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accesskey="y"><span>Bijdragen</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnOverleg" title="Overlegpagina van de anonieme gebruiker van dit IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Overleg</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Achtergrond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Achtergrond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Achtergrond</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Achtergrond-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Achtergrond-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Achtergrond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Donkere_achterkant_enkel_tijdens_volle_maan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Donkere_achterkant_enkel_tijdens_volle_maan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Donkere achterkant enkel tijdens volle maan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Donkere_achterkant_enkel_tijdens_volle_maan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kraterrijk_landschap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kraterrijk_landschap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Kraterrijk landschap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kraterrijk_landschap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verkenning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verkenning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Verkenning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verkenning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bemande_landing_in_krater_Tsiolkovskiy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bemande_landing_in_krater_Tsiolkovskiy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bemande landing in krater Tsiolkovskiy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bemande_landing_in_krater_Tsiolkovskiy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landing_in_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landing_in_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Landing in 2019</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landing_in_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radiotelescoop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radiotelescoop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Radiotelescoop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radiotelescoop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zie_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zie_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Zie ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zie_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externe_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externe_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Externe links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externe_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Achterkant van de maan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 45 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B1" title="الجانب البعيد من القمر – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الجانب البعيد من القمر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Обратна страна на Луната – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Обратна страна на Луната" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0" title="চাঁদের দূরপৃষ্ঠ – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চাঁদের দূরপৃষ্ঠ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cara_oculta_de_la_Lluna" title="Cara oculta de la Lluna – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cara oculta de la Lluna" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="دیوی نادیاری مانگ – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دیوی نادیاری مانگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odvr%C3%A1cen%C3%A1_strana_M%C4%9Bs%C3%ADce" title="Odvrácená strana Měsíce – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Odvrácená strana Měsíce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A5nens_bagside" title="Månens bagside – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Månens bagside" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondr%C3%BCckseite" title="Mondrückseite – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mondrückseite" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_side_of_the_Moon" title="Far side of the Moon – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Far side of the Moon" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%9Dita_flanko_de_la_luno" title="Kaŝita flanko de la luno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kaŝita flanko de la luno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cara_oculta_de_la_Luna" title="Cara oculta de la Luna – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cara oculta de la Luna" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuu_tagak%C3%BClg" title="Kuu tagakülg – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kuu tagakülg" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilargiaren_alde_ezkutua" title="Ilargiaren alde ezkutua – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ilargiaren alde ezkutua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87" title="سمت پنهان ماه – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سمت پنهان ماه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuun_Maahan_n%C3%A4kym%C3%A4t%C3%B6n_puoli" title="Kuun Maahan näkymätön puoli – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuun Maahan näkymätön puoli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_cach%C3%A9e_de_la_Lune" title="Face cachée de la Lune – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Face cachée de la Lune" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cara_oculta_da_L%C3%BAa" title="Cara oculta da Lúa – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cara oculta da Lúa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%97" title="הצד הרחוק של הירח – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הצד הרחוק של הירח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95" title="चंद्रमा का विमुख फलक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चंद्रमा का विमुख फलक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Hold_s%C3%B6t%C3%A9t_oldala" title="A Hold sötét