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href="#Metal_ion_transport_and_storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Metal ion transport and storage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metal_ion_transport_and_storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enzymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enzymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Enzymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enzymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Toxicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oxygen_transport_and_activation_proteins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxygen_transport_and_activation_proteins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Oxygen transport and activation proteins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxygen_transport_and_activation_proteins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bioorganometallic_chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bioorganometallic_chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Bioorganometallic chemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bioorganometallic_chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metals_in_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metals_in_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Metals in medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metals_in_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Environmental chemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biomineralization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biomineralization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Biomineralization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biomineralization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_inorganic_substances_in_biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_inorganic_substances_in_biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types of inorganic substances in biology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_inorganic_substances_in_biology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of inorganic substances in biology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_inorganic_substances_in_biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alkali_and_alkaline_earth_metals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alkali_and_alkaline_earth_metals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Alkali and alkaline earth metals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alkali_and_alkaline_earth_metals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition_metals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_metals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Transition metals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_metals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_group_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_group_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Main group compounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_group_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bioinorganic chemistry</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B6%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كيمياء حيوية لاعضوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كيمياء حيوية لاعضوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бионеорганична химия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бионеорганична химия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica_bioinorg%C3%A0nica" title="Química bioinorgànica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Química bioinorgànica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioanorganische_Chemie" title="Bioanorganische Chemie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bioanorganische Chemie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioanorgaaniline_keemia" title="Bioanorgaaniline keemia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bioanorgaaniline keemia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica_bioinorg%C3%A1nica" title="Química bioinorgánica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Química bioinorgánica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="شیمی معدنی زیستی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شیمی معدنی زیستی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimie_bioinorganique" title="Chimie bioinorganique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chimie bioinorganique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%EB%AC%B4%EA%B8%B0%ED%99%94%ED%95%99" title="생물무기화학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="생물무기화학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_bioanorganik" title="Kimia bioanorganik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kimia bioanorganik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimica_bioinorganica" title="Chimica bioinorganica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chimica bioinorganica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბიოარაორგანული ქიმია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბიოარაორგანული ქიმია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioszervetlen_k%C3%A9mia" title="Bioszervetlen kémia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bioszervetlen kémia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioanorganische_chemie" title="Bioanorganische chemie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bioanorganische chemie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%84%A1%E6%A9%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="生物無機化学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="生物無機化学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemia_bionieorganiczna" title="Chemia bionieorganiczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chemia bionieorganiczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica_bioinorg%C3%A2nica" title="Química bioinorgânica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Química bioinorgânica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimie_bioanorganic%C4%83" title="Chimie bioanorganică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chimie bioanorganică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бионеорганическая химия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бионеорганическая химия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinorganic_chemistry" title="Bioinorganic chemistry – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bioinorganic chemistry" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioneorganska_hemija" title="Bioneorganska hemija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Bioneorganska hemija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioneorganska_hemija" title="Bioneorganska hemija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bioneorganska hemija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="உயிர் கனிமவேதியியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உயிர் கனிமவேதியியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5" title="ชีวอนินทรีย์เคมี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชีวอนินทรีย์เคมี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyoinorganik_kimya" title="Biyoinorganik kimya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Biyoinorganik kimya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Біонеорганічна хімія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біонеорганічна хімія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%84%A1%E6%A9%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="生物無機化學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="生物無機化學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%97%A0%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="生物无机化学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="生物无机化学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q803925#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the journal, see <a href="/wiki/Bioinorganic_Chemistry_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioinorganic Chemistry (journal)">Bioinorganic Chemistry (journal)</a>.