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Vikipēdijā [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Meklēt</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Dalībnieka rīki"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izskats"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Izskats" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Izskats</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_lv.wikipedia.org&uselang=lv" class=""><span>Ziedojumi</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Bosfors&returntoquery=oldid%3D3843471" title="Ieteicams izveidot kontu un pieslēgties; tomēr tas nav obligāti." class=""><span>Izveidot jaunu Vikipēdijas kontu</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Bosfors&returntoquery=oldid%3D3843471" title="Aicinām tevi ieiet Vikipēdijā, tomēr tas nav obligāti. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Ieiet Vikipēdijā</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Vairāk iespēju" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Dalībnieka rīki" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Dalībnieka rīki</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Dalībnieka izvēlne" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_lv.wikipedia.org&uselang=lv"><span>Ziedojumi</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Bosfors&returntoquery=oldid%3D3843471" title="Ieteicams izveidot kontu un pieslēgties; tomēr tas nav obligāti."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Izveidot jaunu Vikipēdijas kontu</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Bosfors&returntoquery=oldid%3D3843471" title="Aicinām tevi ieiet Vikipēdijā, tomēr tas nav obligāti. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Ieiet Vikipēdijā</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Lapas redaktoriem, kuri nav pieslēgušies <a href="/wiki/Vikip%C4%93dija:Ievads" aria-label="Uzzini vairāk par rediģēšanu"><span>uzzināt vairāk</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="Labojumi, kas veikti no šīs IP adreses [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Devums</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Diskusija par labojumiem, kas izdarīti no šīs IP adreses [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskusijas</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Vietne"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Saturs" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Saturs</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pārvietot uz sānjoslu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">paslēpt</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Sākums</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Asociācijas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asociācijas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Asociācijas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asociācijas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bosfora_rašanās" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bosfora_rašanās"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Bosfora rašanās</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bosfora_rašanās-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senā_Grieķija,_Roma,_Bizantija_un_Osmaņu_impērija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senā_Grieķija,_Roma,_Bizantija_un_Osmaņu_impērija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Senā Grieķija, Roma, Bizantija un Osmaņu impērija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senā_Grieķija,_Roma,_Bizantija_un_Osmaņu_impērija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stratēģiskā_nozīme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stratēģiskā_nozīme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Stratēģiskā nozīme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stratēģiskā_nozīme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apskates_vietas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apskates_vietas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Apskates vietas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apskates_vietas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atsauces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atsauces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Atsauces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atsauces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ārējās_saites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ārējās_saites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ārējās saites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ārējās_saites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Saturs" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Pārslēgt satura rādītāju" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Pārslēgt satura rādītāju</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bosfors</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pāriet uz rakstu citā valodā. Pieejams 117 valodās" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-117" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">117 valodas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus – afrikandu" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bosporus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikandu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%A6%E1%88%B5%E1%8D%96%E1%88%AE%E1%88%B5_%E1%8B%88%E1%88%BD%E1%88%98%E1%8C%A5" title="የቦስፖሮስ ወሽመጥ – amharu" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የቦስፖሮስ ወሽመጥ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosforo" title="Bosforo – aragoniešu" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bosforo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporos" title="Bosporos – senangļu" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Bosporos" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="senangļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1_(%D9%85%D8%B6%D9%8A%D9%82)" title="البوسفور (مضيق) – arābu" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="البوسفور (مضيق)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arābu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1" title="البوسفور – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="البوسفور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3sforu" title="Bósforu – astūriešu" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bósforu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astūriešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosfor" title="Bosfor – azerbaidžāņu" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bosfor" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidžāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="ایستانبول بوغازی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایستانبول بوغازی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Босфор – baškīru" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Босфор" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškīru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Басфор – baltkrievu" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Басфор" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="baltkrievu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Басфор – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Басфор" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Босфор – bulgāru" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Босфор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgāru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80" title="বসফরাস প্রণালী – bengāļu" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বসফরাস প্রণালী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosfor" title="Bosfor – bretoņu" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bosfor" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosfor" title="Bosfor – bosniešu" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bosfor" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Босфорой хоолой – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Босфорой хоолой" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B2sfor" title="Bòsfor – katalāņu" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bòsfor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Босфор – čečenu" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Босфор" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="čečenu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporo" title="Bosporo – sebuāņu" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bosporo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="sebuāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bospor" title="Bospor – čehu" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bospor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="čehu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Босфор – čuvašu" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Босфор" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čuvašu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosphorus" title="Bosphorus – velsiešu" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bosphorus" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velsiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus – dāņu" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bosporus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus – vācu" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bosporus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="vācu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Βόσπορος – grieķu" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βόσπορος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grieķu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus – angļu" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Bosporus" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporo" title="Bosporo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bosporo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3sforo" title="Bósforo – spāņu" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bósforo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus – igauņu" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bosporus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="igauņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosforo" title="Bosforo – basku" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bosforo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3sforu" title="Bósforu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Bósforu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1" title="تنگه بسفر – persiešu" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تنگه بسفر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporinsalmi" title="Bosporinsalmi – somu" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bosporinsalmi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="somu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosphore" title="Bosphore – franču" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bosphore" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franču" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus – ziemeļfrīzu" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bosporus" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="ziemeļfrīzu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus – rietumfrīzu" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bosporus" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="rietumfrīzu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Bhosparais" title="An Bhosparais – īru" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Bhosparais" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="īru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosfor" title="Bosfor – gagauzu" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Bosfor" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="gagauzu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B2sfaras" title="Bòsfaras – skotu gēlu" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bòsfaras" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotu gēlu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3sforo" title="Bósforo – galisiešu" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bósforo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3sforo" title="Bósforo – gvaranu" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Bósforo" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="gvaranu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1" title="בוספורוס – ivrits" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בוספורוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ivrits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF" title="बोस्पोरुस जलसन्धि – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बोस्पोरुस जलसन्धि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bospor" title="Bospor – horvātu" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bospor" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvātu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus – augšsorbu" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Bosporus" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="augšsorbu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boszporusz" title="Boszporusz – ungāru" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Boszporusz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungāru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D5%BD%D6%86%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Բոսֆոր – armēņu" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բոսֆոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armēņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporo" title="Bosporo – interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bosporo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selat_Bosporus" title="Selat Bosporus – indonēziešu" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Selat