oldala – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A Hold sötét oldala" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%AF_%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B4" title="Լուսնի հակառակ կողմ – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լուսնի հակառակ կողմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisi_jauh_Bulan" title="Sisi jauh Bulan – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sisi jauh Bulan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faccia_nascosta_della_Luna" title="Faccia nascosta della Luna – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Faccia nascosta della Luna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E3%81%AE%E8%A3%8F" title="月の裏 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="月の裏" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%AC%EC%9D%98_%EB%92%B7%EB%A9%B4" title="달의 뒷면 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="달의 뒷면" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moundr%C3%A9cks%C3%A4it" title="Moundrécksäit – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Moundrécksäit" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Далечна страна на Месечината – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Далечна страна на Месечината" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Сарны цаад тал – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сарны цаад тал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisi_jauh_(Bulan)" title="Sisi jauh (Bulan) – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sisi jauh (Bulan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A5nens_bakside" title="Månens bakside – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Månens bakside" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A0cia_amagada_de_la_Luna" title="Fàcia amagada de la Luna – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fàcia amagada de la Luna" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niewidoczna_strona_Ksi%C4%99%C5%BCyca" title="Niewidoczna strona Księżyca – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niewidoczna strona Księżyca" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lado_oculto_da_Lua" title="Lado oculto da Lua – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lado oculto da Lua" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C8%9Ba_ascuns%C4%83_a_Lunii" title="Fața ascunsă a Lunii – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fața ascunsă a Lunii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Обратная сторона Луны – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Обратная сторона Луны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li 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vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Uiterlijk</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Cara-oculta-luna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cara-oculta-luna.jpg/260px-Cara-oculta-luna.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cara-oculta-luna.jpg/390px-Cara-oculta-luna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cara-oculta-luna.jpg/520px-Cara-oculta-luna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Het oostelijk gedeelte van de achterkant van de maan, gefotografeerd tijdens de missie van <a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a> in april 1972.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:527006main_farside.1600.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/527006main_farside.1600.jpg/260px-527006main_farside.1600.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/527006main_farside.1600.jpg/390px-527006main_farside.1600.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/527006main_farside.1600.jpg/520px-527006main_farside.1600.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Mosaic van de achterkant van de maan, gefotografeerd door de <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> tussen 2009 en 2011.</figcaption></figure> <p>De <b>achterkant van de maan</b> is het <a href="/wiki/Halfrond_(aarde)" title="Halfrond (aarde)">halfrond</a> van de <a href="/wiki/Maan" title="Maan">maan</a> dat op enig moment van de <a href="/wiki/Aarde_(planeet)" title="Aarde (planeet)">aarde</a> afgekeerd is. Met de <i>achterkant van de maan</i> wordt zonder meer bedoeld het deel van het oppervlak van de maan dat <i>nooit</i> vanaf de aarde zichtbaar is. Dit beslaat 41% van het gehele oppervlak. Daarnaast zijn er randgebieden die beperkt zichtbaar zijn. </p><p>Dat een deel van het oppervlak nooit zichtbaar is, komt doordat de <a href="/wiki/Omlooptijd_(astronomie)" title="Omlooptijd (astronomie)">omlooptijd</a> van de asrotatie van de maan dezelfde is als die van haar omloop rond de aarde, namelijk een <a href="/wiki/Siderische_maand" title="Siderische maand">siderische maand</a>. Door de <a href="/wiki/Libratie" title="Libratie">libratie</a> is dit deel minder dan de helft. </p><p>De achterkant werd voor het eerst gefotografeerd door de sonde <a href="/wiki/Loenik_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Loenik 3">Loenik 3</a> van de <a href="/wiki/Sovjet-Unie" title="Sovjet-Unie">Sovjet-Unie</a> in <a href="/wiki/1959" title="1959">1959</a>, wat toen een grote sensatie was. De bemanning van de Amerikaanse <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a>-missie zag in <a href="/wiki/1968" title="1968">1968</a> de achterkant voor het eerst direct. </p><p>De achterkant wordt gekenmerkt door een groot aantal inslagkraters en relatief weinig <a href="/wiki/Mare_(maanzee)" title="Mare (maanzee)">maria</a>. De achterkant bevat de, voor zover bekend, op een na de grootste inslagkrater van het <a href="/wiki/Zonnestelsel" title="Zonnestelsel">zonnestelsel</a>, het <a href="/wiki/Zuidpool-Aitken-bekken" title="Zuidpool-Aitken-bekken">Zuidpool-Aitken-bekken</a>. </p><p>Er is geen directe radiocommunicatie mogelijk tussen de aarde en een satelliet die zich achter de maan bevindt, of tussen de aarde en op de achterkant van de maan geplaatste apparatuur. Radiocommunicatie is wel mogelijk via een tussenstation in een baan om de maan of bijvoorbeeld in een baan om <a href="/wiki/Lagrangepunt#Lagrangepunt_L2" title="Lagrangepunt">aarde-maan-lagrangepunt L2</a>. Een positie achter de maan of op de achterkant van de maan kan ook een voordeel zijn, namelijk bij ruimtewaarnemingen die normaal door aardse radiosignalen gestoord worden. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Achtergrond">Achtergrond</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achterkant_van_de_maan&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Achtergrond" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achterkant_van_de_maan&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Achtergrond"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De achterkant van de maan wordt door <a href="/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie">astronomen</a> gedefinieerd als het stuk van de maan dat nooit zichtbaar is vanaf de aarde. De achterkant dient niet te worden verward met de <i>donkere kant</i> van de maan (het halfrond dat niet door de <a href="/wiki/Zon" title="Zon">zon</a> wordt beschenen op een bepaald tijdstip). Zowel de <a href="/wiki/Voorkant_van_de_maan" title="Voorkant van de maan">voorkant</a> als achterkant ontvangen evenveel licht van de zon. Toch wordt de term <i>donkere kant</i> nog vaak gebruikt om aan de achterkant te refereren. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Donkere_achterkant_enkel_tijdens_volle_maan">Donkere achterkant enkel tijdens volle maan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achterkant_van_de_maan&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Donkere achterkant enkel tijdens volle maan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achterkant_van_de_maan&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Donkere achterkant enkel tijdens volle maan"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De achterkant van de maan is gedurende <a href="/wiki/Volle_maan_(astronomie)" title="Volle maan (astronomie)">volle maan</a> inderdaad zo goed als gitzwart omdat slechts het uiterst zwakke licht van sterren, alsook van de <i>Gegenschein</i> (Oppositielicht) en de buitenplaneten <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(planeet)" title="Jupiter (planeet)">Jupiter</a> en <a href="/wiki/Saturnus_(planeet)" title="Saturnus (planeet)">Saturnus</a>, het maanoppervlak beschijnt. Het <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a> van de bovenste stoflaag op het maanoppervlak is echter veel te zwak om gereflecteerd licht van de sterrenhemel en van de buitenplaneten zichtbaar te maken. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kraterrijk_landschap">Kraterrijk landschap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achterkant_van_de_maan&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Kraterrijk landschap" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achterkant_van_de_maan&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Kraterrijk landschap"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De achterkant van de maan ziet er duidelijk anders uit dan de voorkant. Slechts 2,5% van het oppervlak van de achterkant van de maan wordt bedekt door zeeën, terwijl de voorkant voor 31,2% uit zeeën bestaat.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De reden hiervoor is onduidelijk; een mogelijke verklaring hiervoor is de hogere concentratie van hitte-producerende elementen aan de voorkant, zoals te zien is op geochemische kaarten gemaakt door de <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Prospector" title="Lunar Prospector">Lunar Prospector</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verkenning">Verkenning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achterkant_van_de_maan&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Verkenning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achterkant_van_de_maan&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Verkenning"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Soviet_Union-1959-stamp-photo_of_moon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Soviet_Union-1959-stamp-photo_of_moon.jpg/260px-Soviet_Union-1959-stamp-photo_of_moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Soviet_Union-1959-stamp-photo_of_moon.jpg/390px-Soviet_Union-1959-stamp-photo_of_moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Soviet_Union-1959-stamp-photo_of_moon.jpg/520px-Soviet_Union-1959-stamp-photo_of_moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="1048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> postzegel uit 1959 ter viering van de eerste foto’s van de achterkant van de maan</figcaption></figure> <p>Tot aan de late jaren 50 van de 20e eeuw was er maar weinig bekend over de achterkant van de maan. Door <a href="/wiki/Libratie" title="Libratie">libratie</a> kon af en toe wel een glimp worden opgevangen van de achterkant, maar het gebied dat zo geobserveerd kon worden besloeg slechts 18% van de totale achterkant. Bovendien werden deze stukken altijd onder een lage hoek gezien, waardoor bruikbare observatie niet mogelijk was. De achterkant was dan ook onderwerp van veel speculatie onder astronomen. </p><p>Een van de bekendste stukken van de achterkant van de maan die door libratie is geobserveerd is de <a href="/wiki/Mare_Orientale" title="Mare Orientale">Mare Orientale</a>, een inslagkrater met een diameter van 1000 kilometer. </p><p>Op <a href="/wiki/7_oktober" title="7 oktober">7 oktober</a> <a href="/wiki/1959" title="1959">1959</a> nam de Sovjet-sonde <a href="/wiki/Loenik_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Loenik 3">Loenik 3</a> als eerste foto’s van de achterkant van de maan, waarvan er 18 bruikbaar waren voor studie.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deze foto’s toonden een derde van het totale oppervlak dat niet zichtbaar was vanaf de aarde.<sup id="cite_ref-GSE_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSE-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De foto’s werden geanalyseerd, waarna op 6 november 1960 de eerste atlas van de achterkant van de maan werd uitgebracht door de <a href="/wiki/Russische_Academie_van_Wetenschappen" title="Russische Academie van Wetenschappen">Russische Academie van Wetenschappen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De atlas bevatte een overzicht van 500 kenmerken van het landschap.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Een jaar later werd de eerste globe (schaal 1:13 600 000<sup id="cite_ref-SAI_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAI-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) uitgebracht.