CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Podiatry - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"7918b081-6312-4700-9b35-1ca5ab06c320","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Podiatry","wgTitle":"Podiatry","wgCurRevisionId":1251973244,"wgRevisionId":1251973244,"wgArticleId":594086,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Use dmy dates from September 2023","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017","Podiatry"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Podiatry", "wgRelevantArticleId":594086,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q11865729","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model", "platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher", "ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Dr_Kamran_Jamshidinia_Performing_Bunion_Surgery.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Dr_Kamran_Jamshidinia_Performing_Bunion_Surgery.jpg/800px-Dr_Kamran_Jamshidinia_Performing_Bunion_Surgery.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Dr_Kamran_Jamshidinia_Performing_Bunion_Surgery.jpg/640px-Dr_Kamran_Jamshidinia_Performing_Bunion_Surgery.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="960"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Podiatry - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podiatry"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Podiatry&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podiatry"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Podiatry rootpage-Podiatry skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Podiatry" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Podiatry" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Podiatry" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Podiatry" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specific_country_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_country_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Specific country practices</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Specific_country_practices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Specific country practices subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Specific_country_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Registration_and_regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Registration_and_regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Registration and regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Registration_and_regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Education and training</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australian_podiatric_medical_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australian_podiatric_medical_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Australian podiatric medical schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australian_podiatric_medical_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prescribing_of_scheduled_medicines_and_referral_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prescribing_of_scheduled_medicines_and_referral_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Prescribing of scheduled medicines and referral rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prescribing_of_scheduled_medicines_and_referral_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Practice_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practice_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Practice characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Practice_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colleges_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colleges_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>Colleges and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colleges_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Podiatric_subspecialties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Podiatric_subspecialties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Podiatric subspecialties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Podiatric_subspecialties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_societies_and_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_societies_and_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Professional societies and organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_societies_and_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Podiatry</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="طب الأقدام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طب الأقدام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Подология – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Подология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podiatrie" title="Podiatrie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Podiatrie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%B2%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="پاپزشکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاپزشکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B1%EB%B6%80%EC%9D%98%ED%95%99" title="족부의학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="족부의학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="पोडियाट्री – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पोडियाट्री" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="פודיאטריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פודיאטריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პოდიატრია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პოდიატრია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Подиатрия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Подиатрия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalkaterapia" title="Jalkaterapia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jalkaterapia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podiatri" title="Podiatri – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Podiatri" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Подологія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Подологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podiatriya" title="Podiatriya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Podiatriya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%B3%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6" title="足病学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="足病学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11865729#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Podiatry" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Podiatry" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Podiatry"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podiatry&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podiatry&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Podiatry"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podiatry&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podiatry&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Podiatry" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Podiatry" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podiatry&oldid=1251973244" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podiatry&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Podiatry&id=1251973244&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPodiatry"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPodiatry"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Podiatry&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podiatry&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Podiatry" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11865729" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medicine branch focusing on the human lower extremities</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about podiatric medicine. For the profession, see <a href="/wiki/Podiatrist" title="Podiatrist">Podiatrist</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Podiatrist, podiatric surgeon, podiatric physician</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr_Kamran_Jamshidinia_Performing_Bunion_Surgery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Dr_Kamran_Jamshidinia_Performing_Bunion_Surgery.jpg/220px-Dr_Kamran_Jamshidinia_Performing_Bunion_Surgery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Dr_Kamran_Jamshidinia_Performing_Bunion_Surgery.jpg/330px-Dr_Kamran_Jamshidinia_Performing_Bunion_Surgery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Dr_Kamran_Jamshidinia_Performing_Bunion_Surgery.jpg/440px-Dr_Kamran_Jamshidinia_Performing_Bunion_Surgery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Podiatric surgeon performing reconstructive surgery</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Occupation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Names</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Podiatrist</li> <li>Podiatric surgeon</li> <li>Foot and ankle surgeon</li> <li>Doctor of podiatric medicine</li> <li>Podiatric physician</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Activity sectors</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sports_medicine" title="Sports medicine">sports medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthopedics" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthopedics">orthopedics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">plastic surgery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endocrinology" title="Endocrinology">endocrinology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endocrinology" title="Endocrinology">endocrinology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_surgery" title="Orthopedic surgery">orthopedic surgery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dermatology" title="Dermatology">dermatology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiology" title="Radiology">radiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biomechanics" title="Biomechanics">biomechanics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rheumatology" title="Rheumatology">rheumatology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">neurology</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Description</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Competencies</th><td class="infobox-data">Expertise in medicine, surgical skills, ethics, critical thinking, analytical skills, professionalism, management skills, and communication skills</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Education required</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Doctor of Podiatric Medicine</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Fields of<br />employment</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">Hospitals</a>, private practices</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Podiatry</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">poh-<span style="font-size:90%">DY</span>-ə-tree</i></a>), or <b>podiatric medicine and surgery</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">POH</span>-dee-<span style="font-size:90%">AT</span>-rik, poh-<span style="font-size:90%">DY</span>-ə-trik</i></a>), is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> devoted to the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disorders of the <a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">foot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ankle" title="Ankle">ankle</a> and lower limb. The healthcare professional is known as a <a href="/wiki/Podiatrist" title="Podiatrist">podiatrist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US podiatric medical school curriculum includes lower extremity anatomy, general human anatomy, physiology, general medicine, physical assessment, biochemistry, neurobiology, pathophysiology, genetics and embryology, microbiology, histology, pharmacology, women's health, physical rehabilitation, sports medicine, research, ethics and jurisprudence, biomechanics, general principles of <a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_surgery" title="Orthopedic surgery">orthopedic surgery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">plastic surgery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Foot_and_ankle_surgery" title="Foot and ankle surgery">foot and ankle surgery</a>. </p><p>Podiatry is practiced as a <a href="/wiki/Specialty_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialty (medicine)">specialty</a> in many countries. In Australia, graduates of recognised academic programs can register through the Podiatry Board of Australia as a "podiatrist", and those with additional recognised training may also receive endorsement to prescribe or administer restricted medications and/or seek specialist registration as a "podiatric surgeon". </p><p>Medical Group Management Association (MGMA) data shows that a general podiatrist with a single specialty earns a median salary of $230,357, while one with a multi-specialty practice type earns $270,263. However, a podiatry surgeon makes more with a single specialty, with the median at $304,474 compared to the multispecialty of $286,201.