</div> <p><b>Bioinorganic chemistry</b> is a field that examines the role of <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metals</a> in <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>. Bioinorganic chemistry includes the study of both natural phenomena such as the behavior of <a href="/wiki/Metalloprotein" title="Metalloprotein">metalloproteins</a> as well as artificially introduced metals, including those that are <a href="/wiki/Essential_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential element">non-essential</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology">toxicology</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Biological_process" title="Biological process">biological processes</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">respiration</a> depend upon molecules that fall within the realm of <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry" title="Inorganic chemistry">inorganic chemistry</a>. The discipline also includes the study of inorganic models or mimics that imitate the behaviour of metalloproteins.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a mix of <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry" title="Inorganic chemistry">inorganic chemistry</a>, bioinorganic chemistry is important in elucidating the implications of electron-transfer <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>, substrate bindings and activation, atom and group transfer chemistry as well as metal properties in biological chemistry. The successful development of truly interdisciplinary work is necessary to advance bioinorganic chemistry.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition_of_living_organisms">Composition of living organisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioinorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Composition of living organisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>About 99% of <a href="/wiki/Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals">mammals</a>' mass are the elements <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Heymsfield_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heymsfield-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteins">proteins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipids">lipids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbohydrates">carbohydrates</a>) contain the majority of the carbon and nitrogen and most of the oxygen and hydrogen is present as water.<sup id="cite_ref-Heymsfield_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heymsfield-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entire collection of metal-containing <a href="/wiki/Biomolecules" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomolecules">biomolecules</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cell</a> is called the <a href="/wiki/Metallome" title="Metallome">metallome</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioinorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Paul Ehrlich</a> used <a href="/wiki/Organoarsenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Organoarsenic">organoarsenic</a> (“arsenicals”) for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a>, demonstrating the relevance of metals, or at least metalloids, to medicine, that blossomed with Rosenberg's discovery of the anti-cancer activity of <a href="/wiki/Cisplatin" title="Cisplatin">cisplatin</a> (cis-PtCl<sub>2</sub>(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>). The first protein ever crystallized (see <a href="/wiki/James_B._Sumner" title="James B. Sumner">James B. Sumner</a>) was <a href="/wiki/Urease" title="Urease">urease</a>, later shown to contain nickel at its <a href="/wiki/Active_site" title="Active site">active site</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cyanocobalamin" title="Cyanocobalamin">Vitamin B<sub>12</sub></a>, the cure for <a href="/wiki/Pernicious_anemia" title="Pernicious anemia">pernicious anemia</a> was shown crystallographically by <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Crowfoot_Hodgkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin">Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin</a> to consist of a cobalt in a <a href="/wiki/Corrin" title="Corrin">corrin</a> macrocycle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes_in_bioinorganic_chemistry">Themes in bioinorganic chemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioinorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Themes in bioinorganic chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several distinct systems are of identifiable in bioinorganic chemistry. Major areas include: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metal_ion_transport_and_storage">Metal ion transport and storage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioinorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Metal ion transport and storage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A diverse collection of <a href="/wiki/Membrane_transport_protein" title="Membrane transport protein">transporters</a> (e.g. the ion pump <a href="/wiki/NaKATPase" class="mw-redirect" title="NaKATPase">NaKATPase</a>), <a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">vacuoles</a>, storage <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Ferritin" title="Ferritin">ferritin</a>), and small molecules (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Siderophore" title="Siderophore">siderophores</a>) are employed to control metal ions concentration and bio-availability in living organisms. Crucially, many essential metals are not readily accessible to downstream proteins owing to low solubility in aqueous solutions or scarcity in the cellular environment. Organisms have developed a number of strategies for collecting and transporting such elements while limiting their <a href="/wiki/Cytotoxicity" title="Cytotoxicity">cytotoxicity</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enzymology">Enzymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioinorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Enzymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many reactions in life sciences involve water and metal ions are often at the catalytic centers (active sites) for these enzymes, i.e. these are <a href="/wiki/Metalloprotein" title="Metalloprotein">metalloproteins</a>. Often