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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Granular_frontal_cortex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Granular_frontal_cortex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Granular frontal cortex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Granular_frontal_cortex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Projection_zone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Projection_zone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Projection zone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Projection_zone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrically_silent_area_of_frontal_cortex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrically_silent_area_of_frontal_cortex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Electrically silent area of frontal cortex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrically_silent_area_of_frontal_cortex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subdivisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdivisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Subdivisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subdivisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interconnections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interconnections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Interconnections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interconnections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Function-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Function subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Executive_function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executive_function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Executive function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executive_function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attention_and_memory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attention_and_memory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Attention and memory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attention_and_memory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speech_production_and_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speech_production_and_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Speech production and language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speech_production_and_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Additional images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Prefrontal cortex</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%81%D8%B5_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A9" title="قشرة فص الجبهة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قشرة فص الجبهة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefrontalni_korteks" title="Prefrontalni korteks – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Prefrontalni korteks" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B2rtex_prefrontal" title="Còrtex prefrontal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Còrtex prefrontal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A6frontal_cortex" title="Præfrontal cortex – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Præfrontal cortex" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A4frontaler_Cortex" title="Präfrontaler Cortex – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Präfrontaler Cortex" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eesajukoor" title="Eesajukoor – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eesajukoor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corteza_prefrontal" title="Corteza prefrontal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Corteza prefrontal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortex_prefrontal" title="Kortex prefrontal – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kortex prefrontal" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B4%D8%B1_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="قشر پیش‌پیشانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قشر پیش‌پیشانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortex_pr%C3%A9frontal" title="Cortex préfrontal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cortex préfrontal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rtex_prefrontal" title="Córtex prefrontal – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Córtex prefrontal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%A0%84%EB%91%90%ED%94%BC%EC%A7%88" title="전전두피질 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전전두피질" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korteks_prefrontal" title="Korteks prefrontal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Korteks prefrontal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corteccia_prefrontale" title="Corteccia prefrontale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Corteccia prefrontale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%9D-%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%99%D7%AA" title="קליפת המוח הקדם-מצחית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קליפת המוח הקדם-מצחית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortex_praefrontalis" title="Cortex praefrontalis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cortex praefrontalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefrontale_cortex" title="Prefrontale cortex – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Prefrontale cortex" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E9%A0%AD%E5%89%8D%E7%9A%AE%E8%B3%AA" title="前頭前皮質 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="前頭前皮質" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kora_przedczo%C5%82owa" title="Kora przedczołowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kora przedczołowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rtex_pr%C3%A9-frontal" title="Córtex pré-frontal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Córtex pré-frontal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Префронтальная кора – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Префронтальная кора" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-frontal_cortex" title="Pre-frontal cortex – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pre-frontal cortex" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefrontalna_skorja" title="Prefrontalna skorja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prefrontalna skorja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefrontala_cortex" title="Prefrontala cortex – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Prefrontala cortex" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="คอร์เทกซ์กลีบหน้าผากส่วนหน้า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คอร์เทกซ์กลีบหน้าผากส่วนหน้า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefrontal_korteks" title="Prefrontal korteks – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Prefrontal korteks" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Префронтальна кора – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Префронтальна кора" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E9%A1%8D%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%A4" title="前額皮層 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="前額皮層" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E9%A1%8D%E8%91%89%E7%9A%AE%E8%B3%AA" title="前額葉皮質 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="前額葉皮質" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q18680#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:lemonchiffon">Prefrontal cortex</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray726-Brodman-prefrontal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gray726-Brodman-prefrontal.svg/300px-Gray726-Brodman-prefrontal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gray726-Brodman-prefrontal.svg/450px-Gray726-Brodman-prefrontal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gray726-Brodman-prefrontal.svg/600px-Gray726-Brodman-prefrontal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="573" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Brodmann areas">Brodmann areas</a>, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 24, 25, 32, 44, 45, 46, and 47 are all in the prefrontal cortex<sup id="cite_ref-PFC_-_list_of_14_Brodmann_areas_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PFC_-_list_of_14_Brodmann_areas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frontal_lobe" title="Frontal lobe">Frontal lobe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em">Parts</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Superior_frontal_gyrus" title="Superior frontal gyrus">Superior frontal gyrus</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Middle_frontal_gyrus" title="Middle frontal gyrus">Middle frontal gyrus</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Inferior_frontal_gyrus" title="Inferior frontal gyrus">Inferior frontal gyrus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Artery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anterior_cerebral_artery" title="Anterior cerebral artery">Anterior cerebral</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Middle_cerebral_artery" title="Middle cerebral artery">Middle cerebral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">Vein</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Superior_sagittal_sinus" title="Superior sagittal sinus">Superior sagittal sinus</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>cortex praefrontalis</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D017397">D017397</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/NeuroNames" title="NeuroNames">NeuroNames</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=2429">2429</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/NeuroLex" title="NeuroLex">NeuroLex</a> ID</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uri.neuinfo.org/nif/nifstd/nlx_anat_090801">nlx_anat_090801</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uri.neuinfo.org/nif/nifstd/ilx_0109209">ilx_0109209</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma224850">224850</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_neuroanatomy" title="Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy">Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18680" class="extiw" title="d:Q18680">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Mammalian_brain" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammalian brain">mammalian brain</a> anatomy, the <b>prefrontal cortex</b> (<b>PFC</b>) covers the front part of the <a href="/wiki/Frontal_lobe" title="Frontal lobe">frontal lobe</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a>. It is the <a href="/wiki/Association_cortex" title="Association cortex">association cortex</a> in the frontal lobe.