Bosporus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonēziešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus – interlingve" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Bosporus" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingve" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretajo_Bosforo" title="Stretajo Bosforo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Stretajo Bosforo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporussund" title="Bosporussund – islandiešu" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bosporussund" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosforo" title="Bosforo – itāļu" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bosforo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9C%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9D%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" title="ボスポラス海峡 – japāņu" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ボスポラス海峡" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selat_Bosporus" title="Selat Bosporus – javiešu" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Selat Bosporus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ბოსფორი – gruzīnu" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბოსფორი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzīnu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosfor" title="Bosfor – karakalpaku" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Bosfor" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpaku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B1%D2%B1%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Босфор бұғазы – kazahu" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Босфор бұғазы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8F%AC%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4_%ED%95%B4%ED%98%91" title="보스포루스 해협 – korejiešu" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보스포루스 해협" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengava_Stembol%C3%AA" title="Tengava Stembolê – kurdu" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tengava Stembolê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Босфор – kirgīzu" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Босфор" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgīzu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus – latīņu" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bosporus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latīņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosfor" title="Bosfor – ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Bosfor" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus – luksemburgiešu" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bosporus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luksemburgiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus – limburgiešu" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bosporus" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosfor" title="Bosfor – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bosfor" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosforo_s%C4%85siauris" title="Bosforo sąsiauris – lietuviešu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bosforo sąsiauris" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lietuviešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Босфор – maķedoniešu" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Босфор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="maķedoniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ബോസ്ഫറസ് – malajalu" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബോസ്ഫറസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Босфорын хоолой – mongoļu" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Босфорын хоолой" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="बोस्फोरस – marathu" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बोस्फोरस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus – malajiešu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bosporus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%87" title="بسفر تنگه – mazanderāņu" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بسفر تنگه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus – lejasvācu" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bosporus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="lejasvācu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF" title="बस्फरस जलसन्धि – nevaru" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बस्फरस जलसन्धि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="nevaru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus_(zeestraat)" title="Bosporus (zeestraat) – holandiešu" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bosporus (zeestraat)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="holandiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporos" title="Bosporos – jaunnorvēģu" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bosporos" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="jaunnorvēģu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporos" title="Bosporos – norvēģu bukmols" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bosporos" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvēģu bukmols" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosf%C3%B2r" title="Bosfòr – oksitāņu" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bosfòr" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Босфор – osetīnu" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Босфор" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetīnu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosfor" title="Bosfor – poļu" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bosfor" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="آبنائے باسفورس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آبنائے باسفورس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3sforo" title="Bósforo – portugāļu" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bósforo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosfor" title="Bosfor – rumāņu" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bosfor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Босфор – krievu" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Босфор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="krievu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Боспор – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Боспор" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B2sforu" title="Bòsforu – sardīniešu" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Bòsforu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardīniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosfuru" title="Bosfuru – sicīliešu" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Bosfuru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicīliešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosfor" title="Bosfor – serbu–horvātu" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bosfor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbu–horvātu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bosporus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bospor" title="Bospor – slovāku" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bospor" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovāku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="آبنائے باسفورس – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="آبنائے باسفورس" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bospor" title="Bospor – slovēņu" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bospor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovēņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boosfoor" title="Boosfoor – somāļu" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Boosfoor" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosfori" title="Bosfori – albāņu" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bosfori" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Босфор – serbu" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Босфор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selat_Bosporus" title="Selat Bosporus – zundu" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Selat Bosporus" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="zundu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporen" title="Bosporen – zviedru" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bosporen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="zviedru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus – svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bosporus" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="பொசுபோரசு – tamilu" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பொசுபோரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Босфор – tadžiku" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Босфор" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadžiku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="ช่องแคบบอสพอรัส – taju" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ช่องแคบบอสพอรัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="taju" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul_Bo%C4%9Faz%C4%B1" title="İstanbul Boğazı – turku" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İstanbul Boğazı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Босфор бугазы – tatāru" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Босфор бугазы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatāru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Босфор – ukraiņu" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Босфор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="آبنائے باسفورس – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آبنائے باسفورس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosfor" title="Bosfor – uzbeku" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bosfor" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus – vjetnamiešu" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bosporus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vjetnamiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Bosporus" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosfore" title="Bosfore – valoņu" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Bosfore" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valoņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosforo" title="Bosforo – varaju" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bosforo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varaju" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E6%96%AF%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" title="博斯普鲁斯海峡 – vu ķīniešu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="博斯普鲁斯海峡" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="vu ķīniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ბოსფორი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბოსფორი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1" title="באספארוס – jidišs" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="באספארוס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidišs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E6%96%AF%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" title="博斯普鲁斯海峡 – ķīniešu" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="博斯普鲁斯海峡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ķīniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%BD" title="伊斯坦堡海峽 – kantoniešu" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="伊斯坦堡海峽" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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id="mw-revision-name"><a href="/wiki/Dal%C4%ABbnieks:Bai-Bot" class="mw-userlink" title="Dalībnieks:Bai-Bot" data-mw-revid="3843471"><bdi>Bai-Bot</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/Dal%C4%ABbnieka_diskusija:Bai-Bot" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="Dalībnieka diskusija:Bai-Bot">diskusija</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Bai-Bot" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Bai-Bot">devums</a>)</span></span>. Tā var atšķirties no <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosfors">pašreizējās versijas</a></span>.</b></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosfors&diff=prev&oldid=3843471" title="Bosfors">izmaiņas</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosfors&direction=prev&oldid=3843471" title="Bosfors">← Senāka versija</a> | skatīt pašreizējo versiju (izmaiņas) | Jaunāka versija → (izmaiņas)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="lv" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="width: 280px; font-size: 88%; background-color: #white;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="font-size: 130%; background-color: #F0FFFF; text-align: center; border-top: 2px solid #89CFF0; border-bottom: 2px solid #89CFF0;">Bosfors </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center" style="line-height: 1.2; background-color: #white;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="border: 1px solid #F0FFFF;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Istanbul_and_Bosporus_big.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bosfora fotogrāfija no Starptautiskās kosmosa stacijas (2004. gada aprīlis)."><img alt="Bosfora fotogrāfija no Starptautiskās kosmosa stacijas (2004. gada aprīlis)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Istanbul_and_Bosporus_big.jpg/260px-Istanbul_and_Bosporus_big.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Istanbul_and_Bosporus_big.jpg/390px-Istanbul_and_Bosporus_big.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Istanbul_and_Bosporus_big.jpg/520px-Istanbul_and_Bosporus_big.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1163" /></a></span></div> <small>Bosfora fotogrāfija no <a href="/wiki/SKS" class="mw-redirect" title="SKS">Starptautiskās kosmosa stacijas</a> (2004. gada aprīlis).