ironclad_Dingyuan" title="Chinese ironclad Dingyuan">Dingyuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_ironclad_Zhenyuan" title="Chinese ironclad Zhenyuan">Zhenyuan</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Weihaiwei" title="Battle of Weihaiwei">Battle of Weihaiwei</a> in 1895.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Austria-Hungary-flag-1869-1914-naval-1786-1869-merchant.svg/23px-Austria-Hungary-flag-1869-1914-naval-1786-1869-merchant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Austria-Hungary-flag-1869-1914-naval-1786-1869-merchant.svg/35px-Austria-Hungary-flag-1869-1914-naval-1786-1869-merchant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Austria-Hungary-flag-1869-1914-naval-1786-1869-merchant.svg/46px-Austria-Hungary-flag-1869-1914-naval-1786-1869-merchant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Navy" title="Austro-Hungarian Navy">Austro-Hungarian Navy</a>: lost its entire navy following the collapse of the Empire at the end of World War I.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Naval_ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Naval_ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Naval_ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia.svg/46px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Yugoslav_Navy" title="Royal Yugoslav Navy">Royal Yugoslav Navy</a>: its only battleship, <a href="/wiki/SMS_Viribus_Unitis" title="SMS Viribus Unitis">KB Jugoslavija</a>, was sunk by Italian frogmen during the 1918 <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Pula" title="Raid on Pula">Raid on Pula</a>.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Naval_Ensign_of_Ukraine_%28January%E2%80%93July_1918%29.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_Ukraine_%28January%E2%80%93July_1918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Naval_Ensign_of_Ukraine_%28January%E2%80%93July_1918%29.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_Ukraine_%28January%E2%80%93July_1918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Naval_Ensign_of_Ukraine_%28January%E2%80%93July_1918%29.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_Ukraine_%28January%E2%80%93July_1918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Navy_of_the_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Navy of the Ukrainian People's Republic">Navy of the Ukrainian People's Republic</a>: lost its entire navy upon its <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">conquest</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> in 1921.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/46px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Naval_Forces" title="Turkish Naval Forces">Turkish Naval Forces</a>: sole surviving battleship <a href="/wiki/SMS_Weissenburg" title="SMS Weissenburg">TCG Turgut Reis</a> was decommissioned in 1933.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Navy" title="Spanish Navy">Spanish Navy</a>: lost its two surviving <a href="/wiki/Espa%C3%B1a-class_battleship" title="España-class battleship">España-class</a> battleships during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, both in 1937.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Naval_Ensign_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1970%29.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1970%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Naval_Ensign_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1970%29.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1970%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Naval_Ensign_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1970%29.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1970%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hellenic_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Hellenic Navy">Royal Hellenic Navy</a>: lost its two <a href="/wiki/Mississippi-class_battleship" title="Mississippi-class battleship">Mississippi-class</a> battleships during the German bombing of Salamis in 1941.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a>: scuttled its two surviving <a href="/wiki/Deutschland-class_battleship" title="Deutschland-class battleship">Deutschland-class</a> battleships in 1945, during the closing months of World War II.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/46px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a>: surrendered its sole surviving battleship, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Nagato" title="Japanese battleship Nagato">Nagato</a>, to the United States following World War II.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Navy" title="Brazilian Navy">Brazilian Navy</a>: decommissioned its last battleship, <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_battleship_Minas_Geraes" title="Brazilian battleship Minas Geraes">Minas Geraes</a>, in 1952.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Naval_Ensign_of_Italy.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Naval_Ensign_of_Italy.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Naval_Ensign_of_Italy.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Navy" title="Italian Navy">Italian Navy</a>: decommissioned its two <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Doria-class_battleship" title="Andrea Doria-class battleship">Andrea Doria-class</a> battleships in 1953.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Naval_Ensign_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281950%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281950%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Naval_Ensign_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281950%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281950%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Naval_Ensign_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281950%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281950%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Soviet Navy</a>: decommissioned its last two <a href="/wiki/Gangut-class_battleship" title="Gangut-class battleship">Gangut-class</a> battleships in 1956.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Navy" title="Argentine Navy">Argentine Navy</a>: decommissioned its last battleship, <a href="/wiki/ARA_Rivadavia" title="ARA Rivadavia">Rivadavia</a>, in 1957.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/46px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Navy" title="Chilean Navy">Chilean Navy</a>: decommissioned its last battleship, <a href="/wiki/Chilean_battleship_Almirante_Latorre" title="Chilean battleship Almirante Latorre">Almirante Latorre</a>, in 1958.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>: decommissioned its last battleship, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Vanguard_(23)" title="HMS Vanguard (23)">HMS Vanguard</a>, in 1960.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ensign_of_France.svg/23px-Ensign_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ensign_of_France.svg/35px-Ensign_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ensign_of_France.svg/46px-Ensign_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a>: decommissioned its last battleship, <a href="/wiki/French_battleship_Jean_Bart_(1940)" title="French battleship Jean Bart (1940)">Jean Bart</a>, in 1970.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>: decommissioned its last battleship, <a href="/wiki/USS_Missouri_(BB-63)" title="USS Missouri (BB-63)">USS Missouri</a>, in 1992. She was the last active battleship of any navy.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battleship&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arsenal_ship" title="Arsenal ship">Arsenal ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battleships" title="List of battleships">List of battleships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sunken_battleships" title="List of sunken battleships">List of sunken battleships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_World_War_II" title="List of ships of World War II">List of ships of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battleships_of_World_War_I" title="List of battleships of World War I">List of battleships of World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battleships_of_World_War_II" title="List of battleships of World War II">List of battleships of World War II</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battleship&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Stoll-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stoll_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoll_1-1">b</a> Stoll, J. Steaming in the Dark?, Journal of Conflict Resolution Vol. 36 No. 2, June 1992. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sondhaus-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sondhaus_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sondhaus_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sondhaus_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sondhaus_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sondhaus_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sondhaus_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sondhaus_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sondhaus_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sondhaus_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sondhaus_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sondhaus_2-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sondhaus_2-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sondhaus_2-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sondhaus_2-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sondhaus_2-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sondhaus_2-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sondhaus_2-16">q</a> Sondhaus, L. Naval Warfare 1815–1914, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-21478-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-21478-5">0-415-21478-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Herwig pp. 35, 41, 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Mahan 1890/Dover 1987 pp. 2, 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston198224-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston198224_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPreston1982">Preston 1982</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Corbett (2015) Vol. II, pp. 332, 333, "So was consummated perhaps the most decisive and complete naval victory in history" </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Breyer p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Massie (1991) p. 471. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Friedman (2013) p. 68. Captain Pakenham, British observer at Tsushima: "When 12 inch guns are firing, 10 inch guns go unnoticed ... Everything in this war has tended to emphasise the vast importance to a ship ... of carrying some of the heaviest and furthest-shooting guns that can be got into her." </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Corbett (2015) Vol. 1, pp. 380, 381; the Russians turned back after Admiral Vitgeft was killed aboard his flagship, the battleship Tzesarevich; to remain bottled up in Port Arthur, pending arrival of the Russian Baltic Fleet in 1905. Known as the Battle of August 10 in Russia. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2016" class="citation journal cs1">Black, Jeremy (June 2016). "Jutland's Place in History". Naval History. 30 (3): 16–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naval+History&rft.atitle=Jutland%27s+Place+in+History&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=16-21&rft.date=2016-06&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connell1993" class="citation book cs1">O'Connell, Robert J. (1993). Sacred vessels: the cult of the battleship and the rise of the U.S. Navy. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508006-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508006-3"><bdi>978-0-19-508006-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+vessels%3A+the+cult+of+the+battleship+and+the+rise+of+the+U.S.