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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definisi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definisi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definisi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definisi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teori_arsitektur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teori_arsitektur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Teori arsitektur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teori_arsitektur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Sejarah</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asal_dan_arsitektur_vernakular" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asal_dan_arsitektur_vernakular"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Asal dan arsitektur vernakular</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asal_dan_arsitektur_vernakular-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arsitektur_prasejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arsitektur_prasejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Arsitektur prasejarah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arsitektur_prasejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arsitektur_kuno" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arsitektur_kuno"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Arsitektur kuno</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arsitektur_kuno-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arsitektur_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arsitektur_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Arsitektur Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arsitektur_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arsitektur_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arsitektur_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Arsitektur Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arsitektur_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Jenis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Jenis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Jenis</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Jenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arsitektur_aerodinamis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arsitektur_aerodinamis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Arsitektur aerodinamis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arsitektur_aerodinamis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arsitektur_bioklimatik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arsitektur_bioklimatik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Arsitektur bioklimatik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arsitektur_bioklimatik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arsitektur_tropis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arsitektur_tropis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Arsitektur tropis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arsitektur_tropis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Arsitektur</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 187 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-187" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">187 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argitektuur" title="Argitektuur – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Argitektuur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architektur" title="Architektur – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Architektur" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A5%E1%8A%90_%E1%88%95%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%BB" title="ሥነ ሕንጻ – Amharik" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሥነ ሕንጻ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura" title="Arquitectura – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Arquitectura" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="عمارة – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عمارة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="هندسة معمارية – Arab Maroko" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="هندسة معمارية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="عماره – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عماره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="স্থাপত্য – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="স্থাপত্য" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquiteutura" title="Arquiteutura – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Arquiteutura" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegeduropa" title="Vegeduropa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Vegeduropa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memarl%C4%B1q" title="Memarlıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Memarlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82" title="معمارلیق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="معمارلیق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Архитектура – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Архитектура" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architektua" title="Architektua – Bavaria" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Architektua" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark%C4%97tekt%C5%ABra" title="Arkėtektūra – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Arkėtektūra" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitektura" title="Arkitektura – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Arkitektura" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Архітэктура – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Архітэктура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Архітэктура – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Архітэктура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancang_gedong" title="Rancang gedong – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Rancang gedong" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Архитектура – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Архитектура" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0" title="आर्किटेक्चर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="आर्किटेक्चर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitekisa" title="Arkitekisa – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Arkitekisa" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="স্থাপত্য – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্থাপত্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A9%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%9F%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82" title="ཁང་རྩིག་བཟོ་རིག – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཁང་རྩིག་བཟོ་རིག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="স্থাপত্য – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="স্থাপত্য" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savouriezh" title="Savouriezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Savouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhitektura" title="Arhitektura – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Arhitektura" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Уран барилга – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Уран барилга" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura" title="Arquitectura – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arquitectura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%B3ng-d%C3%A9%CC%A4%E1%B9%B3k-h%C5%8Fk" title="Gióng-dé̤ṳk-hŏk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gióng-dé̤ṳk-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Архитектура – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Архитектура" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitektura" title="Arkitektura – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Arkitektura" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%98%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="نژیاروانی – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نژیاروانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architittura" title="Architittura – Korsika" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Architittura" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korsika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architektura" title="Architektura – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Architektura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architektura" title="Architektura – Kashubia" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Architektura" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Архитектура – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Архитектура" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensaern%C3%AFaeth" title="Pensaernïaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pensaernïaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitektur" title="Arkitektur – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Arkitektur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architektur" title="Architektur – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Architektur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Αρχιτεκτονική – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρχιτεκτονική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Architecture" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitekturo" title="Arkitekturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arkitekturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura" title="Arquitectura – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arquitectura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhitektuur" title="Arhitektuur – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Arhitektuur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitektura" title="Arkitektura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arkitektura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitetura" title="Arquitetura – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Arquitetura" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="معماری – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="معماری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkkitehtuuri" title="Arkkitehtuuri – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Arkkitehtuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehit%C3%BCskunst" title="Ehitüskunst – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Ehitüskunst" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Architecture" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch%C2%B7it%C3%A8ctura" title="Arch·itèctura – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Arch·itèctura" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baukonst" title="Baukonst – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Baukonst" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architeture" title="Architeture – Friuli" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Architeture" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boukeunst" title="Boukeunst – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Boukeunst" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailtireacht" title="Ailtireacht – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ailtireacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E5%AD%B8" title="建築學 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="建築學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larchit%C3%A8ktir" title="Larchitèktir – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Larchitèktir" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailtireachd" title="Ailtireachd – Gaelik Skotlandia" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ailtireachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaelik Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura" title="Arquitectura – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arquitectura" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="معماری – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="معماری" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogapokuaa" title="Jogapokuaa – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Jogapokuaa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ard-obbrinys" title="Ard-obbrinys – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ard-obbrinys" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karatun_zanen_gine-gine" title="Karatun zanen gine-gine – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Karatun zanen gine-gine" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA" title="אדריכלות – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדריכלות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="वास्तुकला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वास्तुकला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture – Hindi Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Architecture" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Hindi Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhitektura" title="Arhitektura – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Arhitektura" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achitekti" title="Achitekti – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Achitekti" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89p%C3%ADt%C3%A9szet" title="Építészet – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Építészet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ճարտարապետություն – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ճարտարապետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ճարտարապետութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ճարտարապետութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectura" title="Architectura – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Architectura" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectura" title="Architectura – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Architectura" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitektura" title="Arkitektura – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Arkitektura" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Архитектура – Ingushetia" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Архитектура" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingushetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitekturo" title="Arkitekturo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Arkitekturo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byggingarlist" title="Byggingarlist – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Byggingarlist" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architettura" title="Architettura – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Architettura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%83%E1%92%A1%E1%93%97%E1%95%90%E1%94%AA%E1%90%8A%E1%91%A6_%E1%90%8B%E1%96%85%E1%91%AD%E1%92%83%E1%93%AF%E1%92%AA%E1%93%82%E1%96%8F%E1%91%A6" title="ᐃᒡᓗᕐᔪᐊᑦ ᐋᖅᑭᒃᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐃᒡᓗᕐᔪᐊᑦ ᐋᖅᑭᒃᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="建築 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="建築" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachitecha" title="Aachitecha – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Aachitecha" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsit%C3%A8ktur" title="Arsitèktur – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Arsitèktur" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="არქიტექტურა – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არქიტექტურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasegda" title="Tasegda – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasegda" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Сәулет – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сәулет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilusilersugaaneq" title="Ilusilersugaaneq – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Ilusilersugaaneq" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86" title="ವಾಸ್ತುಕಲೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಾಸ್ತುಕಲೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B1%B4%EC%B6%95" title="건축 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="건축" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8E%D9%86%D9%90_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%96%D8%B1" title="فَنِ تعمیٖر – Kashmir" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="فَنِ تعمیٖر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avah%C3%AEsaz%C3%AE" title="Avahîsazî – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Avahîsazî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennserneth" title="Pennserneth – Kornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pennserneth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Архитектура – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Архитектура" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectura" title="Architectura – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Architectura" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitektura" title="Arkitektura – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Arkitektura" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architektur" title="Architektur – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Architektur" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arciteta" title="Arciteta – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Arciteta" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectuur" title="Architectuur – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Architectuur" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architett%C3%BBa" title="Architettûa – Liguria" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Architettûa" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Liguria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architetura" title="Architetura – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Architetura" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%96%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B3" title="ສະຖາປັດຕະຍະກຳ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສະຖາປັດຕະຍະກຳ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architekt%C5%ABra" title="Architektūra – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Architektūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhitekt%C5%ABra" title="Arhitektūra – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Arhitektūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Архитектурась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Архитектурась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritrano" title="Maritrano – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Maritrano" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80" title="Архитектур – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Архитектур" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsitektur" title="Arsitektur – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Arsitektur" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Архитектура – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Архитектура" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="വാസ്തുവിദ്യ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വാസ്തുവിദ്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80" title="Архитектур – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Архитектур" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%9D%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯌꯨꯝꯁꯥꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯌꯨꯝꯁꯥꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="वास्तुशास्त्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वास्तुशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seni_bina" title="Seni bina – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Seni bina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitettura" title="Arkitettura – Malta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Arkitettura" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Malta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitetura" title="Arquitetura – Miranda" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Arquitetura" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Miranda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC" title="ဗိသုကာပညာ – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗိသုကာပညာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architettura" title="Architettura – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Architettura" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architektuur" title="Architektuur – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Architektuur" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouwkeunst" title="Bouwkeunst – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Bouwkeunst" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0" title="आर्किटेक्चर – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="आर्किटेक्चर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectuur" title="Architectuur – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Architectuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitektur" title="Arkitektur – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Arkitektur" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitektur" title="Arkitektur – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Arkitektur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitekture" title="Arkitekture – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Arkitekture" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectuthe" title="Architectuthe – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Architectuthe" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura" title="Arquitectura – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Arquitectura" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhitektuuru" title="Arhitektuuru – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Arhitektuuru" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%C3%A6" title="Архитектурæ – Ossetia" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Архитектурæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਉਸਾਰੀ ਕਲਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉਸਾਰੀ ਕਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitekture" title="Arkitekture – Pangasina" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Arkitekture" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitectura" title="Arkitectura – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Arkitectura" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitecture" title="Arkitecture – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Arkitecture" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarkitekchur" title="Aarkitekchur – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Aarkitekchur" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architektura" title="Architektura – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Architektura" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architetura" title="Architetura – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Architetura" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="فن تعمیر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فن تعمیر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="معماري – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="معماري" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitetura" title="Arquitetura – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arquitetura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumaq_wasichay_kamay" title="Sumaq wasichay kamay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sumaq wasichay kamay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhitectur%C4%83" title="Arhitectură – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arhitectură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhitectur%C3%A2" title="Arhitecturâ – Aromania" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Arhitecturâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Архитектура – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Архитектура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Архітектура – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Архітектура" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="वास्तुशास्त्रम् – Sanskerta" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="वास्तुशास्त्रम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskerta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Архитектура – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Архитектура" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architetura" title="Architetura – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Architetura" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architittura" title="Architittura – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Architittura" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airchitectur" title="Airchitectur – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Airchitectur" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhitektura" title="Arhitektura – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Arhitektura" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%98%E0%B7%84_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AB_%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BA" title="ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Architecture" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architekt%C3%BAra" title="Architektúra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Architektúra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhitektura" title="Arhitektura – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Arhitektura" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvaki" title="Uvaki – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Uvaki" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitektura" title="Arkitektura – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Arkitektura" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Архитектура – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Архитектура" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baukunst" title="Baukunst – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Baukunst" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsit%C3%A9ktur" title="Arsitéktur – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Arsitéktur" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitektur" title="Arkitektur – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Arkitektur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usanifu_majengo" title="Usanifu majengo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Usanifu majengo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauk%C5%8Dnszt" title="Baukōnszt – Silesia" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Baukōnszt" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="கட்டடக்கலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கட்டடக்கலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A3_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="భవన నిర్మాణ శాస్త్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భవన నిర్మాణ శాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%8A%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Меъморӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Меъморӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" title="สถาปัตยกรรม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สถาปัตยกรรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitektura" title="Arkitektura – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Arkitektura" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memar%C9%99ti" title="Memarəti – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Memarəti" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimarl%C4%B1k" title="Mimarlık – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mimarlık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuaki" title="Vuaki – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Vuaki" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Архитектура – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Архитектура" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Архітектура – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Архітектура" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="فن تعمیر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فن تعمیر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%CA%BCmorlik" title="Meʼmorlik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Meʼmorlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architetura" title="Architetura – Venesia" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Architetura" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhitektur" title="Arhitektur – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Arhitektur" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%E1%BA%BFn_tr%C3%BAc" title="Kiến trúc – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kiến trúc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumav" title="Bumav – Volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Bumav" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitektura" title="Arkitektura – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Arkitektura" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E5%AD%B8" title="建築學 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="建築學" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyilo_lwezakhiwo" title="Uyilo lwezakhiwo – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Uyilo lwezakhiwo" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="არქიტექტურა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="არქიტექტურა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8" title="ארכיטעקטור – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ארכיטעקטור" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectuur" title="Architectuur – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Architectuur" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%99%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ – Tamazight Maroko Standar" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Tamazight Maroko Standar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E5%AD%A6" title="建筑学 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="建筑学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C3%A0n-tio%CC%8Dk-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Kiàn-tio̍k-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kiàn-tio̍k-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E5%AD%B8" title="建築學 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="建築學" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Arsitektur" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur&oldid=25430475" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a 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accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel ini bukan mengenai <a href="/wiki/Anarkisme" title="Anarkisme">Anarkisme</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Arkeologi" title="Arkeologi">Arkeologi</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:View_of_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_in_Florence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pemandangan kota Firenze menampilkan kubah Katedral Firenze yang mendominasi pemandangan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/View_of_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_in_Florence.jpg/320px-View_of_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_in_Florence.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/View_of_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_in_Florence.jpg/480px-View_of_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_in_Florence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/View_of_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_in_Florence.jpg/640px-View_of_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_in_Florence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Dalam menambahkan kubah ke <a href="/wiki/Katedral_Firenze" title="Katedral Firenze">Katedral Firenze</a> pada awal abad ke-15, arsitek <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi" title="Filippo Brunelleschi">Filippo Brunelleschi</a> tidak hanya mentransformasi bangunan dan kotanya namun juga peran dan status seorang <a href="/wiki/Arsitek" title="Arsitek">arsitek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Arsitektur</b>, <b>seni bina</b>, <b>seni bangun</b> atau <b>undaki</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Belanda" title="Bahasa Belanda">bahasa Belanda</a>: <span lang="nl"><i>architectuur</i></span>) adalah proses dan produk dari <a href="/wiki/Perencanaan" title="Perencanaan">perencanaan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perancangan" class="mw-redirect" title="Perancangan">perancangan</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Konstruksi" title="Konstruksi">konstruksi</a> <a href="/wiki/Bangunan" title="Bangunan">bangunan</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Struktur" title="Struktur">struktur</a> lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karya arsitektur, dalam bentuk bangunan atau struktur, dianggap sebagai simbol kultural dan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Karya_seni" title="Karya seni">karya seni</a>. Peradaban-peradaban bersejarah terkadang diidentifikasikan melalui pencapaian-pencapaian arsitektur mereka yang masih bertahan.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Praktiknya yang dimulai pada <a href="/wiki/Prasejarah" title="Prasejarah">masa prasejarah</a> digunakan sebagai salah satu cara untuk mengekspresikan budaya pada tiap peradaban di semua <a href="/wiki/Benua" title="Benua">benua</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dengan alasan ini, arsitektur dianggap sebagai salah satu bentuk kesenian. Teks-teks mengenai arsitektur telah ditulis sejak zaman kuno. Teks paling tua tentang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teori_arsitektur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teori arsitektur (halaman belum tersedia)">teori arsitektur</a> adalah risalah dari abad ke-1 yang berjudul <i><a href="/wiki/De_architectura" class="mw-redirect" title="De architectura">De architectura</a></i> oleh arsitek <a href="/wiki/Romawi_Kuno" title="Romawi Kuno">romawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a>. Menurutnya, bangunan yang baik harus memiliki <i>firmitas</i> (kekuatan), <i>utilitas</i> (kegunaan), dan <i>venustas</i> (keindahan). Pada abad ke-19, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Sullivan" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Sullivan">Louis Sullivan</a> membuat pernyataan "<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Form_follows_function&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Form follows function (halaman belum tersedia)">form follows function</a></i>" yang memiliki arti "bentuk mengikuti fungsi". Pernyataan ini sering diasosiasikan sebagai konsep modern dari arsitektur. Unsur "fungsi" di sini tidak hanya mencakup kegunaan saja namun juga estetika, psikologis, dan dimensi kultural. Ide <a href="/wiki/Arsitektur_berkelanjutan" title="Arsitektur berkelanjutan">arsitektur berkelanjutan</a> mulai diperkenalkan pada akhir abad ke-20. </p><p>Selama bertahun-tahun, bidang konstruksi arsitektur telah berkembang mencakup segala hal mulai dari desain <a href="/wiki/Kapal" title="Kapal">kapal</a> hingga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dekorasi_interior&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dekorasi interior (halaman belum tersedia)">dekorasi interior</a>. </p><p>Arsitektur ialah ilmu seni <a href="/wiki/Teknik_Sipil" class="mw-redirect" title="Teknik Sipil">Teknik Sipil</a> atau praktik perancangan dan pembangunan struktur dan konstruksi bangunan. Dalam arti yang lebih luas, arsitektur dapat mencakup merancang dan membangun keseluruhan lingkungan binaan level makro, misalnya perencanaan kota, tidak hanya satu bangunan dan pelengkapnya saja. </p><p>Mangunwijaya dan Wastu Citra (1995, hlm. 12) mengungkapkan bahwa arsitektur berasal dari bahasa Yunani “archee” dan “tectoon”. Archee berarti yang asli, yang utama, yang awal. Sementara Tectoon berarti kokoh, tidak roboh atau stabil. Maka archeetectoon berarti orisinal dan kokoh. </p><p>Dari pengertian etimologi tersebut kita dapat menarik kesimpulan bahwa arsitektur setidaknya harus memenuhi dua kriteria, yaitu harus unik atau indah dan kuat. </p><p>Berbicara mengenai kretiria, Vitruvius (31 SM–700 Mujarrod Rasulullah SAW) seorang old master arsitek dalam buku Ten Books of Architecture mengatakan hal senada, bahwa ada tiga kriteria yang harus dipenuhi sebuah bangunan, yaitu: Firmitas (ketahanan), Utilitas (fungsi), Venustas (keindahan)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definisi">Definisi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Definisi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Definisi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arsitektur dapat berarti: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seni" title="Seni">Seni</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Ilmu" title="Ilmu">ilmu</a> merancang serta membuat konstruksi bangunan, <a href="/wiki/Jembatan" title="Jembatan">jembatan</a>, dan sebagainya.<sup id="cite_ref-KBBI_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KBBI-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Metode dan gaya rancangan suatu konstruksi bangunan.<sup id="cite_ref-KBBI_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KBBI-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Aktivitas merancang seorang <a href="/wiki/Arsitek" title="Arsitek">arsitek</a>, mulai dari level makro (<a href="/wiki/Perencanaan_kota" class="mw-redirect" title="Perencanaan kota">perencanaan kota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsitektur_lanskap" title="Arsitektur lanskap">arsitektur lanskap</a>) hingga ke level mikro (detail konstruksi dan furnitur). Praktik arsitek, di mana arsitektur berarti menawarkan atau memberikan layanan profesional sehubungan dengan desain dan konstruksi bangunan, atau lingkungan binaan.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teori_arsitektur">Teori arsitektur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Teori arsitektur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Teori arsitektur"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teori_arsitektur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teori arsitektur (halaman belum tersedia)">Teori arsitektur</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofi_arsitektur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filosofi arsitektur (halaman belum tersedia)">Filosofi arsitektur</a></div> <p>Pentingnya <a href="/wiki/Teori" title="Teori">teori</a> untuk menjadi Referensi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Praktik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Praktik (halaman belum tersedia)">praktik</a> tidak boleh terlalu ditekankan, meskipun banyak <a href="/wiki/Arsitek" title="Arsitek">arsitek</a> mengabaikan teori sama sekali. <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a> berujar: "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Praktik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Praktik (halaman belum tersedia)">praktik</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Teori" title="Teori">teori</a> adalah akar arsitektur. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Praktik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Praktik (halaman belum tersedia)">Praktik</a> adalah perenungan yang berkelanjutan terhadap pelaksanaan sebuah <a href="/wiki/Proyek" title="Proyek">proyek</a> atau pengerjaannya dengan tangan, dalam proses konversi bahan <a href="/wiki/Bangunan" title="Bangunan">bangunan</a> dengan cara yang terbaik. Teori adalah hasil pemikiran beralasan yang menjelaskan proses konversi bahan <a href="/wiki/Bangunan" title="Bangunan">bangunan</a> menjadi hasil akhir sebagai jawaban terhadap suatu persoalan. Seorang arsitek yang berpraktik tanpa dasar teori tidak dapat menjelaskan alasan dan dasar mengenai bentuk-bentuk yang dia pilih. Sementara arsitek yang berteori tanpa berpraktik hanya berpegang kepada "bayangan" dan bukannya substansi. Seorang arsitek yang berpegang pada teori dan praktik, ia memiliki senjata ganda. Ia dapat membuktikan kebenaran hasil rancangannya dan juga dapat mewujudkannya dalam pelaksanaan". Ini semua tidak lepas dari konsep pemikiran dasar bahwa kekuatan utama pada setiap Arsitek secara ideal terletak dalam kekuatan idea. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_arsitektur" title="Sejarah arsitektur">Sejarah arsitektur</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asal_dan_arsitektur_vernakular">Asal dan arsitektur vernakular</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Asal dan arsitektur vernakular" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Asal dan arsitektur vernakular"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Arsitektur_vernakular" title="Arsitektur vernakular">Arsitektur vernakular</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Yola_hut_-Tagoat_Co._Wexford.