</small></div> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td colspan="2" align="center"> <div class="switcher-container" align="left"><div class="center"><div style="width:260px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:260px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:260px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bosfors (Turcija)"><img alt="Bosfors (Turcija)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg/260px-Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg/390px-Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg/520px-Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1579" data-file-height="677" /></a></span><div style="position:absolute;top:19.722%;left:18.751%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bosfors"><img alt="Bosfors" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Cyan_pog.svg/8px-Cyan_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Cyan_pog.svg/12px-Cyan_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Cyan_pog.svg/16px-Cyan_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:5px;text-align:left"><span style="padding:1px;float:left">Bosfors</span></div></div></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Rādīt kartē "Turcija"</span></div></div></div><div class="center"><div style="width:260px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:260px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:260px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bosfors (Eiropa)"><img alt="Bosfors (Eiropa)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/260px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/390px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/520px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1351" /></a></span><div style="position:absolute;top:79.363%;left:69.491%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bosfors"><img alt="Bosfors" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Cyan_pog.svg/8px-Cyan_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Cyan_pog.svg/12px-Cyan_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Cyan_pog.svg/16px-Cyan_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:5px;text-align:left"><span style="padding:1px;float:left">Bosfors</span></div></div></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Rādīt kartē "Eiropa"</span></div></div></div><div class="center"><div style="width:260px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:260px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:260px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bosfors (Āzija)"><img alt="Bosfors (Āzija)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/260px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/390px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/520px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span><div style="position:absolute;top:28.56%;left:10.554%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bosfors"><img alt="Bosfors" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Cyan_pog.svg/8px-Cyan_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Cyan_pog.svg/12px-Cyan_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Cyan_pog.svg/16px-Cyan_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:5px;text-align:left"><span style="padding:1px;float:left">Bosfors</span></div></div></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Rādīt kartē "Āzija"</span></div></div></div></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; background-color: #F0FFFF; border-top: 1px solid #89CFF0; border-bottom: 1px solid #89CFF0;"><b>Atrodas</b> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Flag_of_Turkey.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karogs: Turcija"><img alt="Karogs: Turcija" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/22px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/33px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/44px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turcija" title="Turcija">Turcija</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; background-color: #F0FFFF; border-top: 1px solid #89CFF0; border-bottom: 1px solid #89CFF0;"><b>Savieno</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meln%C4%81_j%C5%ABra" title="Melnā jūra">Melnā jūra</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Marmora_j%C5%ABra" title="Marmora jūra">Marmora jūra</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; background-color: #F0FFFF; border-top: 1px solid #89CFF0; border-bottom: 1px solid #89CFF0;"><b>Atdala</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eiropa" title="Eiropa">Eiropa</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/%C4%80zija" title="Āzija">Āzija</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; background-color: #F0FFFF; border-top: 1px solid #89CFF0; border-bottom: 1px solid #89CFF0;"><b>Koordinātas</b> </td> <td><small><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=lv?pagename=Bosfors&params=41_07_10_N_29_04_31_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Kartes, aerofotogrāfijas un cita informācija par šo vietu"><span class="latitude">41°07′10″N</span> <span class="longitude">29°04′31″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Kartes, aerofotogrāfijas un cita informācija par šo vietu">41.11944°N 29.07528°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.11944; 29.07528</span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/%C4%A2eogr%C4%81fisk%C4%81_koordin%C4%81tu_sist%C4%93ma" title="Ģeogrāfiskā koordinātu sistēma">Koordinātas</a>: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=lv?pagename=Bosfors&params=41_07_10_N_29_04_31_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Kartes, aerofotogrāfijas un cita informācija par šo vietu"><span class="latitude">41°07′10″N</span> <span class="longitude">29°04′31″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Kartes, aerofotogrāfijas un cita informācija par šo vietu">41.11944°N 29.07528°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.11944; 29.07528</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; background-color: #F0FFFF; border-top: 1px solid #89CFF0; border-bottom: 1px solid #89CFF0;"><b>Garums</b> </td> <td>31 km </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; background-color: #F0FFFF; border-top: 1px solid #89CFF0; border-bottom: 1px solid #89CFF0;"><b>Platums</b> </td> <td>0.7 km </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; background-color: #F0FFFF; border-top: 1px solid #89CFF0; border-bottom: 1px solid #89CFF0;"><b>Lielākais dziļums</b> </td> <td>110 m </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; padding-left: 5px; background-color: #F0FFFF; border-top: 1px solid #89CFF0; border-bottom: 1px solid #89CFF0;"><b>Apdz. vietas krastos</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stambula" title="Stambula">Stambula</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size: 110%; background-color:#white; color:black; border: 1px solid #89CFF0; padding: 2px; margin-top: 4px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bosphorus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bosphorus">Bosfors