+Navy&rft.place=Oxford+%5BOxfordshire%5D&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-508006-3&rft.aulast=O%27Connell&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Lenton-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lenton_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lenton_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenton1971" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Trevor_Lenton" title="Henry Trevor Lenton">Lenton, H. T.</a> (1971). Krigsfartyg efter 1860 (in Swedish). Forum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krigsfartyg+efter+1860&rft.pub=Forum&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Lenton&rft.aufirst=H.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-14"><a href="#cite_ref-OED_14-0">^</a> "battleship" The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1989. OED Online. Oxford University Press. April 4, 2000. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> "Napoleon (90 guns), the first purpose-designed screw line of battleships", Steam, Steel and Shellfire, Conway's History of the Ship, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> "Hastened to completion Le Napoleon was launched on May 16, 1850, to become the world's first true steam battleship", Steam, Steel and Shellfire, Conway's History of the Ship, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-LambertBIT-17"><a href="#cite_ref-LambertBIT_17-0">^</a> Lambert, Andrew (1984). Battleships in Transition, Conway, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-315-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-85177-315-X">0-85177-315-X</a> pp. 144–47. In addition, the Navy of the North Germany Confederacy (which included Prussia) bought <a href="/w/index.php?title=HMS_Renown_(1857)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMS Renown (1857) (page does not exist)">HMS Renown</a> from Britain in 1870 for use as a gunnery training ship. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> "The canon-obusier [shell gun] originally constructed by <a href="/wiki/Henri-Joseph_Paixhans" title="Henri-Joseph Paixhans">Colonel Paixhans</a> for the French Naval Service ... was subsequently designated the canon-obusier of 80, No 1 of 1841 ... the diameter of the bore is 22 centimetres (8.65 inches)." From <a href="/wiki/Howard_Douglas" title="Howard Douglas">Douglas, Sir Howard</a>, A Treatise on Naval Gunnery 1855 (Conway Maritime Press, 1982; reprinting 1855 edition), p. 201 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-275-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-85177-275-7">0-85177-275-7</a>. The British undertook trials with shell guns at <a href="/wiki/HMS_Excellent_(1787)" title="HMS Excellent (1787)">HMS Excellent</a> starting in 1832. A Treatise on Naval Gunnery 1855, p. 198. For the U.S. introduction of 8-inch shell guns into the armament of line-of-battle ships in 1841, see Spencer Tucker, Arming the Fleet, US Navy Ordnance in the Muzzle-Loading Era (U.S. Naval Institute Pres, 1989), p. 149. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-007-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-007-6">0-87021-007-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Lambert, Andrew D, The Crimean War, British Grand Strategy Against Russia, 1853–56, Manchester University Press, 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-3564-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-3564-3">0-7190-3564-3</a>, pp. 60–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lambert-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Lambert_20-0">^</a> Lambert, Andrew: Battleships in Transition, pp. 92–96. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Clowes, William Laird, Four Modern Naval Campaigns, Unit Library, 1902, republished Cornmarket Press, 1970, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7191-2020-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7191-2020-9">0-7191-2020-9</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Clowes, William Laird. Four Modern Naval Campaigns, pp. 54–55, 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_23-0">^</a> Wilson, H. W. Ironclads in Action – Vol 1, London, 1898, p. 240. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Gibbons, Tony. The Complete Encyclopedia of Battleships, pp. 28–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Gibbons, pp. 30–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Gibbons, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Conway Marine, "Steam, Steel and Shellfire", p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Gibbons, Tony: The Complete Encyclopedia of Battleships, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeeler2001" class="citation book cs1">Beeler, John (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/eds/detail/detail?vid=4&sid=3a1e1f85-3f59-40df-94b1-8b80c9a3e0ec%40sessionmgr110&hid=104&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#AN=lalu.2069172&db=cat00252a">Birth of the battleship: British capital ship design 1870–1881</a>. Annapoli, MD: Naval Institute Press. p. 224. Retrieved October 23, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birth+of+the+battleship%3A+British+capital+ship+design+1870%E2%80%931881&rft.place=Annapoli%2C+MD&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Beeler&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feds.b.ebscohost.com.libezp.lib.lsu.edu%2Feds%2Fdetail%2Fdetail%3Fvid%3D4%26sid%3D3a1e1f85-3f59-40df-94b1-8b80c9a3e0ec%2540sessionmgr110%26hid%3D104%26bdata%3DJnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%253d%253d%23AN%3Dlalu.2069172%26db%3Dcat00252a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Hill, Richard. War at Sea in the Ironclad Age, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35273-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35273-X">0-304-35273-X</a>. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1983209-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1983209_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1983209_31-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy1983">Kennedy 1983</a>, p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston1989[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2012]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2012)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston1989[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2012]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2012)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPreston1989">Preston 1989</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston1972" class="citation book cs1">Preston, Antony (1972). Battleships of World War I. New York: Galahad Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0883653001" title="Special:BookSources/0883653001"><bdi>0883653001</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battleships+of+World+War+I&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Galahad+Books&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0883653001&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Gibbons, p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgess;_Heilbrun2013" class="citation journal cs1">Burgess; Heilbrun, Edwin; Margaret (January 11, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/eds/detail/detail?vid=2&sid=59816a76-3b3a-4f13-b731-929e1b898e49%40sessionmgr110&hid=104&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#AN=91632242&db=lfh">"Dreadnaught: Britain, Germany, and the Coming of the Great War"</a>. Library Journal. 138 (18): 53. Retrieved October 23, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Library+Journal&rft.atitle=Dreadnaught%3A+Britain%2C+Germany%2C+and+the+Coming+of+the+Great+War&rft.volume=138&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=53&rft.date=2013-01-11&rft.aulast=Burgess%3B+Heilbrun&rft.aufirst=Edwin%3B+Margaret&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feds.b.ebscohost.com.libezp.lib.lsu.edu%2Feds%2Fdetail%2Fdetail%3Fvid%3D2%26sid%3D59816a76-3b3a-4f13-b731-929e1b898e49%2540sessionmgr110%26hid%3D104%26bdata%3DJnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%253d%253d%23AN%3D91632242%26db%3Dlfh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Cuniberti, Vittorio, "An Ideal Battleship for the British Fleet", All The World's Fighting Ships, 1903, pp. 407–09. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Corbett (2015) Vol. 1 pp. 380, 381 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Corbett (2015) Vol. II p. 246 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Corbett (2015) Vol. II p. 445. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Evans and Peattie, Kaigun, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurr2006" class="citation book cs1">Burr, Lawrence (2006). British Battlecruisers 1914–18. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 4–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-008-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-008-6"><bdi>978-1-84603-008-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Battlecruisers+1914%E2%80%9318&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=4-7&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-008-6&rft.aulast=Burr&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Gibbons, pp. 170–71. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315240213-21">"The Battleship Dreadnought: Technological, Economic and Strategic Contexts"</a>, The Dreadnought and the Edwardian Age, Routledge, pp. 179–196, December 5, 2016, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315240213-21">10.4324/9781315240213-21</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315240213" title="Special:BookSources/9781315240213"><bdi>9781315240213</bdi></a>, retrieved September 24, 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Dreadnought+and+the+Edwardian+Age&rft.atitle=The+Battleship+Dreadnought%3A+Technological%2C+Economic+and+Strategic+Contexts&rft.pages=179-196&rft.date=2016-12-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315240213-21&rft.isbn=9781315240213&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.4324%2F9781315240213-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ireland_p66-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ireland_p66_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ireland_p66_44-1">b</a> Ireland, Bernard Janes War at Sea, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2000" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Adrian (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MZoO7SIwMVIC&pg=PA224">The encyclopedia of warfare: from earliest time to the present day, Part 25</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-216-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-216-6"><bdi>978-1-57958-216-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726163658/https://books.google.com/books?id=MZoO7SIwMVIC&pg=PA224">Archived</a> from the original on July 26, 2020. Retrieved April 17, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+encyclopedia+of+warfare%3A+from+earliest+time+to+the+present+day%2C+Part+25&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-57958-216-6&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMZoO7SIwMVIC%26pg%3DPA224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Keegan, p. 289. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wells_Brothers_2001-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wells_Brothers_2001_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wells_Brothers_2001_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wells_Brothers_2001_47-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://myplace.frontier.com/~wellsbrothers/Battleships/obsolete.html">"Are Battleships Obsolete?"</a>. the Wells Brothers. 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304220109/http://myplace.frontier.com/~wellsbrothers/Battleships/obsolete.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 15, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Are+Battleships+Obsolete%3F&rft.pub=the+Wells+Brothers&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmyplace.frontier.com%2F~wellsbrothers%2FBattleships%2Fobsolete.