the reacting water is a ligand (see <a href="/wiki/Metal_aquo_complex" title="Metal aquo complex">metal aquo complex</a>). Examples of <a href="/wiki/Hydrolase" title="Hydrolase">hydrolase</a> enzymes are <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase" title="Carbonic anhydrase">carbonic anhydrase</a>, metallo<a href="/wiki/Phosphatase" title="Phosphatase">phosphatases</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Metalloproteinase" title="Metalloproteinase">metalloproteinases</a>. Bioinorganic chemists seek to understand and replicate the function of these metalloproteins. </p><p>Metal-containing electron transfer proteins are also common. They can be organized into three major classes: <a href="/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93sulfur_protein" title="Iron–sulfur protein">iron–sulfur proteins</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Rubredoxin" title="Rubredoxin">rubredoxins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferredoxin" title="Ferredoxin">ferredoxins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rieske_protein" title="Rieske protein">Rieske proteins</a>), blue <a href="/wiki/Copper_proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper proteins">copper proteins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome" title="Cytochrome">cytochromes</a>. These electron transport proteins are complementary to the non-metal electron transporters <a href="/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide" title="Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide">nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide</a> (NAD) and <a href="/wiki/Flavin_adenine_dinucleotide" title="Flavin adenine dinucleotide">flavin adenine dinucleotide</a> (FAD). The <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">nitrogen cycle</a> make extensive use of metals for the redox interconversions. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FdRedox.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/FdRedox.png/500px-FdRedox.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/FdRedox.png/750px-FdRedox.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/FdRedox.png/1000px-FdRedox.png 2x" data-file-width="1904" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>4Fe-4S clusters serve as electron-relays in proteins.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioinorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Toxicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several metal ions are toxic to humans and other animals. The bioinorganic chemistry of lead in the context of its toxicity has been reviewed.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxygen_transport_and_activation_proteins">Oxygen transport and activation proteins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioinorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Oxygen transport and activation proteins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_dioxygen_complex" title="Transition metal dioxygen complex">Transition metal dioxygen complex</a></div> <p>Aerobic life make extensive use of metals such as iron, copper, and manganese. <a href="/wiki/Heme" title="Heme">Heme</a> is utilized by <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> for oxygen transport and is perhaps the most recognized metal system in biology. Other oxygen transport systems include <a href="/wiki/Myoglobin" title="Myoglobin">myoglobin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemocyanin" title="Hemocyanin">hemocyanin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hemerythrin" title="Hemerythrin">hemerythrin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxidase" title="Oxidase">Oxidases</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxygenase" title="Oxygenase">oxygenases</a> are metal systems found throughout nature that take advantage of oxygen to carry out important reactions such as energy generation in <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_c_oxidase" title="Cytochrome c oxidase">cytochrome c oxidase</a> or small molecule oxidation in <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_P450_oxidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytochrome P450 oxidase">cytochrome P450 oxidases</a> or <a href="/wiki/Methane_monooxygenase" title="Methane monooxygenase">methane monooxygenase</a>. Some metalloproteins are designed to protect a biological system from the potentially harmful effects of oxygen and other reactive oxygen-containing molecules such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a>. These systems include <a href="/wiki/Peroxidase" title="Peroxidase">peroxidases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalase" title="Catalase">catalases</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Superoxide_dismutase" title="Superoxide dismutase">superoxide dismutases</a>. A complementary metalloprotein to those that react with oxygen is the <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_evolving_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen evolving complex">oxygen evolving complex</a> present in plants. This system is part of the complex protein machinery that <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_evolution" title="Oxygen evolution">produces oxygen</a> as plants perform <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Myoglobin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Myoglobin.png/220px-Myoglobin.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Myoglobin.png/330px-Myoglobin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Myoglobin.png/440px-Myoglobin.png 2x" data-file-width="1159" data-file-height="1173" /></a><figcaption>Myoglobin is a prominent subject in bioinorganic chemistry, with particular attention to the iron-heme complex that is anchored to the protein.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bioorganometallic_chemistry">Bioorganometallic chemistry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioinorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bioorganometallic chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bioorganometallic_chemistry" title="Bioorganometallic chemistry">Bioorganometallic</a> systems feature metal-carbon bonds as structural elements or as intermediates. Bioorganometallic enzymes and proteins include the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenase" title="Hydrogenase">hydrogenases</a>, <a href="/wiki/FeMoco" title="FeMoco">FeMoco</a> in nitrogenase, and <a href="/wiki/Methylcobalamin" title="Methylcobalamin">methylcobalamin</a>. These naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Organometallic_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Organometallic compounds">organometallic compounds</a>. This area is more focused on the utilization of metals by unicellular organisms. Bioorganometallic compounds are significant in <a href="/wiki/Environmental_chemistry" title="Environmental chemistry">environmental chemistry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FeMoco_cluster.