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First-year salaries around $150,000 with performance and productivity incentives are common. Private practice revenues for solo podiatrists vary widely, with the majority of solo practices grossing between $200,000 and $600,000 before overhead.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podiatry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The professional care of feet existed in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>, as depicted by <a href="/wiki/Bas-relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas-relief">bas-relief</a> carvings at the entrance to Ankmahor's tomb from about 2400 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a> described the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Corn_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corn (medicine)">corns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calluses" class="mw-redirect" title="Calluses">calluses</a> by physically reducing the hard skin and removing the cause. The skin scrapers which he invented for this purpose were the original <a href="/wiki/Scalpels" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalpels">scalpels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the turn of the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Podiatrists" class="mw-redirect" title="Podiatrists">podiatrists</a> were independently licensed physicians, separate from the rest of organized medicine. <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Durlacher" title="Lewis Durlacher">Lewis Durlacher</a>, appointed as surgeon-podiatrist to the British royal household in 1823, called for podiatry to be a protected profession. </p><p>Prominent figures including <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> kings employed personal podiatrists. President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> sent his personal podiatrist, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isachar_Zachriel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isachar Zachriel (page does not exist)">Isachar Zachriel</a>, on confidential missions to confer with leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a> during the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Civil War">U.S. Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first podiatric society was established in New York in 1895, and still operates there today as NYSPMA.<sup id="cite_ref-nyspma.org_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyspma.org-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first podiatric school opened in 1911. One year later, the British established a podiatric society at the <a href="/wiki/London_Foot_Hospital" title="London Foot Hospital">London Foot Hospital</a>; a school was added in 1919. The first American podiatric journal appeared in 1907, followed in 1912 by a UK journal. In Australia, professional podiatric associations were organized as early as 1924, followed by a podiatric training center and professional podiatric journal in 1939. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specific_country_practices">Specific country practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podiatry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Specific country practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podiatry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Australia, podiatry is considered an <a href="/wiki/Allied_health_profession" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied health profession">allied health profession</a> and is practised by individuals licensed by the Podiatry Board of Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Australia recognizes two levels of professional accreditation (General Podiatrist and Podiatric Surgeon), with ongoing lobbying for the recognition of other subspecialties. Some Commonwealth countries recognize Australian qualifications, allowing Australian podiatrists to practise abroad. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Registration_and_regulation">Registration and regulation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podiatry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Registration and regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Australian podiatrists must register with the Podiatry Board of Australia, which regulates podiatrists and podiatric surgeons. The board also assesses foreign-trained registrants in conjunction with the Australian & New Zealand Podiatry Accreditation Council (ANZPAC).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It recognizes three pathways to attain specialist registration as a podiatric surgeon:<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Fellowship of the Australasian College of Podiatric Surgeons<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Doctor of Podiatric Surgery, University of Western Australia<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Eligibility for Fellowship of the Australasian College of Podiatric Surgeons</li></ol> <p>Until 21 November 2019, ANZPAC approved the Doctor of Podiatric Surgery program of study offered by the University of Western Australia as providing a qualification for the purpose of specialist registration as a podiatric surgeon.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Education_and_training">Education and training</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podiatry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Education and training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To enter an undergraduate <a href="/wiki/Podiatric_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Podiatric Medicine">Podiatric Medicine</a> program, applicants must have completed a Year 12 Certificate with an <a href="/wiki/Australian_Tertiary_Admission_Rank" title="Australian Tertiary Admission Rank">Australian Tertiary Admission Rank</a> (ATAR). Cut-off scores from the <a href="/wiki/Universities_Admissions_Centre" title="Universities Admissions Centre">Universities Admissions Centre</a> (UAC) generally range from 70.00 to 95.00; prospective students who are 21 or older can instead apply directly to the university. The <a href="/wiki/UWA" class="mw-redirect" title="UWA">UWA</a> <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Podiatric_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Podiatric Medicine">DPM</a> program has admission requirements of: completion of a UWA bachelor's degree or equivalent, a minimum GPA of 5.0 from the most recent three years (FTE) of valid study, suitable GAMSAT score, and English language competency. There is no interview requirement for the DPM at UWA (applications are handled via the university). </p><p>Australian podiatrists complete an undergraduate degree ranging from 3 to 4 years of education. The first 2 years of this program are generally focused on various biomedical science subjects, including functional anatomy, microbiology, biochemistry, <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pathophysiology" title="Pathophysiology">pathophysiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">pharmacology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine" title="Evidence-based medicine">evidence-based medicine</a>, sociology, and patient psychology, similar to the medical curriculum.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The following year focuses on podiatry-specific areas such as podiatric anatomy & biomechanics, human gait, podiatric orthopaedics (the non-surgical management of foot abnormalities), podopaediatrics, <a href="/wiki/Sports_medicine" title="Sports medicine">sports medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rheumatology" title="Rheumatology">rheumatology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angiology" title="Angiology">vascular medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wound_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Wound care">wound care</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a> & <a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">neurology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">pharmacology</a>, general medicine, general pathology, local and general <a href="/wiki/Anaesthesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaesthesia">anaesthesia</a>, minor and major podiatric surgical procedural techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Surgical_treatment_of_ingrown_toe_nails" class="mw-redirect" title="Surgical treatment of ingrown toe nails">partial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surgical_treatment_of_ingrown_toe_nails" class="mw-redirect" title="Surgical treatment of ingrown toe nails">total nail avulsions</a>, matricectomy, <a href="/wiki/Cryotherapy" title="Cryotherapy">cryotherapy</a>, wound debridement, <a href="/wiki/Enucleation_(surgery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enucleation (surgery)">enucleation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Suturing">suturing</a>, other cutaneous and electro-surgical procedures and theoretical understanding of procedures performed by orthopaedic and podiatric surgeons. </p><p>Australian <a href="/wiki/Podiatric_surgeons" class="mw-redirect" title="Podiatric surgeons">podiatric surgeons</a> are <a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">specialist</a> podiatrists with further advanced training in medicine and pharmacology, and training in foot surgery. Podiatrists wishing to pursue specialisation in podiatric surgery must meet the requirements for Fellowship with the Australasian College of Podiatric Surgeons. They must complete a 4-year degree, including 2 years of didactic study and 2 years of clinical experience, followed by a master's degree with a focus on biomechanics, medicine, surgery, general surgery, advanced pharmacology, advanced medical imaging, and clinical pathology. They then qualify for the status of Registrar with the Australasian College of Podiatric Surgeons. Following surgical training with a podiatric surgeon (3–5 years), rotations within other medical and surgeons' disciplines, overseas clinical rotations, and passing oral and written exams, Registrars may qualify for Fellowship status.