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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_Greek_nationalism_and_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rise of Greek nationalism and decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_Greek_nationalism_and_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek_millet_during_the_Tanzimat_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_millet_during_the_Tanzimat_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Greek millet during the Tanzimat era</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Greek_millet_during_the_Tanzimat_era-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Greek millet during the Tanzimat era subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Greek_millet_during_the_Tanzimat_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Basic_law_of_the_Greek_millet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_law_of_the_Greek_millet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Basic law of the Greek millet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_law_of_the_Greek_millet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>End</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الملة الرومية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الملة الرومية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Рум миллет – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рум миллет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet-i_R%C3%BBm" title="Millet-i Rûm – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Millet-i Rûm" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC_%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AD%CF%84" title="Ρουμ μιλλέτ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρουμ μιλλέτ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum_Millet" title="Rum Millet – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rum Millet" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet_des_Rums" title="Millet des Rums – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Millet des Rums" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum_Millet" title="Rum Millet – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rum Millet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%ABm_millet" title="Rūm millet – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rūm millet" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC-%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Рум-милет – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рум-милет" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum_millet" title="Rum millet – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rum millet" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC-%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Рум-миллет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рум-миллет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum_Milet" title="Rum Milet – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rum Milet" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum_Millet" title="Rum Millet – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rum Millet" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" 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class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button 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href="/wiki/File:Gennadios_II_and_Mehmed_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gennadios_II_and_Mehmed_II.jpg/250px-Gennadios_II_and_Mehmed_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gennadios_II_and_Mehmed_II.jpg/330px-Gennadios_II_and_Mehmed_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gennadios_II_and_Mehmed_II.jpg/500px-Gennadios_II_and_Mehmed_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2376" data-file-height="2948" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Sultan Mehmed II</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Gennadios_II_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Gennadios II of Constantinople">Patriarch Gennadios II</a>. Mehmed II allowed the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate">Ecumenical Patriarchate</a> to remain active after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of Constantinople</a> in 1453.</figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Rum_(endonym)" title="Rum (endonym)">Rūm</a> millet</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>: <i lang="ota-Latn">millet-i Rûm</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Roman nation') was the name of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Christian</a> community in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, and often <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> in particular. Despite being subordinated within the Ottoman political system, the community maintained a certain internal autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Establishment_and_development">Establishment and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rum_millet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Establishment and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1906" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Ottoman Empire">History of the Ottoman Empire</a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Social structure of the Ottoman Empire">Social structure</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Court and aristocracy</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_court" title="Ottoman court">Ottoman court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Ethnoreligious communities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Islam in the Ottoman Empire">Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">Millets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rum_Millet" class="mw-redirect" title="Rum Millet">Greek Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_millet" title="Armenian millet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullah_millet" title="Ullah millet">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Millet" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian Millet">Bulgarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_1660" title="Great Fire of 1660">Great Fire of 1660</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire">Rise of nationalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottomanism" title="Ottomanism">Ottomanism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Classes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Askeri" title="Askeri">Askeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayan_(class)" title="Ayan (class)">Ayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giaour" title="Giaour">Giaour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayah" title="Rayah">Rayah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlachs_(social_class)" title="Vlachs (social class)">Vlachs</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_structure_in_the_Ottoman_Empire_sidebar" title="Template:Social structure in the Ottoman Empire sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_structure_in_the_Ottoman_Empire_sidebar" title="Template talk:Social structure in the Ottoman Empire sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_structure_in_the_Ottoman_Empire_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social structure in the Ottoman Empire sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OttomanMillets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/OttomanMillets.jpg/250px-OttomanMillets.