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PFC contains the <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area" title="Brodmann area">Brodmann areas</a> <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_8" title="Brodmann area 8">BA8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_9" title="Brodmann area 9">BA9</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_10" title="Brodmann area 10">BA10</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_11" title="Brodmann area 11">BA11</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_12" title="Brodmann area 12">BA12</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_13" title="Brodmann area 13">BA13</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_14" title="Brodmann area 14">BA14</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_24" title="Brodmann area 24">BA24</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_25" title="Brodmann area 25">BA25</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_32" title="Brodmann area 32">BA32</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_44" title="Brodmann area 44">BA44</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_45" title="Brodmann area 45">BA45</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_46" title="Brodmann area 46">BA46</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_47" title="Brodmann area 47">BA47</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PFC_-_list_of_14_Brodmann_areas_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PFC_-_list_of_14_Brodmann_areas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This brain region is involved in a wide range of higher-order cognitive functions, including speech formation (<a href="/wiki/Broca%27s_area" title="Broca's area">Broca's area</a>), gaze (<a href="/wiki/Frontal_eye_fields" title="Frontal eye fields">frontal eye fields</a>), working memory (<a href="/wiki/Dorsolateral_prefrontal_cortex" title="Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex">dorsolateral prefrontal cortex</a>), and risk processing (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Ventromedial_prefrontal_cortex" title="Ventromedial prefrontal cortex">ventromedial prefrontal cortex</a>). The basic activity of this brain region is considered to be orchestration of thoughts and actions in accordance with internal goals.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12217179_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12217179-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many authors have indicated an integral link between a person's will to live, personality, and the functions of the prefrontal cortex.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This brain region has been implicated in <a href="/wiki/Executive_functions" title="Executive functions">executive functions</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Planning" title="Planning">planning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decision_making" class="mw-redirect" title="Decision making">decision making</a>, <a href="/wiki/Working_memory" title="Working memory">working memory</a>, personality expression, moderating social behavior and controlling certain aspects of speech and language.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid19833485_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19833485-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sciencemag.org_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencemag.org-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Executive function relates to abilities to differentiate among conflicting thoughts, determine good and bad, better and best, same and different, future consequences of current activities, working toward a defined goal, prediction of outcomes, expectation based on actions, and social "control" (the ability to suppress urges that, if not suppressed, could lead to socially unacceptable outcomes). </p><p>The frontal cortex supports concrete rule learning, with more anterior regions supporting rule learning at higher levels of abstraction.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prefrontal_cortex&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition">Definition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prefrontal_cortex&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are three possible ways to define the prefrontal cortex: </p> <ul><li>as the granular frontal cortex</li> <li>as the projection zone of the <a href="/wiki/Medial_dorsal_nucleus" title="Medial dorsal nucleus">medial dorsal nucleus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a></li> <li>as that part of the frontal cortex whose electrical stimulation does not evoke movements</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Granular_frontal_cortex">Granular frontal cortex</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prefrontal_cortex&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Granular frontal cortex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The prefrontal cortex has been defined based on <a href="/wiki/Cytoarchitectonics" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytoarchitectonics">cytoarchitectonics</a> by the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cortical granular layer IV</a>. It is not entirely clear who first used this criterion. Many of the early cytoarchitectonic researchers restricted the use of the term prefrontal to a much smaller region of cortex including the <a href="/wiki/Gyrus_rectus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyrus rectus">gyrus rectus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gyrus" title="Gyrus">gyrus</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rostralis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rostralis (page does not exist)">rostralis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alfred_Walter_Campbell" title="Alfred Walter Campbell">Campbell</a>, 1905; <a href="/wiki/Grafton_Elliot_Smith" title="Grafton Elliot Smith">G. E. Smith</a>, 1907; <a href="/wiki/Korbinian_Brodmann" title="Korbinian Brodmann">Brodmann</a>, 1909; <a href="/wiki/Constantin_von_Economo" title="Constantin von Economo">von Economo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georg_N._Koskinas" title="Georg N. Koskinas">Koskinas</a>, 1925). In 1935, however, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlyle_F._Jacobsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlyle F. Jacobsen (page does not exist)">Jacobsen</a> used the term prefrontal to distinguish granular prefrontal areas from agranular motor and premotor areas.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-19-514694-8_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-19-514694-8-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of Brodmann areas, the prefrontal cortex traditionally includes areas 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 24, 25, 32, 44, 45, 46, and 47,<sup id="cite_ref-PFC_-_list_of_14_Brodmann_areas_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PFC_-_list_of_14_Brodmann_areas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, not all of these areas are strictly granular – 44 is dysgranular, caudal 11 and orbital 47 are agranular.<sup id="cite_ref-preuss95_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-preuss95-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main problem with this definition is that it works well only in <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a> but not in nonprimates, as the latter lack a granular layer IV.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid14643455_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14643455-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Projection_zone">Projection zone</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prefrontal_cortex&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Projection zone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To define the prefrontal cortex as the projection zone of the <a href="/wiki/Medial_dorsal_nucleus" title="Medial dorsal nucleus">mediodorsal nucleus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a> builds on the work of Rose and Woolsey,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18106857_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18106857-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who showed that this nucleus projects to anterior and ventral parts of the brain in nonprimates, however, Rose and Woolsey termed this projection zone "orbitofrontal." It seems to have been Akert, who, for the first time in 1964, explicitly suggested that this criterion could be used to define homologues of the prefrontal cortex in primates and nonprimates.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1939732_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1939732-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allowed the establishment of homologies despite the lack of a granular frontal cortex in nonprimates. </p><p>The projection zone definition is still widely accepted today (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Joaquin_Fuster" title="Joaquin Fuster">Fuster</a><sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-12-373644-7_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-12-373644-7-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), although its usefulness has been questioned.<sup id="cite_ref-preuss95_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-preuss95-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-marko79_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marko79-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern tract tracing studies have shown that projections of the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus are not restricted to the granular frontal cortex in primates. As a result, it was suggested to define the prefrontal cortex as the region of cortex that has stronger reciprocal connections with the mediodorsal nucleus than with any other thalamic nucleus.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid14643455_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14643455-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uylings et al.