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Ireland, Bernard: Jane's War At Sea, pp. 88–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Padfield 1972, p. 240. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Marr%27s_The_Making_of_Modern_Britain" title="Andrew Marr's The Making of Modern Britain">Andrew Marr's The Making of Modern Britain</a> Episode 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Massie, Robert. Castles of Steel, London, 2005. pp. 127–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-Compton-Hall_2004-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Compton-Hall_2004_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCompton-Hall2004" class="citation book cs1">Compton-Hall, Richard (2004). Submarines at War 1914–18. Periscope Publishing Ltd. pp. 155–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904381-21-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904381-21-1"><bdi>978-1-904381-21-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Submarines+at+War+1914%E2%80%9318&rft.pages=155-62&rft.pub=Periscope+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-904381-21-1&rft.aulast=Compton-Hall&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Massie, Robert. Castles of Steel, London, 2005. pp. 675. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1983247–249-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1983247–249_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy1983">Kennedy 1983</a>, pp. 247–249. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Ireland, Bernard: Jane's War At Sea, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Friedman, Norman. U.S. Battleships, pp. 181–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1983277-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1983277_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy1983">Kennedy 1983</a>, p. 277. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Ireland, Bernard. Jane's War at Sea, pp. 124–26, 139–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Sumrall, Robert. The Battleship and Battlecruiser, in Gardiner, R: The Eclipse of the Big Gun. Conway Maritime, London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-607-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-85177-607-8">0-85177-607-8</a>. pp. 25–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1983199-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1983199_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy1983">Kennedy 1983</a>, p. 199. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> From the Guinness Book of Air Facts and Feats (3rd edition, 1977): "The first air attack using a torpedo dropped by an aeroplane was carried out by Flight Commander <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._K._Edmonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles H. K. Edmonds">Charles H. K. Edmonds</a>, flying a <a href="/wiki/Short_Type_184" title="Short Type 184">Short 184</a> seaplane from <a href="/wiki/HMS_Ben-my-Chree" title="HMS Ben-my-Chree">HMS Ben-my-Chree</a> on August 12, 1915, against a 5,000 ton (5,080 tonne) Turkish supply ship in the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a>. Although the enemy ship was hit and sunk, the captain of a British submarine claimed to have fired a torpedo simultaneously and sunk the ship. It was further stated that the British submarine <a href="/wiki/HMS_E14" title="HMS E14">E14</a> had attacked and immobilised the ship four days earlier. However, on August 17, 1915, another Turkish ship was sunk by a torpedo of whose origin there can be no doubt. On this occasion Flight Commander C. H. Edmonds, flying a Short 184, torpedoed a Turkish steamer a few miles north of the Dardanelles. His formation colleague, Flight Lieutenant G. B. Dacre, was forced to land on the water owing to engine trouble but, seeing an enemy tug close by, taxied up to it and released his torpedo. The tug blew up and sank. Thereafter, Dacre was able to take off and return to the Ben-my-Chree." </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Boyne" title="Walter J. Boyne">Boyne, Walter J.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/1996/June%201996/0696billy.aspx">"The Spirit of Billy Mitchell"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090620175955/http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/1996/June%201996/0696billy.aspx">Archived</a> June 20, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Air Force Magazine, June 1996. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20100409214248/http%3A//www%2Ehistory%2Enavy%2Emil/library/online/navybomb2%2Ehtm">"Vice Admiral Alfred Wilkinson Johnson, USN Ret. The Naval Bombing Experiments: Bombing Operations (1959)"</a>. History.navy.mil. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/navybomb2.htm">the original</a> on April 9, 2010. Retrieved January 31, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vice+Admiral+Alfred+Wilkinson+Johnson%2C+USN+Ret.+The+Naval+Bombing+Experiments%3A+Bombing+Operations+%281959%29&rft.pub=History.navy.mil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Flibrary%2Fonline%2Fnavybomb2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Jeffers, H. Paul (2006). Billy Mitchell: The Life, Times, and Battles of America's Prophet of Air Power. Zenith Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7603-2080-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7603-2080-2">0-7603-2080-2</a>. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.combinedfleet.com/b_fire.htm">"CombinedFleet.com"</a>. Combinedfleet.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090203152004/http://www.combinedfleet.com/b_fire.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2009. Retrieved January 31, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CombinedFleet.com&rft.pub=Combinedfleet.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.combinedfleet.com%2Fb_fire.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller1945" class="citation book cs1">Fuller, John (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/eds/detail/detail?vid=4&sid=8455d742-c285-4e21-9e18-d04b36f6a04d%40sessionmgr112&hid=104&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#AN=lalu.1367912&db=cat00252a">Armament and history; a study of the influence of armament on history from the dawn of classical warfare to the second World War [by] Major General J.F.C. Fuller</a>. New York: Scribner's Sons. Retrieved October 23, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armament+and+history%3B+a+study+of+the+influence+of+armament+on+history+from+the+dawn+of+classical+warfare+to+the+second+World+War+%5Bby%5D+Major+General+J.F.C.+Fuller&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feds.b.ebscohost.com.libezp.lib.lsu.edu%2Feds%2Fdetail%2Fdetail%3Fvid%3D4%26sid%3D8455d742-c285-4e21-9e18-d04b36f6a04d%2540sessionmgr112%26hid%3D104%26bdata%3DJnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%253d%253d%23AN%3Dlalu.1367912%26db%3Dcat00252a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Gibbons, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Greger, René. Schlachtschiffe der Welt, p. 251. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Gibbons, p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Gibbons, pp. 246–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Axell, Albert: Kamikaze, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Gibbons, pp. 262–63. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Samuel Eliot Morison, History of US Naval Operations in World War II Vol. 12, Leyte, p. 226. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Jentschura, Dieter, Mickel p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Operation 'Crossroads' – the Bikini A-bomb tests, in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIreland1996" class="citation book cs1">Ireland, Bernard (1996). Jane's Battleships of the 20th Century. New York: HarperCollins. pp. 186–87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-470997-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-470997-0"><bdi>978-0-00-470997-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jane%27s+Battleships+of+the+20th+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=186-87&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-00-470997-0&rft.aulast=Ireland&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Fitzsimons, Bernard, ed. (technical assistance from Bill Gunston, Antony Preston, & Ian Hogg) Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare. London: Phoebus, 1978, Volume 2, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Fitzsimons, Volume 20, p. 2213, "Richelieu". No mention of her sister, Jean Bart. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Gardiner, Robert (Ed.); (1980); Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-146-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-85177-146-7">0-85177-146-7</a>; p. 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Fitzsimons, Volume 15, p. 1636, "King George V" </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Fitzsimons, Volume 23, p. 2554, "Vanguard" </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Gardiner, pp. 7, 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fitzsimons-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzsimons_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzsimons_82-1">b</a> Fitzsimons, Volume 10, p. 1086, "Gangut" </li> <li id="cite_note-Fitzsimons_2-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzsimons_2_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzsimons_2_83-1">b</a> Fitzsimons, Volume 17, p. 1896, "Minas Gerais" </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Fitzsimons, Volume 1, p. 84, "Almirante Latorre" </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Gardiner, p. 368. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLaughlin2006" class="citation book cs1">McLaughlin, Stephen (2006). Jordan, John (ed.). Project 82: The Stalingrad Class. Warship 2006. London: Conway. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84486-030-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84486-030-2"><bdi>978-1-84486-030-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Project+82%3A+The+Stalingrad+Class&rft.place=London&rft.series=Warship+2006&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Conway&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84486-030-2&rft.aulast=McLaughlin&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Gardiner, p. 222. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Polmar, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> History of World Seapower, Bernard Brett, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-603-03723-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-603-03723-2">0-603-03723-2</a>, p. 236. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090426090614/http://www.global-defence.com/1997/DefencePower.html">"Global Defence Review : Defence Power"</a>. April 26, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.global-defence.com/1997/DefencePower.html">the original</a> on April 26, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Defence+Review+%3A+Defence+Power&rft.date=2009-04-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.global-defence.com%2F1997%2FDefencePower.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BB61-91"><a href="#cite_ref-BB61_91-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nvr.navy.mil/SHIPDETAILS/SHIPSDETAIL_BB_61.HTML">Naval Vessel Register for BB61</a>. U.S. Navy, December 14, 2009. Retrieved November 19, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-BB64-92"><a href="#cite_ref-BB64_92-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nvr.navy.mil/SHIPDETAILS/SHIPSDETAIL_BB_64.HTML">Naval Vessel Register for BB64</a>. U.S. Navy, April 30, 2012. Retrieved November 19, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090531063603/http://www.fas.org/programs/ssp/man/uswpns/navy/surfacewarfare/bb61iowa.html">"Iowa Class Battleship"</a>. Federation of American Scientists. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/programs/ssp/man/uswpns/navy/surfacewarfare/bb61iowa.html">the original</a> on May 31, 2009. Retrieved March 18, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iowa+Class+Battleship&rft.pub=Federation+of+American+Scientists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fprograms%2Fssp%2Fman%2Fuswpns%2Fnavy%2Fsurfacewarfare%2Fbb61iowa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iI52QgAACAAJ&q=The%20military%20balance:%202010">The Military Balance 2010</a>. Routledge for The International Institute for Strategic Studies. 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1857435573" title="Special:BookSources/978-1857435573"><bdi>978-1857435573</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Balance+2010&rft.pub=Routledge+for+The+International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1857435573&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiI52QgAACAAJ%26q%3DThe%2520military%2520balance%3A%25202010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://commi.narod.ru/txt/2010/index.htm">"TARGET&ЗВО"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005415/http://commi.narod.ru/txt/2010/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved November 20, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TARGET%26%D0%97%D0%92%D0%9E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommi.narod.ru%2Ftxt%2F2010%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l6DRngEACAAJ&q=The%20Military%20Blance%202014">The Military Balance 2014</a>. Routledge for The International The International Institute of Strategic Studies. 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1857437225" title="Special:BookSources/978-1857437225"><bdi>978-1857437225</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210726051357/https://books.google.com/books?id=l6DRngEACAAJ&q=The%20Military%20Blance%202014">Archived</a> from the original on July 26, 2021. Retrieved July 26, 2021 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Balance+2014&rft.pub=Routledge+for+The+International+The+International+Institute+of+Strategic+Studies&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1857437225&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl6DRngEACAAJ%26q%3DThe%2520Military%2520Blance%25202014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wavy.com/dpp/military/City-to-take-ownership-of-USS-Wisconsin-Friday">"WCBC files lawsuit"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100416025639/http://www.wavy.com/dpp/military/City-to-take-ownership-of-USS-Wisconsin-Friday">Archived</a> April 16, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Associated Press. April 14, 2010. Retrieved April 15, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130402224345/http://www.battleshipcove.org/exhibits.asp">"Battleship Cove: Exhibits"</a>. USS Massachusetts Memorial Committee. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.battleshipcove.org/exhibits.asp">the original</a> on April 2, 2013. Retrieved April 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USS+Massachusetts+Memorial+Committee&rft.atitle=Battleship+Cove%3A+Exhibits&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.battleshipcove.org%2Fexhibits.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://battleshiptexas.org/battleship-updates/">"Battleship Updates"</a>. The Battleship Texas Foundation. October 9, 1921. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021162809/https://battleshiptexas.org/battleship-updates/">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Battleship+Texas+Foundation&rft.atitle=Battleship+Updates&rft.date=1921-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbattleshiptexas.org%2Fbattleship-updates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Massie, Robert K. Castles of Steel, London, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84413-411-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84413-411-3">1-84413-411-3</a>. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Mahan, A.T., Captain, U.S. Navy. Influence of Sea Power on History, 1660–1783. Boston: Little Brown, passim. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy19832,_200,_206-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy19832,_200,_206_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy1983">Kennedy 1983</a>, pp. 2, 200, 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dahl-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dahl_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dahl_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dahl_103-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahl2005" class="citation journal cs1">Dahl, Erik J. (Autumn 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201612/https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/edeeb449-27f2-4eff-a18e-79be97c106de/Net-centric-before-Its-Time--The-Jeune-Ecole-and-I.aspx">"Net-Centric before its time: The Jeune École and Its Lessons for Today"</a>. Naval War College Review. 58 (4). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/edeeb449-27f2-4eff-a18e-79be97c106de/Net-centric-before-Its-Time--The-Jeune-Ecole-and-I.aspx">the original</a> on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 29, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naval+War+College+Review&rft.atitle=Net-Centric+before+its+time%3A+The+Jeune+%C3%89cole+and+Its+Lessons+for+Today&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Dahl&rft.aufirst=Erik+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnwc.edu%2Fgetattachment%2Fedeeb449-27f2-4eff-a18e-79be97c106de%2FNet-centric-before-Its-Time--The-Jeune-Ecole-and-I.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.libezp.lib.lsu.edu/eds/detail/detail?vid=3&sid=2a588fd3-5581-4a9a-a126-7eb7a54b681a%40sessionmgr115&hid=104&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#AN=523750493&db=rgr">"Battleships, Mines, and Torpedoes"</a>. Canadian Magazine. 22: 501–02. March 1904. Retrieved October 23, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Battleships%2C+Mines%2C+and+Torpedoes&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=501-02&rft.date=1904-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feds.b.ebscohost.com.libezp.lib.lsu.edu%2Feds%2Fdetail%2Fdetail%3Fvid%3D3%26sid%3D2a588fd3-5581-4a9a-a126-7eb7a54b681a%2540sessionmgr115%26hid%3D104%26bdata%3DJnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%253d%253d%23AN%3D523750493%26db%3Drgr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> It could presage an enemy sortie, or locate an enemy over the horizon. Beesly, Patrick. Room 40 (London: Hamish Hamilton) </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Beesly. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20100409051417/http%3A//www%2Ehistory%2Enavy%2Emil/danfs/m12/missouri%2Div%2Ehtm">"USS Missouri"</a>. Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval Historical Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/m12/missouri-iv.htm">the original</a> on April 9, 2010. Retrieved March 18, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+American+Naval+Fighting+Ships&rft.atitle=USS+Missouri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fdanfs%2Fm12%2Fmissouri-iv.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070203052502/http://www.chinfo.navy.mil/navpalib/ships/battleships/newjersey/bb62-nj.html">"USS New Jersey"</a>. Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinfo.navy.mil/navpalib/ships/battleships/newjersey/bb62-nj.html">the original</a> on February 3, 2007. Retrieved March 18, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+American+Naval+Fighting+Ships&rft.atitle=USS+New+Jersey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinfo.navy.mil%2Fnavpalib%2Fships%2Fbattleships%2Fnewjersey%2Fbb62-nj.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battleship&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppel2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Appel, Erik; et al. (2001). Finland i krig 1939–1940 – första delen (in Swedish). Espoo, Finland: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schildts_f%C3%B6rlag_Ab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schildts förlag Ab (page does not exist)">Schildts förlag Ab</a>. p. 261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-50-1182-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-50-1182-4"><bdi>978-951-50-1182-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finland+i+krig+1939%E2%80%931940+%E2%80%93+f%C3%B6rsta+delen&rft.place=Espoo%2C+Finland&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=Schildts+f%C3%B6rlag+Ab&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-951-50-1182-4&rft.aulast=Appel&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchibald1984" class="citation book cs1">Archibald, E. H. H. (1984). The Fighting Ship in the Royal Navy 1897–1984. Blandford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7137-1348-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7137-1348-0"><bdi>978-0-7137-1348-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fighting+Ship+in+the+Royal+Navy+1897%E2%80%931984&rft.pub=Blandford&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-7137-1348-0&rft.aulast=Archibald&rft.aufirst=E.+H.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxell2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Axell, Albert; et al. (2004). Kamikaze – Japans självmordspiloter (in Swedish). Lund, Sweden: Historiska media. p. 316. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-85057-09-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-85057-09-2"><bdi>978-91-85057-09-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kamikaze+%E2%80%93+Japans+sj%C3%A4lvmordspiloter&rft.place=Lund%2C+Sweden&rft.pages=316&rft.pub=Historiska+media&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-91-85057-09-2&rft.aulast=Axell&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2003" class="citation book cs1">Brown, D. K. (2003). Warrior to Dreadnought: Warship Development 1860–1905. Book Sales. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84067-529-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84067-529-0"><bdi>978-1-84067-529-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warrior+to+Dreadnought%3A+Warship+Development+1860%E2%80%931905&rft.pub=Book+Sales&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84067-529-0&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=D.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2003" class="citation book cs1">Brown, D. K. (2003). The Grand Fleet: Warship Design and Development 1906–1922. Caxton Editions. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84067-531-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84067-531-3"><bdi>978-1-84067-531-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grand+Fleet%3A+Warship+Design+and+Development+1906%E2%80%931922&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Caxton+Editions&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84067-531-3&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=D.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunila2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brunila, Kai; et al. (2000). Finland i krig 1940–1944 – andra delen (in Swedish). Espoo, Finland: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schildts_f%C3%B6rlag_Ab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schildts förlag Ab (page does not exist)">Schildts förlag Ab</a>. p. 285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-50-1140-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-50-1140-4"><bdi>978-951-50-1140-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finland+i+krig+1940%E2%80%931944+%E2%80%93+andra+delen&rft.place=Espoo%2C+Finland&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=Schildts+f%C3%B6rlag+Ab&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-951-50-1140-4&rft.aulast=Brunila&rft.aufirst=Kai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurr2006" class="citation book cs1">Burr, Lawrence (2006). British Battlecruisers 1914–18. New Vanguard No. 126. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-008-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-008-6"><bdi>978-1-84603-008-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Battlecruisers+1914%E2%80%9318&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=New+Vanguard+No.