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/OttomanMillets.jpg/375px-OttomanMillets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/OttomanMillets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="286" /></a><figcaption>Map of prevailing religions in the territories of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in the late 16th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of Constantinople</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1453, all Orthodox Christians were treated as a <a href="/wiki/Rayah" title="Rayah">lower class of people</a>. The Rum millet was instituted by <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mehmet_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Mehmet II">Sultan Mehmet II</a> who set himself to reorganise the state as the conscious heir of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>, adding <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_claim_to_Roman_succession" title="Ottoman claim to Roman succession">Caesar of Rome</a> to his list of official titles. The Orthodox congregation was included in a specific ethno-religious community under <i>Graeco-Byzantine</i> domination. Its name was derived from the former Eastern Roman (a.k.a. <i>Byzantine</i>) subjects of the Ottoman Empire, but all Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aromanians" title="Aromanians">Aromanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanians" title="Megleno-Romanians">Megleno-Romanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melkite#Orthodox_Melkites" title="Melkite">Arab Melkites</a>, were all considered part of the same <a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">millet</a> in spite of their differences in ethnicity and language. Belonging to this Orthodox commonwealth became more important to the common people than their ethnic origins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDetrez200836_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDetrez200836-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This community became a basic form of social organization and source of identity for all the ethnic groups inside it and most people began to identify themselves simply as "Christians".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarpat200217_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarpat200217-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoudometof200168–71_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoudometof200168–71-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, under Ottoman rule ethnonyms never disappeared, which indicates that some form of ethnic identification was preserved. This is evident from a Sultan's <a href="/wiki/Firman" title="Firman">Firman</a> from 1680 which lists the ethnic groups in the Balkan lands of the Empire as follows: Greeks (Rum), Albanians (Arnaut), Serbs (Sirf), Vlachs (Eflak, referring to Aromanians, Megleno-Romanians, and Romanians) and the Bulgarians (Bulgar).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEИстория_на_българите200423_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEИстория_на_българите200423-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian Armenians who belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a> were not included as they were given a separate millet. </p><p>Christians were guaranteed some limited freedoms, but they were not considered equal to <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>, and their religious practices would have to defer to those of Muslims, in addition to various other legal limitations. The <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople</a> was recognized as the highest religious and political leader, or <a href="/wiki/Ethnarch" title="Ethnarch">ethnarch</a>, of all Orthodox subjects. The <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Patriarchate_of_Pe%C4%87" title="Serbian Patriarchate of Peć">Serbian Patriarchate of Peć</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Archbishopric_of_Ohrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian Archbishopric of Ohrid">Bulgarian Archbishopric of Ohrid</a>, which were autonomous Eastern Orthodox Churches under the tutelage of the Ecumenical Patriarch, were taken over by the Greek <a href="/wiki/Phanariotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanariotes">Phanariotes</a> during the 18th century. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Kaynarca" title="Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca">Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca</a>, from 1774, allowed Russia to intervene on the side of Ottoman Eastern Orthodox subjects, and most of <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">the Porte's</a> political tools of pressure became ineffective. At that time the Rum millet had a great deal of power—it set its own laws and collected and distributed its own taxes. The <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Rise of nationalism in Europe">rise of nationalism in Europe</a> under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> had extended to the Ottoman Empire and the Rum millet became increasingly independent with the establishment of its own schools, churches, hospitals and other facilities. These activities effectively moved the Christian population outside the framework of the Ottoman political system. </p><p>During Ottoman rule, those in the millet were provided with certain protections and privileges, and were treated with preference over Catholic Christians. In some areas such as Crete, both Muslims and Orthodox Christians were permitted to attempt to convert the local Catholic population. This bias towards the Orthodox worked to secure the loyalty of those within the millet<i>.</i> It worked to make newly conquered citizens focus less on internal divisions and more on the conflict between Orthodoxy and Catholicism. Further encouragement of Orthodox artisans who made ecclesiastical silverware, robes, and chalices made Constantinople, although under Ottoman rule, a still-vibrant hub of Orthodoxy.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_of_Greek_nationalism_and_decline">Rise of Greek nationalism and decline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rum_millet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rise of Greek nationalism and decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fener_Rum_Lisesi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Fener_Rum_Lisesi.jpg/220px-Fener_Rum_Lisesi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Fener_Rum_Lisesi.jpg/330px-Fener_Rum_Lisesi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Fener_Rum_Lisesi.jpg/440px-Fener_Rum_Lisesi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Phanar_Greek_Orthodox_College" title="Phanar Greek Orthodox College">Phanar Greek Orthodox College</a> is a Greek minority school that was founded in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1454.