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class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigate </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-welcome" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Welcome"><span>Welcome</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Community_portal" title="About the project, what you can do, where to find things"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-village-pump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Village_pump"><span>Village pump</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="The place to find out"><span>Help center</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-participate" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-participate" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Participate </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-uploadbtn" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:UploadWizard"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-latestfiles" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:NewFiles"><span>Latest files</span></a></li><li id="n-randomimage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random/File" title="Load a random file [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random file</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Contact_us"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-lang" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In Wikipedia </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%99rc" title="Dərc – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dərc" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Публікацыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Публікацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publikacija" title="Publikacija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Publikacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%B5%D8%A7%DA%A4%DB%86%DA%A9" title="بڵاڤۆک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بڵاڤۆک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publikace" title="Publikace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Publikace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publikation" title="Publikation – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Publikation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publikation" title="Publikation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Publikation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publication" title="Publication – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Publication" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicaci%C3%B3n_(hacer_p%C3%BAblico)" title="Publicación (hacer público) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Publicación (hacer público)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argitalpen" title="Argitalpen – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Argitalpen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="چاپخانه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چاپخانه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julkaisu" title="Julkaisu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Julkaisu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publication" title="Publication – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Publication" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utjefte" title="Utjefte – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Utjefte" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publikacija" title="Publikacija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Publikacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publik%C3%A1ci%C3%B3" title="Publikáció – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Publikáció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publikasi" title="Publikasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Publikasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%89%A9" title="出版物 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="出版物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პუბლიკაცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პუბლიკაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%86" title="ಪ್ರಕಟಣೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರಕಟಣೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%ED%91%9C" title="공표 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="공표" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Публикация – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Публикация" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leidinys" title="Leidinys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Leidinys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Нийтлэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нийтлэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="पिथना – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पिथना" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicatie" title="Publicatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Publicatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publikasjon" title="Publikasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Publikasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wydawnictwo_(publikacja)" title="Wydawnictwo (publikacja) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wydawnictwo (publikacja)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyaychay" title="Uyaychay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Uyaychay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publica%C8%9Bie" title="Publicație – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Publicație" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Публикация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Публикация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publikacija" title="Publikacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Publikacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publik%C3%A1cia_(zverejnen%C3%BD_dokument)" title="Publikácia (zverejnený dokument) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Publikácia (zverejnený dokument)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publikation" title="Publikation – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Publikation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88" title="สิ่งพิมพ์เผยแพร่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สิ่งพิมพ์เผยแพร่" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><span id="shortcut" class="coordinates" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Commons:Shortcuts" title="Commons:Shortcuts">Shortcuts</a>: <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commons:PUB&redirect=no">COM:PUB</a></span> • <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commons:PUBLISH&redirect=no">COM:PUBLISH</a></span> • <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commons:PUBLISHED&redirect=no">COM:PUBLISHED</a></span></span> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Caxton_Celebration_-_William_Caxton_showing_specimens_of_his_printing_to_King_Edward_IV_and_his_Queen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_Caxton_Celebration_-_William_Caxton_showing_specimens_of_his_printing_to_King_Edward_IV_and_his_Queen.jpg/220px-The_Caxton_Celebration_-_William_Caxton_showing_specimens_of_his_printing_to_King_Edward_IV_and_his_Queen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_Caxton_Celebration_-_William_Caxton_showing_specimens_of_his_printing_to_King_Edward_IV_and_his_Queen.jpg/330px-The_Caxton_Celebration_-_William_Caxton_showing_specimens_of_his_printing_to_King_Edward_IV_and_his_Queen.