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/FeMoco_cluster.svg/160px-FeMoco_cluster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/FeMoco_cluster.svg/240px-FeMoco_cluster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/FeMoco_cluster.svg/320px-FeMoco_cluster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2044" data-file-height="3815" /></a><figcaption>Structure of <a href="/wiki/FeMoco" title="FeMoco">FeMoco</a>, the catalytic center of nitrogenase.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metals_in_medicine">Metals in medicine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioinorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Metals in medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Metals_in_medicine" title="Metals in medicine">Metals in medicine</a></div> <p>A number of drugs contain metals. This theme relies on the study of the design and mechanism of action of metal-containing pharmaceuticals, and compounds that interact with endogenous metal ions in enzyme active sites. The most widely used anti-cancer drug is <a href="/wiki/Cisplatin" title="Cisplatin">cisplatin</a>. <a href="/wiki/MRI_contrast_agent" title="MRI contrast agent">MRI contrast agent</a> commonly contain <a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">gadolinium</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lithium_carbonate" title="Lithium carbonate">Lithium carbonate</a> has been used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder. Gold antiarthritic drugs, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Auranofin" title="Auranofin">auranofin</a> have been commercialized. <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide-releasing_molecules" title="Carbon monoxide-releasing molecules">Carbon monoxide-releasing molecules</a> are metal complexes have been developed to suppress inflammation by releasing small amounts of carbon monoxide. The <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular">cardiovascular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neuronal</a> importance of <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">nitric oxide</a> has been examined, including the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide_synthase" title="Nitric oxide synthase">nitric oxide synthase</a>. (See also: <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_assimilation" title="Nitrogen assimilation">nitrogen assimilation</a>.) Besides, metallic transition complexes based on triazolopyrimidines have been tested against several parasite strains.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29227923_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29227923-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_chemistry">Environmental chemistry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioinorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Environmental chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_chemistry" title="Environmental chemistry">Environmental chemistry</a></div> <p>Environmental chemistry traditionally emphasizes the interaction of heavy metals with organisms. <a href="/wiki/Methylmercury" title="Methylmercury">Methylmercury</a> has caused major disaster called <a href="/wiki/Minamata_disease" title="Minamata disease">Minamata disease</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_poisoning" title="Arsenic poisoning">Arsenic poisoning</a> is a widespread problem owing largely to <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_contamination_of_groundwater" title="Arsenic contamination of groundwater">arsenic contamination of groundwater</a>, which affects many millions of people in developing countries. The metabolism of mercury- and arsenic-containing compounds involves <a href="/wiki/Cobalamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalamin">cobalamin</a>-based enzymes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biomineralization">Biomineralization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioinorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Biomineralization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biomineralization" title="Biomineralization">Biomineralization</a></div> <p>Biomineralization is the process by which living organisms produce <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a>, often to harden or stiffen existing tissues. Such tissues are called <a href="/wiki/Mineralized_tissues" title="Mineralized tissues">mineralized tissues</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Weiner1989_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiner1989-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include <a href="/wiki/Silicates" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicates">silicates</a> in <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diatoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatoms">diatoms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonates</a> in <a href="/wiki/Invertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Invertebrates">invertebrates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Calcium_phosphates" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium phosphates">calcium phosphates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">carbonates</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrates">vertebrates</a>. Other examples include <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> deposits involving bacteria. Biologically-formed minerals often have special uses such as magnetic sensors in <a href="/wiki/Magnetotactic_bacteria" title="Magnetotactic bacteria">magnetotactic bacteria</a> (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>), gravity sensing devices (CaCO<sub>3</sub>, CaSO<sub>4</sub>, BaSO<sub>4</sub>) and iron storage and mobilization (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>•H<sub>2</sub>O in the protein <a href="/wiki/Ferritin" title="Ferritin">ferritin</a>). Because extracellular<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> iron is strongly involved in inducing calcification,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its control is essential in developing shells; the protein <a href="/wiki/Ferritin" title="Ferritin">ferritin</a> plays an important role in controlling the distribution of iron.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson2007_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_inorganic_substances_in_biology">Types of inorganic substances in biology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioinorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Types of inorganic substances in biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alkali_and_alkaline_earth_metals">Alkali and alkaline earth metals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioinorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Alkali and alkaline earth metals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monensin2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Monensin2.png/210px-Monensin2.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Monensin2.png/315px-Monensin2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Monensin2.png/420px-Monensin2.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption>Like many antibiotics, <a href="/wiki/Monensin" title="Monensin">monensin</a>-A is an ionophore that tightly bind Na<sup>+</sup> (shown in yellow).