</figcaption></figure> <p>Greek success in the Ottoman Empire can be traced to the Greek tradition of education and commerce exemplified in the <a href="/wiki/Phanariotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanariotes">Phanariotes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BritB_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wealth of the extensive merchant class provided the material basis for the intellectual revival that was the prominent feature of Greek life in the decades leading to the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a> in 1821.<sup id="cite_ref-BritMerchant_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritMerchant-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not coincidentally, on the eve of 1821, the three most important centres of Greek learning were situated in <a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ayval%C4%B1k" title="Ayvalık">Aivali</a>, all three major centres of Greek commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-BritMerchant_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritMerchant-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greek success was also favoured by Greek domination in the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> church. </p><p>In the early 19th century, the Greek Orthodox intellectuals tried to reconceptualize the Rum millet. They argued for a new ethnic "Romaic" national identity and new Byzantine state, but their visions of a future state included all Balkan Orthodox Christians. This <a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a> intended to revive the Eastern Roman Empire through a large Greek state. This ideology spread among the urban population of Aromanian, Slavic and Albanian origin<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and which started to view themselves increasingly as Greek. </p><p>On the other hand, the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a> reforms in the middle of the 19th century were aimed to encourage <a href="/wiki/Ottomanism" title="Ottomanism">Ottomanism</a> among the secessionist subject nations and stop the nationalist movements within the Empire, but failed to succeed. With the <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire">rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire</a>, the Rum millet began to degrade as new millets established themselves. The <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Exarchate" title="Bulgarian Exarchate">Bulgarian Exarchate</a> recognized by the Ottomans in 1870 was the answer to the unilateral declaration of an autocephalous <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Orthodox Church of Greece</a> in 1833 and of <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romania</a>'s in 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox Church</a> also became autocephalous in 1879. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Greek_millet_during_the_Tanzimat_era">Greek millet during the Tanzimat era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rum_millet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Greek millet during the Tanzimat era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Tanzimat era, a similar program was carried out within the Ottoman millets. Unlike the Armenian millets, the reform in the Greek millet was slower. Most Ottoman Greek intelligentsia were more interested in the Megali Idea than millet reform. Conservatism was also a powerful movement lest reform precipitate Bulgarian demands for their own autocephalous church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison1963126_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1963126-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople</a> was traditionally the most powerful non-Muslim in the Ottoman Empire. Though there were multiple ecclesiastical hierarchies, the patriarchs of Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem (and the autocephalous church of Cyprus) were much less and powerful. The Sultan conferred the Patriarch of Constantinople supreme civil authority over all Greek Orthodox people in the Empire. The Patriarch had a synod of bishops, which helped elect him, while the bishops themselves had their own council. At the bottom of the hierarchy sat the village, which every St. George's Day would elect the village elders and <i><a href="/wiki/Kodjabashis" title="Kodjabashis">kocabaşıs</a></i>, or local ethnarchs. <i>Kocabaşı</i>s would administer the finances of institutions, collect taxes, carry out minor cases of justice, and in the 19th century, collect the <a href="/wiki/Bedl-i_askeri" title="Bedl-i askeri">bedl-i askeri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison1963126-127_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1963126-127-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Patriarch was traditionally elected by an assembly including members of the synod, various Greek notables, and trade guild members. After the 18th century however, this power was informally in the hands of five metropolitans known as <i>gerontes</i> which themselves were suspicious of any reform that could take away their power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison1963127_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1963127-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_law_of_the_Greek_millet">Basic law of the Greek millet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rum_millet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Basic law of the Greek millet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the Armenians quickly and organically moved to draw up a constitution based on the French constitution, the Porte had to pressure the Greek millet for reform after the <a href="/wiki/1856_Imperial_Reform_Edict" class="mw-redirect" title="1856 Imperial Reform Edict">1856 Imperial Reform Edict</a>, which was fiercely resisted by the <i>gerontes</i>. Eventually the Porte had to send the <i>gerontes</i> to their dioceses, and a constitutional committee produced a series of laws between 1860 and 1862 to govern the Greek millet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison1963127-128_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1963127-128-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taken together, unlike the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_National_Constitution" title="Armenian National Constitution">Armenian National Constitution</a>, the basic laws for the Greeks did not produce a national assembly, and clerical control of the millet stayed strong. Only an organ designed for the patriarch's election was established