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid14643455_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14643455-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> acknowledge, however, that even with the application of this criterion, it might be rather difficult to define the prefrontal cortex unequivocally. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electrically_silent_area_of_frontal_cortex">Electrically silent area of frontal cortex</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prefrontal_cortex&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Electrically silent area of frontal cortex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A third definition of the prefrontal cortex is the area of frontal cortex whose electrical stimulation does not lead to observable movements. For example, in 1890 <a href="/wiki/David_Ferrier" title="David Ferrier">David Ferrier</a><sup id="cite_ref-ferrier90_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferrier90-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used the term in this sense. One complication with this definition is that the electrically "silent" frontal cortex includes both granular and non-granular areas.<sup id="cite_ref-preuss95_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-preuss95-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subdivisions">Subdivisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prefrontal_cortex&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Subdivisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expert_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs attention from an expert in neuroscience</b>. See the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Prefrontal_cortex#Relationship_between_the_vmPFC_and_the_mPFC" title="Talk:Prefrontal cortex">talk page</a> for details.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Neuroscience" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Neuroscience">WikiProject Neuroscience</a> may be able to help recruit an expert.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brodmann_areas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Brodmann_areas.jpg/400px-Brodmann_areas.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="509" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Brodmann_areas.jpg/601px-Brodmann_areas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Brodmann_areas.jpg/800px-Brodmann_areas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2472" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>According to Striedter,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the PFC of humans can be delineated into two functionally, morphologically, and evolutionarily different regions: the <a href="/wiki/Ventromedial_prefrontal_cortex" title="Ventromedial prefrontal cortex">ventromedial PFC</a> (vmPFC) consisting of: </p> <ol><li>the <i>ventral prefrontal cortex</i> (VPFC)</li> <li>the <i>medial prefrontal cortex</i> present in all <a href="/wiki/Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals">mammals</a> (MPFC)</li></ol> <p>and the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_prefrontal_cortex" title="Lateral prefrontal cortex">lateral prefrontal cortex</a> (LPFC), consisting of: </p> <ol><li>the <i>dorsolateral prefrontal cortex</i> (DLPFC)</li> <li>the <i>ventrolateral prefrontal cortex</i> (VLPFC) present only in <a href="/wiki/Primates" class="mw-redirect" title="Primates">primates</a>.</li></ol> <p>The LPFC contains the <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area" title="Brodmann area">Brodmann areas</a> <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_8" title="Brodmann area 8">BA8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_9" title="Brodmann area 9">BA9</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_10" title="Brodmann area 10">BA10</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_45" title="Brodmann area 45">BA45</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_46" title="Brodmann area 46">BA46</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_47" title="Brodmann area 47">BA47</a>. Some researchers also include <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_44" title="Brodmann area 44">BA44</a>. The vmPFC contains the <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area" title="Brodmann area">Brodmann areas</a> <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_12" title="Brodmann area 12">BA12</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_25" title="Brodmann area 25">BA25</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_32" title="Brodmann area 32">BA32</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_33" title="Brodmann area 33">BA33</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_24" title="Brodmann area 24">BA24</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_11" title="Brodmann area 11">BA11</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_13" title="Brodmann area 13">BA13</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_14" title="Brodmann area 14">BA14</a>. </p><p>The table below shows different ways to subdivide parts of the human prefrontal cortex based upon Brodmann areas.<sup id="cite_ref-PFC_-_list_of_14_Brodmann_areas_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PFC_-_list_of_14_Brodmann_areas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="45">8 </th> <th width="45">9 </th> <th width="45">10 </th> <th width="45">46 </th> <th width="45">45 </th> <th width="45">47 </th> <th width="45">44 </th> <th width="45">12 </th> <th width="45">25 </th> <th width="45">32 </th> <th width="45">33 </th> <th width="45">24 </th> <th width="45">11 </th> <th width="45">13 </th> <th width="45">14 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_prefrontal_cortex" title="Lateral prefrontal cortex">lateral</a> </td> <td colspan="8"><a href="/wiki/Ventromedial_prefrontal_cortex" title="Ventromedial prefrontal cortex">ventromedial</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Dorsolateral_prefrontal_cortex" title="Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex">dorsolateral</a> </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Ventrolateral_prefrontal_cortex" title="Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex">ventrolateral</a> </td> <td colspan="5">medial </td> <td colspan="3">ventral </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Dorsolateral_prefrontal_cortex" title="Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex">dorsolateral prefrontal cortex</a> is composed of the <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_8" title="Brodmann area 8">BA8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_9" title="Brodmann area 9">BA9</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_10" title="Brodmann area 10">BA10</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_46" title="Brodmann area 46">BA46</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PFC_-_list_of_14_Brodmann_areas_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PFC_-_list_of_14_Brodmann_areas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ventrolateral_prefrontal_cortex" title="Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex">ventrolateral prefrontal cortex</a> is composed of areas <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_45" title="Brodmann area 45">BA45</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_47" title="Brodmann area 47">BA47</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_44" title="Brodmann area 44">BA44</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PFC_-_list_of_14_Brodmann_areas_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PFC_-_list_of_14_Brodmann_areas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <b>medial prefrontal cortex</b> (mPFC) is composed of <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_12" title="Brodmann area 12">BA12</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_25" title="Brodmann area 25">BA25</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anterior_cingulate_cortex" title="Anterior cingulate cortex">anterior cingulate cortex</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_32" title="Brodmann area 32">BA32</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_33" title="Brodmann area 33">BA33</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_24" title="Brodmann area 24">BA24</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PFC_-_list_of_14_Brodmann_areas_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PFC_-_list_of_14_Brodmann_areas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within that area is the <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_nexus" title="Dorsal nexus">dorsal nexus</a>, which interconnects many parts of the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <b>ventral prefrontal cortex</b> is composed of areas <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_11" title="Brodmann area 11">BA11</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_13" title="Brodmann area 13">BA13</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_14" title="Brodmann area 14">BA14</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PFC_-_list_of_14_Brodmann_areas_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PFC_-_list_of_14_Brodmann_areas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Also see the definition of the <a href="/wiki/Orbitofrontal_cortex" title="Orbitofrontal cortex">orbitofrontal cortex</a>.)</li> <li>The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex contains <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_8" title="Brodmann area 8">BA8</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Frontal_eye_fields" title="Frontal eye fields">frontal eye fields</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PFC_-_list_of_14_Brodmann_areas_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PFC_-_list_of_14_Brodmann_areas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The ventrolateral prefrontal cortex contains BA45 which is part of <a href="/wiki/Broca%27s_area" title="Broca's area">Broca's area</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some researchers also include <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_44" title="Brodmann area 44">BA44</a> the other part of Broca's area.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interconnections">Interconnections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prefrontal_cortex&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Interconnections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The prefrontal cortex is highly interconnected with much of the brain, including extensive connections with other cortical, subcortical and brain stem sites.