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Op <a href="/wiki/20_juli" title="20 juli">20 juli</a> <a href="/wiki/1965" title="1965">1965</a> werd een andere Sovjet-sonde, de <a href="/wiki/Zond_3" title="Zond 3">Zond 3</a>, naar de achterkant van de maan gestuurd. Deze nam 25 foto’s van goede kwaliteit.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deze foto’s hadden een betere resolutie dan die van de Loenik 3 en toonden onder andere ketens van kraters die honderden kilometers lang waren.<sup id="cite_ref-GSE_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSE-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1967 werd het tweede deel van de atlas gepubliceerd in <a href="/wiki/Moskou" title="Moskou">Moskou</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gebaseerd op data van de Zond 3. De atlas omvatte nu 4000 kenmerken van de achterkant van de maan.<sup id="cite_ref-GSE_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSE-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Daar veel van de prominente landschappen aan de achterkant van de maan werden ontdekt door Russische wetenschappers, kregen deze ook Russische namen. Dit zorgde voor enige controverse, vooral toen de <a href="/wiki/Internationale_Astronomische_Unie" title="Internationale Astronomische Unie">Internationale Astronomische Unie</a> besloot de namen intact te laten. </p><p>De achterkant van de maan werd voor het eerst rechtstreeks door mensen gezien tijdens de Apollo 8-missie in 1968. Astronaut <a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> was een van de astronauten aan boord. Hij omschreef wat hij zag als een landschap vol gaten en heuvels, maar zonder enige definitie. </p><p>Nadien is de achterkant van de maan nog gezien door crewleden van de <a href="/wiki/Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">Apollo 10</a> tot en met <a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a> en talloze keren gefotografeerd door sondes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bemande_landing_in_krater_Tsiolkovskiy">Bemande landing in krater Tsiolkovskiy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achterkant_van_de_maan&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Bemande landing in krater Tsiolkovskiy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achterkant_van_de_maan&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Bemande landing in krater Tsiolkovskiy"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Schmitt" title="Harrison Schmitt">Harrison Schmitt</a>, de enige wetenschappelijke astronaut die tijdens het <a href="/wiki/Apolloprogramma" title="Apolloprogramma">Apolloprogramma</a> de maan bewandelde, stelde voor om een bemande landing te laten uitvoeren op de donkere vloer van krater Tsiolkovskiy op de achterkant van de maan. Gezien het feit dat zo'n onderneming als bijzonder risicovol werd beschouwd omdat directe radiocommunicatie met de <a href="/wiki/Aarde_(planeet)" title="Aarde (planeet)">Aarde</a> onmogelijk was, werd van dit plan afgezien. Een Apollomissie met een bijkomende kunstmaan op een verankerde positie in de nabijheid van de maan, om radiocommunicatie alsnog mogelijk te maken, zou nog meer hebben gekost dan eender welke van de zes bemande landingen op de voorkant van de maan.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landing_in_2019">Landing in 2019</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achterkant_van_de_maan&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Landing in 2019" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achterkant_van_de_maan&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Landing in 2019"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De eerste zachte landing op de achterkant van de maan is in 2019 uitgevoerd door het <a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">nationale ruimtevaartcentrum van de Volksrepubliek China</a>. Het heeft in juni 2018 de <a href="/wiki/Communicatiesatelliet" title="Communicatiesatelliet">communicatiesatelliet</a> <i>Queqiao</i> in een baan om <a href="/wiki/Lagrangepunt#Lagrangepunt_L2" title="Lagrangepunt">aarde-maan-lagrangepunt L2</a> geplaatst, als voorbereiding op de landing van een <a href="/wiki/Maanlander" class="mw-redirect" title="Maanlander">maanlander</a> en een <a href="/wiki/Rover_(ruimtevaart)" title="Rover (ruimtevaart)">rover</a> met de sonde <a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a>, die op 3 januari heeft plaatsgevonden in het <a href="/wiki/Zuidpool-Aitken-bekken" title="Zuidpool-Aitken-bekken">Zuidpool-Aitken-bekken</a>. Deze zullen gedurende ongeveer een half jaar onderzoek doen. Aan boord van de maanlander is ook in Nederland ontwikkelde apparatuur meegegaan voor het verrichten van stralingsmetingen.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radiotelescoop">Radiotelescoop</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achterkant_van_de_maan&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Radiotelescoop" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achterkant_van_de_maan&action=edit&section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Radiotelescoop"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Daar de achterkant van de maan is afgeschermd van radiosignalen afkomstig van de aarde, is het volgens astronomen een geschikte plaats voor een <a href="/wiki/Radiotelescoop" title="Radiotelescoop">radiotelescoop</a>. Kleine schaalvormige kraters vormen een natuurlijke formatie voor een vaste telescoop zoals de <a href="/wiki/Arecibo_(radiotelescoop)" title="Arecibo (radiotelescoop)">Arecibo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>. </p><p>Om een dergelijk plan in praktijk te brengen moeten veel problemen overwonnen worden. Zo kan het fijne stof van de maan de apparatuur beschadigen. Ook moeten onderdelen van de telescoop worden beschermd tegen de effecten van <a href="/wiki/Zonnevlam" title="Zonnevlam">zonnevlammen</a>. Ten slotte moet men bedenken dat waarschijnlijk nog een satelliet (of een <a href="/wiki/Relaiszender" title="Relaiszender">relaiszender</a> elders op de maan) nodig is om de gegevens van de telescoop naar de aarde te zenden, aangezien een rechtstreekse radioverbinding niet mogelijk is. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achterkant_van_de_maan&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achterkant_van_de_maan&action=edit&section=8" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voorkant_van_de_maan" title="Voorkant van de maan">Voorkant van de maan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externe_links">Externe links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achterkant_van_de_maan&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Externe links" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achterkant_van_de_maan&action=edit&section=9" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Externe links"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lpi.usra.edu/expmoon/">Lunar and Planetary Institute: Exploring the Moon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111218085633/http://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/lunar_atlases/">Lunar and Planetary Institute: Lunar Atlases</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150529090138/http://ralphaeschliman.com/id26.htm">Ralph Aeschliman Planetary Cartography and Graphics: Lunar Maps</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catchafallingstar.com//nwa482/nwa482ebay.htm">Northwest Africa 482, only meteorite believed to have originated from the far side of the Moon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Archive/Archive-Moon.html">Moon articles in Planetary Science Research Discoveries</a></li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFJ._J._Gillis,_P._D._Spudis1996"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">J. J. Gillis, P. D. Spudis</span> (1996). <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996LPI....27..413G">The Composition and Geologic Setting of Lunar Far Side Maria</a></cite>. <i>Lunar and Planetary Science</i> <b>27</b>: 413–404.  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190628161416/http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996LPI....27..413G">Gearchiveerd van origineel</a> op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2019-06-28">28 juni 2019</span>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071029022954/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1959-008A">Loenik 3</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA">NASA</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GSE-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-GSE_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GSE_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GSE_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Russisch">(<span>ru</span>) </span> <a href="/wiki/Grote_Sovjetencyclopedie" title="Grote Sovjetencyclopedie">Grote Sovjetencyclopedie</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/bse/104841/"><i>Луна (спутник Земли)</i></a> (op dic.academic.ru)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Атлас обратной стороны Луны, Moscow: <a href="/w/index.php?title=USSR_Academy_of_Sciences&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USSR Academy of Sciences (de pagina bestaat niet)">USSR Academy of Sciences</a>, 1960</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/Timeline/1960.html">Aeronautics and Astronautics Chronology, 1960</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA">NASA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210714212643/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/Timeline/1960.html">Gearchiveerd</a> op 14 juli 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">(Russisch) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heritage.sai.msu.ru/hist/150let.html">Chronology, 1804-1980, to the 150th anniversary of GAISh - Moscow State University observatory</a>. <a href="/wiki/Staatsuniversiteit_van_Moskou" title="Staatsuniversiteit van Moskou">MSU</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210628145323/http://heritage.sai.msu.ru/hist/150let.html">Gearchiveerd</a> op 28 juni 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAI-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-SAI_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">(Russisch) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://selena.sai.msu.ru/Symposium/maps_r.doc">Moon maps and globes, created with the participation of Lunar and Planetary Research Department of SAI</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sternberg_Astronomical_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sternberg Astronomical Institute (de pagina bestaat niet)">SAI</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308051251/http://selena.sai.msu.ru/Symposium/maps_r.doc">Gearchiveerd</a> op 8 maart 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/sphaera/index.htm?issue1/articl6">Saving Globes</a> an article in Sphaera: the Newsletter of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum_of_the_History_of_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Museum of the History of Science (de pagina bestaat niet)">Museum of the History of Science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_(Verenigd_Koninkrijk)" title="Oxford (Verenigd Koninkrijk)">Oxford</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210628145421/http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/sphaera/index.htm?issue1/articl6">Gearchiveerd</a> op 28 juni 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071102065014/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1965-056A">Zond 3</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA">NASA</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Атлас обратной стороны Луны, Часть II, Moscow: <a href="/wiki/Naoeka_(uitgeverij)" title="Naoeka (uitgeverij)">Nauka</a>, 1967</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Chaikin: <i>A Man on the Moon</i> (Penguin Books, 1994)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ad.nl/article/~adbd788f">'<i>Nijmeegse' radioantenne gaat achter de maan heelal in kaart brengen</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160903235057/http://www.ad.nl:80/article/~adbd788f?">Gearchiveerd</a> op 3 september 2016.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Achterkant_van_de_maan&oldid=67246583">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Achterkant_van_de_maan&oldid=67246583</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Maan" title="Categorie:Maan">Maan</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 22 mrt 2024 om 19:29.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. 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