which ostensibly gave the laity a large majority: 1 banker, 5 merchants, 10 artisans, 4 professional men, 8 public officials, members of a new mixed council, and 28 representatives of provincial bishoprics. But the laity were only allowed to consult and suggest other candidates from a list of three prepared by the bishops. The ultimate decision on the election was made by the clerical members, and the Porte reserved the right to strike candidates they deemed inappropriate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison1963128_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1963128-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Patriarch administered his flock with a 12 bishop synod and a 4 bishop 8 layman mixed council, which could be combined so that some questions could give ecclesiastics large majorities. The mixed council supervised finances, schools, hospitals, and functioned as a court of appeal. Only Greeks of Constantinople were given suffrage to be elected and to vote for the laymen. This election was in two degrees: voters first voted for electors which formed an electoral college, when then chose the lay counselors. No provincial assemblies were established; bishops could govern without needing to consult the Greek Orthodox public.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison1963128-129_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1963128-129-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End">End</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rum_millet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: End"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War</a> dealt a decisive blow to Ottoman power in the Balkan Peninsula. The Albanians' fear that the lands they inhabited would be partitioned among neighbouring Montenegro, Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece fueled the rise of Albanian nationalism and the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Prizren" title="League of Prizren">League of Prizren</a> was founded. Intense ethnic and national rivalries among the Balkan peoples emerged at the eve of the 20th century in Macedonia, known as the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Struggle" title="Macedonian Struggle">Macedonian Struggle</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a> of 1908 restored the <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire">Parliament</a>, which had been suspended by the <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Sultan</a> in 1878. However, the process of supplanting the monarchic institutions was unsuccessful and the European periphery of the Empire continued to splinter under the pressures of local revolts. </p><p>Subsequently, with the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913) and the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> (1914–1918) the Ottoman Empire lost most of its possessions, except for those in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>. During these wars and the following <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)</a>, the Orthodox Christians there were subject to persecution and deportation, with the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> subject to a <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a>. This put an end to the community of the Rum millet. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a> from 1923, led to the recognition of the new <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a> and to the end of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rum_millet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Greek_Christians" title="Antiochian Greek Christians">Antiochian Greek Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Millet" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian Millet">Bulgarian Millet</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rum_millet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/177174/Eastern-Orthodoxy/59584/Orthodoxy-under-the-Ottomans-1453-1821#ref64189">Encyclopædia Britannica online, Eastern Orthodoxy (Christianity)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDetrez200836-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDetrez200836_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDetrez2008">Detrez 2008</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarpat200217-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarpat200217_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarpat2002">Karpat 2002</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoudometof200168–71-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoudometof200168–71_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoudometof2001">Roudometof 2001</a>, pp. 68–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEИстория_на_българите200423-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEИстория_на_българите200423_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFИстория_на_българите2004">История на българите 2004</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSharkey2017" class="citation book cs1">Sharkey, Heather J. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/995805601"><i>A history of Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Middle East</i></a>. Cambridge, United Kingdom. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76937-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76937-2"><bdi>978-0-521-76937-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/995805601">995805601</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Muslims%2C+Christians%2C+and+Jews+in+the+Middle+East&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F995805601&rft.isbn=978-0-521-76937-2&rft.aulast=Sharkey&rft.aufirst=Heather+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F995805601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARum+millet" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BritB-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BritB_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Phanariote">"Phanariote"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. United States: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2016. Online Edition.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phanariote&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Inc.&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FPhanariote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARum+millet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BritMerchant-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BritMerchant_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BritMerchant_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"History of Greece, Ottoman Empire, The merchant middle class". <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. United States: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2008. Online Edition.