<sup id="cite_ref-EFmeta-analysis_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EFmeta-analysis-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dorsal prefrontal cortex is especially interconnected with brain regions involved with attention, cognition and action,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the ventral prefrontal cortex interconnects with brain regions involved with emotion.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prefrontal cortex also receives inputs from the brainstem arousal systems, and its function is particularly dependent on its neurochemical environment.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, there is coordination between one's state of arousal and mental state.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interplay between the prefrontal cortex and socioemotional system of the brain is relevant for adolescent development, as proposed by the <a href="/wiki/Dual_Systems_Model" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual Systems Model">Dual Systems Model</a>. </p><p>The medial prefrontal cortex has been implicated in the generation of <a href="/wiki/Slow-wave_sleep" title="Slow-wave sleep">slow-wave sleep</a> (SWS), and prefrontal <a href="/wiki/Atrophy" title="Atrophy">atrophy</a> has been linked to decreases in SWS.<sup id="cite_ref-Mander_2013_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mander_2013-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prefrontal atrophy occurs naturally as individuals age, and it has been demonstrated that older adults experience impairments in <a href="/wiki/Memory_consolidation" title="Memory consolidation">memory consolidation</a> as their medial prefrontal cortices degrade.<sup id="cite_ref-Mander_2013_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mander_2013-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In older adults, instead of being transferred and stored in the <a href="/wiki/Neocortex" title="Neocortex">neocortex</a> during SWS, memories start to remain in the <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a> where they were <a href="/wiki/Encoding_(memory)" title="Encoding (memory)">encoded</a>, as evidenced by increased hippocampal activation compared to younger adults during <a href="/wiki/Recall_(memory)" title="Recall (memory)">recall</a> tasks, when subjects learned word associations, slept, and then were asked to recall the learned words.<sup id="cite_ref-Mander_2013_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mander_2013-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) has been implicated in various aspects of speech production and language comprehension. The VLPFC is richly connected to various regions of the brain including the lateral and medial temporal lobe, the superior temporal cortex, the infertemporal cortex, the perirhinal cortex, and the parahippoccampal cortex.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These brain areas are implicated in memory retrieval and consolidation, <a href="/wiki/Language_processing_in_the_brain" title="Language processing in the brain">language processing</a>, and association of emotions. These connections allow the VLPFC to mediate explicit and implicit memory retrieval and integrate it with language stimulus to help plan coherent speech.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, choosing the correct words and staying "on topic" during conversation come from the VLPFC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prefrontal_cortex&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Executive_function">Executive function</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prefrontal_cortex&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Executive function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original studies of <a href="/wiki/Joaquin_Fuster" title="Joaquin Fuster">Fuster</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Goldman-Rakic" title="Patricia Goldman-Rakic">Goldman-Rakic</a> emphasized the fundamental ability of the prefrontal cortex to represent information not currently in the environment, and the central role of this function in creating the "mental sketch pad". Goldman-Rakic spoke of how this representational knowledge was used to intelligently guide thought, action, and emotion, including the inhibition of inappropriate thoughts, distractions, actions, and feelings.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this way, working memory can be seen as fundamental to attention and behavioral inhibition. Fuster speaks of how this prefrontal ability allows the wedding of past to future, allowing both cross-temporal and cross-modal associations in the creation of goal-directed, perception-action cycles.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ability to represent underlies all other higher executive functions. </p><p>Shimamura proposed Dynamic Filtering Theory to describe the role of the prefrontal cortex in <a href="/wiki/Executive_functions" title="Executive functions">executive functions</a>. The prefrontal cortex is presumed to act as a high-level gating or filtering mechanism that enhances goal-directed activations and inhibits irrelevant activations. This filtering mechanism enables executive control at various levels of processing, including selecting, maintaining, updating, and rerouting activations. It has also been used to explain emotional regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-Shimamura_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shimamura-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Miller and Cohen proposed an Integrative Theory of Prefrontal Cortex Function, that arises from the original work of Goldman-Rakic and Fuster. The two theorize that "cognitive control stems from the active maintenance of patterns of activity in the prefrontal cortex that represents goals and means to achieve them. They provide bias signals to other brain structures whose net effect is to guide the flow of activity along neural pathways that establish the proper mappings between inputs, internal states, and outputs needed to perform a given task".<sup id="cite_ref-MillerCohen_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MillerCohen-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In essence, the two theorize that the prefrontal cortex guides the inputs and connections, which allows for cognitive control of our actions. </p><p>The prefrontal cortex is of significant importance when <a href="/wiki/Pattern_recognition_(psychology)#Top-down_processing" title="Pattern recognition (psychology)">top-down processing</a> is needed. Top-down processing by definition is when behavior is guided by internal states or intentions. According to the two, "The PFC is critical in situations when the mappings between sensory inputs, thoughts, and actions either are weakly established relative to other existing ones or are rapidly changing".<sup id="cite_ref-MillerCohen_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MillerCohen-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of this can be portrayed in the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Card_Sorting_Test" title="Wisconsin Card Sorting Test">Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST)</a>. Subjects engaging in this task are instructed to sort cards according to the shape, color, or number of symbols appearing on them. The thought is that any given card can be associated with a number of actions and no single stimulus-response mapping will work. Human subjects with PFC damage are able to sort the card in the initial simple tasks, but unable to do so as the rules of classification change. </p><p>Miller and Cohen conclude that the implications of their theory can explain how much of a role the PFC has in guiding control of cognitive actions. In the researchers' own words, they claim that, "depending on their target of influence, representations in the PFC can function variously as attentional templates, rules, or goals by providing top-down bias signals to other parts of the brain that guide the flow of activity along the pathways needed to perform a task".<sup id="cite_ref-MillerCohen_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MillerCohen-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Experimental data indicate a role for the prefrontal cortex in mediating normal sleep physiology, dreaming and sleep-deprivation phenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When analyzing and thinking about attributes of other individuals, the medial prefrontal cortex is activated, however, it is not activated when contemplating the characteristics of inanimate objects.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies using fMRI have shown that the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), specifically the anterior medial prefrontal cortex (amPFC), may modulate mimicry behavior. Neuroscientists are suggesting that social priming influences activity and processing in the amPFC, and that this area of the prefrontal cortex modulates mimicry responses and behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of recent, researchers have used neuroimaging techniques to find that along with the <a href="/wiki/Basal_ganglia" title="Basal ganglia">basal ganglia</a>, the prefrontal cortex is involved with learning exemplars, which is part of the <i><a href="/wiki/Exemplar_theory" title="Exemplar theory">exemplar theory</a></i>, one of the three main ways our mind categorizes things. The exemplar theory states that we categorize judgements by comparing it to a similar past experience within our stored memories.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2014 meta-analysis by Professor Nicole P.Yuan from the University of Arizona found that larger prefrontal cortex volume and greater PFC cortical thickness were associated with better executive performance.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attention_and_memory">Attention and memory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prefrontal_cortex&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Attention and memory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Attention_vs_memory.