<sup id="cite_ref-Green_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The abundant inorganic elements act as <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ionic</a> <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolytes</a>. The most important ions are <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">bicarbonate</a>. The maintenance of precise <a href="/wiki/Ion_gradient" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion gradient">gradients</a> across <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membranes</a> maintains <a href="/wiki/Osmotic_pressure" title="Osmotic pressure">osmotic pressure</a> and <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ions are also critical for <a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">nerves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">action potentials</a> in these tissues are produced by the exchange of electrolytes between the <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_fluid" title="Extracellular fluid">extracellular fluid</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cytosol" title="Cytosol">cytosol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Electrolytes enter and leave cells through proteins in the cell membrane called <a href="/wiki/Ion_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion channels">ion channels</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Muscle_contraction" title="Muscle contraction">muscle contraction</a> depends upon the movement of calcium, sodium and potassium through ion channels in the cell membrane and <a href="/wiki/T-tubule" title="T-tubule">T-tubules</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transition_metals">Transition metals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioinorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Transition metals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metals</a> are usually present as <a href="/wiki/Trace_element" title="Trace element">trace elements</a> in organisms, with <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> being most abundant.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Husted_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Husted-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These metals are used as protein <a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">cofactors</a> and signalling molecules. Many are essential for the activity of enzymes such as <a href="/wiki/Catalase" title="Catalase">catalase</a> and oxygen-carrier proteins such as <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These cofactors are tightly to a specific protein; although enzyme cofactors can be modified during catalysis, cofactors always return to their original state after catalysis has taken place. The metal micronutrients are taken up into organisms by specific transporters and bound to storage proteins such as <a href="/wiki/Ferritin" title="Ferritin">ferritin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Metallothionein" title="Metallothionein">metallothionein</a> when not being used.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> is essential for the functioning of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">vitamin B12</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_group_compounds">Main group compounds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioinorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Main group compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many other elements aside from metals are bio-active. Sulfur and phosphorus are required for all life. Phosphorus almost exclusively exists as phosphate and its various <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">esters</a>. Sulfur exists in a variety of oxidation states, ranging from sulfate (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>) down to sulfide (S<sup>2−</sup>). Selenium is a trace element involved in proteins that are antioxidants. Cadmium is important because of its toxicity.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioinorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">Cofactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron metabolism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioinorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen J. Lippard, Jeremy M. Berg, <i>Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry</i>, University Science Books, 1994, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-935702-72-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-935702-72-5">0-935702-72-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGumerovaRompel2021" class="citation journal cs1">Gumerova, Nadiia I.; 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"Iron uptake and metabolism in the new millennium". <i>Trends Cell Biol</i>. <b>17</b> (2): 93–100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tcb.2006.12.003">10.1016/j.tcb.2006.12.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17194590">17194590</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+Cell+Biol&rft.atitle=Iron+uptake+and+metabolism+in+the+new+millennium&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=93-100&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tcb.2006.12.003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17194590&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Rahmanto%2C+Y&rft.au=Richardson%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioinorganic+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCracanBanerjee2013" class="citation book cs1">Cracan, Valentin; Banerjee, Ruma (2013). "Cobalt and Corrinoid Transport and Biochemistry". In Banci, Lucia (ed.). <i>Metallomics and the Cell</i>. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 12. Springer. pp. 333–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-5561-1_10">10.1007/978-94-007-5561-1_10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-5560-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-5560-4"><bdi>978-94-007-5560-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23595677">23595677</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cobalt+and+Corrinoid+Transport+and+Biochemistry&rft.btitle=Metallomics+and+the+Cell&rft.series=Metal+Ions+in+Life+Sciences&rft.pages=333-74&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23595677&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-007-5561-1_10&rft.isbn=978-94-007-5560-4&rft.aulast=Cracan&rft.aufirst=Valentin&rft.au=Banerjee%2C+Ruma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioinorganic+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span> electronic-book <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-5561-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-5561-1">978-94-007-5561-1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1559-0836">1559-0836</a> electronic-<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1868-0402">1868-0402</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaretMoulis2013" class="citation book cs1">Maret, Wolfgang; Moulis, Jean-Marc (2013). "Chapter 1. The Bioinorganic Chemistry of Cadmium in the Context of its Toxicity". In Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel and Roland K. O. Sigel (ed.). <i>Cadmium: From Toxicology to Essentiality</i>. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 11. Springer. pp. 1–30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1.