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gubuk Yola di Irlandia"><img alt="Gubuk Yola di Irlandia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Yola_hut_-Tagoat_Co._Wexford.JPG/240px-Yola_hut_-Tagoat_Co._Wexford.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Yola_hut_-Tagoat_Co._Wexford.JPG/360px-Yola_hut_-Tagoat_Co._Wexford.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Yola_hut_-Tagoat_Co._Wexford.JPG/480px-Yola_hut_-Tagoat_Co._Wexford.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gubuk Yola di <a href="/wiki/Irlandia" class="mw-redirect" title="Irlandia">Irlandia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Lesotho_Slide_Show_(294).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Rondavel batu di Lesotho"><img alt="Rondavel batu di Lesotho" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Lesotho_Slide_Show_%28294%29.JPG/270px-Lesotho_Slide_Show_%28294%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Lesotho_Slide_Show_%28294%29.JPG/405px-Lesotho_Slide_Show_%28294%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Lesotho_Slide_Show_%28294%29.JPG/540px-Lesotho_Slide_Show_%28294%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rondavel batu di <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Istano_Pagaruyuang.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rumah Gadang di Sumatera Barat, Indonesia"><img alt="Rumah Gadang di Sumatera Barat, Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Istano_Pagaruyuang.jpg/270px-Istano_Pagaruyuang.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Istano_Pagaruyuang.jpg/405px-Istano_Pagaruyuang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Istano_Pagaruyuang.jpg/540px-Istano_Pagaruyuang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7128" data-file-height="4757" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rumah_Gadang" title="Rumah Gadang">Rumah Gadang</a> di <a href="/wiki/Sumatera_Barat" title="Sumatera Barat">Sumatera Barat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Muzeul_Satului_Bucuresti_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rumah petani di Museum Desa Nasional Dimitrie Gusti, Bukares, Rumania"><img alt="Rumah petani di Museum Desa Nasional Dimitrie Gusti, Bukares, Rumania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Muzeul_Satului_Bucuresti_02.jpg/240px-Muzeul_Satului_Bucuresti_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Muzeul_Satului_Bucuresti_02.jpg/360px-Muzeul_Satului_Bucuresti_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Muzeul_Satului_Bucuresti_02.jpg/480px-Muzeul_Satului_Bucuresti_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rumah petani di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum_Desa_Nasional_Dimitrie_Gusti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Museum Desa Nasional Dimitrie Gusti (halaman belum tersedia)">Museum Desa Nasional Dimitrie Gusti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bukares" title="Bukares">Bukares</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rumania" title="Rumania">Rumania</a></div> </li> </ul> <p>Bangunan berkembang dari dinamika antara kebutuhan (tempat tinggal, keamanan, ibadah, dll.) dengan sarana (<a href="/wiki/Bahan_bangunan" title="Bahan bangunan">bahan bangunan</a> yang tersedia dan keterampilan yang menyertainya). Ketika budaya manusia berkembang dan pengetahuan mulai diformalkan melalui tradisi dan praktik lisan, bangunan menjadi <a href="/wiki/Kerajinan" title="Kerajinan">kerajinan</a> dan "arsitektur" adalah nama yang diberikan untuk kerajinan tersebut. Keberhasilan arsitektur diasumsikan sebagai produk dari proses percobaan dan replikasi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arsitektur_prasejarah">Arsitektur prasejarah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Arsitektur prasejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Arsitektur prasejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe,_Urfa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Göbekli Tepe di Turki"><img alt="Göbekli Tepe di Turki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe%2C_Urfa.jpg/271px-G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe%2C_Urfa.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe%2C_Urfa.jpg/407px-G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe%2C_Urfa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe%2C_Urfa.jpg/542px-G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe%2C_Urfa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a> di <a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Cucuteni_MNIR_IMG_7622.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Miniatur rumah Cucuteni-Trypillian, penuh dengan bejana keramik"><img alt="Miniatur rumah Cucuteni-Trypillian, penuh dengan bejana keramik" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Cucuteni_MNIR_IMG_7622.JPG/270px-Cucuteni_MNIR_IMG_7622.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Cucuteni_MNIR_IMG_7622.JPG/405px-Cucuteni_MNIR_IMG_7622.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Cucuteni_MNIR_IMG_7622.JPG/540px-Cucuteni_MNIR_IMG_7622.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Miniatur rumah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Budaya_Cucuteni-Trypillian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Budaya Cucuteni-Trypillian (halaman belum tersedia)">Cucuteni-Trypillian</a>, penuh dengan bejana keramik</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Orkney_Skara_Brae.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hunian neolitik, Skara Brae, di Mainland, Orkney, Skotlandia"><img alt="Hunian neolitik, Skara Brae, di Mainland, Orkney, Skotlandia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Orkney_Skara_Brae.jpg/270px-Orkney_Skara_Brae.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Orkney_Skara_Brae.jpg/406px-Orkney_Skara_Brae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Orkney_Skara_Brae.jpg/541px-Orkney_Skara_Brae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hunian <a href="/wiki/Neolitik" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolitik">neolitik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skara_Brae" title="Skara Brae">Skara Brae</a>, di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mainland,_Orkney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mainland, Orkney (halaman belum tersedia)">Mainland, Orkney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skotlandia" title="Skotlandia">Skotlandia</a></div> </li> </ul> <p>Pemukiman manusia purba sebagian besar merupakan <a href="/wiki/Pedesaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedesaan">pedesaan</a>. Kemajuan ekonomi mengakibatkan terciptanya <a href="/wiki/Kawasan_perkotaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawasan perkotaan">kawasan perkotaan</a> yang dalam beberapa kasus tumbuh dan berkembang sangat pesat, seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Çatalhöyük (halaman belum tersedia)">Çatalhöyük</a> di <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Peradaban_Lembah_Sungai_Indus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus">Peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus</a> di <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_situs_arkeologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar situs arkeologi (halaman belum tersedia)">Pemukiman dan "kota"</a> neolitik lainnya adalah <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a> di <a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yerikho" title="Yerikho">Yerikho</a> di Levant, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehrgarh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehrgarh (halaman belum tersedia)">Mehrgarh</a> di Pakistan, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Knap_of_Howar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Knap of Howar (halaman belum tersedia)">Knap of Howar</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Skara_Brae" title="Skara Brae">Skara Brae</a> di <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Orkney" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepulauan Orkney">Kepulauan Orkney</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skotlandia_Prasejarah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skotlandia Prasejarah (halaman belum tersedia)">Skotlandia</a>, dan pemukiman <a href="/w/index.php?title=Budaya_Cucuteni-Trypillian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Budaya Cucuteni-Trypillian (halaman belum tersedia)">budaya Cucuteni-Trypillian</a> di <a href="/wiki/Rumania" title="Rumania">Rumania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina">Ukraina</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arsitektur_kuno">Arsitektur kuno</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Arsitektur kuno" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Arsitektur kuno"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Ishtar_gate_in_Pergamon_museum_in_Berlin..jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arsitektur Mesopotamia: Rekonstruksi dari Gerbang Ishtar di Museum Pergamon (Berlin, Jerman), sekitar 575 SM"><img alt="Arsitektur Mesopotamia: Rekonstruksi dari Gerbang Ishtar di Museum Pergamon (Berlin, Jerman), sekitar 575 SM" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ishtar_gate_in_Pergamon_museum_in_Berlin..jpg/253px-Ishtar_gate_in_Pergamon_museum_in_Berlin..jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ishtar_gate_in_Pergamon_museum_in_Berlin..jpg/379px-Ishtar_gate_in_Pergamon_museum_in_Berlin..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ishtar_gate_in_Pergamon_museum_in_Berlin..jpg/505px-Ishtar_gate_in_Pergamon_museum_in_Berlin..jpg 2x" data-file-width="9488" data-file-height="6768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur_Mesopotamia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsitektur Mesopotamia (halaman belum tersedia)">Arsitektur Mesopotamia</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rekonstruksi_(arsitektur)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rekonstruksi (arsitektur) (halaman belum tersedia)">Rekonstruksi</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Gerbang_Ishtar" title="Gerbang Ishtar">Gerbang Ishtar</a> di <a href="/wiki/Museum_Pergamon" title="Museum Pergamon">Museum Pergamon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman">Jerman</a>), sekitar 575 SM</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 197.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Kheops-Pyramid.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arsitektur Mesir Kuno: Piramida Agung Giza (Giza, Mesir), sekitar 2589-2566 SM oleh Hemiunu"><img alt="Arsitektur Mesir Kuno: Piramida Agung Giza (Giza, Mesir), sekitar 2589-2566 SM oleh Hemiunu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/293px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/440px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/586px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1581" data-file-height="971" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Arsitektur_Mesir_Kuno" title="Arsitektur Mesir Kuno">Arsitektur Mesir Kuno</a>: <a href="/wiki/Piramida_Agung_Giza" title="Piramida Agung Giza">Piramida Agung Giza</a> (<a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesir" title="Mesir">Mesir</a>), sekitar 2589-2566 SM oleh <a href="/wiki/Hemiunu" title="Hemiunu">Hemiunu</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Parthenon_(30276156187).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arsitektur Yunani Kuno: Parthenon di Akropolis Athena, terbuat dari marmer dan batu kapur, 460-406 SM"><img alt="Arsitektur Yunani Kuno: Parthenon di Akropolis Athena, terbuat dari marmer dan batu kapur, 460-406 SM" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Parthenon_%2830276156187%29.jpg/270px-Parthenon_%2830276156187%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Parthenon_%2830276156187%29.jpg/405px-Parthenon_%2830276156187%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Parthenon_%2830276156187%29.jpg/540px-Parthenon_%2830276156187%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8256" data-file-height="5504" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Arsitektur_Yunani_Kuno" title="Arsitektur Yunani Kuno">Arsitektur Yunani Kuno</a>: <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a> di <a href="/wiki/Akropolis_Athena" title="Akropolis Athena">Akropolis Athena</a>, terbuat dari marmer dan batu kapur, 460-406 SM</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 173.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 171.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Maison_Carree_in_Nimes_(16).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arsitektur Romawi Kuno: Maison Carrée di Nîmes, Prancis, salah satu kuil Romawi yang paling terpelihara, sekitar 2 SM"><img alt="Arsitektur Romawi Kuno: Maison Carrée di Nîmes, Prancis, salah satu kuil Romawi yang paling terpelihara, sekitar 2 SM" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Maison_Carree_in_Nimes_%2816%29.jpg/257px-Maison_Carree_in_Nimes_%2816%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Maison_Carree_in_Nimes_%2816%29.jpg/385px-Maison_Carree_in_Nimes_%2816%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Maison_Carree_in_Nimes_%2816%29.jpg/513px-Maison_Carree_in_Nimes_%2816%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4626" data-file-height="3248" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Arsitektur_Romawi_Kuno" title="Arsitektur Romawi Kuno">Arsitektur Romawi Kuno</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maison_Carr%C3%A9e" title="Maison Carrée">Maison Carrée</a> di <a href="/wiki/N%C3%AEmes" title="Nîmes">Nîmes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis">Prancis</a>, salah satu kuil Romawi yang paling terpelihara, sekitar 2 SM</div> </li> </ul> <p>Di banyak peradaban kuno seperti peradaban di <a href="/wiki/Mesir_Kuno" title="Mesir Kuno">Mesir</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, arsitektur dan <a href="/wiki/Urbanisme" title="Urbanisme">urbanisme</a> mencerminkan keterlibatan terus-menerus dengan unsur ilahi dan <a href="/wiki/Supranatural" class="mw-redirect" title="Supranatural">supranatural</a>. Ada banyak budaya kuno yang menggunakan monumentalitas dalam arsitektur untuk mewakili secara simbolis kekuatan politik penguasa, elit penguasa, atau negara itu sendiri. </p><p>Arsitektur dan urbanisme <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Klasik" title="Zaman Klasik">Peradaban Klasik</a>, seperti <a href="/wiki/Yunani_Kuno" title="Yunani Kuno">bangsa Yunani</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Romawi_Kuno" title="Romawi Kuno">bangsa Romawi</a>, berkembang dari cita-cita sipil, bukan agama atau empiris, dan membuat jenis bangunan baru bermunculan. “Gaya” arsitektur berkembang dalam bentuk <a href="/wiki/Ordo_klasik_(arsitektur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordo klasik (arsitektur)">tatanan Klasik</a>. Arsitektur Romawi dipengaruhi oleh arsitektur Yunani karena mereka memasukkan banyak elemen Yunani ke dalam praktik bangunan mereka.