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+Greece%2C+Ottoman+Empire%2C+The+merchant+middle+class&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARum+millet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Isa Blumi, “The Role of Education in the Formation of Albanian Identity and Myths,” in Stepanie Schwander-Sievers and Bernd J. Fischer, eds, Albanian Identities, Myths and History; C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2002; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1850655723" title="Special:BookSources/1850655723">1850655723</a>, pp. 49–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cristian Romocea, Church and State: Religious Nationalism and State Identification in Post-Communist Romania; A&C Black, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1441183183" title="Special:BookSources/1441183183">1441183183</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1963126-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison1963126_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavison1963">Davison 1963</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1963126-127-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison1963126-127_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavison1963">Davison 1963</a>, p. 126-127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1963127-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison1963127_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavison1963">Davison 1963</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1963127-128-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison1963127-128_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavison1963">Davison 1963</a>, p. 127-128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1963128-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison1963128_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavison1963">Davison 1963</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1963128-129-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison1963128-129_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavison1963">Davison 1963</a>, p. 128-129.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rum_millet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavison1963" class="citation cs2">Davison, Roderic (1963), <i>Reform in the Ottoman Empire: 1856-1876</i>, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reform+in+the+Ottoman+Empire%3A+1856-1876&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Davison&rft.aufirst=Roderic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARum+millet" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDetrez2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Detrez" title="Raymond Detrez">Detrez, Raymond</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=htMUx8qlWCMC&pg=PA47">"Between the Ottoman Legacy and the Temptation of the West: Bulgarians coming to terms with the Greeks"</a>. In Detrez, Raymond; Segaert, Barbara (eds.). <i>Europe and the Historical Legacies in the Balkans</i>. Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5201-374-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5201-374-9"><bdi>978-90-5201-374-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Between+the+Ottoman+Legacy+and+the+Temptation+of+the+West%3A+Bulgarians+coming+to+terms+with+the+Greeks&rft.btitle=Europe+and+the+Historical+Legacies+in+the+Balkans&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-5201-374-9&rft.aulast=Detrez&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhtMUx8qlWCMC%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARum+millet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKarpat2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kemal_Karpat" title="Kemal Karpat">Karpat, Kemal H</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=082osLxyBDgC&pg=PA17"><i>Studies on Ottoman Social and Political History: Selected Articles and Essays</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12101-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12101-3"><bdi>90-04-12101-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+on+Ottoman+Social+and+Political+History%3A+Selected+Articles+and+Essays&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=90-04-12101-3&rft.aulast=Karpat&rft.aufirst=Kemal+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D082osLxyBDgC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARum+millet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoudometof2001" class="citation book cs1">Roudometof, Victor (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I9p_m7oXQ00C&pg=PA68"><i>Nationalism, Globalization, and Orthodoxy: The Social Origins of Ethnic Conflict in the Balkans</i></a>. Foreword by <a href="/wiki/Roland_Robertson" title="Roland Robertson">Roland Robertson</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31949-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31949-5"><bdi>978-0-313-31949-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism%2C+Globalization%2C+and+Orthodoxy%3A+The+Social+Origins+of+Ethnic+Conflict+in+the+Balkans&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31949-5&rft.aulast=Roudometof&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI9p_m7oXQ00C%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARum+millet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFИстория_на_българите2004" class="citation book cs1">Mарков, Георги, ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hnzDyhp70HUC&pg=PA23"><i>История на българите: Късно средновековие и Възраждане</i></a> [<i>History of the Bulgarians: Late Middle Ages and Renaissance</i>]. TRUD Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-954-528-467-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-954-528-467-0"><bdi>978-954-528-467-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%3A+%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.pub=TRUD+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-954-528-467-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhnzDyhp70HUC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARum+millet" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rum_millet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Greek Millet Constitution: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Γενικοί Κανονισμοί περί της διευθετήσεως των εκκλησιαστικών καί εθνικών πραγμάτων των υπό του Οικονομικού Θρόνου διατελούντων ορθοδόξων χριστιανών υπηκόων Της Αυτού Μεγαλειότητος του Σουλτάνου</i>. Constantinople. 1862.