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/dc/Attention_vs_memory.gif" decoding="async" width="600" height="318" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption>Lebedev et al. experiment that dissociated representation of spatial <a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">attention</a> from representation of <a href="/wiki/Spatial_memory" title="Spatial memory">spatial memory</a> in prefrontal cortex <sup id="cite_ref-Lebedev_2004_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lebedev_2004-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A widely accepted theory regarding the function of the brain's prefrontal cortex is that it serves as a store of <a href="/wiki/Short-term_memory" title="Short-term memory">short-term memory</a>. This idea was first formulated by Jacobsen, who reported in 1936 that damage to the primate prefrontal cortex caused short-term memory deficits.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobsen_1936_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobsen_1936-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Karl_H._Pribram" title="Karl H. Pribram">Karl Pribram</a> and colleagues (1952) identified the part of the prefrontal cortex responsible for this deficit as <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area" title="Brodmann area">area</a> <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_46" title="Brodmann area 46">46</a>, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Dorsolateral_prefrontal_cortex" title="Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex">dorsolateral prefrontal cortex</a> (dlPFC).<sup id="cite_ref-Pribram_1952_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pribram_1952-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Goldman-Rakic" title="Patricia Goldman-Rakic">Goldman-Rakic</a> and colleagues (1993) evoked short-term memory loss in localized regions of space by temporary inactivation of portions of the dlPFC.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the concept of <a href="/wiki/Working_memory" title="Working memory">working memory</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/Baddeley%27s_model_of_working_memory" title="Baddeley's model of working memory">Baddeley's model of working memory</a>) was established in contemporary neuroscience by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Baddeley" title="Alan Baddeley">Alan Baddeley</a> (1986), these neuropsychological findings contributed to the theory that the prefrontal cortex implements working memory and, in some extreme formulations, only working memory.<sup id="cite_ref-Baddeley_1986_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baddeley_1986-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1990s this theory developed a wide following, and it became the predominant theory of PF function, especially for nonhuman primates. The concept of working memory used by proponents of this theory focused mostly on the short-term maintenance of information, and rather less on the manipulation or monitoring of such information or on the use of that information for decisions. Consistent with the idea that the prefrontal cortex functions predominantly in maintenance memory, delay-period activity in the PF has often been interpreted as a memory trace. (The phrase "delay-period activity" applies to neuronal activity that follows the transient presentation of an instruction cue and persists until a subsequent "go" or "trigger" signal.) </p><p>To explore alternative interpretations of delay-period activity in the prefrontal cortex, Lebedev et al. (2004) investigated the discharge rates of single prefrontal neurons as monkeys attended to a stimulus marking one location while remembering a different, unmarked location.<sup id="cite_ref-Lebedev_2004_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lebedev_2004-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both locations served as potential targets of a <a href="/wiki/Saccadic_eye_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Saccadic eye movement">saccadic eye movement</a>. Although the task made intensive demands on short-term memory, the largest proportion of prefrontal neurons represented attended locations, not remembered ones. These findings showed that short-term memory functions cannot account for all, or even most, delay-period activity in the part of the prefrontal cortex explored. The authors suggested that prefrontal activity during the delay-period contributes more to the process of attentional selection (and <a href="/wiki/Selective_attention" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective attention">selective attention</a>) than to memory storage.<sup id="cite_ref-sciencemag.org_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencemag.org-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speech_production_and_language">Speech production and language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prefrontal_cortex&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Speech production and language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various areas of the prefrontal cortex have been implicated in a multitude of critical functions regarding speech production, language comprehension, and response planning before speaking.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cognitive neuroscience has shown that the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex is vital in the processing of words and sentences. </p><p>The right prefrontal cortex has been found to be responsible for coordinating the retrieval of explicit memory for use in speech, whereas the deactivation of the left is responsible for mediating implicit memory retrieval to be used in verb generation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recollection of nouns (explicit memory) is impaired in some amnesic patients with damaged right prefrontal cortices, but verb generation remains intact because of its reliance on left prefrontal deactivation.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many researchers now include BA45 in the prefrontal cortex because together with BA44 it makes up an area of the frontal lobe called <a href="/wiki/Broca%27s_area" title="Broca's area">Broca's area</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Broca's Area is widely considered the output area of the language production pathway in the brain (as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Wernicke%27s_area" title="Wernicke's area">Wernicke's area</a> in the medial temporal lobe, which is seen as the language input area). BA45 has been shown to be implicated for the retrieval of relevant semantic knowledge to be used in conversation/speech.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The right lateral prefrontal cortex (RLPFC) is implicated in the planning of complex behavior, and together with bilateral BA45, they act to maintain focus and coherence during speech production.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, left BA45 has been shown to be activated significantly while maintaining speech coherence in young people. Older people have been shown to recruit the right BA45 more so than their younger counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This aligns with the evidence of decreased lateralization in other brain systems during aging. </p><p>In addition, this increase in BA45 and RLPFC activity in combination of BA47 in older patients has been shown to contribute to "off-topic utterances." The BA47 area in the prefrontal cortex is implicated in "stimulus-driven" retrieval of less-salient knowledge than is required to contribute to a conversation.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, elevated activation of the BA47 together with altered activity in BA45 and the broader RLPFC has been shown to contribute to the inclusion of less relevant information and irrelevant tangential conversational speech patterns in older subjects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prefrontal_cortex&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise#Structural_growth" title="Neurobiological effects of physical exercise">Neurobiological effects of physical exercise § Structural growth</a></div> <p>In the last few decades, <a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">brain imaging</a> systems have been used to determine brain region volumes and nerve linkages. Several studies have indicated that reduced volume and interconnections of the frontal lobes with other brain regions is observed in patients diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental disorders">mental disorders</a>; those subjected to repeated <a href="/wiki/Stressor" title="Stressor">stressors</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> those who excessively consume sexually explicit materials;<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicides</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Criminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal">criminals</a>; <a href="/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder" title="Antisocial personality disorder">sociopaths</a>; those affected by <a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">lead poisoning</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed that at least some of the human abilities to feel <a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">guilt</a> or remorse, and to interpret <a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">reality</a>, are dependent on a well-functioning prefrontal cortex.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The advanced neurocircuitry and self-regulatory function of the human prefrontal cortex is also associated with the higher <a href="/wiki/Sentience" title="Sentience">sentience</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">sapience</a> of humans,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the prefrontal cortex in humans occupies a far larger percentage of the brain than in any other animal. It is theorized that, as the brain has tripled in size over five million years of human evolution,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the prefrontal cortex has increased in size sixfold.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A review on executive functions in healthy exercising individuals noted that the left and right halves of the prefrontal cortex, which is divided by the <a href="/wiki/Medial_longitudinal_fissure" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial longitudinal fissure">medial longitudinal fissure</a>, appears to become more interconnected in response to consistent aerobic exercise.<sup id="cite_ref-exercise_benefits_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exercise_benefits-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two reviews of <a href="/wiki/Structural_neuroimaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural neuroimaging">structural neuroimaging</a> research indicate that marked improvements in prefrontal and hippocampal gray matter volume occur in healthy adults that engage in medium intensity exercise for several months.