Vikikrātuvē</a></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bosfors</b> (<a href="/wiki/Turku_valoda" title="Turku valoda">turku</a>: <span lang="tr"><i>İstanbul Boğazı</i></span>) ir <a href="/wiki/J%C5%ABras_%C5%A1aurums" title="Jūras šaurums">jūras šaurums</a>, kas šķir <a href="/wiki/Turcija" title="Turcija">Turcijas</a> <a href="/wiki/Eiropa" title="Eiropa">Eiropas</a> daļu (<a href="/wiki/Rum%C4%93lija" title="Rumēlija">Rumēlija</a>) no <a href="/wiki/%C4%80zija" title="Āzija">Āzijas</a> daļas (<a href="/wiki/Anatolija" title="Anatolija">Anatolija</a>). Bosfors ir šaurākais no starptautiskās jūras satiksmes šaurumiem un tas savieno <a href="/wiki/Meln%C4%81_j%C5%ABra" title="Melnā jūra">Melno jūru</a> ar <a href="/wiki/Marmora_j%C5%ABra" title="Marmora jūra">Marmora jūru</a> un caur <a href="/wiki/Dardane%C4%BCi" title="Dardaneļi">Dardaneļiem</a> ar <a href="/wiki/Egejas_j%C5%ABra" title="Egejas jūra">Egejas jūru</a> un <a href="/wiki/Vidusj%C5%ABra" title="Vidusjūra">Vidusjūru</a>. Tā garums ir aptuveni 30 km; maksimālais platums — <span style="white-space: nowrap;">3700 m</span> ziemeļos; šaurākā vieta pie Kandili un Ašijanas — <span style="white-space: nowrap;">700 m</span>; platums starp Anatolijas cietoksni un Rumēlijas cietoksni — <span style="white-space: nowrap;">750 m</span>. Dziļums šauruma vidū ir no 36 līdz <span style="white-space: nowrap;">124 m</span>. Bosfora abi krasti ir cieši apbūvēti, jo abās tā pusēs atrodas <a href="/wiki/Stambulas_ils" title="Stambulas ils">Stambulas ils</a> un <a href="/wiki/Stambula" title="Stambula">pilsēta</a>. </p><p>Bosforu šķērso divi tilti. Pirmais tika uzcelts <span style="white-space: nowrap;">1074 m</span> garais <a href="/wiki/Bosfora_tilts" title="Bosfora tilts">Bosfora tilts</a> (1973); otrs — <span style="white-space: nowrap;">1090 m</span> garais <a href="/wiki/Sult%C4%81na_Mehmeda_Iekarot%C4%81ja_tilts" title="Sultāna Mehmeda Iekarotāja tilts">Sultāna Mehmeda Iekarotāja tilts</a> (1988). Šie tilti uzcelti <span style="white-space: nowrap;">5 km</span> attālumā viens no otra. <a href="/wiki/Turcija" title="Turcija">Turcijas</a> valdība ir noteikusi vēl septiņas vietas, kurās varētu būvēt jaunu tiltu, bet šīs vietas ir valsts noslēpums, lai nepieļautu pēkšņu zemes cenu pieaugumu. 2013. gadā tika uzsākta satiksme pa <span style="white-space: nowrap;">13,7 km</span> garo <a href="/wiki/Marmaraja" title="Marmaraja">Marmarajas</a> dzelzceļa tuneli zem Bosfora. Aptuveni <span style="white-space: nowrap;">1400 m</span> no tuneļa atrodas <span style="white-space: nowrap;">55 m</span> dziļumā tieši zem jūras šauruma. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asociācijas"><span id="Asoci.C4.81cijas"></span>Asociācijas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosfors&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Labot sadaļu: Asociācijas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosfors&action=edit&section=1" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Asociācijas"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Istanbul_asv2020-02_img58_15July_Martyrs_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Istanbul_asv2020-02_img58_15July_Martyrs_Bridge.jpg/220px-Istanbul_asv2020-02_img58_15July_Martyrs_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Istanbul_asv2020-02_img58_15July_Martyrs_Bridge.jpg/330px-Istanbul_asv2020-02_img58_15July_Martyrs_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Istanbul_asv2020-02_img58_15July_Martyrs_Bridge.jpg/440px-Istanbul_asv2020-02_img58_15July_Martyrs_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6572" data-file-height="3286" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bosfora_tilts" title="Bosfora tilts">Bosfora tilts</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Rumeli_hisari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Rumeli_hisari.jpg/220px-Rumeli_hisari.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Rumeli_hisari.jpg/330px-Rumeli_hisari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Rumeli_hisari.jpg/440px-Rumeli_hisari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Skats uz Bosforu un <a href="/wiki/Sult%C4%81na_Mehmeda_Iekarot%C4%81ja_tilts" title="Sultāna Mehmeda Iekarotāja tilts">Sultāna Mehmeda Iekarotāja tiltu</a> no <a href="/wiki/Rum%C4%93lijas_cietoksnis" title="Rumēlijas cietoksnis">Rumēlijas cietokšņa</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Bosphorus_view_Topkapi_Istanbul_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bosphorus_view_Topkapi_Istanbul_2007.jpg/200px-Bosphorus_view_Topkapi_Istanbul_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bosphorus_view_Topkapi_Istanbul_2007.jpg/300px-Bosphorus_view_Topkapi_Istanbul_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bosphorus_view_Topkapi_Istanbul_2007.jpg/400px-Bosphorus_view_Topkapi_Istanbul_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4135" data-file-height="1478" /></a><figcaption>Bosfora panorāmas skats no <a href="/wiki/Topkapi_pils" title="Topkapi pils">Topkapi pils</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Istanbul_Bogazici_Ulus_view_3690-3699.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Istanbul_Bogazici_Ulus_view_3690-3699.jpg/200px-Istanbul_Bogazici_Ulus_view_3690-3699.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Istanbul_Bogazici_Ulus_view_3690-3699.jpg/300px-Istanbul_Bogazici_Ulus_view_3690-3699.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Istanbul_Bogazici_Ulus_view_3690-3699.jpg/400px-Istanbul_Bogazici_Ulus_view_3690-3699.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2420" data-file-height="808" /></a><figcaption>Bosfora panorāmas skats no Ulusas mikrorajona.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Bosphorus_bu_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bosphorus_bu_1.jpg/200px-Bosphorus_bu_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bosphorus_bu_1.jpg/300px-Bosphorus_bu_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bosphorus_bu_1.jpg/400px-Bosphorus_bu_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Skats uz Bebekas mikrorajonu no Bosfora krastos esošajiem kalniem.</figcaption></figure> <p>Nosaukums cēlies no <a href="/wiki/Grie%C4%B7u_valoda" title="Grieķu valoda">grieķu</a> <i>Bosporos</i> (<i>Βόσπορος</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Bosporos_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bosporos-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Etimoloģiski tas veidots no vārdiem <i>bous</i> (<i>βοῦς</i>, vērsis)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> un <i>poros</i> (<i>πόρος</i>, pāreja, šaurums)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> un tādēļ tulkojams kā „vēršu pāreja”. Grieķi nosaukumu nepareizi interpretē kā „vēršu brasls” vai „vēršu seklums”<sup id="cite_ref-nosaukums-1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nosaukums-1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> un saista to ar mītu par Io ceļojumu pēc tam, kad Zevs viņu pārvērtis par vērsi, lai pasargātu.