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fellows are then given <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comlaw.gov.au/ComLaw/Legislation/LegislativeInstrument1.nsf/0/433CD52715FEB72CCA256F860009D008/$file/Podiatric+guidelines.pdf">Commonwealth accreditation</a> under the Health Insurance Act, recognising them as providers of professional attention for the purposes of health insurance rebates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australian_podiatric_medical_schools">Australian podiatric medical schools</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podiatry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Australian podiatric medical schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following podiatric teaching centres are accredited by the Australian and New Zealand Podiatry Accreditation Council (<a href="/w/index.php?title=ANZPAC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ANZPAC (page does not exist)">ANZPAC</a>): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Australia" title="University of Western Australia">University of Western Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sturt_University" title="Charles Sturt University">Charles Sturt University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Trobe_University" title="La Trobe University">La Trobe University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Sydney" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Western Sydney">University of Western Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Australia" title="University of South Australia">University of South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Newcastle_(Australia)" title="University of Newcastle (Australia)">University of Newcastle (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensland_University_of_Technology" title="Queensland University of Technology">Queensland University of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Queensland_University" title="Central Queensland University">Central Queensland University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_University" title="Southern Cross University">Southern Cross University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_University_of_Technology" title="Auckland University of Technology">Auckland University of Technology</a> (in New Zealand)</li></ul> <p>Some, including Charles Sturt University and University of Western Sydney, offer the degree <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Podiatric_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor of Podiatric Medicine">Bachelor of Podiatric Medicine</a>; others offer postgraduate degrees, such as the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Australia" title="University of Western Australia">University of Western Australia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Podiatric_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Podiatric Medicine">Doctor of Podiatric Medicine</a>, and La Trobe University's Master of Podiatric Practice.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two more podiatric schools are being developed, at the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Catholic_University" title="Australian Catholic University">Australian Catholic University</a> and the University of Ballarat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prescribing_of_scheduled_medicines_and_referral_rights">Prescribing of scheduled medicines and referral rights</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podiatry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Prescribing of scheduled medicines and referral rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The prescribing rights of Australian podiatrists vary by state. All states allow registered podiatrists to use local anaesthesia for minor surgeries.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Victoria, Western Australia, Queensland, South Australia, New South Wales: registered podiatrists and podiatric surgeons with an endorsement of scheduled medicines may prescribe relevant <a href="/wiki/Standard_for_the_Uniform_Scheduling_of_Drugs_and_Poisons" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons">schedule 4</a> poisons. </p><p>In Western Australia and South Australia, podiatrists with <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">Master's degrees</a> in Podiatry and extensive training in pharmacology are authorised to prescribe Schedule 2, 3, 4, or 8 medicines (<a href="/wiki/Australian_Health_Practitioner_Regulation_Agency" title="Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency">Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency</a>). </p><p>In Queensland, Fellows of the Australasian College of Podiatric Surgeons are authorised to prescribe a range of Schedule 4 drugs and one Schedule 8 drug. </p><p>Prescriptions written by podiatrists do not qualify for the <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_Benefits_Scheme" title="Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme">Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme</a>, despite lobbying to change this.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some referrals from podiatrists (plain x-rays of the foot, leg, knee, and femur, and ultrasound examination of soft tissue conditions of the foot) are rebated by Medicare, while others (CTs, MRIs, bone scans, pathology testing, and other specialist medical practitioners) are not eligible for Medicare rebates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podiatry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Canada, the definition and scope of the practice of podiatry varies by province. A number of provinces, including <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, accept the qualification of Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (DPM); in Quebec, other academic designations may also register. </p><p>In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_du_Qu%C3%A9bec_%C3%A0_Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières">Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières</a> started the first and only program of Podiatric Medicine in Canada based on the American definition of podiatry. This program enlists 25 students yearly across <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and leads to a DPM upon obtaining 195 credits.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The province of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> has been registering chiropodists since 1944, with 701 chiropodists and 54 podiatrists registered by the College of Chiropodists of Ontario as of December 31, 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ontario makes a distinction between podiatrists and chiropodists. Podiatrists are required to have a DPM, whereas chiropodists need only have a post-secondary diploma in chiropody. Podiatrists, unlike chiropodists, may bill <a href="/wiki/OHIP" class="mw-redirect" title="OHIP">OHIP</a>, "communicate a diagnosis" to their patients, and perform surgical procedures on the bones of the forefoot.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Registered podiatrists who relocate to Ontario are required to register with the province and practice as a chiropodist. Ontario legislation in 1991 imposed a cap on Ontario-trained chiropodists becoming podiatrists, while grandfathering in already-practising podiatrists.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podiatry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are no podiatric medical schools in Iran. The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Medical_Education_(Iran)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Health and Medical Education (Iran)">Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MoHME)</a> reviews the dossier of podiatric applicants for medical registration according to the "Regulations on the Evaluation of the Educational Credentials of Foreign Graduates".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Applicants with podiatric degrees from the United States qualify for registration in Iran if they meet the following criteria: </p> <ul><li>possession of a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a></li> <li>passing score on the <a href="/wiki/Medical_College_Admission_Test" title="Medical College Admission Test">MCAT</a></li> <li>completion of the podiatric curriculum of an accredited school, thereby obtaining the degree of <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Podiatric_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Podiatric Medicine">Doctor of Podiatric Medicine</a> (DPM)</li> <li>completion of a one-year postgraduate training (if required by the home jurisdiction)</li> <li>passing score on relevant board examinations</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podiatry&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>New Zealand established Chiropody (shortly thereafter renamed to Podiatry) as a registered profession in 1969, requiring all applicants to take a recognized three-year course of training. The New Zealand School of Podiatry was established at Petone in 1970, under the direction of John Gallocher. Later, the school moved to the Central Institute of Technology, Upper Hutt, Wellington. Today, Auckland University of Technology is the only provider of podiatry training in New Zealand. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1976, podiatrists in New Zealand gained the legal right to use a local anaesthetic, and began to include minor surgical procedures on ingrown toenails in their scope of practice. They received the right to refer patients to radiologists for X-rays in 1984, and (with suitable training) to acquire licensing to take their own X-rays in 1989. Diagnostic radiographic training is now incorporated into the podiatric degree syllabus, and on successful completion of the course, graduates register with the New Zealand National Radiation Laboratory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podiatry&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mobile_chiropodist_in_Chorley_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Mobile_chiropodist_in_Chorley_2011.jpg/220px-Mobile_chiropodist_in_Chorley_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Mobile_chiropodist_in_Chorley_2011.jpg/330px-Mobile_chiropodist_in_Chorley_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Mobile_chiropodist_in_Chorley_2011.jpg/440px-Mobile_chiropodist_in_Chorley_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1552" /></a><figcaption>Mobile chiropodist in <a href="/wiki/Chorley" title="Chorley">Chorley</a> 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>The scope of practice of podiatrists in the UK varies depending on their education and training, but may include simple skin care, the use of prescription-only medicines, injection therapy, and non-invasive surgery such as nail resection and removal.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Podiatrists also interface between patients and multidisciplinary teams, recognising systemic disease as it manifests in the foot and referring on to the appropriate health care professionals.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To qualify as a podiatric surgeon, a podiatrist in the UK must undertake extensive postgraduate education and training, usually taking a minimum of 10 years to complete.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Appropriately qualified podiatric surgeons may perform invasive bone and joint surgery. </p><p>Legislation in the UK protects the professional titles 'chiropodist' and 'podiatrist', but does not distinguish between the two.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those using protected titles must be registered with the <a href="/wiki/Health_and_Care_Professions_Council" title="Health and Care Professions Council">Health and Care Professions Council</a> (HCPC).