<sup id="cite_ref-gray_matter_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gray_matter-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mind_over_matter_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mind_over_matter-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_abuse" title="Alcohol abuse">Chronic intake of alcohol</a> leads to persistent alterations in brain function including altered decision-making ability. The prefrontal cortex of chronic alcoholics has been shown to be vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/DNA_oxidation" title="DNA oxidation">oxidative DNA damage</a> and neuronal <a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">cell death</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid25188266_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25188266-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prefrontal_cortex&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perhaps the seminal case in prefrontal cortex function is that of <a href="/wiki/Phineas_Gage" title="Phineas Gage">Phineas Gage</a>, whose left frontal lobe was destroyed when a large iron rod was driven through his head in an 1848 accident. The standard presentation is that, although Gage retained normal memory, speech and motor skills, his personality changed radically: He became irritable, quick-tempered, and impatient—characteristics he did not previously display — so that friends described him as "no longer Gage"; and, whereas he had previously been a capable and efficient worker, afterward he was unable to complete.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, careful analysis of primary evidence shows that descriptions of Gage's <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychological</a> changes are usually exaggerated when held against the description given by Gage's doctor, the most striking feature being that changes described years after Gage's death are far more dramatic than anything reported while he was alive.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subsequent studies on patients with prefrontal injuries have shown that the patients verbalized what the most appropriate social responses would be under certain circumstances. Yet, when actually performing, they instead pursued behavior aimed at immediate gratification, despite knowing the longer-term results would be self-defeating. </p><p>The interpretation of this data indicates that not only are skills of comparison and understanding of eventual outcomes harbored in the prefrontal cortex but the prefrontal cortex (when functioning correctly) controls the mental option to delay immediate gratification for a better or more rewarding longer-term gratification result. This ability to wait for a reward is one of the key pieces that define optimal executive function of the human brain.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There is much current research devoted to understanding the role of the prefrontal cortex in neurological disorders. Clinical trials have begun on certain drugs that have been shown to improve prefrontal cortex function, including <a href="/wiki/Guanfacine" title="Guanfacine">guanfacine</a>, which acts through the <a href="/wiki/Alpha-2A_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor">alpha-2A adrenergic receptor</a>. A downstream target of this drug, the <a href="/wiki/HCN_channel" title="HCN channel">HCN channel</a>, is one of the most recent areas of exploration in prefrontal cortex pharmacology.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prefrontal_cortex&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "prefrontal" as describing a part of the brain appears to have been introduced by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Richard Owen</a> in 1868.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-19-514694-8_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-19-514694-8-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For him, the prefrontal area was restricted to the anterior-most part of the frontal lobe (approximately corresponding to the frontal pole). It has been hypothesized that his choice of the term was based on the <a href="/wiki/Prefrontal_bone" title="Prefrontal bone">prefrontal bone</a> present in most amphibians and reptiles.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-19-514694-8_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-19-514694-8-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prefrontal_cortex&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Additional images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prefrontal_cortex_(left)_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Animation, prefrontal cortex of left cerebral hemisphere (shown in red)"><img alt="Animation, prefrontal cortex of left cerebral hemisphere (shown in red)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Prefrontal_cortex_%28left%29_animation.gif/120px-Prefrontal_cortex_%28left%29_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Prefrontal_cortex_%28left%29_animation.gif/180px-Prefrontal_cortex_%28left%29_animation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Prefrontal_cortex_%28left%29_animation.gif/240px-Prefrontal_cortex_%28left%29_animation.gif 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Animation, prefrontal cortex of left <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_hemisphere" title="Cerebral hemisphere">cerebral hemisphere</a> (shown in red)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prefrontal_cortex_(left)_-_anterior_view.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Front view"><img alt="Front view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Prefrontal_cortex_%28left%29_-_anterior_view.png/120px-Prefrontal_cortex_%28left%29_-_anterior_view.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Prefrontal_cortex_%28left%29_-_anterior_view.png/180px-Prefrontal_cortex_%28left%29_-_anterior_view.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Prefrontal_cortex_%28left%29_-_anterior_view.png/240px-Prefrontal_cortex_%28left%29_-_anterior_view.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Front view</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prefrontal_cortex_(left)_-_lateral_view.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lateral view"><img alt="Lateral view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Prefrontal_cortex_%28left%29_-_lateral_view.png/120px-Prefrontal_cortex_%28left%29_-_lateral_view.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Prefrontal_cortex_%28left%29_-_lateral_view.png/180px-Prefrontal_cortex_%28left%29_-_lateral_view.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Prefrontal_cortex_%28left%29_-_lateral_view.png/240px-Prefrontal_cortex_%28left%29_-_lateral_view.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lateral view</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prefrontal_cortex_(left)_-_medial_view.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Medial perspective"><img alt="Medial perspective" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Prefrontal_cortex_%28left%29_-_medial_view.png/120px-Prefrontal_cortex_%28left%29_-_medial_view.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Prefrontal_cortex_%28left%29_-_medial_view.png/180px-Prefrontal_cortex_%28left%29_-_medial_view.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Prefrontal_cortex_%28left%29_-_medial_view.png/240px-Prefrontal_cortex_%28left%29_-_medial_view.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Medial perspective</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prefrontal_cortex&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article uses <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">anatomical terminology</a>.</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lobotomy" title="Lobotomy">Lobotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interference_theory" title="Interference theory">Interference theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-model_theory_of_subjectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-model theory of subjectivity">Self-model theory of subjectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsomedial_prefrontal_cortex" title="Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex">Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventromedial_prefrontal_cortex" title="Ventromedial prefrontal cortex">Ventromedial prefrontal cortex</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prefrontal_cortex&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PFC_-_list_of_14_Brodmann_areas-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PFC_-_list_of_14_Brodmann_areas_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PFC_-_list_of_14_Brodmann_areas_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PFC_-_list_of_14_Brodmann_areas_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PFC_-_list_of_14_Brodmann_areas_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PFC_-_list_of_14_Brodmann_areas_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PFC_-_list_of_14_Brodmann_areas_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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(June 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malcolm Macmillan, <i>An Odd Kind of Fame: Stories of Phineas Gage</i> (MIT Press, 2000), pp.116–119, 307–333, esp. pp.11,333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacmillan2008" class="citation journal cs1">Macmillan M (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100903034625/http://www.thepsychologist.org.uk/archive/archive_home.cfm?volumeID=21&editionID=164&ArticleID=1399">"Phineas Gage – Unravelling the myth"</a>. <i>The Psychologist</i>. <b>21</b> (9). <a href="/wiki/British_Psychological_Society" title="British Psychological Society">British Psychological Society</a>: 828–831. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepsychologist.org.uk/archive/archive_home.cfm?volumeID=21&editionID=164&ArticleID=1399">the original</a> on 2010-09-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Psychologist&rft.atitle=Phineas+Gage+%E2%80%93+Unravelling+the+myth&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=828-831&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Macmillan&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepsychologist.org.uk%2Farchive%2Farchive_home.cfm%3FvolumeID%3D21%26editionID%3D164%26ArticleID%3D1399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrefrontal+cortex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangRamosPaspalasShu2007" class="citation journal cs1">Wang M, Ramos BP, Paspalas CD, Shu Y, Simen A, Duque A, et al. (April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2007.03.015">"Alpha2A-adrenoceptors strengthen working memory networks by inhibiting cAMP-HCN channel signaling in prefrontal cortex"</a>. <i>Cell</i>. <b>129</b> (2): 397–410. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2007.03.015">10.1016/j.cell.2007.03.015</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17448997">17448997</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:741677">741677</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=Alpha2A-adrenoceptors+strengthen+working+memory+networks+by+inhibiting+cAMP-HCN+channel+signaling+in+prefrontal+cortex&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=397-410&rft.date=2007-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A741677%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17448997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2007.03.015&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Ramos%2C+BP&rft.au=Paspalas%2C+CD&rft.au=Shu%2C+Y&rft.au=Simen%2C+A&rft.au=Duque%2C+A&rft.au=Vijayraghavan%2C+S&rft.au=Brennan%2C+A&rft.au=Dudley%2C+A&rft.au=Nou%2C+E&rft.au=Mazer%2C+JA&rft.au=McCormick%2C+DA&rft.au=Arnsten%2C+AF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cell.2007.03.015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrefrontal+cortex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span 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href="http://universe-review.ca/I10-80-prefrontal.jpg">Diagram (universe-review.ca)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brainmaps.org/index.php?q=Prefrontal%20cortex">Stained brain slice images which include the "Prefrontal cortex"</a> at the <a href="/wiki/BrainMaps" title="BrainMaps">BrainMaps project</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cerebral_cortex" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cerebral cortex"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_cerebral_cortex_of_the_human_brain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">human brain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frontal_lobe" title="Frontal lobe">Frontal lobe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Superolateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prefrontal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_frontal_gyrus" title="Superior frontal gyrus">Superior frontal gyrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_4" title="Brodmann area 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_6" title="Brodmann area 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_8" title="Brodmann area 8">8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_frontal_gyrus" title="Middle frontal gyrus">Middle frontal gyrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_9" title="Brodmann area 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_10" title="Brodmann area 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_46" title="Brodmann area 46">46</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_frontal_gyrus" title="Inferior frontal gyrus">Inferior frontal gyrus</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_11" title="Brodmann area 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_47" title="Brodmann area 47">47</a>-<a href="/wiki/Orbital_part_of_inferior_frontal_gyrus" title="Orbital part of inferior frontal gyrus">Pars orbitalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broca%27s_area" title="Broca's area">Broca's area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_44" title="Brodmann area 44">44</a>-<a href="/wiki/Opercular_part_of_inferior_frontal_gyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus">Pars opercularis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_45" title="Brodmann area 45">45</a>-<a href="/wiki/Triangular_part_of_inferior_frontal_gyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Triangular part of inferior frontal gyrus">Pars triangularis</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_frontal_sulcus" title="Superior frontal sulcus">Superior frontal sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_frontal_sulcus" title="Inferior frontal sulcus">Inferior frontal sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Precentral_gyrus" title="Precentral gyrus">Precentral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Precentral_gyrus" title="Precentral gyrus">Precentral gyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precentral_sulcus" title="Precentral sulcus">Precentral sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medial/inferior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prefrontal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_frontal_gyrus" title="Superior frontal gyrus">Superior frontal gyrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_4" title="Brodmann area 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_6" title="Brodmann area 6">6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_frontal_gyrus" title="Medial frontal gyrus">Medial frontal gyrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_8" title="Brodmann area 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_9" title="Brodmann area 9">9</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paraterminal_gyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraterminal gyrus">Paraterminal gyrus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Paraolfactory_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraolfactory area">Paraolfactory area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_12" title="Brodmann area 12">12</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_gyrus" title="Straight gyrus">Straight gyrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_11" title="Brodmann area 11">11</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_gyri" title="Orbital gyri">Orbital gyri</a>/<a href="/wiki/Orbitofrontal_cortex" title="Orbitofrontal cortex">Orbitofrontal cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_10" title="Brodmann area 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_11" title="Brodmann area 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_12" title="Brodmann area 12">12</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventromedial_prefrontal_cortex" title="Ventromedial prefrontal cortex">Ventromedial prefrontal cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_10" title="Brodmann area 10">10</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcallosal_area" title="Subcallosal area">Subcallosal area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_25" title="Brodmann area 25">25</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_sulcus" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfactory sulcus">Olfactory sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_sulcus" title="Orbital sulcus">Orbital sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Precentral_gyrus" title="Precentral gyrus">Precentral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paracentral_lobule" title="Paracentral lobule">Paracentral lobule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_4" title="Brodmann area 4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracentral_sulcus" title="Paracentral sulcus">Paracentral sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Both</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_motor_cortex" title="Primary motor cortex">Primary motor cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_4" title="Brodmann area 4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premotor_cortex" title="Premotor cortex">Premotor cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_6" title="Brodmann area 6">6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_motor_area" title="Supplementary motor area">Supplementary motor area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_6" title="Brodmann area 6">6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_eye_field" title="Supplementary eye field">Supplementary eye field</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_6" title="Brodmann area 6">6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontal_eye_fields" title="Frontal eye fields">Frontal eye fields</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_8" title="Brodmann area 8">8</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parietal_lobe" title="Parietal lobe">Parietal lobe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Superolateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_parietal_lobule" title="Superior parietal lobule">Superior parietal lobule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_5" title="Brodmann area 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_7" title="Brodmann area 7">7</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_parietal_lobule" title="Inferior parietal lobule">Inferior parietal lobule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_40" title="Brodmann area 40">40</a>-<a href="/wiki/Supramarginal_gyrus" title="Supramarginal gyrus">Supramarginal gyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_39" title="Brodmann area 39">39</a>-<a href="/wiki/Angular_gyrus" title="Angular gyrus">Angular gyrus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parietal_operculum" class="mw-redirect" title="Parietal operculum">Parietal operculum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_43" title="Brodmann area 43">43</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intraparietal_sulcus" title="Intraparietal sulcus">Intraparietal sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medial/inferior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paracentral_lobule" title="Paracentral lobule">Paracentral lobule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Brodmann area 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Brodmann area 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Brodmann area 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_5" title="Brodmann area 5">5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precuneus" title="Precuneus">Precuneus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_7" title="Brodmann area 7">7</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginal_sulcus" title="Marginal sulcus">Marginal sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Both</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postcentral_gyrus" title="Postcentral gyrus">Postcentral