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nosaukuma izcelsme meklēta arī trāķiešu vārdā <i>fosforos</i> (<i>Φωσφόρος</i>, gaismeklis), kādā dēvēta dieviete Hekate. </p><p>Mitoloģijā ir arī nostāsts par Simplegades klintīm, kas sašķaidījušas katru kuģi, kas mēģinājis izbraukt cauri Bosforam, līdz varonīgais Jasons izbraucis cauri un klintis uz visiem laikiem palikušas nekustīgas, ļaujot <a href="/wiki/Grie%C4%B7i" title="Grieķi">grieķiem</a> pieeju <a href="/wiki/Meln%C4%81_j%C5%ABra" title="Melnā jūra">Melnajai jūrai</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bosfora_rašanās"><span id="Bosfora_ra.C5.A1an.C4.81s"></span>Bosfora rašanās</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosfors&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Labot sadaļu: Bosfora rašanās" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosfors&action=edit&section=2" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Bosfora rašanās"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Twierdza_Rumeli_Istambu%C5%82_RB1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Twierdza_Rumeli_Istambu%C5%82_RB1.jpg/220px-Twierdza_Rumeli_Istambu%C5%82_RB1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Twierdza_Rumeli_Istambu%C5%82_RB1.jpg/330px-Twierdza_Rumeli_Istambu%C5%82_RB1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Twierdza_Rumeli_Istambu%C5%82_RB1.jpg/440px-Twierdza_Rumeli_Istambu%C5%82_RB1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rum%C4%93lijas_cietoksnis" title="Rumēlijas cietoksnis">Rumēlijas cietoksnis</a> Bosfora krastā.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ģeologu starpā joprojām nav beigušās diskusijas par iespējamo Bosfora rašanos. <a href="/wiki/Meln%C4%81_j%C5%ABra" title="Melnā jūra">Melnā jūra</a> atdalījās no <a href="/wiki/Egejas_j%C5%ABra" title="Egejas jūra">Egejas jūras</a> pirms vairākiem tūkstošiem gadu. Viena no pēdējām izvirzītajām teorijām tika publicēta 1997. gadā (Kolumbijas Universitātes ģeologi Viljams Rians un Valters Pitmans) un tajā teikts, ka Bosfors radies aptuveni 5600 g. pmē., kad <a href="/wiki/Vidusj%C5%ABra" title="Vidusjūra">Vidusjūrā</a> pieaugušais ūdens daudzums izspiedās līdz Melnajai jūrai, kas pirms tam bijusi zemākā līmenī esoša saldūdens krātuve. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Senā_Grieķija,_Roma,_Bizantija_un_Osmaņu_impērija"><span id="Sen.C4.81_Grie.C4.B7ija.2C_Roma.2C_Bizantija_un_Osma.C5.86u_imp.C4.93rija"></span>Senā Grieķija, Roma, Bizantija un Osmaņu impērija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosfors&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Labot sadaļu: Senā Grieķija, Roma, Bizantija un Osmaņu impērija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosfors&action=edit&section=3" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Senā Grieķija, Roma, Bizantija un Osmaņu impērija"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tā kā šaurums ir vienīgais jūras ceļš no <a href="/wiki/Meln%C4%81_j%C5%ABra" title="Melnā jūra">Melnās jūras</a> uz <a href="/wiki/Vidusj%C5%ABra" title="Vidusjūra">Vidusjūru</a>, tam visos laikos ir bijusi liela komerciāla un stratēģiska nozīme. Grieķu pilsētvalsts <a href="/wiki/At%C4%93nas" title="Atēnas">Atēnas</a> 5. gadsimtā p.m.ē. bija atkarīga no labības piegādēm no <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sc%C4%ABtija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scītija (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Scītijas</a> un tādēļ ar šaurumos esošajām pilsētvalstīm (piem. <a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a> un <a href="/wiki/Stambula" title="Stambula">Bizantija</a>) uzturēja līgumsaistības. </p><p>Šauruma stratēģiskā nozīme bija viens no iemesliem, kādēļ <a href="/wiki/Romas_imp%C4%93rija" title="Romas impērija">Romas</a> imperators <a href="/wiki/Konstant%C4%ABns_I" title="Konstantīns I">Konstantīns I</a> tur dibināja savu jauno galvaspilsētu <a href="/wiki/Konstantinopole" title="Konstantinopole">Konstantinopoli</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=330&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="330 (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">330</a>), kas vēlāk kļuva plašāk pazīstama kā <a href="/w/index.php?title=Austrumu_Romas_imp%C4%93rija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austrumu Romas impērija (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Austrumu Romas impērijas</a> galvaspilsēta. <a href="/wiki/1453._gads" title="1453. gads">1453</a>. gada <a href="/wiki/29._maijs" title="29. maijs">29. maijā</a> pilsētu iekaroja augošā <a href="/wiki/Osma%C5%86u_imp%C4%93rija" title="Osmaņu impērija">Osmaņu impērija</a> (sk. <a href="/wiki/Konstantinopoles_kri%C5%A1ana" title="Konstantinopoles krišana">Konstantinopoles krišana</a>). Osmaņi pirms ieņemšanas pilsētu bija pilnībā nošķīruši no ārpasaules, uzceļot <a href="/wiki/Anatolijas_cietoksnis" title="Anatolijas cietoksnis">Anatolijas cietoksni</a> un <a href="/wiki/Rum%C4%93lijas_cietoksnis" title="Rumēlijas cietoksnis">Rumēlijas cietoksni</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stratēģiskā_nozīme"><span id="Strat.C4.93.C4.A3isk.C4.81_noz.C4.ABme"></span>Stratēģiskā nozīme</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosfors&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Labot sadaļu: Stratēģiskā nozīme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosfors&action=edit&section=4" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Stratēģiskā nozīme"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bosfora stratēģiskā nozīme joprojām ir diezgan ievērojama un jaunāko laiku vēsturē par kontroli pār Bosforu notikušas vairākas militāras sadursmes, piemēram, <a href="/wiki/Krievu-turku_kar%C5%A1_(1877%E2%80%941878)" class="mw-redirect" title="Krievu-turku karš (1877—1878)">Krievu-turku karš (1877—1878)</a> un <a href="/wiki/Antante" title="Antante">Antantes</a> neveiksmīgais uzbrukums <a href="/wiki/Dardane%C4%BCi" title="Dardaneļi">Dardaneļiem</a> (<a href="/wiki/1915" class="mw-redirect" title="1915">1915</a>, sk. <a href="/wiki/Galipoli_kauja" title="Galipoli kauja">Galipoli kauja</a>) <a href="/wiki/Pirmais_pasaules_kar%C5%A1" title="Pirmais pasaules karš">Pirmajā pasaules karā</a>. Šauruma izmantošana ir noteikta vairākos starptautiskos līgumos, tai skaitā <a href="/wiki/1936" class="mw-redirect" title="1936">1936</a>. gada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Montr%C4%93_konvencija_par_Turcijas_%C5%A1aurumu_lieto%C5%A1anas_k%C4%81rt%C4%ABbu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montrē konvencija par Turcijas šaurumu lietošanas kārtību (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Montrē konvencija par Turcijas šaurumu lietošanas kārtību</a>. <a href="/wiki/Otrais_pasaules_kar%C5%A1" title="Otrais pasaules karš">Otrā pasaules kara</a> laikā <a href="/wiki/Josifs_Sta%C4%BCins" title="Josifs Staļins">Josifs Staļins</a> pieprasīja <a href="/wiki/Padomju_Savien%C4%ABba" title="Padomju Savienība">PSRS</a> rīcībā nodot kara bāzes <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcijas_%C5%A1aurumi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turcijas šaurumi (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Turcijas šaurumos</a>, neskatoties uz to, ka <a href="/wiki/Turcija" title="Turcija">Turcija</a> nebija iesaistīta karā. Šai prasībai tika pievienotas arī prasības atdot PSRS <a href="/wiki/Karsas_ils" title="Karsas ils">Karsas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artvinas_ils" title="Artvinas ils">Artvinas</a> un <a href="/wiki/Ardahanas_ils" title="Ardahanas ils">Ardahanas</a> <a href="/wiki/Turcijas_ili" title="Turcijas ili">ilus</a> (tos <a href="/wiki/Turcija" title="Turcija">Turcija</a> bija atguvusi ar <a href="/wiki/1922" class="mw-redirect" title="1922">1922</a>. gada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karsas_l%C4%ABgums&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karsas līgums (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Karsas līgumu</a>). Šādas PSRS prasības piespieda Turciju iestāties <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> (<a href="/wiki/1952" class="mw-redirect" title="1952">1952</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vēlākos gados Turcijas šaurumi kļuva par svarīgu faktoru naftas nozarē, jo <a href="/wiki/Krievija" title="Krievija">Krievijas</a> naftas tankkuģi no <a href="/wiki/Novosibirska" title="Novosibirska">Novosibirskas</a> ostas naftu caur Bosforu un <a href="/wiki/Dardane%C4%BCi" title="Dardaneļi">Dardaneļiem</a> piegādā <a href="/wiki/Eiropa" title="Eiropa">Eiropai</a> un <a href="/wiki/Amerikas_Savienot%C4%81s_Valstis" title="Amerikas Savienotās Valstis">ASV</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Apskates_vietas">Apskates vietas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosfors&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Labot sadaļu: Apskates vietas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosfors&action=edit&section=5" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Apskates vietas"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Viens no lētākajiem veidiem kā apskatīt Bosforu ir sabiedriskā transporta prāmji (jūras autobusi), kas atiet no <a href="/wiki/Emin%C4%93n%C4%AB_rajons" title="Eminēnī rajons">Eminēnī</a> piestātnes <a href="/wiki/Stambula" title="Stambula">Stambulā</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atsauces">Atsauces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosfors&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Labot sadaļu: Atsauces" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosfors&action=edit&section=6" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Atsauces"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bosporos-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bosporos_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Entry: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2320416"><b>Βόσπορος</b></a> at Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, 1940, <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Entry: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0058%3Aentry%3D%236529"><b></b></a><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veidne:Polytonic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veidne:Polytonic (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Veidne:Polytonic</a></b> at Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, 1940, <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Entry: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2385808"><b></b></a><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veidne:Polytonic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veidne:Polytonic (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Veidne:Polytonic</a></b> at Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, 1940, <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nosaukums-1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nosaukums-1_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">[Entry: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2320416"><b></b></a><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veidne:Polytonic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veidne:Polytonic (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Veidne:Polytonic</a></b> at Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, 1940, <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aeschylus, <i>Prometheus Bound</i>, 733.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100731000411/http://www.fpri.org/enotes/20030110.balkansturkey.torbakov.turkeypostsovietspace.html">«Foreign Policy Research Institute: The Turkish Factor in the Geopolitics of the Post-Soviet Space (Igor Torbakov)»</a>. Arhivēts no <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fpri.org/enotes/20030110.balkansturkey.torbakov.turkeypostsovietspace.html">oriģināla</a>, laiks: 2010. gada 31. jūlijā<span class="reference-accessdate">. Skatīts: 2010. gada 8. jūnijā</span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.robertcutler.org/ch91dc.htm">Robert Cutler: Turkish-Soviet Relations</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answers.com/topic/relations-with-turkey">Answers.com: Russia's relations with Turkey</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090504145149/http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/yazarDetay.do%3Bjsessionid%3DDC0C8B5C41104733FE75243EF5E99B20.node1?haberno=36433">«Today's Zaman: Against who and where are we going to stand? (Ali Bulaç)»</a>. Arhivēts no <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/yazarDetay.do;jsessionid=DC0C8B5C41104733FE75243EF5E99B20.node1?haberno=36433">oriģināla</a>, laiks: 2009. gada 4. maijā<span class="reference-accessdate">. Skatīts: 2010. gada 8. jūnijā</span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ido.com.tr/en/index.cfm?page=SubPage&textid=856&ln=en">Explore Bosphorus with IDO</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070918021505/http://www.ido.com.tr/en/index.cfm?page=SubPage&textid=856&ln=en">Arhivēts</a> 2007. gada 18. septembrī, <i><a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> vietnē., on the website of <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0DO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="İDO (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">İDO</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ārējās_saites"><span id=".C4.80r.C4.93j.C4.81s_saites"></span>Ārējās saites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosfors&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Labot sadaļu: Ārējās saites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosfors&action=edit&section=7" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Ārējās saites"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vikikr%C4%81tuve" title="Vikikrātuve">Vikikrātuvē</a> par šo tēmu ir pieejami <a href="/wiki/Multivides" title="Multivides">multivides</a> faili. 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