+126&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-008-6&rft.aulast=Burr&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Corbett, Sir Julian. "Maritime Operations in the Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905." (1994). Originally Classified and in two volumes. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-129-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-129-7">1-55750-129-7</a>.</li> <li>Corbett, Sir Julian. "Maritime Operations in the Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905." Volume I (2015) Originally published in January 1914. <a href="/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Institute Press">Naval Institute Press</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-197-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-197-6">978-1-59114-197-6</a></li> <li>Corbett, Sir Julian. "Maritime Operations in the Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905." Volume II (2015) Originally published in October 1915. <a href="/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Institute Press">Naval Institute Press</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-198-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-198-3">978-1-59114-198-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman1984" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Norman (1984). U.S. Battleships: An Illustrated History. Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-715-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-715-9"><bdi>978-0-87021-715-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Battleships%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-87021-715-9&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Friedman, Norman (2013). "Naval Firepower, Battleship Guns and Gunnery in the Dreadnaught Era." Seaforth Publishing, Great Britain. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-185-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-185-4">978-1-84832-185-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray1985" class="citation book cs1">Gray, Randal (1985). Gardiner, Robert (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/allworldsfightin00rgre">Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921</a>. Naval Institute Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/allworldsfightin00rgre/page/n448">439</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-907-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-907-8"><bdi>978-0-87021-907-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conway%27s+All+the+World%27s+Fighting+Ships+1906%E2%80%931921&rft.pages=439&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-87021-907-8&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Randal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fallworldsfightin00rgre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardiner1980" class="citation book cs1">Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. Conway Maritime Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85177-146-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85177-146-5"><bdi>978-0-85177-146-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conway%27s+All+the+World%27s+Fighting+Ships+1922%E2%80%931946&rft.pub=Conway+Maritime+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-85177-146-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardinerLambert2001" class="citation book cs1">Gardiner, Robert; Lambert, Andrew, eds. (2001). Steam, Steel and Shellfire: The steam warship 1815–1905 – Conway's History of the Ship. Book Sales. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7858-1413-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7858-1413-9"><bdi>978-0-7858-1413-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Steam%2C+Steel+and+Shellfire%3A+The+steam+warship+1815%E2%80%931905+%E2%80%93+Conway%27s+History+of+the+Ship&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Book+Sales&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7858-1413-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbons1983" class="citation book cs1">Gibbons, Tony (1983). The Complete Encyclopedia of Battleships and Battlecruisers – A Technical Directory of all the World's Capital Ships from 1860 to the Present Day. London: Salamander Books Ltd. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-37810-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-37810-6"><bdi>978-0-517-37810-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Encyclopedia+of+Battleships+and+Battlecruisers+%E2%80%93+A+Technical+Directory+of+all+the+World%27s+Capital+Ships+from+1860+to+the+Present+Day&rft.place=London&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Salamander+Books+Ltd&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-517-37810-6&rft.aulast=Gibbons&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreger1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Greger, René (1993). Schlachtschiffe der Welt (in German). Stuttgart: Motorbuch Verlag. p. 260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-613-01459-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-613-01459-6"><bdi>978-3-613-01459-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schlachtschiffe+der+Welt&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=Motorbuch+Verlag&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-3-613-01459-6&rft.aulast=Greger&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIreland1997" class="citation book cs1">Ireland, Bernard and Grove, Eric (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/janeswaratsea18900irel/page/256">Jane's War at Sea 1897–1997</a>. London: Harper Collins Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/janeswaratsea18900irel/page/256">256</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-472065-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-472065-4"><bdi>978-0-00-472065-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jane%27s+War+at+Sea+1897%E2%80%931997&rft.place=London&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=Harper+Collins+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-00-472065-4&rft.aulast=Ireland&rft.aufirst=Bernard+and+Grove%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjaneswaratsea18900irel%2Fpage%2F256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsen2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jacobsen, Alf R. (2005). Dödligt angrepp – miniubåtsräden mot slagskeppet Tirpitz (in Swedish). Stockholm: <a href="/wiki/Natur_%26_Kultur" title="Natur & Kultur">Natur & Kultur</a>. p. 282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-27-09897-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-27-09897-8"><bdi>978-91-27-09897-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D%C3%B6dligt+angrepp+%E2%80%93+miniub%C3%A5tsr%C3%A4den+mot+slagskeppet+Tirpitz&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pages=282&rft.pub=Natur+%26+Kultur&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-91-27-09897-8&rft.aulast=Jacobsen&rft.aufirst=Alf+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJentschuraJung,_DieterMickel,_Peter1976" class="citation book cs1">Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter; Mickel, Peter (1976). Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945. <a href="/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Institute Press">Naval Institute Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-893-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-893-4"><bdi>978-0-87021-893-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warships+of+the+Imperial+Japanese+Navy%2C+1869%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-87021-893-4&rft.aulast=Jentschura&rft.aufirst=Hansgeorg&rft.au=Jung%2C+Dieter&rft.au=Mickel%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeegan1999" class="citation book cs1">Keegan, John (1999). The First World War. Pimlico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-6645-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-6645-9"><bdi>978-0-7126-6645-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7126-6645-9&rft.aulast=Keegan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1983" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Paul M. (1983). The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery. London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-35094-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-35094-2"><bdi>978-0-333-35094-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+British+Naval+Mastery&rft.place=London&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-333-35094-2&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Paul+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert1984" class="citation book cs1">Lambert, Andrew (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battleshipsintra0000lamb/page/161">Battleships in Transition – The Creation of the Steam Battlefleet 1815–1860</a>. London: Conway Maritime Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battleshipsintra0000lamb/page/161">161</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85177-315-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85177-315-5"><bdi>978-0-85177-315-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battleships+in+Transition+%E2%80%93+The+Creation+of+the+Steam+Battlefleet+1815%E2%80%931860&rft.place=London&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Conway+Maritime+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-85177-315-5&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattleshipsintra0000lamb%2Fpage%2F161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenton1971" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lenton, H. T. (1971). Krigsfartyg efter 1860 (in Swedish). Stockholm: Forum AB. p. 160.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krigsfartyg+efter+1860&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Forum+AB&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Lenton&rft.aufirst=H.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinder2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Linder, Jan; et al. (2002). Ofredens hav – Östersjön 1939–1992 (in Swedish). Avesta, Sweden: Svenska Tryckericentralen AB. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-631-2035-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-631-2035-0"><bdi>978-91-631-2035-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ofredens+hav+%E2%80%93+%C3%96stersj%C3%B6n+1939%E2%80%931992&rft.place=Avesta%2C+Sweden&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Svenska+Tryckericentralen+AB&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-91-631-2035-0&rft.aulast=Linder&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahan1987" class="citation book cs1">Mahan, Alfred Thayer (1987). The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660–1783. New York: Dover Publications, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-25509-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-25509-5"><bdi>978-0-486-25509-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Influence+of+Sea+Power+Upon+History%2C+1660%E2%80%931783&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover+Publications%2C+Inc&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-486-25509-5&rft.aulast=Mahan&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Thayer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassie2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Massie" title="Robert K. Massie">Massie, Robert</a> (2005). <a href="/wiki/Castles_of_Steel:_Britain,_Germany_and_the_Winning_of_the_Great_War_at_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany and the Winning of the Great War at Sea">Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany and the Winning of the Great War at Sea</a>. London: Pimlico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84413-411-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84413-411-3"><bdi>978-1-84413-411-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Castles+of+Steel%3A+Britain%2C+Germany+and+the+Winning+of+the+Great+War+at+Sea&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84413-411-3&rft.aulast=Massie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connell1991" class="citation book cs1">O'Connell, Robert L. (1991). Sacred Vessels: the Cult of the Battleship and the Rise of the U.S. Navy. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-1116-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-1116-6"><bdi>978-0-8133-1116-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Vessels%3A+the+Cult+of+the+Battleship+and+the+Rise+of+the+U.S.+Navy&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-1116-6&rft.aulast=O%27Connell&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadfield1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Padfield" title="Peter Padfield">Padfield, Peter</a> (1972). The Battleship Era. London: Military Book Society. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51245970">51245970</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battleship+Era&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Military+Book+Society&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51245970&rft.aulast=Padfield&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkes1990" class="citation book cs1">Parkes, Oscar (1990). British Battleships. first published Seeley Service & Co, 1957, published United States Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-075-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-075-5"><bdi>978-1-55750-075-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Battleships&rft.pub=first+published+Seeley+Service+%26+Co%2C+1957%2C+published+United+States+Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-55750-075-5&rft.aulast=Parkes&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPleshakov2002" class="citation book cs1">Pleshakov, Constantine (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tsarslastarmadae00ples">The Tsar's Last Armada; The Epic Voyage to the Battle of Tsushima</a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-05791-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-05791-7"><bdi>978-0-465-05791-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tsar%27s+Last+Armada%3B+The+Epic+Voyage+to+the+Battle+of+Tsushima&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-465-05791-7&rft.aulast=Pleshakov&rft.aufirst=Constantine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftsarslastarmadae00ples&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Polmar, Norman. The Naval Institute Guide to the Ships and Aircraft of the US Fleet. 2001, Naval Institute Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-656-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-656-6">1-55750-656-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston1982" class="citation book cs1">Preston, Antony (1982). Battleships. Bison books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86124-063-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86124-063-0"><bdi>978-0-86124-063-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battleships&rft.pub=Bison+books&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-86124-063-0&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston1989" class="citation book cs1">Preston, Antony (1989). Jane's Fighting Ships of World War II. London, UK: Random House Ltd. p. 320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85170-494-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85170-494-1"><bdi>978-1-85170-494-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jane%27s+Fighting+Ships+of+World+War+II&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=Random+House+Ltd&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-1-85170-494-1&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussel1861" class="citation book cs1">Russel, Scott J. (1861). The Fleet of the Future. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fleet+of+the+Future&rft.place=London&rft.date=1861&rft.aulast=Russel&rft.aufirst=Scott+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSondhaus2001" class="citation book cs1">Sondhaus, Lawrence (2001). Naval Warfare 1815–1914. London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21478-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21478-0"><bdi>978-0-415-21478-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naval+Warfare+1815%E2%80%931914&rft.place=London&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-21478-0&rft.aulast=Sondhaus&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSondhaus2004" class="citation book cs1">Sondhaus, Lawrence (2004). Navies in Modern World History. London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-202-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-202-7"><bdi>978-1-86189-202-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Navies+in+Modern+World+History&rft.place=London&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-202-7&rft.aulast=Sondhaus&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStilwell2001" class="citation book cs1">Stilwell, Paul (2001). Battleships. New York: MetroBooks. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58663-044-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58663-044-7"><bdi>978-1-58663-044-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battleships&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=MetroBooks&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-58663-044-7&rft.aulast=Stilwell&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamelander2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tamelander, Michael; et al. (2006). Slagskeppet Tirpitz – kampen om Norra Ishavet (in Swedish). Norstedts Förlag. p. 363. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-1-301554-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-1-301554-5"><bdi>978-91-1-301554-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slagskeppet+Tirpitz+%E2%80%93+kampen+om+Norra+Ishavet&rft.pages=363&rft.pub=Norstedts+F%C3%B6rlag&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-91-1-301554-5&rft.aulast=Tamelander&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1975" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Taylor, A. J. P. (Red.); et al. (1975). 1900-talet: Vår tids historia i ord och bild; Part 12 (in Swedish). Helsingborg: Bokfrämjandet. p. 159.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1900-talet%3A+V%C3%A5r+tids+historia+i+ord+och+bild%3B+Part+12&rft.place=Helsingborg&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Bokfr%C3%A4mjandet&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=A.+J.+P.+%28Red.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWetterholm2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wetterholm, Claes-Göran (2002). Dödens hav – Östersjön 1945 (in Swedish). Stockholm, Sweden: Bokförlaget Prisma. p. 279. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-518-3968-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-518-3968-4"><bdi>978-91-518-3968-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D%C3%B6dens+hav+%E2%80%93+%C3%96stersj%C3%B6n+1945&rft.place=Stockholm%2C+Sweden&rft.pages=279&rft.pub=Bokf%C3%B6rlaget+Prisma&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-91-518-3968-4&rft.aulast=Wetterholm&rft.aufirst=Claes-G%C3%B6ran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1898" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, H. W. (1898). Ironclads in Action – Vol 1. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ironclads+in+Action+%E2%80%93+Vol+1&rft.place=London&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZetterling2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zetterling, Niklas; et al. (2004). Bismarck – Kampen om Atlanten (in Swedish). Stockholm: Nordstedts förlag. p. 312. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-1-301288-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-1-301288-9"><bdi>978-91-1-301288-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bismarck+%E2%80%93+Kampen+om+Atlanten&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pages=312&rft.pub=Nordstedts+f%C3%B6rlag&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-91-1-301288-9&rft.aulast=Zetterling&rft.aufirst=Niklas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battleship&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreyer1973" class="citation book cs1">Breyer, Siegfried (1973). Battleships and Battlecruisers of the world, 1905–1970. London: Macdonald/Jane's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-356-04191-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-356-04191-9"><bdi>978-0-356-04191-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battleships+and+Battlecruisers+of+the+world%2C+1905%E2%80%931970&rft.pub=London%3A+Macdonald%2FJane%27s&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-356-04191-9&rft.aulast=Breyer&rft.aufirst=Siegfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerwig1980" class="citation book cs1">Herwig, Holger (1980). Luxury Fleet, The Imperial German Navy 1888–1918. Ashfield Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-948660-03-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-948660-03-0"><bdi>978-0-948660-03-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luxury+Fleet%2C+The+Imperial+German+Navy+1888%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=Ashfield+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-948660-03-0&rft.aulast=Herwig&rft.aufirst=Holger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Mahan, Alred Thayer. Reflections, Historic and Other, Suggested by the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Japan_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Japan Sea">Battle of the Japan Sea</a>. By Captain A. T. Mahan, US Navy. US Naval <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_(magazine)" title="Proceedings (magazine)">Proceedings</a> magazine; June 1906, volume XXXIV, number 2. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Naval Institute Press">United States Naval Institute Press</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassie1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Massie" title="Robert K. Massie">Massie, Robert</a> (1991). <a href="/wiki/Dreadnought:_Britain,_Germany_and_the_Coming_of_the_Great_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreadnought: Britain, Germany and the Coming of the Great War">Dreadnought: Britain, Germany and the Coming of the Great War</a>. Random House, NY. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-52833-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-52833-5"><bdi>978-0-394-52833-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dreadnought%3A+Britain%2C+Germany+and+the+Coming+of+the+Great+War&rft.pub=Random+House%2C+NY&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-394-52833-5&rft.aulast=Massie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattleship" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Taylor, Bruce, ed. The world of the battleship: The design and careers of capital ships of the world's navies, 1900–1950 (US Naval Institute Press, 2017). 