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Teks tentang arsitektur telah ditulis sejak zaman kuno. Teks-teks ini memberikan nasihat umum dan resep atau kanon formal khusus. Beberapa contoh kanon ditemukan dalam tulisan-tulisan Arsitek Romawi abad ke-1 SM, <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a> </p><p>Arsitektur berkembang dalam ruang nyata, ada di dalam kehidupan masyarakat. Sama halnya dengan ilmu-ilmu lain, selalu memiliki keadaan yang terkait dengan dinamika kehidupan masyarakat. Berarti ada hubungan imbal balik antara arsitektur dengan kehidupan masyarakat. Saling mempengaruhi antar kedua belah pihak. Dengan demikian, arsitektur disatu waktu dapat menjadi obyek sementara dilain waktu juga dapat menjadi subyek atas hubungan imbal balik itu. Sebagai subyek, seringkali arsitektur memiliki peran menentukan perubahan pada masyarakat, sementara jika ditinjau sebagai obyek, arsitektur yang muncul terkait erat dengan kemajuan peradaban manusia di mana pemahaman teknologi bahan bangunan menjadi salah satu aspek yang mempengaruhi perwujudan bangunan ataupun penataan ruang luar dengan eskalasi tertentu.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arsitektur_Asia">Arsitektur Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Arsitektur Asia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Arsitektur Asia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 158.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Beauty_of_khajuraho_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arsitektur India: Kuil Kandariya Mahadewa (Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India), sekitar 1030"><img alt="Arsitektur India: Kuil Kandariya Mahadewa (Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India), sekitar 1030" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Beauty_of_khajuraho_temple.jpg/238px-Beauty_of_khajuraho_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Beauty_of_khajuraho_temple.jpg/356px-Beauty_of_khajuraho_temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Beauty_of_khajuraho_temple.jpg/475px-Beauty_of_khajuraho_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3601" data-file-height="2730" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Arsitektur_India" title="Arsitektur India">Arsitektur India</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kuil_Kandariya_Mahadewa" title="Kuil Kandariya Mahadewa">Kuil Kandariya Mahadewa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khajuraho" title="Khajuraho">Khajuraho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>), sekitar 1030</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:11_Temple_of_Heaven.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arsitektur Tionghoa: The Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests, bangunan utama dari Tian Tan (Beijing, Tiongkok), 1703-1790"><img alt="Arsitektur Tionghoa: The Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests, bangunan utama dari Tian Tan (Beijing, Tiongkok), 1703-1790" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/11_Temple_of_Heaven.jpg/270px-11_Temple_of_Heaven.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/11_Temple_of_Heaven.jpg/405px-11_Temple_of_Heaven.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/11_Temple_of_Heaven.jpg/540px-11_Temple_of_Heaven.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2432" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Arsitektur_Tiongkok" title="Arsitektur Tiongkok">Arsitektur Tionghoa</a>: <i>The Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests</i>, bangunan utama dari <a href="/wiki/Tian_Tan" title="Tian Tan">Tian Tan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiongkok" title="Tiongkok">Tiongkok</a>), 1703-1790</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Himeji_Castle_The_Keep_Towers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arsitektur Jepang: Istana Himeji (Himeji, Prefektur Hyōgo, Jepang), 1609"><img alt="Arsitektur Jepang: Istana Himeji (Himeji, Prefektur Hyōgo, Jepang), 1609" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Himeji_Castle_The_Keep_Towers.jpg/240px-Himeji_Castle_The_Keep_Towers.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Himeji_Castle_The_Keep_Towers.jpg/360px-Himeji_Castle_The_Keep_Towers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Himeji_Castle_The_Keep_Towers.jpg/480px-Himeji_Castle_The_Keep_Towers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Arsitektur_Jepang" title="Arsitektur Jepang">Arsitektur Jepang</a>: <a href="/wiki/Istana_Himeji" title="Istana Himeji">Istana Himeji</a> (<a href="/wiki/Himeji" class="mw-redirect" title="Himeji">Himeji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prefektur_Hy%C5%8Dgo" title="Prefektur Hyōgo">Prefektur Hyōgo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jepang" title="Jepang">Jepang</a>), 1609</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Roulos_Group_-_005_Bakong_(8587796725).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arsitektur Khmer: Bakong (dekat Siem Reap, Kamboja), Kuil Gunung paling awal yang masih ada di Angkor, selesai pada tahun 881 M"><img alt="Arsitektur Khmer: Bakong (dekat Siem Reap, Kamboja), Kuil Gunung paling awal yang masih ada di Angkor, selesai pada tahun 881 M" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Roulos_Group_-_005_Bakong_%288587796725%29.jpg/240px-Roulos_Group_-_005_Bakong_%288587796725%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Roulos_Group_-_005_Bakong_%288587796725%29.jpg/360px-Roulos_Group_-_005_Bakong_%288587796725%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Roulos_Group_-_005_Bakong_%288587796725%29.jpg/480px-Roulos_Group_-_005_Bakong_%288587796725%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Arsitektur_Khmer" title="Arsitektur Khmer">Arsitektur Khmer</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bakong" title="Bakong">Bakong</a> (dekat <a href="/wiki/Siem_Reap" title="Siem Reap">Siem Reap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamboja" title="Kamboja">Kamboja</a>), Kuil Gunung paling awal yang masih ada di Angkor, selesai pada tahun 881 M</div> </li> </ul> <p>Arsitektur dari berbagai bagian <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> berkembang mengikuti garis yang berbeda dari Eropa; Arsitektur Buddhis, Hindu, dan Sikh masing-masing memiliki karakteristik yang berbeda. Arsitektur <a href="/wiki/Arsitektur_India" title="Arsitektur India">India</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Arsitektur_Tiongkok" title="Arsitektur Tiongkok">Tionghoa</a> memiliki pengaruh besar terhadap daerah sekitarnya, sedangkan <a href="/wiki/Arsitektur_Jepang" title="Arsitektur Jepang">arsitektur Jepang</a> tidak. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur_Buddhis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsitektur Buddhis (halaman belum tersedia)">Arsitektur Buddhis</a>, khususnya, menunjukkan keragaman regional yang besar. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur_candi_Hindu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsitektur candi Hindu (halaman belum tersedia)">Arsitektur candi Hindu</a> yang berkembang dari sekitar abad ke-5 M secara teori diatur oleh konsep-konsep yang ditetapkan dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shastra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shastra (halaman belum tersedia)">Shastra</a>, dan berkaitan dengan pengungkapan makrokosmos dan mikrokosmos. Di banyak negara Asia, agama panteistik mengarah pada bentuk arsitektur yang dirancang khusus untuk meningkatkan <a href="/wiki/Lanskap_alami" title="Lanskap alami">lanskap alami</a>. </p><p>Di banyak bagian Asia, rumah-rumah, bahkan yang termegah sekalipun, terkadang memiliki struktur yang relatif ringan karena masih menggunakan kayu hingga saat ini. Oleh karena itu, hanya ada sedikit struktur yang bertahan hidup hingga usia yang besar. Buddhisme diasosiasikan dengan perpindahan ke struktur keagamaan batu dan bata, kemungkinan dimulai sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur_potongan_batu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsitektur potongan batu (halaman belum tersedia)">arsitektur potongan batu</a>, yang bertahan dengan sangat baik. </p><p>Tulisan-tulisan awal dari Asia mengenai arsitektur termasuk <i>Kao Gong Ji</i> dari Tiongkok abad ke-7 hingga ke-5 SM; <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilpa_Shastra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shilpa Shastra (halaman belum tersedia)">Shilpa Shastra</a></i> dari India kuno; <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manjusri_Vasthu_Vidya_Sastra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra (halaman belum tersedia)">Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra</a></i> dari <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Araniko" title="Araniko">Araniko</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arsitektur_Islam">Arsitektur Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Arsitektur Islam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Arsitektur Islam"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Arsitektur_Islam" title="Arsitektur Islam">Arsitektur Islam</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 183.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 181.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:C%C3%B3rdoba_(5157827355).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arsitektur Moor: Lengkungan-lengkungan agung Masjid–Katedral Kordoba (Córdoba, Spanyol)"><img alt="Arsitektur Moor: Lengkungan-lengkungan agung Masjid–Katedral Kordoba (Córdoba, Spanyol)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/C%C3%B3rdoba_%285157827355%29.jpg/272px-C%C3%B3rdoba_%285157827355%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/C%C3%B3rdoba_%285157827355%29.jpg/407px-C%C3%B3rdoba_%285157827355%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/C%C3%B3rdoba_%285157827355%29.jpg/543px-C%C3%B3rdoba_%285157827355%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4563" data-file-height="3026" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Arsitektur_Moor" title="Arsitektur Moor">Arsitektur Moor</a>: Lengkungan-lengkungan agung <a href="/wiki/Masjid%E2%80%93Katedral_Kordoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Masjid–Katedral Kordoba">Masjid–Katedral Kordoba</a> (<a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spanyol" class="mw-redirect" title="Córdoba, Spanyol">Córdoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanyol" title="Spanyol">Spanyol</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:20180301124354_IMG_4179And6more_Interior_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arsitektur Persia: Masjid Jami di Isfahan (Iran)"><img alt="Arsitektur Persia: Masjid Jami di Isfahan (Iran)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/20180301124354_IMG_4179And6more_Interior_3.jpg/270px-20180301124354_IMG_4179And6more_Interior_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/20180301124354_IMG_4179And6more_Interior_3.jpg/406px-20180301124354_IMG_4179And6more_Interior_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/20180301124354_IMG_4179And6more_Interior_3.jpg/541px-20180301124354_IMG_4179And6more_Interior_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5975" data-file-height="3980" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur_Persia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsitektur Persia (halaman belum tersedia)">Arsitektur Persia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Masjid_Jami_Isfahan" title="Masjid Jami Isfahan">Masjid Jami</a> di <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Badshahi_Mosque_July_1_2005_pic32_by_Ali_Imran_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arsitektur Mughal: Masjid Badshahi di Lahore (Pakistan)"><img alt="Arsitektur Mughal: Masjid Badshahi di Lahore (Pakistan)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Badshahi_Mosque_July_1_2005_pic32_by_Ali_Imran_%281%29.jpg/270px-Badshahi_Mosque_July_1_2005_pic32_by_Ali_Imran_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Badshahi_Mosque_July_1_2005_pic32_by_Ali_Imran_%281%29.jpg/405px-Badshahi_Mosque_July_1_2005_pic32_by_Ali_Imran_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Badshahi_Mosque_July_1_2005_pic32_by_Ali_Imran_%281%29.jpg/540px-Badshahi_Mosque_July_1_2005_pic32_by_Ali_Imran_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2270" data-file-height="1514" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Arsitektur_Mughal" title="Arsitektur Mughal">Arsitektur Mughal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Masjid_Badshahi" title="Masjid Badshahi">Masjid Badshahi</a> di <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Selimiye_Mosque,_Dome.