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CE%93%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%AF+%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%AF+%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%82+%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD+%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%AF+%CE%B5%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD+%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD+%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD+%CF%85%CF%80%CF%8C+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%9F%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D+%CE%98%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD+%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B8%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%8C%CE%BE%CF%89%CE%BD+%CF%87%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%BD+%CF%85%CF%80%CE%B7%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%89%CE%BD+%CE%A4%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D+%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85&rft.place=Constantinople&rft.date=1862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARum+millet" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoung,_George1905–1906" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Young, George (1905–1906), <i><a href="/wiki/Corps_de_droit_ottoman" title="Corps de droit ottoman">Corps de droit ottoman</a></i> (in French), Oxford, England: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corps+de+droit+ottoman&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1905%2F1906&rft.au=Young%2C+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARum+millet" class="Z3988"></span> - The French translation of the Greek Millet Constitution is in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/corpsdedroitott03turkgoog/page/n31">Volume 2 of 7, pages 21-34</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rum_millet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071633/http://www.arts.yorku.ca/hist/tgallant/documents/roudometofJMGS16_1_000.pdf">From Rum Millet to Greek Nation: Enlightenment, Secularization, and National Identity in Ottoman Balkan Society, 1453–1821, Victor Roudometof.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131211050032/http://www.bsa.ac.uk/doc_store/IT/IT2012_49.pdf">Balkan cultural commonality and ethnic diversity. Raymond Detrez (Ghent University, Belgium).</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Ottoman Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Muslims" title="Greek Muslims">Greek Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanariotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanariotes">Phanariotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragomans" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragomans">Dragomans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klephts" class="mw-redirect" title="Klephts">Klephts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodjabashis" title="Kodjabashis">Proestoi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Cities</b>: <a href="/wiki/Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannina" title="Ioannina">Ioannina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missolonghi" title="Missolonghi">Missolonghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Greece" title="Tripoli, Greece">Tripolizza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a></li> <li><b>Islands</b>: <a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydra_(island)" title="Hydra (island)">Hydra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spetses" title="Spetses">Spetses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Division</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rumelia_Eyalet" title="Rumelia Eyalet">Rumelia Eyalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannina_Eyalet" title="Ioannina Eyalet">Ioannina Eyalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salonica_Eyalet" title="Salonica Eyalet">Salonica Eyalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morea_Eyalet" title="Morea Eyalet">Morea Eyalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_the_Archipelago" title="Eyalet of the Archipelago">Eyalet of the Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janina_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Janina Vilayet">Janina Vilayet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salonica_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Salonica Vilayet">Salonica Vilayet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilayet_of_the_Archipelago" title="Vilayet of the Archipelago">Vilayet of the Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Crete" title="Ottoman Crete">Ottoman Crete</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sanjaks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Kavala" title="Sanjak of Kavala">Sanjak of Kavala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Drama" title="Sanjak of Drama">Sanjak of Drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Salonica" title="Sanjak of Salonica">Sanjak of Salonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Tirhala" title="Sanjak of Tirhala">Sanjak of Tirhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_E%C4%9Friboz" title="Sanjak of Eğriboz">Sanjak of Eğriboz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Ioannina" title="Sanjak of Ioannina">Sanjak of Ioannina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Preveza" title="Sanjak of Preveza">Sanjak of Preveza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Inebahti" title="Sanjak of Inebahti">Sanjak of Inebahti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karli-Eli" title="Karli-Eli">Karli-Eli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Nak%C5%9Fa_Berre" title="Sanjak of Nakşa Berre">Sanjak of Nakşa Berre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Sak%C4%B1z" title="Sanjak of Sakız">Sanjak of Sakız</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Rhodes" title="Sanjak of Rhodes">Sanjak of Rhodes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Samos" title="Principality of Samos">Principality of Samos</a> (1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_State" title="Cretan State">Cretan State</a> (1898)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ottoman25" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#eee;;width:1%">Ottoman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armatoles" title="Armatoles">Armatoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klephts" class="mw-redirect" title="Klephts">Klephts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#eee;;width:1%">Outside the Empire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iacob_Heraclid" title="Iacob Heraclid">Iacob Heraclid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratioti" title="Stratioti">Stratioti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Battalion_of_Balaklava" title="Greek Battalion of Balaklava">Greek Battalion of Balaklava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambros_Katsonis" title="Lambros Katsonis">Lambros Katsonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Legion_(Septinsular_Republic)" title="Greek Legion (Septinsular Republic)">Greek Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Regiment_(France)" title="Albanian Regiment (France)">Albanian Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Regiment_Greek_Light_Infantry" title="1st Regiment Greek Light Infantry">1st Regiment Greek Light Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Ypsilantis" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandros Ypsilantis">Alexandros Ypsilantis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars/Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Europe" title="Ottoman