224 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-848-32178-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-848-32178-6">978-1-848-32178-6</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battleship&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Battleship at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Battleship" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Battleship">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Battleships" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Battleships">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Battleship" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Battleship">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Battleship" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Battleship">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" 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Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Battleship" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Battleship">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.combinedfleet.com/baddest.htm">Comparison of the capabilities of seven World War II battleships</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chuckhawks.com/super_battleships_projected.htm">Comparison of projected post-World War II battleship designs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027051033/http://geocities.com/batdev">Development of U.S. battleships, with timeline graph</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu/cdm/search/collection/transportation/searchterm/battleship/field/all/mode/all/conn/and/order/title/ad/asc">Battleships in the Transportation Photographs Collection</a> – University of Washington Library</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_battleship" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:BBhistory" title="Template:BBhistory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:BBhistory" title="Template talk:BBhistory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:BBhistory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:BBhistory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_battleship" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">battleship</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">Ship of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">Ironclad warship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-dreadnought_battleship" title="Pre-dreadnought battleship">Pre-dreadnought battleship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">Dreadnought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battlecruiser" title="Battlecruiser">Battlecruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_battleship" title="Fast battleship">Fast battleship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_battleship" title="Treaty battleship">Treaty battleship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battleships_in_World_War_II" title="Battleships in World War II">Battleships in World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Naval_ships_and_warships_in_19th_and_20th_centuries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Warship_types_of_the_19th_%26_20th_centuries" title="Template:Warship types of the 19th & 20th centuries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Warship_types_of_the_19th_%26_20th_centuries" title="Template talk:Warship types of the 19th & 20th centuries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Warship_types_of_the_19th_%26_20th_centuries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Warship types of the 19th & 20th centuries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Naval_ships_and_warships_in_19th_and_20th_centuries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Naval_ship" title="Naval ship">Naval ships</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">warships</a> in 19th and 20th centuries</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_ship_classes_in_service" title="List of naval ship classes in service">Naval ship classes in service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_submarine_classes_in_service" title="List of submarine classes in service">submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_auxiliary_ship_classes_in_service" title="List of auxiliary ship classes in service">auxiliary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_geography" title="Maritime geography">Operational zones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown-water navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green-water navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue-water navy</a></li></ul></li> <li>Gun placement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadside_(naval)" title="Broadside (naval)">Broadside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_battery_ship" title="Central battery ship">Central battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">Casemate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">Turrets</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carriers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_assault_ship" title="Amphibious assault ship">Amphibious assault ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare_carrier" title="Anti-submarine warfare carrier">Anti-submarine warfare carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balloon_carrier" title="Balloon carrier">Balloon carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battlecarrier" title="Battlecarrier">Battlecarrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAM_ship" title="CAM ship">CAM ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escort_carrier" title="Escort carrier">Escort carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_catapult_ship" title="Fighter catapult ship">Fighter catapult ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_carrier" title="Fleet carrier">Fleet carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_deck_cruiser" title="Flight deck cruiser">Flight deck cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_carrier" title="Helicopter carrier">Helicopter carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdiction_Assault_Ship" title="Interdiction Assault Ship">Interdiction Assault Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_aircraft_carrier" title="Light aircraft carrier">Light aircraft carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_aircraft_carrier" title="Merchant aircraft carrier">Merchant aircraft carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaplane_tender" title="Seaplane tender">Seaplane tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercarrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Supercarrier">Supercarrier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Battleships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_ship" title="Coastal defence ship">Coastal defence ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">Dreadnought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_battleship" title="Fast battleship">Fast battleship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-dreadnought_battleship" title="Pre-dreadnought battleship">Pre-dreadnought battleship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreadnought#Super-dreadnoughts" title="Dreadnought">Super-dreadnought</a> (<a href="/wiki/Standard-type_battleship" title="Standard-type battleship">Standard-type battleship</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_battleship" title="Treaty battleship">Treaty battleship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">Cruisers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_cruiser" title="Aircraft cruiser">Aircraft cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armored_cruiser" title="Armored cruiser">Armored cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battlecruiser" title="Battlecruiser">Battlecruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_missile_cruiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Guided missile cruiser">Guided missile cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_cruiser" title="Heavy cruiser">Heavy cruiser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutschland-class_cruiser" title="Deutschland-class cruiser">Pocket battleship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_cruiser" title="Light cruiser">Light cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_raider" title="Merchant raider">Merchant raider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_cruiser" title="Protected cruiser">Protected cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_cruiser" title="Scout cruiser">Scout cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_cruiser" title="Strike cruiser">Strike cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_cruiser" title="Torpedo cruiser">Torpedo cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unprotected_cruiser" title="Unprotected cruiser">Unprotected cruiser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Escort</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviso" title="Aviso">Aviso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_rescue_ship" title="Convoy rescue ship">Convoy rescue ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">Destroyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroyer_escort" title="Destroyer escort">Destroyer escort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroyer_leader" title="Destroyer leader">Destroyer leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escort_destroyer" title="Escort destroyer">Escort destroyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escorteur" title="Escorteur">Escorteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">Frigate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided-missile_destroyer" title="Guided-missile destroyer">Guided-missile destroyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaib%C5%8Dkan" title="Kaibōkan">Kaibōkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar_picket" title="Radar picket">Radar picket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloop-of-war" title="Sloop-of-war">Sloop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_transport_dock" title="Amphibious transport dock">Amphibious transport dock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare_ship" title="Amphibious warfare ship">Amphibious warfare ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_transport" title="Attack transport">Attack transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dock_landing_ship" title="Dock landing ship">Dock landing ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft_carrier" title="Landing craft carrier">Landing craft carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_Craft_Support" title="Landing Craft Support">Landing Craft Support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_Ship_Heavy" class="mw-redirect" title="Landing Ship Heavy">Landing Ship Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_ship,_infantry" title="Landing ship, infantry">Landing ship, infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_Ship_Logistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Landing Ship Logistics">Landing Ship Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_Ship_Medium" title="Landing Ship Medium">Landing Ship Medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_Ship,_Tank" title="Landing Ship, Tank">Landing Ship, Tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_Ship_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Landing Ship Vehicle">Landing Ship Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troopship" title="Troopship">Troopship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Patrol craft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_boarding_steamer" title="Armed boarding steamer">Armed boarding steamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_yacht" title="Armed yacht">Armed yacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_motor_boat" title="Coastal motor boat">Coastal motor boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvette" title="Corvette">Corvette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">Gunboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbour_defence_motor_launch" title="Harbour defence motor launch">Harbour defence motor launch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_launch_(naval)" title="Motor launch (naval)">Motor launch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_drifter" title="Naval drifter">Naval drifter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_trawler" title="Naval trawler">Naval trawler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_boarding_vessel" title="Ocean boarding vessel">Ocean boarding vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_boat" title="Patrol boat">Patrol boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-ship" title="Q-ship">Q-ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_gun_boat" title="Steam gun boat">Steam gun boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_chaser" title="Submarine chaser">Submarine chaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_boat" title="Torpedo boat">Torpedo boat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fast_attack_craft" title="Fast attack craft">Fast attack