gyrus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Primary_somatosensory_cortex" title="Primary somatosensory cortex">Primary somatosensory cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_areas_3,_1_and_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Brodmann areas 3, 1 and 2">3, 1 and 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_somatosensory_cortex" title="Secondary somatosensory cortex">Secondary somatosensory cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_5" title="Brodmann area 5">5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_parietal_cortex" title="Posterior parietal cortex">Posterior parietal cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_7" title="Brodmann area 7">7</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occipital_lobe" title="Occipital lobe">Occipital lobe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Superolateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occipital_pole_of_cerebrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Occipital pole of cerebrum">Occipital pole of cerebrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occipital_gyri" title="Occipital gyri">Occipital gyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_occipital_sulcus" title="Lateral occipital sulcus">Lateral occipital gyrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_18" title="Brodmann area 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_19" title="Brodmann area 19">19</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunate_sulcus" title="Lunate sulcus">Lunate sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_occipital_sulcus" title="Transverse occipital sulcus">Transverse occipital sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medial/inferior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_cortex" title="Visual cortex">Visual cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_17" class="mw-redirect" title="Brodmann area 17">17</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneus" title="Cuneus">Cuneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingual_gyrus" title="Lingual gyrus">Lingual gyrus</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcarine_sulcus" title="Calcarine sulcus">Calcarine sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe" title="Temporal lobe">Temporal lobe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Superolateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_temporal_gyrus" title="Transverse temporal gyrus">Transverse temporal gyrus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Auditory_cortex" title="Auditory cortex">Auditory cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_areas_41_and_42" title="Brodmann areas 41 and 42">41 and 42</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_temporal_gyrus" title="Superior temporal gyrus">Superior temporal gyrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_38" title="Brodmann area 38">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_22" title="Brodmann area 22">22</a>/<a href="/wiki/Wernicke%27s_area" title="Wernicke's area">Wernicke's area</a> (<a href="/wiki/Planum_temporale" title="Planum temporale">Planum temporale</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_temporal_sulcus" title="Superior temporal sulcus">Superior temporal sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_temporal_gyrus" title="Middle temporal gyrus">Middle temporal gyrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_21" title="Brodmann area 21">21</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medial/inferior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occipitotemporal_sulcus" title="Occipitotemporal sulcus">Occipitotemporal sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusiform_gyrus" title="Fusiform gyrus">Fusiform gyrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_37" title="Brodmann area 37">37</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_temporal_lobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial temporal lobe">Medial temporal lobe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_27" title="Brodmann area 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_28" title="Brodmann area 28">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_34" title="Brodmann area 34">34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_35" class="mw-redirect" title="Brodmann area 35">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_36" class="mw-redirect" title="Brodmann area 36">36</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_temporal_sulcus" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior temporal sulcus">Inferior temporal sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_temporal_gyrus" title="Inferior temporal gyrus">Inferior temporal gyrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_20" title="Brodmann area 20">20</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sulcus_(neuroanatomy)" title="Sulcus (neuroanatomy)">Interlobar<br />sulci/fissures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Superolateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_sulcus" title="Central sulcus">Central (frontal+parietal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_sulcus" title="Lateral sulcus">Lateral (frontal+parietal+temporal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parieto-occipital_sulcus" title="Parieto-occipital sulcus">Parieto-occipital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preoccipital_notch" title="Preoccipital notch">Preoccipital notch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medial/inferior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_fissure" title="Longitudinal fissure">Longitudinal fissure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cingulate_sulcus" title="Cingulate sulcus">Cingulate (frontal+cingulate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_fissure" title="Collateral fissure">Collateral (temporal+occipital)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callosal_sulcus" class="mw-redirect" title="Callosal sulcus">Callosal sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limbic_lobe" title="Limbic lobe">Limbic lobe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parahippocampal_gyrus" title="Parahippocampal gyrus">Parahippocampal gyrus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>anterior</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entorhinal_cortex" title="Entorhinal cortex">Entorhinal cortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perirhinal_cortex" title="Perirhinal cortex">Perirhinal cortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postrhinal_cortex" title="Postrhinal cortex">Postrhinal cortex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_parahippocampal_gyrus" title="Posterior parahippocampal gyrus">Posterior parahippocampal gyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepyriform_area" title="Prepyriform area">Prepyriform area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cingulate_cortex" title="Cingulate cortex">Cingulate cortex</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cingulate_gyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cingulate gyrus">gyrus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subgenual_area_25" class="mw-redirect" title="Subgenual area 25">Subgenual area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_25" title="Brodmann area 25">25</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_cingulate_cortex" title="Anterior cingulate cortex">Anterior cingulate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_24" title="Brodmann area 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_32" title="Brodmann area 32">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_33" title="Brodmann area 33">33</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_cingulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior cingulate">Posterior cingulate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_23" title="Brodmann area 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_31" title="Brodmann area 31">31</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_cingulate_gyrus" title="Isthmus of cingulate gyrus">Isthmus of cingulate gyrus</a>: <a href="/wiki/Retrosplenial_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Retrosplenial region">Retrosplenial cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_26" title="Brodmann area 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_29" title="Brodmann area 29">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_30" title="Brodmann area 30">30</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hippocampal_formation" title="Hippocampal formation">Hippocampal formation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hippocampal_sulcus" title="Hippocampal sulcus">Hippocampal sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimbria_of_hippocampus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fimbria of hippocampus">Fimbria of hippocampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentate_gyrus" title="Dentate gyrus">Dentate gyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinal_sulcus" title="Rhinal sulcus">Rhinal sulcus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indusium_griseum" title="Indusium griseum">Indusium griseum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncus" title="Uncus">Uncus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amygdala" title="Amygdala">Amygdala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insular_cortex" title="Insular cortex">Insular cortex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_cortex" title="Insular cortex">Insular cortex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operculum_(brain)" title="Operculum (brain)">Operculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_of_cerebral_hemispheres" class="mw-redirect" title="Poles of cerebral hemispheres">Poles of cerebral hemispheres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div><i>Some categorizations are approximations, and some <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area" title="Brodmann area">Brodmann areas</a> span gyri.</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prefrontal_cortex&oldid=1247708952#Subdivisions">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prefrontal_cortex&oldid=1247708952#Subdivisions</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cerebral_cortex" title="Category:Cerebral cortex">Cerebral cortex</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Frontal_lobe" title="Category:Frontal lobe">Frontal 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