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Registration is normally only granted to those holding a bachelor's degree from one of 13 recognized schools of podiatry in the UK. Professional bodies recognised by the HCPC are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_Chiropodists_and_Podiatrists" class="mw-redirect" title="The Society of Chiropodists and Podiatrists">The Society of Chiropodists and Podiatrists</a></li> <li>The Alliance of Private Sector Practitioners<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Institute_of_Chiropodists_and_Podiatrists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Institute of Chiropodists and Podiatrists (page does not exist)">The Institute of Chiropodists and Podiatrists</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_British_Chiropody_and_Podiatry_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The British Chiropody and Podiatry Association (page does not exist)">The British Chiropody and Podiatry Association</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In 1979, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_National_Health_Service" title="Royal Commission on the National Health Service">Royal Commission on the National Health Service</a> reported that about six and a half million NHS chiropody treatments were provided to just over one and a half million people in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> in 1977,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> an increase of 19% over the number from three years before. Over 90% of patients receiving these treatments were aged 65 or over. At that time there were about 5,000 state registered chiropodists, but only about two-thirds worked for the NHS. The Commission agreed with the suggestion of the Association of Chief Chiropody Officers that more foot hygienists should be introduced, who could undertake, under the direction of a registered chiropodist, "nail cutting and such simple foot-care and hygiene as a fit person should normally carry out for himself."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podiatry&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, medical and surgical care of the foot and ankle is mainly provided by two groups: podiatrists (with a Doctor of Podiatric Medicine degree) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and orthopedic surgeons (with a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine</a> degree).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most states, their scope of practice is limited to the foot and ankle; however, some states include the leg, hand, or both.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to be considered for admission to podiatric medical school, an applicant must first complete a minimum of 90 semester hours at the university level, or (more commonly), complete a bachelor's degree with an appropriate emphasis.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In addition, potential students are required to take the <a href="/wiki/Medical_College_Admission_Test" title="Medical College Admission Test">Medical College Admission Test</a> (MCAT). In 2019, the average MCAT for matriculants was 500<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 3.5 average undergraduate cGPA.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The DPM degree itself takes a minimum of four years to complete. The first two years of podiatric medical school are similar to training that <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">M.D.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">D.O.</a> students receive, but with greater emphasis on the foot and ankle. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Podiatry2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Podiatry2.jpg/250px-Podiatry2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Podiatry2.jpg/375px-Podiatry2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Podiatry2.jpg/500px-Podiatry2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>A podiatry student examines the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_motion#Flexion_and_extension_of_the_foot" title="Anatomical terms of motion">extension</a> angle of the <a href="/wiki/First_metatarsal_phalangeal_joint_(MTPJ)" class="mw-redirect" title="First metatarsal phalangeal joint (MTPJ)">first metatarsal phalangeal joint (MTPJ)</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The four-year podiatric medical school is followed by a surgical residency to provide hands-on training. As of July 2013, all residency programs in podiatry were required to transition to a minimum of three years of post-doctoral training.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This upgrading of training was spearheaded in California by the state Board of Podiatric Medicine (BPM) and its California Liaison Committee (CLC).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BPM’s Executive Officer James H. Rathlesberger included it in the Federation of Podiatric Medical Boards’ Model Law, which he wrote before becoming FPMB president in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Podiatric residents rotate through core areas of medicine and surgery. They work in such rotations as emergency medicine, internal medicine, infectious disease, behavioral medicine, physical medicine and rehabilitation, vascular surgery, general surgery, orthopedic surgery, plastic surgery, dermatology, and podiatric surgery and medicine. Fellowship training is available after residency in such fields such as geriatrics, foot and ankle traumatology, and infectious disease.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wyckoff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Wyckoff.jpg/220px-Wyckoff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Wyckoff.jpg/330px-Wyckoff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Wyckoff.jpg/440px-Wyckoff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Podiatric Surgical Training</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sharplan_40C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Sharplan_40C.jpg/200px-Sharplan_40C.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Sharplan_40C.jpg/300px-Sharplan_40C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Sharplan_40C.jpg/400px-Sharplan_40C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1746" data-file-height="2490" /></a><figcaption>A 40 watt CO<sub>2</sub> laser used for podiatry</figcaption></figure> <p>Upon completion of their residency, podiatrist candidates are eligible to sit for examinations for certification by one of two specialty boards accredited by the Council on Podiatric Medical Education (CPME), which itself is overseen and approved by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education" title="United States Department of Education">Department of Education</a>. These are the American Board of Podiatric Medicine (ABPM)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the American Board of Foot and Ankle Surgery (ABFAS).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ABPM certification leads to fellowship in either the American Society of Podiatric Surgeons (ASPS) or the American College of Podiatric Medicine (ACPM). ABFAS certification leads to fellowship in the ASPS or the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons (ACFAS). ABPM is recognized by CPME as certification in primary podiatric medicine and orthopaedics<sup id="cite_ref-:0_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the ABFAS as certification in podiatric surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, hospital credentialing committees often do not distinguish between the two.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two surgical certifications under ABFAS:<sup id="cite_ref-k12academics1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k12academics1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> foot surgery, and reconstructive rearfoot/ankle (RRA) surgery. In order to be board-certified in RRA, the sitting candidate has to have already achieved board certification in foot surgery. To receive ABFAS certification, the candidate must pass the written examination, submit surgical logs indicating experience and variety, pass an oral examination, and complete a computer-based clinical simulation.<sup id="cite_ref-k12academics1_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k12academics1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Practice_characteristics">Practice characteristics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podiatry&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Practice characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Podiatric physicians practice in a variety of different settings. Some practice solo in a private practice setting; some belong to larger group practices. There are podiatrists in larger multi-specialty practices as well (such as <a href="/wiki/Orthopedic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthopedic">orthopedic</a> groups or groups for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>) or clinic practices (such as the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Health_Service" title="Indian Health Service">Indian Health Service</a> (IHS), the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_Health_Centers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rural Health Centers (page does not exist)">Rural Health Centers</a> (RHC), or the Community Health Center (<a href="/wiki/FQHC" class="mw-redirect" title="FQHC">FQHC</a>)). Some work for government organizations, such as for <a href="/wiki/Veterans_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Veterans Affairs">Veterans Affairs</a> hospitals and clinics. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some podiatrists have primarily surgical practices. They may complete additional fellowship training in reconstruction of the foot and ankle from the effects of diabetes or physical trauma, or practice minimally invasive percutaneous surgery for cosmetic correction of <a href="/wiki/Hammer_toe" title="Hammer toe">hammer toes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bunion" title="Bunion">bunions</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colleges_and_education">Colleges and education</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podiatry&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Colleges and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Podiatric_medical_school" title="Podiatric medical school">Podiatric medical school</a></div> <p>There are 11 schools of podiatric medicine in the United States. These are governed by the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Colleges_of_Podiatric_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="American Association of Colleges of Podiatric Medicine">American Association of Colleges of Podiatric Medicine</a> (AACPM) and accredited by the Council on Podiatric Medical Education. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_University" title="Midwestern University">Arizona School of Podiatric Medicine at Midwestern University</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_University_School_of_Podiatric_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Barry University School of Podiatric Medicine">Barry University School of Podiatric Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_School_of_Podiatric_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="California School of Podiatric Medicine">California School of Podiatric Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Des_Moines_University_College_of_Podiatric_Medicine_and_Surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Des Moines University College of Podiatric Medicine and Surgery">Des Moines University College of Podiatric Medicine and Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_College_of_Podiatric_Medicine" title="New York College of Podiatric Medicine">New York College of Podiatric Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_State_University_College_of_Podiatric_Medicine" title="Kent State University College of Podiatric Medicine">Kent State University College of Podiatric Medicine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lecom.edu/school-of-podiatric-medicine/">Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine School of Podiatric Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._William_M._Scholl_College_of_Podiatric_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. William M. Scholl College of Podiatric Medicine">Dr. William M. Scholl College of Podiatric Medicine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_University_of_Medicine_and_Science" title="Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science">Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_University_School_of_Podiatric_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple University School of Podiatric Medicine">Temple University School of Podiatric Medicine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.utrgv.edu/school-of-podiatric-medicine/">University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Podiatric Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WesternU_%E2%80%93_College_of_Podiatric_Medicine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WesternU – College of Podiatric Medicine (page does not exist)">College of Podiatric Medicine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Western_University_of_Health_Sciences" title="Western University of Health Sciences">Western University of Health Sciences</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Podiatric_subspecialties">Podiatric subspecialties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podiatry&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Podiatric subspecialties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Podiatrists treat a wide variety of foot and lower-extremity conditions through both nonsurgical and surgical approaches. While the terminology of subspecialties differ around the world, they generally fall into these categories: </p> <ul><li>Reconstructive foot and ankle surgery</li> <li>Podiatric sports medicine (chronic overuse injuries and mechanical performance enhancement)<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Podiatric dermatology</li> <li>Lower extremity plastic and reconstructive surgery, limb salvage, and wound care<sup id="cite_ref-HighRisk_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HighRisk-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Podopediatrics (podiatry in children)<sup id="cite_ref-healthcentre1_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-healthcentre1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_podiatry" title="Forensic podiatry">Forensic podiatry</a> (the study of footprints, footwear, shoeprints and feet associated with crime scene investigations)</li></ul> <p>Podiatric assistants work as a part of a podiatric medical team in a variety of clinical and non-clinical settings. Worldwide, there are common professional accreditation pathways to be a podiatric assistant; for instance, in Australia, the qualification is a Certificate IV in Allied Health Assistance specialising in podiatry.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Podiatric assistants may specialize in many different fields, such as: </p> <ul><li>Podiatric <a href="/wiki/Nurse" class="mw-redirect" title="Nurse">nurse</a></li> <li>Podiatric surgical nurse</li> <li>Foot carer</li> <li>Podiatric support worker</li> <li>Podiatric technician</li> <li>Podiatric hygienist</li> <li>Foot hygienist</li> <li>Podiatric medical assistant</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professional_societies_and_organizations">Professional societies and organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podiatry&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Professional societies and organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy_of_Ambulatory_Foot_and_Ankle_Surgery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academy of Ambulatory Foot and Ankle Surgery (page does not exist)">Academy of Ambulatory Foot and Ankle Surgery</a> (AAFAS)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta_Podiatry_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alberta Podiatry Association (page does not exist)">Alberta Podiatry Association</a> (APA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Gamma_Kappa" title="Alpha Gamma Kappa">Alpha Gamma Kappa</a> fraternity</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alliance_of_Private_Sector_Practitioners&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alliance of Private Sector Practitioners (page does not exist)">Alliance of Private Sector Practitioners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Podiatric_Medical_Association" title="American Podiatric Medical Association">American Podiatric Medical Association</a> (APMA)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Society_of_Podiatric_Surgeons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Society of Podiatric Surgeons (page does not exist)">American Society of Podiatric Surgeons</a> (ASPS)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Society_of_Forensic_Podiatry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Society of Forensic Podiatry (page does not exist)">American Society of Forensic Podiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_College_of_Foot_and_Ankle_Surgeons" title="American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons">American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons</a> (ACFAS)</li> <li>American Board of Foot and Ankle Surgery (ABFAS)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acpmed.org/">American College of Podiatric Medicine</a> (ACPM)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.podiatryboard.org">American Board of Podiatric Medicine</a> (ABPM</li> <li>American Board of Multiple Specialties in Podiatric Medicine</li> <li>American Board of Multiple Specialties in Podiatric Surgery</li> <li>American Academy of Podiatric Sports Medicine (AAPSM)</li> <li>American Society of Podiatric Dermatology (ASPD)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Podiatry_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Australian Podiatry Association (page does not exist)">Australian Podiatry Association</a> (APODA)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Association_Belge_des_Podologues&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Association Belge des Podologues (page does not exist)">Association Belge des Podologues</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Podiatric_Medical_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canadian Podiatric Medical Association (page does not exist)">Canadian Podiatric Medical Association</a> (CPMA)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Academy_of_Podiatric_Practice_Management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Academy of Podiatric Practice Management (page does not exist)">American Academy of Podiatric Practice Management</a> (AAPPM)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Federation_of_Podiatrists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Federation of Podiatrists (page does not exist)">International Federation of Podiatrists</a> – Fédération Internationale des Podologues (FIP-IFP)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Foot_and_Ankle_Biomechanics_Community_(i-FAB)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Foot and Ankle Biomechanics Community (i-FAB) (page does not exist)">International Foot and Ankle Biomechanics Community (i-FAB)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Student_National_Podiatric_Medical_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Student National Podiatric Medical Association (page does not exist)">Student National Podiatric Medical Association</a> (SNPMA)</li> <li>American Podiatric Medical Students' Association (APMSA)</li> <li>Australian College of Podiatric Surgeons (ACPS)</li> <li>Australian Podiatry Association (APodA)</li> <li>Australian Podiatry Council (APodC)</li> <li>Australasian Academy of Podiatric Sports Medicine (AAPSM)</li> <li>Australasian Podiatric Rheumatology Specialist Interest Group (APRSIG)</li> <li>Federation of Podiatric Medical Boards (FPMB)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Chiropodists_and_Podiatrists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute of Chiropodists and Podiatrists (page does not exist)">Institute of Chiropodists and Podiatrists</a> (IOCP)</li> <li>Canadian Federation of Podiatric Medicine</li> <li>Royal College of Podiatry (RCoP)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podiatry&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aacpm.org/">"American Association of Colleges of Podiatric Medicine"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Association+of+Colleges+of+Podiatric+Medicine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aacpm.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.physiciansthrive.com/physician-compensation/podiatrist-salary/#:~:text=Medical%20Group%20Management%20Association%20(MGMA,multispecialty%20practice%20type%20earns%20%24270%2C263.">"Quick Facts: Podiatrists"</a>. <i>compensation</i>. MGMA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=compensation&rft.atitle=Quick+Facts%3A+Podiatrists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.physiciansthrive.com%2Fphysician-compensation%2Fpodiatrist-salary%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DMedical%2520Group%2520Management%2520Association%2520%28MGMA%2Cmultispecialty%2520practice%2520type%2520earns%2520%2524270%252C263.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salary.com/research/salary/benchmark/physician-podiatry-salary">"Physician - Podiatry Salary"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Physician+-+Podiatry+Salary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.salary.com%2Fresearch%2Fsalary%2Fbenchmark%2Fphysician-podiatry-salary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kent.edu/cpm/about-the-profession">"Medical Specialty: Podiatric Medicine | Kent State University"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medical+Specialty%3A+Podiatric+Medicine+%26%23124%3B+Kent+State+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kent.edu%2Fcpm%2Fabout-the-profession&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archaeology.org/issues/437-2109/features/9907-wellness-egypt-foot-massage">"Self-Care - Archaeology Magazine"</a>. <i>www.archaeology.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.archaeology.org&rft.atitle=Self-Care+-+Archaeology+Magazine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeology.org%2Fissues%2F437-2109%2Ffeatures%2F9907-wellness-egypt-foot-massage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHippocrates" class="citation book cs1">Hippocrates. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/artic.62.62.html"><i>On the Articulations</i></a>. Translated by Adams, Francis. pp. pt. 62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Articulations&rft.pages=pt.+62&rft.au=Hippocrates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassics.mit.edu%2FHippocrates%2Fartic.62.62.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/zacharie.html">"Isachar Zacharie"</a>. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Isachar+Zacharie&rft.pub=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fbiography%2Fzacharie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031641/http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4160-5223-4..00113-X&isbn=978-1-4160-5223-4&sid=1443544104&uniqId=411842093-70#4-u1.0-B978-1-4160-5223-4..00113-X--s0010">"MD Consult - Important Notice"</a>. <i>www.mdconsult.