craft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E-boat" title="E-boat">E-boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAS_(motorboat)" title="MAS (motorboat)">MAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_gunboat" title="Motor gunboat">MGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_boat" title="Missile boat">Missile boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_torpedo_boat" title="Motor torpedo boat">MTB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT_explosive_motorboat" title="MT explosive motorboat">MTM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTSM_motor_torpedo_boat" title="MTSM motor torpedo boat">MTSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PT_boat" title="PT boat">PT boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin%27y%C5%8D-class_suicide_motorboat" class="mw-redirect" title="Shin'yō-class suicide motorboat">Shin'yō</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mine warfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danlayer" title="Danlayer">Danlayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroyer_minesweeper" title="Destroyer minesweeper">Destroyer minesweeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mine_countermeasures_vessel" title="Mine countermeasures vessel">Mine countermeasures vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mine_planter" title="Mine planter">Mine planter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minehunter" title="Minehunter">Minehunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minelayer" title="Minelayer">Minelayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minesweeper" title="Minesweeper">Minesweeper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Command and support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amenities_ship" title="Amenities ship">Amenities ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammunition_ship" title="Ammunition ship">Ammunition ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_repair_dock" title="Auxiliary repair dock">Auxiliary repair dock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collier_(ship)" title="Collier (ship)">Collier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_stores_ship" title="Combat stores ship">Combat stores ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_ship" title="Command ship">Command ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crane_vessel" title="Crane vessel">Crane vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depot_ship" title="Depot ship">Depot ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroyer_tender" title="Destroyer tender">Destroyer tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispatch_boat" title="Dispatch boat">Dispatch boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_combat_support_ship" title="Fast combat support ship">Fast combat support ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_stores_issue_ship" title="General stores issue ship">General stores issue ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_ship" title="Hospital ship">Hospital ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_support_ship" title="Joint support ship">Joint support ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugboat" title="Tugboat">Naval tugboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_laying_ship" title="Net laying ship">Net laying ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repair_ship" title="Repair ship">Repair ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replenishment_oiler" title="Replenishment oiler">Replenishment oiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_tender" title="Submarine tender">Submarine tender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_submarine" title="Attack submarine">Attack submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile_submarine" title="Ballistic missile submarine">Ballistic missile submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_submarine" title="Coastal submarine">Coastal submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruise missile submarine">Cruise missile submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruiser_submarine" title="Cruiser submarine">Cruiser submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-submergence_vehicle" title="Deep-submergence vehicle">Deep-submergence vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep-submergence_rescue_vehicle" title="Deep-submergence rescue vehicle">DSRV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_submarine" title="Fleet submarine">Fleet submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_torpedo" title="Human torpedo">Human torpedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midget_submarine" title="Midget submarine">Midget submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_aircraft_carrier" title="Submarine aircraft carrier">Submarine aircraft carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_sub" title="Wet sub">Wet sub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_merchantman" title="Armed merchantman">Armed merchantman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenal_ship" title="Arsenal ship">Arsenal ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barracks_ship" title="Barracks ship">Barracks ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastwork_monitor" title="Breastwork monitor">Breastwork monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_ship" title="Capital ship">Capital ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_carrier" title="Drone carrier">Drone carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagship" title="Flagship">Flagship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_battery" title="Floating battery">Floating battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_ship" title="Guard ship">Guard ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_combat_ship" title="Littoral combat ship">Littoral combat ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monitor_(warship)" title="Monitor (warship)">Monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_ship" title="Mother ship">Mother ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_monitor" title="River monitor">River monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Training_ship" title="Training ship">Training ship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ship_types" title="Template:Ship types">Ship types</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Sailing_vessels_and_rigs" title="Template:Sailing vessels and rigs">Sailing vessels</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182531#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182531#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182531#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4126658-4">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85012437">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119444133">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119444133">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01168819">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph118932&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007282577305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/978d29e4-8b23-4b19-9300-7901926d3733">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10636600">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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Template:Delink"," 5.53% 96.536 17 Template:ISBN"," 4.96% 86.558 31 Template:HMS"," 4.84% 84.599 7 Template:Page_needed"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.945","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":14570577,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAppel2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArchibald1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAxell2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeeler2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlack2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBreyer1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBrunila2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurgess;_Heilbrun2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurr2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCompton-Hall2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDahl2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuller1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardiner1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardinerLambert2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibbons1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbert2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGray1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreger1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerwig1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIreland1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIreland1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobsen2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJentschuraJung,_DieterMickel,_Peter1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeegan1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambert1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLenton1971\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLinder2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahan1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMassie1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMassie2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLaughlin2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Connell1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Connell1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPadfield1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParkes1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPleshakov2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreston1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreston1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreston1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussel1861\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSondhaus2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSondhaus2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStilwell2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTamelander2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWetterholm2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson1898\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZetterling2004\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"'\"] = 3,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"BBhistory\"] = 1,\n [\"Bsn\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 53,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 10,\n [\"Cn\"] = 4,\n [\"Convert\"] = 9,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"HMS\"] = 31,\n [\"HSwMS\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 17,\n [\"Isbn\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Naval\"] = 3,\n [\"Naval Vessel Register URL\"] = 2,\n [\"Navy\"] = 14,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 7,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"SMS\"] = 11,\n [\"SMU\"] = 1,\n [\"Sclass\"] = 29,\n [\"Sclass2\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 8,\n [\"Ship\"] = 48,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"TCG\"] = 1,\n [\"USS\"] = 37,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Warship types of the 19th \u0026 20th centuries\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-mz9ks","timestamp":"20241123201911","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Battleship","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battleship","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q182531","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q182531","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-08T14:44:44Z","dateModified":"2024-11-18T11:09:44Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/ea\/BB61_USS_Iowa_BB61_broadside_USN.jpg","headline":"large armored warship with a main battery consisting of heavy caliber guns"}</script> </body> </html>