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arsitektur Ottoman: Tampak interior kubah utama Masjid Selimiye di Edirne (Turki)"><img alt="Arsitektur Ottoman: Tampak interior kubah utama Masjid Selimiye di Edirne (Turki)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Selimiye_Mosque%2C_Dome.jpg/270px-Selimiye_Mosque%2C_Dome.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Selimiye_Mosque%2C_Dome.jpg/405px-Selimiye_Mosque%2C_Dome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Selimiye_Mosque%2C_Dome.jpg/540px-Selimiye_Mosque%2C_Dome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Arsitektur_Ottoman" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsitektur Ottoman">Arsitektur Ottoman</a>: Tampak interior kubah utama <a href="/wiki/Masjid_Selimiye_(Edirne)" class="mw-redirect" title="Masjid Selimiye (Edirne)">Masjid Selimiye</a> di <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a>) </div> </li> </ul> <p>Arsitektur Islam dimulai pada abad ke-7 M, menggabungkan bentuk arsitektur dari <a href="/wiki/Timur_Tengah" title="Timur Tengah">Timur Tengah</a> kuno dan <a href="/wiki/Bizantium" class="mw-redirect" title="Bizantium">Bizantium</a>, tetapi juga mengembangkan fitur yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan agama dan sosial masyarakat. Contohnya dapat ditemukan di seluruh Timur Tengah, Turki, Afrika Utara, Sub-benua India dan di beberapa bagian Eropa, seperti Spanyol, Albania, dan Negara-negara Balkan, sebagai akibat dari ekspansi <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Ottoman" class="mw-redirect" title="Kekaisaran Ottoman">Kekaisaran Ottoman</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-metmuseum.org-ottoman-europe_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metmuseum.org-ottoman-europe-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brill.com-book-Lory_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brill.com-book-Lory-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jenis">Jenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Jenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Jenis"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arsitektur_aerodinamis">Arsitektur aerodinamis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Arsitektur aerodinamis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Arsitektur aerodinamis"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Arsitektur_aerodinamis" title="Arsitektur aerodinamis">Arsitektur aerodinamis</a> merupakan jenis arsitektur yang mampu memanfaatkan aliran <a href="/wiki/Udara" title="Udara">udara</a> untuk menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Kenyamanan_termal" title="Kenyamanan termal">kenyamanan termal</a> yang sesuai untuk suatu bangunan. Aliran udara dimanfaatkan baik secara langsung melalui <a href="/wiki/Lingkungan" title="Lingkungan">lingkungan</a> maupun melalui tata ruang di dalam bangunan. Arsitektur aerodinamis juga dapat dihasilkan melalui pengaturan penggunaan bahan bangunan, perlindungan dari <a href="/wiki/Sinar_matahari" title="Sinar matahari">sinar matahari</a> secara langsung, atau melalui <a href="/wiki/Redoks" title="Redoks">reduksi</a> hasil pendinginan aktif. Aliran udara berperan sebagai pendinginan pasif bagi struktur bangunan serta mengeluarkan udara <a href="/wiki/Panas" title="Panas">panas</a> yang membawa <a href="/wiki/Pencemaran" title="Pencemaran">polusi</a> dan mempercepat <a href="/wiki/Penguapan" title="Penguapan">penguapan</a>. Bangunan yang menerapkan arsitektur aerodinamis mempunyai efek sejuk dalam hal <a href="/wiki/Fisiologi" title="Fisiologi">fisiologi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Psikologi" title="Psikologi">psikologi</a>. Proses pendinginan pasif pada arsitektur aeordinamis memanfaatkan prinsip <a href="/wiki/Konveksi" title="Konveksi">konveksi</a> maupun <a href="/wiki/Konduksi_panas" title="Konduksi panas">konduksi</a> sinar matahari ke ruangan atau lingkungan lain.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arsitektur_bioklimatik">Arsitektur bioklimatik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Arsitektur bioklimatik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Arsitektur bioklimatik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Arsitektur_bioklimatik" title="Arsitektur bioklimatik">Arsitektur bioklimatik</a> merupakan jenis arsitektur yang melakukan perancangan bangunan berdasarkan pada hubungan antara bentuk bangunan, lingkungan dan <a href="/wiki/Iklim" title="Iklim">iklim</a>. Prinsip dasar dari arsitektur bioklimatik adalah penggunaan <a href="/wiki/Desain_pasif_surya" title="Desain pasif surya">desain pasif surya</a> dan bioklimatik yang <a href="/wiki/Hemat_energi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemat energi">hemat energi</a> melalui penggunaan <a href="/wiki/Energi" title="Energi">energi</a> alami yang berasal dari lingkungan di sekitar bangunan. Arsitektur bioklimatik mengutamakan kondisi kenyamanan bagi penghuni atau pemakai bangunan. <a href="/wiki/Konsep" title="Konsep">Konsep</a> bioklimatik pada arsitektur pertama kali diperkenalkan pada tahun 1950 oleh Olygay. Penerapan praktis dari arsitektur bioklimatik barumulai digunakan pada tahun 1963. Pada arsitektur bioklimatik, <a href="/wiki/Suhu" title="Suhu">suhu</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kelembapan" title="Kelembapan">kelembapan</a> menjadi tolok ukur dalam menentukan tingkat kenyamanan pemakaian bangunan. Pengembangan konsep arsitektur bioklimatik merupakan akibat dari <a href="/wiki/Krisis_energi" title="Krisis energi">krisis energi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Perubahan_iklim" title="Perubahan iklim">perubahan iklim</a> yang membuat <a href="/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia">manusia</a> memerlukan <a href="/wiki/Teknologi" title="Teknologi">teknologi</a> arsitektur yang hemat energi dan mampu menyesuaikan diri dengan kondisi lingkungan yang berubah-ubah.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arsitektur_tropis">Arsitektur tropis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Arsitektur tropis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Arsitektur tropis"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arsitektur tropis merupakan jenis arsitektur yang sesuai diterapkan pada lingkungan yang memiliki <a href="/wiki/Tropika" title="Tropika">iklim tropis</a>. Jenis arsitektur tropis terbagi menjadi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur_tropis_lembap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsitektur tropis lembap (halaman belum tersedia)">arsitektur tropis lembap</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur_tropis_kering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsitektur tropis kering (halaman belum tersedia)">arsitektur tropis kering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada arsitektur tropis, kenyamanan bangunan ditentukan oleh kondisi bangunan dan kondisi lingkungan di sekitar bangunan. Dari segi kondisi bangunan, struktur dan letak bangunan serta <a href="/wiki/Bahan_bangunan" title="Bahan bangunan">bahan bangunan</a> menjadi faktor utama terhadap kenyamanan pemakaian arsitektur tropis. Sementara itu, suhu ruangan, <a href="/wiki/Kelembapan_relatif" title="Kelembapan relatif">kelembapan relatif</a>, dan pergerakan udara menjadi faktor penentu dari segi lingkungan yang termasuk ke dalam <a href="/wiki/Kenyamanan_termal" title="Kenyamanan termal">kenyamanan termal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arsitektur tropis merupakan bentuk penyesuaian bangunan dengan iklim tropis. Lingkungan yang sesuai untuk membuat arsitektur tropis ialah lingkungan yang selalu terkena <a href="/wiki/Sinar_matahari" title="Sinar matahari">sinar matahari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presipitasi_(meteorologi)" title="Presipitasi (meteorologi)">curah hujan</a> yang banyak dan kelembapan yang tinggi. Penerapan arsitektur tropis juga pada tempat-tempat yang dekat dengan <a href="/wiki/Alam" title="Alam">alam</a>. Contoh penerapan arsitektur tropis secara tradisional adalah pada <a href="/wiki/Rumah_tradisional" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumah tradisional">rumah-rumah tradisional</a> yang ada di <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. Bahan bangunan yang digunakan sebagian besar diperoleh dari <a href="/wiki/Sumber_daya_alam" title="Sumber daya alam">sumber daya alam</a> di sekitar tempat bangunan didirikan. Sedangkan arsitektur tropis modern lebih mengutamakan perancangan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pencahayaan_alami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pencahayaan alami (halaman belum tersedia)">pencahayaan alami</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Ventilasi_alami" title="Ventilasi alami">ventilasi alami</a> dengan tetap menggunakan bahan bangunan alami. Ciri utama dari arsitektur tropis adalah penggunaan <a href="/wiki/Pintu" title="Pintu">pintu</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Jendela" title="Jendela">jendela</a> yang berperan sebagai ventilasi alami. Ciri lain dari bangunan yang menerapkan arsitektur tropis ialah pembuatan <a href="/wiki/Langit-langit" title="Langit-langit">langit-langit</a> yang cukup tinggi yang umumnya mempunyai plafon yang rata dengan bagian <a href="/wiki/Atap" title="Atap">atap</a> tanpa ada <a href="/wiki/Loteng" title="Loteng">loteng</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22254620">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid #aaa 1px}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tright{margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul{display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalborder>ul{padding:0.1em;background:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li>span:first-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li>span:last-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}</style> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofi_arsitektur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filosofi arsitektur (halaman belum tersedia)">Filosofi arsitektur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekayasa_arsitektur" title="Rekayasa arsitektur">Rekayasa arsitektur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teknologi_arsitektur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teknologi arsitektur (halaman belum tersedia)">Teknologi arsitektur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Index_artikel_arsitektur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Index artikel arsitektur (halaman belum tersedia)">Index artikel arsitektur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garis_besar_arsitektur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garis besar arsitektur (halaman belum tersedia)">Garis besar arsitektur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lini_masa_arsitektur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lini masa arsitektur (halaman belum tersedia)">Lini masa arsitektur</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130401072804/http://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/itineraries/place/TheDomeOfSantaMariaFiore.html">"The Dome of Santa Maria del Fiore"</a> (dalam bahasa Inggris). Museo Galileo, Museum and Institute of History and Science. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/itineraries/place/TheDomeOfSantaMariaFiore.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 1 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">30 Januari</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dome+of+Santa+Maria+del+Fiore&rft.pub=Museo+Galileo%2C+Museum+and+Institute+of+History+and+Science&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrunelleschi.imss.fi.it%2Fitineraries%2Fplace%2FTheDomeOfSantaMariaFiore.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArsitektur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Fanelli, Giovanni (December 1980). "The Dome". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brunelleschi0000fane"><i>Brunelleschi</i></a> (dalam bahasa Inggris). Harper & Row. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brunelleschi0000fane/page/10">10</a>–41. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0935748016" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0935748016">0935748016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Dome&rft.btitle=Brunelleschi&rft.pages=10-41&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1980-12&rft.isbn=0935748016&rft.aulast=Fanelli&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrunelleschi0000fane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArsitektur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Stevens, Alan M. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.id/books?id=cF97F--suNAC&pg=PP4&dq=inauthor:+A.+Ed+Schmidgall+Tellings&hl=id&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiUlpfOoq2EAxVeUWwGHY5zD40Q6wF6BAgFEAU#v=snippet&q=Undaki&f=false"><i>A comprehensive Indonesian-English Dictionary</i></a> (dalam bahasa Inggris). PT Mizan Publika. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-979-433-387-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-979-433-387-7">978-979-433-387-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+comprehensive+Indonesian-English+Dictionary&rft.pub=PT+Mizan+Publika&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-979-433-387-7&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Alan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.id%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcF97F--suNAC%26pg%3DPP4%26dq%3Dinauthor%3A%2BA.