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mdconsult.com/books/page.do?eid=4-u1.0-B978-1-4160-5223-4..00113-X&isbn=978-1-4160-5223-4&sid=1443544104&uniqId=411842093-70#4-u1.0-B978-1-4160-5223-4..00113-X--s0010">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mdconsult.com&rft.atitle=MD+Consult+-+Important+Notice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdconsult.com%2Fbooks%2Fpage.do%3Feid%3D4-u1.0-B978-1-4160-5223-4..00113-X%26isbn%3D978-1-4160-5223-4%26sid%3D1443544104%26uniqId%3D411842093-70%234-u1.0-B978-1-4160-5223-4..00113-X--s0010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyspma.org-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyspma.org_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyspma.org">New York State Podiatric Medical Association</a>. NYSPMA. Retrieved on 2010-11-27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.podiatryboard.gov.au/documents/default.aspx?record=WD12%2F8178&dbid=AP&chksum=WCFEhIeMsgCst%2B1Qe%2F%2Bl9w%3D%3D">"When is it necessary to be registered as a podiatry practitioner?"</a>. Podiatric Board of Australia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+is+it+necessary+to+be+registered+as+a+podiatry+practitioner%3F&rft.pub=Podiatric+Board+of+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.podiatryboard.gov.au%2Fdocuments%2Fdefault.aspx%3Frecord%3DWD12%252F8178%26dbid%3DAP%26chksum%3DWCFEhIeMsgCst%252B1Qe%252F%252Bl9w%253D%253D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.podiatryboard.gov.au/Registration-Endorsement/Overseas-Trained-Podiatrists.aspx">"Overseas Trained Podiatrists"</a>. AHPRA Podiatric Board<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overseas+Trained+Podiatrists&rft.pub=AHPRA+Podiatric+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.podiatryboard.gov.au%2FRegistration-Endorsement%2FOverseas-Trained-Podiatrists.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.podiatryboard.gov.au/Overseas-Trained-Podiatrists.aspx">"Overseas trained podiatrists and podiatric surgeons"</a>. <i>Podiatry Board of Australia</i>. 31 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Podiatry+Board+of+Australia&rft.atitle=Overseas+trained+podiatrists+and+podiatric+surgeons&rft.date=2020-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.podiatryboard.gov.au%2FOverseas-Trained-Podiatrists.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acps.edu.au/index.php">ACPS</a>. ACPS. Retrieved on 2010-11-27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uwa.edu.au/study/courses/doctor-of-podiatric-surgery">UWA Doctor of Podiatric Surgery</a>. Retrieved on 2021-05-07</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.podiatryboard.gov.au/documents/default.aspx?record=WD14%2F15933&dbid=AP&chksum=deGZtyHMuTmerFzrycYR%2Fg%3D%3D">"Meeting of the Podiatry Board of Australia"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2013</span>. <q>Meeting of the Podiatry Board of Australia held on 17 December 2014</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meeting+of+the+Podiatry+Board+of+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.podiatryboard.gov.au%2Fdocuments%2Fdefault.aspx%3Frecord%3DWD14%252F15933%26dbid%3DAP%26chksum%3DdeGZtyHMuTmerFzrycYR%252Fg%253D%253D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acps.edu.au/docs/ACPS%20Training%20Doc%202010%20DFC.pdf">Fellowship Training Program</a>, Australasian College of Podiatric Surgeons</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahpra.gov.au/Education/Approved-Programs-of-Study.aspx?ref=Podiatrist&Type=General">"Approved Programs of Study"</a>. Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (APHRA)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Approved+Programs+of+Study&rft.pub=Australian+Health+Practitioner+Regulation+Agency+%28APHRA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahpra.gov.au%2FEducation%2FApproved-Programs-of-Study.aspx%3Fref%3DPodiatrist%26Type%3DGeneral&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.podiatryboard.gov.au/documents/default.aspx?record=WD10%2f1584&dbid=AP&chksum=zipg%2f0DZBcKxShGCxoSfcA%3d%3d">Drugs and Poisons legislation in the States and Territories of Australia – How does it apply to Podiatry?</a>, Podiatry Board of Australia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apodc.com.au/news-room/author/apodc">APODC News Room</a>. Podboardvic.vic.gov.au. Retrieved on 2012-04-14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oraprdnt.uqtr.uquebec.ca/pls/apex/f?p=106:10::::10:P10_CD_PGM,P10_RECH_CRITERE,P10_RECH_VALEUR,P10_RECH_DESC:7017,P2_CD_NIVEAU,BACC,%5CBaccalaur%C3%A9ats%20et%20doctorats%20de%20premier%20cycle%5C">"Doctorat de premier cycle en médecine podiatrique (7017)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Doctorat+de+premier+cycle+en+m%C3%A9decine+podiatrique+%287017%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foraprdnt.uqtr.uquebec.ca%2Fpls%2Fapex%2Ff%3Fp%3D106%3A10%3A%3A%3A%3A10%3AP10_CD_PGM%2CP10_RECH_CRITERE%2CP10_RECH_VALEUR%2CP10_RECH_DESC%3A7017%2CP2_CD_NIVEAU%2CBACC%2C%255CBaccalaur%25C3%25A9ats%2520et%2520doctorats%2520de%2520premier%2520cycle%255C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cocoo.on.ca/pdf/annual_report/annual_report_2019.pdf">"2019 Annual Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.cocoo.on.ca</i>. 31 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cocoo.on.ca&rft.atitle=2019+Annual+Report&rft.date=2019-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cocoo.on.ca%2Fpdf%2Fannual_report%2Fannual_report_2019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opma.ca/podiatryandchiropody">"Ontario Podiatric Medical Association (OPMA) – Podiatry and Chiropody"</a>. <i>www.opma.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.opma.ca&rft.atitle=Ontario+Podiatric+Medical+Association+%28OPMA%29+%E2%80%93+Podiatry+and+Chiropody&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opma.ca%2Fpodiatryandchiropody&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://edd.behdasht.gov.ir">http://edd.behdasht.gov.ir</a> Center for Educational Services, Under-ministry for Education, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Government of Iran. Retrieved on 2014-04-12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hpc-uk.org/complaints/hearings/index.asp?id=807&showAll=1">"Conditions of practise"</a>. Health Professions Council (UK)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2010</span>. <q>...must not perform any type of Podiatric Surgery. For the avoidance of doubt this prohibition does not prevent Mr ... from performing partial or total nail resection and removal, with chemical destruction of the tissues.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conditions+of+practise&rft.pub=Health+Professions+Council+%28UK%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hpc-uk.org%2Fcomplaints%2Fhearings%2Findex.asp%3Fid%3D807%26showAll%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hpc-uk.org/assets/documents/10000DBBStandards_of_Proficiency_Chiropodists.pdf">"Chiropodists/podiatrists"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chiropodists%2Fpodiatrists&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hpc-uk.org%2Fassets%2Fdocuments%2F10000DBBStandards_of_Proficiency_Chiropodists.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scpod.org/foot-health/foot-surgery/about-podiatric-surgeons/">"Find out about Podiatric Surgeons"</a>. Scpod.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Find+out+about+Podiatric+Surgeons&rft.pub=Scpod.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scpod.org%2Ffoot-health%2Ffoot-surgery%2Fabout-podiatric-surgeons%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313083153/http://www.scpod.org/help/guide-to-navigation/understand-the-difference-between-a-chiropodist-and-a-podiatrist/">"Understand the difference between a chiropodist and a podiatrist"</a>. <i>The College of Podiatry</i>. Society of Chiropodists & Podiatrists. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scpod.org/help/guide-to-navigation/understand-the-difference-between-a-chiropodist-and-a-podiatrist/">the original</a> on 13 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+College+of+Podiatry&rft.atitle=Understand+the+difference+between+a+chiropodist+and+a+podiatrist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scpod.org%2Fhelp%2Fguide-to-navigation%2Funderstand-the-difference-between-a-chiropodist-and-a-podiatrist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hcpc-uk.org/aboutregistration/protectedtitles/">"About registration: Protected titles"</a>. Health and Care Professions Council<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+registration%3A+Protected+titles&rft.pub=Health+and+Care+Professions+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hcpc-uk.org%2Faboutregistration%2Fprotectedtitles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thealliancepsp.com/">"Alliance Of Private Sector Practitioners - Home"</a>. <i>Alliance Of Private Sector Practitioners</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alliance+Of+Private+Sector+Practitioners&rft.atitle=Alliance+Of+Private+Sector+Practitioners+-+Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thealliancepsp.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hcpc-uk.org/aboutregistration/protectedtitles/">"About registration: Professions: Chiropodists / podiatrists"</a>. Health and Care Professions Council<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+registration%3A+Professions%3A+Chiropodists+%2F+podiatrists&rft.pub=Health+and+Care+Professions+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hcpc-uk.org%2Faboutregistration%2Fprotectedtitles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sochealth.co.uk/national-health-service/royal-commission-on-the-national-health-service-contents/royal-commission-on-the-nhs-chapter-8/"><i>Royal Commission on the NHS Chapter 8</i></a>. HMSO. July 1979. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0101761505" title="Special:BookSources/978-0101761505"><bdi>978-0101761505</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Commission+on+the+NHS+Chapter+8&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1979-07&rft.isbn=978-0101761505&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sochealth.co.uk%2Fnational-health-service%2Froyal-commission-on-the-national-health-service-contents%2Froyal-commission-on-the-nhs-chapter-8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aaos.org/contentassets/1cd7f41417ec4dd4b5c4c48532183b96/1148-surgical-care-of-the-lower-extremities.pdf">"Surgical Care of the Lower Extremities"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surgical+Care+of+the+Lower+Extremities&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Orthopaedic+Surgeons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faaos.org%2Fcontentassets%2F1cd7f41417ec4dd4b5c4c48532183b96%2F1148-surgical-care-of-the-lower-extremities.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acfas.org/uploadedFiles/Physicians/Health_Policy_and_Advocacy/Scope_of_Practice/Content/State%20Scope%20of%20Practice.pdf">"State Scope of Practice Provisions for Podiatric Foot and Ankle Surgeons"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+College+of+Foot+and+Ankle+Surgeons&rft.atitle=State+Scope+of+Practice+Provisions+for+Podiatric+Foot+and+Ankle+Surgeons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acfas.org%2FuploadedFiles%2FPhysicians%2FHealth_Policy_and_Advocacy%2FScope_of_Practice%2FContent%2FState%2520Scope%2520of%2520Practice.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aacpm.org/wp-content/uploads/New-Applicant-MCAT-Average-2015-2019-9-2019-2.pdf">"Applicant MCAT Average 2015–2019"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Applicant+MCAT+Average+2015%E2%80%932019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aacpm.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FNew-Applicant-MCAT-Average-2015-2019-9-2019-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aacpm.org/wp-content/uploads/Applicant-MCAT-Average-2017-2021.pdf">"Applicant MCAT Average 2017–2021"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Applicant+MCAT+Average+2017%E2%80%932021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faacpm.