wars in Europe">Ottoman conquest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_Adrianople" title="Ottoman conquest of Adrianople">Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_Thessalonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman conquest of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_the_Morea" title="Ottoman conquest of the Morea">Morea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_Lesbos" title="Ottoman conquest of Lesbos">Lesbos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1463%E2%80%931479)" title="Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–1479)">1st Ottoman–Venetian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Negroponte_(1470)" title="Siege of Negroponte (1470)">Negroponte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1499%E2%80%931503)" title="Ottoman–Venetian War (1499–1503)">2nd Ottoman–Venetian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Preveza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1537%E2%80%931540)" title="Ottoman–Venetian War (1537–1540)">3rd Ottoman–Venetian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1570%E2%80%931573)" title="Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573)">4th Ottoman–Venetian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Lepanto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_War_(1645%E2%80%931669)" title="Cretan War (1645–1669)">5th Ottoman–Venetian War (Cretan War)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Candia" title="Siege of Candia">Candia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morean_War" title="Morean War">6th Ottoman–Venetian War (Morean War)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1714%E2%80%931718)" title="Ottoman–Venetian War (1714–1718)">7th Ottoman–Venetian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_reconquest_of_the_Morea" title="Ottoman reconquest of the Morea">Morea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corfu_(1716)" title="Siege of Corfu (1716)">Corfu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_war_(1768%E2%80%931774)" title="Russo-Turkish war (1768–1774)">Russo-Turkish war (1768–1774)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orlov_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlov Revolt">Orlov Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kuchuk-Kainarja" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarja">Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souliote" class="mw-redirect" title="Souliote">Souliote</a> wars</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morea_expedition" title="Morea expedition">Morea expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_Revolt_of_1854" title="Epirus Revolt of 1854">Epirus Revolt of 1854</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Revolt_(1866%E2%80%931869)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan Revolt (1866–1869)">Cretan Revolt (1866–1869)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Revolt_(1897%E2%80%931898)" title="Cretan Revolt (1897–1898)">Cretan Revolt (1897–1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1897)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1897)">Greco-Turkish War (1897)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Struggle" title="Macedonian Struggle">Macedonian Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influence on culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Orthodoxy_in_Greece_(1453%E2%80%931821)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece (1453–1821)">Orthodoxy in Greece (1453–1821)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek folk music">Greek folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebetiko" title="Rebetiko">Rebetiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek cuisine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_Enlightenment" title="Modern Greek Enlightenment">Modern Greek Enlightenment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>People</b>: <a href="/wiki/Rigas_Feraios" title="Rigas Feraios">Rigas Feraios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenios_Voulgaris" title="Eugenios Voulgaris">Eugenios Voulgaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthimos_Gazis" title="Anthimos Gazis">Anthimos Gazis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_Kairis" title="Theophilos Kairis">Theophilos Kairis</a></li> <li><b>Schools</b>: <a href="/wiki/Kaplaneios_School" title="Kaplaneios School">Kaplaneios School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athonite_Academy" title="Athonite Academy">Athonite Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_School_of_Smyrna" title="Evangelical School of Smyrna">Evangelical School of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Academy_(Moscopole)" title="New Academy (Moscopole)">New Academy (Moscopole)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaca_Imaret_Mosque" title="Alaca Imaret Mosque">Alaca Imaret Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aslan_Pasha_Mosque" title="Aslan Pasha Mosque">Aslan Pasha Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bey_Hamam" title="Bey Hamam">Bey Hamam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87elebi_Sultan_Mehmed_Mosque" title="Çelebi Sultan Mehmed Mosque">Çelebi Sultan Mehmed Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fethiye_Mosque_(Athens)" title="Fethiye Mosque (Athens)">Fethiye Mosque (Athens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fethiye_Mosque_(Ioannina)" title="Fethiye Mosque (Ioannina)">Fethiye Mosque (Ioannina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Ahmed_Agha_Library" title="Hafiz Ahmed Agha Library">Hafiz Ahmed Agha Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karipeion_Melathron" title="Karipeion Melathron">Karipeion Melathron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mosque_(Thessaloniki)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Mosque (Thessaloniki)">New Mosque (Thessaloniki)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osman_Shah_Mosque" title="Osman Shah Mosque">Osman Shah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzistarakis_Mosque" title="Tzistarakis Mosque">Tzistarakis Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Tower_of_Thessaloniki" title="White Tower of Thessaloniki">White Tower of Thessaloniki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greeks outside the Empire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Communities</b>: <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livorno" title="Livorno">Livorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><b>Schools</b>: <a href="/wiki/Flanginian_School" title="Flanginian School">Flanginian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_Academy_of_Bucharest" title="Princely Academy of Bucharest">Princely Academy of Bucharest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rum_millet&oldid=1279147308">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rum_millet&oldid=1279147308</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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