+The+Bioinorganic+Chemistry+of+Cadmium+in+the+Context+of+its+Toxicity&rft.btitle=Cadmium%3A+From+Toxicology+to+Essentiality&rft.series=Metal+Ions+in+Life+Sciences&rft.pages=1-30&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Maret&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft.au=Moulis%2C+Jean-Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABioinorganic+chemistry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioinorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Heinz-Bernhard Kraatz (editor), Nils Metzler-Nolte (editor), <i>Concepts and Models in Bioinorganic Chemistry</i>, John Wiley and Sons, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-527-31305-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-527-31305-2">3-527-31305-2</a></li> <li>Ivano Bertini, Harry B. Gray, Edward I. Stiefel, Joan Selverstone Valentine, <i>Biological Inorganic Chemistry</i>, University Science Books, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-891389-43-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-891389-43-2">1-891389-43-2</a></li> <li>Wolfgang Kaim, Brigitte Schwederski "Bioinorganic Chemistry: Inorganic Elements in the Chemistry of Life." John Wiley and Sons, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-94369-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-94369-X">0-471-94369-X</a></li> <li>Rosette M. Roat-Malone, <i>Bioinorganic Chemistry : A Short Course</i>, <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">Wiley-Interscience</a>, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-15976-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-15976-X">0-471-15976-X</a></li> <li>J.J.R. Fraústo da Silva and R.J.P. Williams, <i>The biological chemistry of the elements: The inorganic chemistry of life</i>, 2nd Edition, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-850848-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-850848-4">0-19-850848-4</a></li> <li>Lawrence Que, Jr., ed., <i>Physical Methods in Bioinorganic Chemistry</i>, University Science Books, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-891389-02-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-891389-02-5">1-891389-02-5</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioinorganic_chemistry&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sbichem.org/">The Society of Biological Inorganic Chemistry (SBIC)'s home page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frenchbic.cnrs.fr/">The French Bioinorganic Chemistry Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050204054913/http://www.chem.qmw.ac.uk/iupac/bioinorg/">Glossary of Terms in Bioinorganic Chemistry</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140603015531/http://tanna.bch.ed.ac.uk/">Metal Coordination Groups in Proteins by Marjorie Harding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/">European Bioinformatics Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://metalweb.cerm.unifi.it/">MetalPDB: A database of metal sites in biomolecular structures</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150915055956/http://metalweb.cerm.unifi.it/">Archived</a> 2015-09-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">Absorption in<br />duodenum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">Iron(II) oxide</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DMT1" class="mw-redirect" title="DMT1">DMT1 (SLC11A2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferritin" title="Ferritin">Ferritin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephaestin" title="Hephaestin">Hephaestin</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ferroportin" title="Ferroportin">Ferroportin (SLC11A3/SLC40A1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transferrin" title="Transferrin">Transferrin</a> to <a href="/wiki/Transferrin_receptor" title="Transferrin receptor">Transferrin receptor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transferrin_receptor" title="Transferrin receptor">TFR1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transferrin_receptor" title="Transferrin receptor">TFR2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_oxide" title="Iron(III) oxide">Iron(III) oxide</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duodenal_cytochrome_B" title="Duodenal cytochrome B">Duodenal cytochrome B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrin" title="Integrin">Integrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calreticulin" title="Calreticulin">Calreticulin/mobilferrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferritin" title="Ferritin">Ferritin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Iron-binding_proteins:" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iron-binding_proteins" title="Iron-binding proteins">Iron-binding proteins</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferritin" title="Ferritin">Ferritin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepcidin" title="Hepcidin">Hepcidin</a>/<a href="/wiki/HAMP" class="mw-redirect" title="HAMP">HAMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemojuvelin" title="Hemojuvelin">Hemojuvelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron-responsive_element-binding_protein" title="Iron-responsive element-binding protein">Iron-responsive element-binding protein</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aconitase" title="Aconitase">Aconitase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceruloplasmin" title="Ceruloplasmin">Ceruloplasmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HFE_(gene)" title="HFE (gene)">HFE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemosiderin" title="Hemosiderin">Hemosiderin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactoferrin" title="Lactoferrin">Lactoferrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copper_in_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper in health">Copper metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATP7A" title="ATP7A">ATP7A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_disease_protein" title="Wilson disease protein">ATP7B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceruloplasmin" title="Ceruloplasmin">Ceruloplasmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC31A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC31A1">SLC31A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATOX1" title="ATOX1">ATOX1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zinc_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinc metabolism">Zinc metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TMC6" title="TMC6">TMC6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMC8" title="TMC8">TMC8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC30A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC30A1">SLC30A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC39A4" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC39A4">SLC39A4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">Electrolyte</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium metabolism">Sodium metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Na%2B/K%2B-ATPase" class="mw-redirect" title="Na+/K+-ATPase">Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phosphate_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphate metabolism">Phosphate metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acids_and_phosphates" title="Phosphoric acids and phosphates">Phosphoric acids and phosphates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_transporter" title="Magnesium transporter">Magnesium transporter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_metabolism" title="Calcium metabolism">Calcium metabolism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium-sensing_receptor" title="Calcium-sensing receptor">Calcium-sensing receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium-binding_protein" title="Calcium-binding protein">Calcium-binding protein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Branches_of_chemistry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Branches_of_chemistry" title="Template:Branches of chemistry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Branches_of_chemistry" title="Template talk:Branches of chemistry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Branches_of_chemistry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Branches of chemistry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Branches_of_chemistry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Branches of <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chemical_formulae" title="Glossary of chemical formulae">Glossary of chemical formulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biomolecules" title="List of biomolecules">List of biomolecules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inorganic_compounds" title="List of inorganic compounds">List of inorganic compounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analytical_chemistry" title="Analytical chemistry">Analytical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_chemistry" title="Instrumental chemistry">Instrumental chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroanalytical_methods" title="Electroanalytical methods">Electroanalytical methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">IR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_spectroscopy" title="Raman spectroscopy">Raman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet%E2%80%93visible_spectroscopy" title="Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy">UV-Vis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy">NMR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">Mass spectrometry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron_ionization" title="Electron ionization">EI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductively_coupled_plasma_mass_spectrometry" title="Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry">ICP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization" title="Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization">MALDI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_process" title="Separation process">Separation process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chromatography" title="Gas chromatography">GC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_liquid_chromatography" title="High-performance liquid chromatography">HPLC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallography" title="Crystallography">Crystallography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Characterization_(materials_science)" title="Characterization (materials science)">Characterization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titration" title="Titration">Titration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_chemistry" title="Wet chemistry">Wet chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calorimetry" title="Calorimetry">Calorimetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental_analysis" title="Elemental analysis">Elemental analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_chemistry" title="Theoretical chemistry">Theoretical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_chemistry" title="Quantum chemistry">Quantum chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">Computational chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_chemistry" title="Mathematical chemistry">Mathematical chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_modelling" title="Molecular modelling">Molecular modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_mechanics" title="Molecular mechanics">Molecular mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_dynamics" title="Molecular dynamics">Molecular dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_geometry" title="Molecular geometry">Molecular geometry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VSEPR_theory" title="VSEPR theory">VSEPR theory</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">Electrochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spectroelectrochemistry" title="Spectroelectrochemistry">Spectroelectrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoelectrochemistry" title="Photoelectrochemistry">Photoelectrochemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermochemistry" title="Thermochemistry">Thermochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_thermodynamics" title="Chemical thermodynamics">Chemical thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_science" title="Surface science">Surface science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interface_and_colloid_science" title="Interface and colloid science">Interface and colloid science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micromeritics" title="Micromeritics">Micromeritics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryochemistry" title="Cryochemistry">Cryochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonochemistry" title="Sonochemistry">Sonochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_chemistry" title="Structural chemistry">Structural chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_physics" title="Chemical physics">Chemical physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_physics" title="Molecular physics">Molecular physics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femtochemistry" title="Femtochemistry">Femtochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_kinetics" title="Chemical kinetics">Chemical kinetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photochemistry" title="Photochemistry">Photochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_chemistry" title="Spin chemistry">Spin chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_chemistry" title="Microwave chemistry">Microwave chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_chemistry" title="Equilibrium chemistry">Equilibrium chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanochemistry" title="Mechanochemistry">Mechanochemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry" title="Inorganic chemistry">Inorganic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordination_complex" title="Coordination complex">Coordination chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetochemistry" title="Magnetochemistry">Magnetochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organometallic_chemistry" title="Organometallic chemistry">Organometallic chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organolanthanide_chemistry" title="Organolanthanide