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FApplicant-MCAT-Average-2017-2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apma.org/Members/Education/CPMEAccreditation/Residencies/CPME-320.aspx">"Approval Information for Residencies | CPME"</a>. Apma.org. 6 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Approval+Information+for+Residencies+%26%23124%3B+CPME&rft.pub=Apma.org&rft.date=2012-08-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apma.org%2FMembers%2FEducation%2FCPMEAccreditation%2FResidencies%2FCPME-320.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">”California Dreaming,”California Podiatric Physician, October November December 2006, CA Podiatric Medical Assn., pp. 6-7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pmbc.ca.gov/forms_pubs/modellaw.shtml">"BPM Endorses Model Law - Podiatric Medical Board of California"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BPM+Endorses+Model+Law+-+Podiatric+Medical+Board+of+California&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pmbc.ca.gov%2Fforms_pubs%2Fmodellaw.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cothweb.org/wp-content/uploads/CPME320finalJune2015.pdf">"Council on Podiatric Medical Education, Standard CPME 320, Accreditation of Podiatric Medicine and Surgery Residencies"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.cothweb.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cothweb.org&rft.atitle=Council+on+Podiatric+Medical+Education%2C+Standard+CPME+320%2C+Accreditation+of+Podiatric+Medicine+and+Surgery+Residencies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cothweb.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FCPME320finalJune2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abpmed.org/home">"The American Board of Podiatric Medicine (ABPM)"</a>. <i>www.abpmed.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.abpmed.org&rft.atitle=The+American+Board+of+Podiatric+Medicine+%28ABPM%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abpmed.org%2Fhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abfas.org/">"American Board of Foot and Ankle Surgery"</a>. <i>American Board of Foot and Ankle Surgery</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Board+of+Foot+and+Ankle+Surgery&rft.atitle=American+Board+of+Foot+and+Ankle+Surgery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abfas.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cpme.org/boards/content.cfm?ItemNumber=2423">"Specialty Certifying Boards | CPME"</a>. <i>www.cpme.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cpme.org&rft.atitle=Specialty+Certifying+Boards+%7C+CPME&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpme.org%2Fboards%2Fcontent.cfm%3FItemNumber%3D2423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLLC" class="citation web cs1">LLC, American Podiatric Medical Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://podiatryprivileges.com/home">"Guide To Podiatric Privileges"</a>. <i>podiatryprivileges.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=podiatryprivileges.com&rft.atitle=Guide+To+Podiatric+Privileges&rft.aulast=LLC&rft.aufirst=American+Podiatric+Medical+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpodiatryprivileges.com%2Fhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-k12academics1-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-k12academics1_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-k12academics1_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.k12academics.com/higher-education/academic-degree/first-professional-degree/podiatry">US Podiatry</a>. K12 Academics Retrieved on 2012-08-24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.midwestern.edu/programs_and_admission/az_podiatric_medicine.html">"School of Podiatric Medicine in Glendale, AZ – Midwestern University"</a>. <i>www.midwestern.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.midwestern.edu&rft.atitle=School+of+Podiatric+Medicine+in+Glendale%2C+AZ+%E2%80%93+Midwestern+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.midwestern.edu%2Fprograms_and_admission%2Faz_podiatric_medicine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sportspodiatry.com.au/structural-podiatry/">structural podiatry</a>. Retrieved on 2012-12-30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HighRisk-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HighRisk_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130419021151/http://www.app-hrf.com.au/cms/">"Advanced Practicing Podiatrists – High Risk Foot"</a>. App-hrf.com.au. 23 October 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.app-hrf.com.au/cms/">the original</a> on 19 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Advanced+Practicing+Podiatrists+%E2%80%93+High+Risk+Foot&rft.pub=App-hrf.com.au&rft.date=2012-10-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.app-hrf.com.au%2Fcms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-healthcentre1-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-healthcentre1_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.healthcentre.org.uk/podiatry/what-is-podopaediatrics.html">"What is Podopaediatrics?"</a>. <i>UK Health Centre</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UK+Health+Centre&rft.atitle=What+is+Podopaediatrics%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.healthcentre.org.uk%2Fpodiatry%2Fwhat-is-podopaediatrics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://healthindustrytraining.org/courses/certificate-iv-allied-health-assistance/">"Allied Health Courses – Certificate IV in Allied Health Assistance – Cert IV"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Allied+Health+Courses+%E2%80%93+Certificate+IV+in+Allied+Health+Assistance+%E2%80%93+Cert+IV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhealthindustrytraining.org%2Fcourses%2Fcertificate-iv-allied-health-assistance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podiatry&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1034349/?page=1">The Kederminster Pharmacopolium</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aapsm.org/">American Academy of Podiatric Sports Medicine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acfap.org/">American College of Foot and Ankle Pediatrics</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medicine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medicine" title="Template:Medicine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medicine" title="Template talk:Medicine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medicine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medicine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialties</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Subspecialty" title="Subspecialty">subspecialties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">Surgery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_surgery" title="Cardiac surgery">Cardiac surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiothoracic_surgery" title="Cardiothoracic surgery">Cardiothoracic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_surgery" title="Endocrine surgery">Endocrine surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_surgery" title="Eye surgery">Eye surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_surgery" title="General surgery">General surgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorectal_surgery" title="Colorectal surgery">Colorectal surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digestive_system_surgery" title="Digestive system surgery">Digestive system surgery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">Neurosurgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_surgery" title="Oral and maxillofacial surgery">Oral and maxillofacial surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_surgery" title="Orthopedic surgery">Orthopedic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_surgery" title="Hand surgery">Hand surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otorhinolaryngology" title="Otorhinolaryngology">Otolaryngology</a> <ul><li><small>ENT</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_surgery" title="Pediatric surgery">Pediatric surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">Plastic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_surgery" title="Reproductive surgery">Reproductive surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_oncology" title="Surgical oncology">Surgical oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">Transplant surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_surgery" title="Trauma surgery">Trauma surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">Urology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_surgery" title="Vascular surgery">Vascular surgery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_medicine" title="Internal medicine">Internal<br />medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">Allergy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiology" title="Angiology">Angiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiology" title="Cardiology">Cardiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrinology" title="Endocrinology">Endocrinology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroenterology" title="Gastroenterology">Gastroenterology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatology" title="Hepatology">Hepatology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geriatrics" title="Geriatrics">Geriatrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematology" title="Hematology">Hematology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospital medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_diseases_(medical_specialty)" title="Infectious diseases (medical specialty)">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephrology" title="Nephrology">Nephrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">Oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonology" title="Pulmonology">Pulmonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatology" title="Rheumatology">Rheumatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics_and_gynaecology" title="Obstetrics and gynaecology">Obstetrics and<br />gynaecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">Gynaecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynecologic_oncology" title="Gynecologic oncology">Gynecologic oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal%E2%80%93fetal_medicine" title="Maternal–fetal medicine">Maternal–fetal medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">Obstetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_endocrinology_and_infertility" title="Reproductive endocrinology and infertility">Reproductive endocrinology and infertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urogynecology" title="Urogynecology">Urogynecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiology" title="Radiology">Radiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interventional_radiology" title="Interventional radiology">Interventional radiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroradiology" title="Neuroradiology">Neuroradiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">Nuclear medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_pathology" title="Anatomical pathology">Anatomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pathology" title="Clinical pathology">Clinical pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytopathology" title="Cytopathology">Cytopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_microbiology" title="Medical microbiology">Medical microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfusion_medicine" title="Transfusion