%2BEd%2BSchmidgall%2BTellings%26hl%3Did%26newbks%3D1%26newbks_redir%3D0%26source%3Dgb_mobile_search%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D2ahUKEwiUlpfOoq2EAxVeUWwGHY5zD40Q6wF6BAgFEAU%23v%3Dsnippet%26q%3DUndaki%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArsitektur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/architecture">"architecture"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">27 Oktober</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=architecture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Farchitecture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArsitektur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Pace, Anthony (2004). "Tarxien". Dalam Daniel Cilia. <i>Malta before History–The World's Oldest Free Standing Stone Architecture</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). Miranda Publishers. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-9990985085" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-9990985085">978-9990985085</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tarxien&rft.btitle=Malta+before+History%E2%80%93The+World%27s+Oldest+Free+Standing+Stone+Architecture&rft.pub=Miranda+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-9990985085&rft.aulast=Pace&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArsitektur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apartmenttherapy.com/cultural-architecture-homes-36642082">"7 Things I Learned About "Home" from Talking to Architects on Every Continent"</a>. <i>Apartment Therapy</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 Desember</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Apartment+Therapy&rft.atitle=7+Things+I+Learned+About+%22Home%22+from+Talking+to+Architects+on+Every+Continent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apartmenttherapy.com%2Fcultural-architecture-homes-36642082&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArsitektur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://serupa.id/arsitektur-pengertian-fungsi-unsur-tugas-pendapat-ahli/">https://serupa.id/arsitektur-pengertian-fungsi-unsur-tugas-pendapat-ahli/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KBBI-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KBBI_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KBBI_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kbbi.web.id/arsitektur">"Arti kata arsitektur"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Kamus_Besar_Bahasa_Indonesia" title="Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia">Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">29 Agustus</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kamus+Besar+Bahasa+Indonesia&rft.atitle=Arti+kata+arsitektur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkbbi.web.id%2Farsitektur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArsitektur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721200353/http://www.gov.ns.ca/legislature/legc/bills/60th_1st/3rd_read/b115.htm">"Gov.ns.ca"</a> (dalam bahasa Inggris). Gov.ns.ca. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.ns.ca/legislature/legc/bills/60th_1st/3rd_read/b115.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 21 Juli 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2 Juli</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gov.ns.ca&rft.pub=Gov.ns.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.ns.ca%2Flegislature%2Flegc%2Fbills%2F60th_1st%2F3rd_read%2Fb115.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArsitektur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141014123040/http://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek-art/beginners-guide-greece/a/introduction-to-greek-architecture">"Introduction to Greek architecture"</a>. <i>Khan Academy</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek-art/beginners-guide-greece/a/introduction-to-greek-architecture">versi asli</a> tanggal 14 Oktober 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">23 Juni</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Khan+Academy&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Greek+architecture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khanacademy.org%2Fhumanities%2Fancient-art-civilizations%2Fgreek-art%2Fbeginners-guide-greece%2Fa%2Fintroduction-to-greek-architecture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArsitektur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://rasindonews.wordpress.com/2022/06/12/bahan-bangunan-dalam-peradaban-manusia-sebuah-tinjauan-dalam-sejarah-peradaban-manusia/">https://rasindonews.wordpress.com/2022/06/12/bahan-bangunan-dalam-peradaban-manusia-sebuah-tinjauan-dalam-sejarah-peradaban-manusia/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-metmuseum.org-ottoman-europe-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-metmuseum.org-ottoman-europe_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Marika Sardar (Oktober 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/otto3/hd_otto3.htm">"Essay: The Later Ottomans and the Impact of Europe"</a>. <i>www.metmuseum.org</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). The Met<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">12 Februari</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Essay%3A+The+Later+Ottomans+and+the+Impact+of+Europe&rft.date=2004-10&rft.au=Marika+Sardar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fotto3%2Fhd_otto3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArsitektur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brill.com-book-Lory-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brill.com-book-Lory_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lory, Bernard (1 Januari 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/configurable/contentpage/book$002fedcoll$002f9789004290365$002fB9789004290365_006.xml">"The Ottoman Legacy in the Balkans"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(html / pdf)</span>. <i>Entangled Histories of the Balkans - Volume Three</i>. <i>Entangled Histories of the Balkans - Volume Three</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). hlm. 355–405. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004290365_006">10.1163/9789004290365_006</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9789004290365" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9789004290365">9789004290365</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">12 Februari</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ottoman+Legacy+in+the+Balkans&rft.btitle=Entangled+Histories+of+the+Balkans+-+Volume+Three&rft.pages=355-405&rft.date=2015-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004290365_006&rft.isbn=9789004290365&rft.aulast=Lory&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fconfigurable%2Fcontentpage%2Fbook%24002fedcoll%24002f9789004290365%24002fB9789004290365_006.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArsitektur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kindangen, Jefrey I. (2017). <i>Pendinginan Pasif untuk Arsitektur Tropis Lembab</i>. Sleman: Deepublish. hlm. 4. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-602-401-925-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-602-401-925-9">978-602-401-925-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pendinginan+Pasif+untuk+Arsitektur+Tropis+Lembab&rft.place=Sleman&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Deepublish&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-602-401-925-9&rft.aulast=Kindangen&rft.aufirst=Jefrey+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArsitektur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Laloma, I., dkk. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907170209/https://temuilmiah.iplbi.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/TI2015-D-017-022-Optimalisasi-Energi-Surya-pada-Arsitektur-di-Daerah-Tropis-Lembab.pdf">"Optimalisasi Energi Surya pada Arsitektur di Daerah Tropis Lembab"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Prosiding Temu Ilmiah IPLBI 2015</i>: D018. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://temuilmiah.iplbi.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/TI2015-D-017-022-Optimalisasi-Energi-Surya-pada-Arsitektur-di-Daerah-Tropis-Lembab.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2021-09-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2021-09-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prosiding+Temu+Ilmiah+IPLBI+2015&rft.atitle=Optimalisasi+Energi+Surya+pada+Arsitektur+di+Daerah+Tropis+Lembab&rft.pages=D018&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Laloma%2C+I.%2C+dkk.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftemuilmiah.iplbi.or.id%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F11%2FTI2015-D-017-022-Optimalisasi-Energi-Surya-pada-Arsitektur-di-Daerah-Tropis-Lembab.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArsitektur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sari, L.H, Zahriah dan Zuhrina. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Pengaruh_Karakter_Arsitektur_Tropis_Pada/qSC_DwAAQBAJ?hl=id&gbpv=1&dq=arsitektur+tropis+lembab&printsec=frontcover"><i>Pengaruh Karakter Arsitektur Tropis pada Desain Rumah Belanda</i></a>. Banda Aceh: Syiah Kuala University Press. hlm. 11. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-623-7086-36-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-623-7086-36-9">978-623-7086-36-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pengaruh+Karakter+Arsitektur+Tropis+pada+Desain+Rumah+Belanda&rft.place=Banda+Aceh&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Syiah+Kuala+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-623-7086-36-9&rft.au=Sari%2C+L.H%2C+Zahriah+dan+Zuhrina.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.id%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FPengaruh_Karakter_Arsitektur_Tropis_Pada%2FqSC_DwAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Did%26gbpv%3D1%26dq%3Darsitektur%2Btropis%2Blembab%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArsitektur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Abdulrahman, I., dan Wibowo, H. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211130212804/https://temuilmiah.iplbi.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/IPLBI-2018-C041-045-Penerapan-Arsitektur-Tropis-pada-Bangunan-Komunal.pdf">"Penerapan Arsitektur Tropis pada Bangunan Komunal: Studi Kasus: Desain Asrama Haji Jawa Barat"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Prosiding Temu Ilmiah IPLBI 2018</i>: C042–C043. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://temuilmiah.iplbi.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/IPLBI-2018-C041-045-Penerapan-Arsitektur-Tropis-pada-Bangunan-Komunal.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2021-11-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2021-09-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prosiding+Temu+Ilmiah+IPLBI+2018&rft.atitle=Penerapan+Arsitektur+Tropis+pada+Bangunan+Komunal%3A+Studi+Kasus%3A+Desain+Asrama+Haji+Jawa+Barat&rft.pages=C042-C043&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Abdulrahman%2C+I.%2C+dan+Wibowo%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftemuilmiah.iplbi.or.id%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F12%2FIPLBI-2018-C041-045-Penerapan-Arsitektur-Tropis-pada-Bangunan-Komunal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArsitektur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Siahan, R.M., dan Ihsan, H. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Rumah_tropis/3-yuReVJIvgC?hl=id&gbpv=1&dq=arsitektur+tropis&pg=PA7&printsec=frontcover"><i>Rumah Tropis: 40 Desain Rumah Tinggal + Denah + Gambar Perspektif</i></a> (edisi ke-7). Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama. hlm. 9. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/979-22-0351-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/979-22-0351-6">979-22-0351-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rumah+Tropis%3A+40+Desain+Rumah+Tinggal+%2B+Denah+%2B+Gambar+Perspektif&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pages=9&rft.edition=7&rft.pub=Gramedia+Pustaka+Utama&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=979-22-0351-6&rft.au=Siahan%2C+R.M.%2C+dan+Ihsan%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.id%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FRumah_tropis%2F3-yuReVJIvgC%3Fhl%3Did%26gbpv%3D1%26dq%3Darsitektur%2Btropis%26pg%3DPA7%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AArsitektur" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;padding:3px;"> <tbody><tr style="height:25px;"> <td colspan="2" style="margin: auto; text-align: center;padding-bottom:5px;"><b>Cari tahu mengenai Arsitektur pada proyek-proyek Wikimedia lainnya:</b> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//id.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Arsitektur" title="Cari di Wiktionary"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Wiktionary-logo-id.svg/21px-Wiktionary-logo-id.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Wiktionary-logo-id.svg/31px-Wiktionary-logo-id.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Wiktionary-logo-id.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-id.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="474" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Arsitektur" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Arsitektur">Definisi dan terjemahan</a> dari Wiktionary<br /> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Arsitektur" title="Cari di Commons"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/37px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Arsitektur" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Arsitektur">Gambar dan media</a> dari Commons<br /> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//id.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Arsitektur" title="Cari di Wikinews"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/25px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/38px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/50px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://id.