chemistry">Organolanthanide chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom_cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom cluster">Cluster chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_chemistry" title="Solid-state chemistry">Solid-state chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramic chemistry">Ceramic chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereochemistry" title="Stereochemistry">Stereochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkane_stereochemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkane stereochemistry">Alkane stereochemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_organic_chemistry" title="Physical organic chemistry">Physical organic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic reactions">Organic reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">Organic synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrosynthetic_analysis" title="Retrosynthetic analysis">Retrosynthetic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enantioselective_synthesis" title="Enantioselective synthesis">Enantioselective synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_synthesis" title="Total synthesis">Total synthesis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Semisynthesis" title="Semisynthesis">Semisynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fullerene_chemistry" title="Fullerene chemistry">Fullerene chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_chemistry" title="Polymer chemistry">Polymer chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrochemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrochemistry">Petrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_covalent_chemistry" title="Dynamic covalent chemistry">Dynamic covalent chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cell biology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_biology" title="Chemical biology">Chemical biology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioorthogonal_chemistry" title="Bioorthogonal chemistry">Bioorthogonal chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_chemistry" title="Medicinal chemistry">Medicinal chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurochemistry" title="Neurochemistry">Neurochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioorganic_chemistry" title="Bioorganic chemistry">Bioorganic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioorganometallic_chemistry" title="Bioorganometallic chemistry">Bioorganometallic chemistry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bioinorganic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysical_chemistry" title="Biophysical chemistry">Biophysical chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">Interdisciplinarity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_chemistry" title="Nuclear chemistry">Nuclear chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiochemistry" title="Radiochemistry">Radiochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_chemistry" title="Radiation chemistry">Radiation chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide_chemistry" title="Actinide chemistry">Actinide chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmochemistry" title="Cosmochemistry">Cosmochemistry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stellar_chemistry" title="Stellar chemistry">Stellar chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">Geochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemistry" title="Biogeochemistry">Biogeochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogeochemistry" title="Photogeochemistry">Photogeochemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_chemistry" title="Environmental chemistry">Environmental chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Atmospheric chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean chemistry">Ocean chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_chemistry" title="Clay chemistry">Clay chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbochemistry" title="Carbochemistry">Carbochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">Food chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbohydrate chemistry">Carbohydrate chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_physical_chemistry" title="Food physical chemistry">Food physical chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_chemistry" title="Agricultural chemistry">Agricultural chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_chemistry" title="Soil chemistry">Soil chemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemistry_education" title="Chemistry education">Chemistry education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_chemistry" title="Amateur chemistry">Amateur chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_chemistry" title="General chemistry">General chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clandestine_chemistry" title="Clandestine chemistry">Clandestine chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_chemistry" title="Forensic chemistry">Forensic chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_toxicology" title="Forensic toxicology">Forensic toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_chemistry" title="Post-mortem chemistry">Post-mortem chemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanochemistry" title="Nanochemistry">Nanochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supramolecular_chemistry" title="Supramolecular chemistry">Supramolecular chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">Chemical synthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_chemistry" title="Green chemistry">Green chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Click_chemistry" title="Click chemistry">Click chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combinatorial_chemistry" title="Combinatorial chemistry">Combinatorial chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">Biosynthesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">Stoichiometry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_engineering" title="Ceramic engineering">Ceramic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_science" title="Polymer science">Polymer science</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_chemistry" title="History of chemistry">History of chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemistry" title="Timeline of chemistry">Timeline of chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">of element discoveries</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_central_science" title="The central science">The central science</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">Chemical reaction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">Catalysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Chemical element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">Chemical compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">Ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">Chemical substance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">Chemical bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" 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