medicine">Transfusion medicine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Addiction medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_medicine" title="Adolescent medicine">Adolescent medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthesiology" title="Anesthesiology">Anesthesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obstetric_anesthesiology" title="Obstetric anesthesiology">Obstetric anesthesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgical_anesthesia" title="Neurosurgical anesthesia">Neurosurgical anesthesiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_medicine" title="Aviation medicine">Aviation medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatology" title="Dermatology">Dermatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_medicine" title="Disaster medicine">Disaster medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_medicine" title="Diving medicine">Diving medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">Emergency medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_gathering_medicine" title="Mass gathering medicine">Mass gathering medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">Evolutionary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_medicine" title="Family medicine">Family medicine</a> / <a href="/wiki/General_practice" title="General practice">General practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospital medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_medicine" title="Intensive care medicine">Intensive care medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_genetics" title="Medical genetics">Medical genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcology" title="Narcology">Narcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_neurophysiology" title="Clinical neurophysiology">Clinical neurophysiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_medicine" title="Occupational medicine">Occupational medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_medicine" title="Oral medicine">Oral medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_management" title="Pain management">Pain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">Palliative care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neonatology" title="Neonatology">Neonatology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlebologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Phlebologist">Phlebology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_medicine_and_rehabilitation" title="Physical medicine and rehabilitation">Physical medicine and rehabilitation</a> (PM&R)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">Preventive medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_healthcare" title="Prison healthcare">Prison healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_psychiatry" title="Addiction psychiatry">Addiction psychiatry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">Radiation oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_medicine" title="Reproductive medicine">Reproductive medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_medicine" title="Sexual medicine">Sexual medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venereology" title="Venereology">Venereology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_medicine" title="Sleep medicine">Sleep medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_medicine" title="Sports medicine">Sports medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">Transplantation medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_medicine" title="Tropical medicine">Tropical medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Travel_medicine" title="Travel medicine">Travel medicine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_education" title="Medical education">Medical<br />education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">Medical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Bachelor of Medical Sciences">Bachelor of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Medicine" title="Master of Medicine">Master of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Surgery" title="Master of Surgery">Master of Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MD%E2%80%93PhD" title="MD–PhD">MD–PhD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Scientist_Training_Program" title="Medical Scientist Training Program">Medical Scientist Training Program</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_health_professions" title="Allied health professions">Allied health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_oncology" title="Molecular oncology">Molecular oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">Nanomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalized_medicine" title="Personalized medicine">Personalized medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_health" title="Rural health">Rural health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapy" title="Therapy">Therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">Veterinary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">Physician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_physician" title="Chief physician">Chief physician</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">History of medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Medicine" title="Category:Medicine">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Medicine" class="extiw" title="commons:Medicine">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Medicine">Wikiproject</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_medicine" title="Outline of medicine">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Allied_health_professions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Allied_health_professions" title="Template:Allied health professions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Allied_health_professions" title="Template talk:Allied health professions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Allied_health_professions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Allied health professions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Allied_health_professions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Allied_health_professions" title="Allied health professions">Allied health professions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anesthesia_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Anesthesia technician">Anesthesia technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_therapy" title="Aquatic therapy">Aquatic therapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletic_training" title="Athletic training">Athletic trainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audiology" title="Audiology">Audiologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrocardiogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrocardiogram">Cardiac physiologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">Clinical psychologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_hygienist" title="Dental hygienist">Dental hygienist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietitian" title="Dietitian">Dietitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services" title="Emergency medical services">Emergency medical services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemodialysis" title="Hemodialysis">Hemodialysis technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massage" title="Massage">Massage therapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_assistant" title="Medical assistant">Medical assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_coder" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical coder">Medical coder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_physics" title="Medical physics">Medical physicist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_technologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical technologist">Medical technologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_transcription" title="Medical transcription">Medical transcription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">Music and arts therapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritionist" title="Nutritionist">Nutritionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_therapy" title="Occupational therapy">Occupational therapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optometry" title="Optometry">Optometrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthotics" title="Orthotics">Orthotist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_technician" title="Pharmacy technician">Pharmacy technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venipuncture" title="Venipuncture">Phlebotomist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">Physiotherapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthesis" title="Prosthesis">Prosthetist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">Radiation therapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiographer" title="Radiographer">Radiographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory therapy">Respiratory therapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">Social worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech%E2%80%93language_pathology" title="Speech–language pathology">Speech therapist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/8px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/16px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine</a></li></ul></div></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Podiatry&oldid=1251973244">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Podiatry&oldid=1251973244</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Podiatry" title="Category:Podiatry">Podiatry</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2023">Use dmy dates from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2014" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 October 2024, at 03:25<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Podiatry&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-b49cm","wgBackendResponseTime":156,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.692","walltime":"0.969","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3932,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":118730,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6587,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":155555,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 770.533 1 -total"," 32.60% 251.194 1 Template:Reflist"," 26.64% 205.272 37 Template:Cite_web"," 13.23% 101.963 3 Template:Navbox"," 12.75% 98.274 1 Template:Medicine"," 12.10% 93.216 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.87% 68.327 1 Template:Infobox_occupation"," 8.71% 67.095 2 Template:Pagetype"," 8.46% 65.201 7 Template:Citation_needed"," 8.37% 64.475 1 Template:Infobox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.410","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7403085,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-pk86d","timestamp":"20241122140717","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Podiatry","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Podiatry","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11865729","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11865729","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-12-21T05:11:03Z","dateModified":"2024-10-19T03:25:34Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/5b\/Dr_Kamran_Jamshidinia_Performing_Bunion_Surgery.jpg","headline":"branch of medicine devoted to the study of, diagnosis, and medical treatment of disorders of the foot, ankle, and lower extremity"}</script> </body> </html>