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Arsitektur" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Arsitektur">Berita</a> dari Wikinews<br /> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//id.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Arsitektur" title="Cari di Wikiquote"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/42px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://id.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Arsitektur" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Arsitektur">Kutipan</a> dari Wikiquote<br /> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//id.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Arsitektur" title="Cari di Wikisource"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/48px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://id.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Arsitektur" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Arsitektur">Teks sumber</a> dari Wikisource<br /> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//id.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Arsitektur" title="Cari di Wikibuku"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="https://id.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Arsitektur" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Arsitektur">Buku</a> dari Wikibuku<br /> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldarchitecture.org">World Architecture Community</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.architecture.com">Architecture.com</a>, dipublikasi oleh <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects" title="Royal Institute of British Architects">Royal Institute of British Architects</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iai.or.id//">Ikatan Arsitek Indonesia</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://architecturaltrust.org/outreach/education/glossary-of-architectural-terms/">Glossary of Architectural Terms</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828183015/https://architecturaltrust.org/outreach/education/glossary-of-architectural-terms/">Diarsipkan</a> 2021-08-28 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.lib.washington.edu/buildingsweb/index.html">Cities and Buildings Database</a>–Koleksi gambar bangunan dan kota yang telah digitalisasi, diambil dari waktu ke waktu dan dari seluruh penjuru dunia oleh Perpustakaan Universitas Washington</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/w/index.php?title=Curt_John_Ducasse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curt John Ducasse (halaman belum tersedia)">Curt John Ducasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Prall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Prall (halaman belum tersedia)">David Prall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Denis Diderot</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dewitt_H._Parker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dewitt H. Parker (halaman belum tersedia)">Dewitt H. 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A. Richards (halaman belum tersedia)">I. A. Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Singer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irving Singer (halaman belum tersedia)">Irving Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Jacques Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Jacques Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Jean-François Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Johann Joachim Winckelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Margolis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Margolis (halaman belum tersedia)">Joseph Margolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">José Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Leon Battista Alberti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Lavelle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Lavelle (halaman belum tersedia)">Louis Lavelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morris_Weitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morris Weitz (halaman belum tersedia)">Morris Weitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Nelson Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Paul Klee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">R. G. 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Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thierry_de_Duve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thierry de Duve (halaman belum tersedia)">Thierry de Duve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Munro_(sejarawan_seni)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Munro (sejarawan seni) (halaman belum tersedia)">Thomas Munro</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_filsuf_estetika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar filsuf estetika (halaman belum tersedia)">lainnya...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Teori</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur_klasik_baru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsitektur klasik baru (halaman belum tersedia)">Klasik baru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klasisisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klasisisme (halaman belum tersedia)">Klasisisme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estetika_evolusioner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estetika evolusioner (halaman belum tersedia)">Estetika evolusioner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historisisme_(seni)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historisisme (seni) (halaman belum tersedia)">Historisisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernisme" title="Modernisme">Modernisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascamodernisme" title="Pascamodernisme">Pascamodernisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantisisme" title="Romantisisme">Romantisisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simbolisme_(seni)" class="mw-redirect" title="Simbolisme (seni)">Simbolisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teori_psikoanalitik" title="Teori psikoanalitik">Teori psikoanalitik</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_pergerakan_seni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar pergerakan seni (halaman belum tersedia)">lainnya...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Konsep</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksiologi" title="Aksiologi">Aksiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_(gaya)" title="Camp (gaya)">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daya_cipta" title="Daya cipta">Daya cipta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekstasi_(filsafat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekstasi (filsafat) (halaman belum tersedia)">Ekstasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emosi_estetika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emosi estetika (halaman belum tersedia)">Emosi estetika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotisisme" title="Erotisisme">Erotisisme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaya_(seni_rupa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaya (seni rupa) (halaman belum tersedia)">Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpretasi_estetika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interpretasi estetika (halaman belum tersedia)">Interpretasi estetika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kitsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kitsch (halaman belum tersedia)">Kitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmoni" title="Harmoni">Harmoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiburan" title="Hiburan">Hiburan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karya_seni" title="Karya seni">Karya seni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keagungan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keagungan (halaman belum tersedia)">Keagungan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keanggunan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keanggunan (halaman belum tersedia)">Keanggunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebosanan" title="Kebosanan">Kebosanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keimutan" title="Keimutan">Keimutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keindahan" title="Keindahan">Keindahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejijikan" title="Kejijikan">Kejijikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesenangan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesenangan">Kesenangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komedi" title="Komedi">Komedi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kualitas_(filsafat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kualitas (filsafat) (halaman belum tersedia)">Kualitas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manifesto_seni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manifesto seni (halaman belum tersedia)">Manifesto seni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persepsi" title="Persepsi">Persepsi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertimbangan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pertimbangan (halaman belum tersedia)">Pertimbangan</a></li> <li><a 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<p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Desain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Desain (halaman belum tersedia)">Templat:Desain</a> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Seni_rupa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Cabang-cabang_seni_rupa" title="Templat:Cabang-cabang seni rupa"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Cabang-cabang_seni_rupa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Cabang-cabang seni rupa (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Cabang-cabang_seni_rupa&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seni_rupa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Seni_rupa" title="Seni rupa">Seni rupa</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arsitektur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desain" class="mw-redirect" title="Desain">Desain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fotografi" title="Fotografi">Fotografi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerajinan" title="Kerajinan">Kerajinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menggambar" title="Menggambar">Menggambar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pembuatan_film" title="Pembuatan film">Pembuatan film</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seni_cahaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seni cahaya (halaman belum tersedia)">Seni cahaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seni_grafis" title="Seni grafis">Seni grafis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seni_instalasi" title="Seni instalasi">Seni instalasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seni_keramik" title="Seni keramik">Seni keramik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seni_khusus_situs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seni khusus situs (halaman belum tersedia)">Seni khusus situs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seni_lukis" title="Seni lukis">Seni lukis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seni_komputer" title="Seni komputer">Seni komputer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seni_kriya" title="Seni kriya">Seni kriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seni_patung" title="Seni patung">Seni patung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seni_pertunjukan" title="Seni pertunjukan">Seni pertunjukan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seni_publik" title="Seni publik">Seni publik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seni_jalanan" title="Seni jalanan">Seni jalanan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_media_seni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar media seni (halaman belum tersedia)">Daftar media seni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Glosarium_sains_dan_rekayasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Glosarium sains dan rekayasa (halaman belum tersedia)">Templat:Glosarium sains dan rekayasa</a> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271#identifiers&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271#identifiers&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengawasan_otoritas" title="Bantuan:Pengawasan otoritas">Pengawasan otoritas</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271#identifiers" title="Sunting ini di Wikidata"><img alt="Sunting ini di Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Umum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4002851-3">Integrated Authority File (Jerman)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpustakaan nasional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4576290">Spanyol</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb133183211">Prancis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb133183211">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85006611">Amerika Serikat</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000057204&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00565563">Jepang</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph118586&CON_LNG=ENG">Republik Ceko</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lain-lain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/813346/">Faceted Application of Subject Terminology</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.microsoft.com/v2/detail/123657996">Microsoft Academic</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10639354">National Archives (US)</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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