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_Caxton_Celebration_-_William_Caxton_showing_specimens_of_his_printing_to_King_Edward_IV_and_his_Queen.jpg/440px-The_Caxton_Celebration_-_William_Caxton_showing_specimens_of_his_printing_to_King_Edward_IV_and_his_Queen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1924" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Printer working an early Gutenberg letter press from the 15th century. (engraving date unknown)</figcaption></figure> <p>The word <b>publication</b> means the act of publishing, i.e. distributing information to the public, and also refers to any copies printed for public distribution. While specific use of the term may vary among countries, it is usually applied to text, images, or other audio-visual content on any traditional medium, including paper (newspapers, magazines, Mail-order catalogs, etc.). As an author of a work generally is the initial owner of the copyright on the work, one of the copyrights granted to the author of a work is the exclusive right to publish the work. </p><p>"Publication" is a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/term_of_art" class="extiw" title="wikt:term of art">technical term</a> in legal contexts and especially important in copyright law. The time of initial publication of a work plays an important part in the copyright legislation of many countries, as it is often used as the starting point of copyright protection. Contrary to what one might think, in many countries, as in the U.S., U.K. and elsewhere, mere <i>presentation, exhibition or performance of a work to the public</i> does <b>not</b> by itself constitute publication. </p><p>In some countries (primarily in Europe), when the work has not been published during the author's life (in EU: during the copyright term), whoever discovers and publishes it might gain rights similar to those of an author (called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publication_right" class="extiw" title="w:Publication right">publication rights</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Legal_definition_and_copyright" data-mw-thread-id="h-Legal_definition_and_copyright"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Legal_definition_and_copyright"></span>Legal definition and copyright<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Legal_definition_and_copyright"></span></h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States" data-mw-thread-id="h-United_States-Legal_definition_and_copyright"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-United_States-Legal_definition_and_copyright"></span>United States<span data-mw-comment-end="h-United_States-Legal_definition_and_copyright"></span></h3></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, publication is defined as: </p> <dl><dd>the distribution of copies or phonorecords of a work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. The offering to distribute copies or phonorecords to a group of persons for purposes of further distribution, public performance, or public display, constitutes publication. A public performance or display of a work does not of itself constitute publication.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>To perform or display a work "publicly" means – <dl><dd>(1) to perform or display it at a place open to the public or at any place where a substantial number of persons outside of a normal circle of a family and its social acquaintances is gathered; or</dd> <dd>(2) to transmit or otherwise communicate a performance or display of the work to a place specified by clause (1) or to the public, by means of any device or process, whether the members of the public capable of receiving the performance or display receive it in the same place or in separate places and at the same time or at different times.</dd></dl></dd> <dd>—<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/United_States_Code/Title_17/Chapter_1/Section_101#publication" class="extiw" title="s:United States Code/Title 17/Chapter 1/Section 101">17 USC 101</a></dd></dl> <p>Furthermore, the right to publish a work is an exclusive right of the copyright owner (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/United_States_Code/Title_17/Chapter_1/Sections_105_and_106" class="extiw" title="s:United States Code/Title 17/Chapter 1/Sections 105 and 106">17 USC 106</a>), and violating this right (e.g. by disseminating copies of the work without the copyright owner's consent) is a copyright infringement (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/United_States_Code/Title_17/Chapter_5/Section_501" class="extiw" title="s:United States Code/Title 17/Chapter 5/Section 501">17 USC 501(a)</a>), and the copyright owner can demand (by suing in court) that e.g. copies distributed against his will be confiscated and destroyed (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/United_States_Code/Title_17/Chapter_5/Sections_502_and_503" class="extiw" title="s:United States Code/Title 17/Chapter 5/Sections 502 and 503">17 USC 502, 17 USC 503</a>). </p> <dl><dd>See also <a href="/wiki/Commons:Public_art_and_copyrights_in_the_US" title="Commons:Public art and copyrights in the US">Commons:Public art and copyrights in the US</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Berne_and_Universal_Copyright_Conventions" data-mw-thread-id="h-Berne_and_Universal_Copyright_Conventions-Legal_definition_and_copyright"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Berne_and_Universal_Copyright_Conventions-Legal_definition_and_copyright"></span>Berne and Universal Copyright Conventions<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Berne_and_Universal_Copyright_Conventions-Legal_definition_and_copyright"></span></h3></div> <p>The definition of "publication" as "distribution of copies to the general public with the consent of the author" is also supported by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works" class="extiw" title="en:Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works">Berne Convention</a>, which makes mention of "copies" in article 3(3), where "published works" are defined.<sup id="cite_ref-bc_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Copyright_Convention" class="extiw" title="en:Universal Copyright Convention">Universal Copyright Convention</a>, "publication" is defined in article VI as "the reproduction in tangible form and the general distribution to the public of copies of a work from which it can be read or otherwise visually perceived."<sup id="cite_ref-ucc_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many countries around the world follow this definition, although some make some exceptions for particular kinds of works. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_countries" data-mw-thread-id="h-Other_countries-Legal_definition_and_copyright"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Other_countries-Legal_definition_and_copyright"></span>Other countries<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Other_countries-Legal_definition_and_copyright"></span></h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia_and_the_UK" data-mw-thread-id="h-Australia_and_the_UK-Other_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Australia_and_the_UK-Other_countries"></span>Australia and the UK<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Australia_and_the_UK-Other_countries"></span></h4></div> <p>Australia and the UK (as the U.S.) generally require the distribution of copies necessary for publication. In the case of sculptures, the copies must be even three-dimensional.<sup id="cite_ref-au_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-au-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada" data-mw-thread-id="h-Canada-Other_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Canada-Other_countries"></span>Canada<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Canada-Other_countries"></span></h4></div> <p>§2.2 of the <i>Copyright Act</i> defines publication as, in relation to works, making copies of a work available to the public, the construction of an architectural work, the incorporation of an artistic work into an architectural work; in relation to sound recordings, it is defined as making copies of a sound recording available to the public. "Publication" does not include the performance in public, or the communication to the public by telecommunication, of a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work or a sound recording, or the exhibition in public of an artistic work. The issue of photographs and engravings of sculptures and architectural works is not deemed to be publication of those works.<sup id="cite_ref-Canada_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canada-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany" data-mw-thread-id="h-Germany-Other_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Germany-Other_countries"></span>Germany<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Germany-Other_countries"></span></h4></div> <p>In Germany, §6 of the <i>Urheberrechtsgesetz</i> additionally considers works of the visual arts (such as sculptures) "published" if they have been made permanently accessible by the general public (i.e., erecting a sculpture on public grounds is publication in Germany).<sup id="cite_ref-de_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greece" data-mw-thread-id="h-Greece-Other_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Greece-Other_countries"></span>Greece<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Greece-Other_countries"></span></h4></div> <p>In Greece, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_2121/93#.CE.86.CF.81.CE.B8.CF.81.CE.BF_4:_.CE.A4.CE.BF_.CE.B7.CE.B8.CE.B9.CE.BA.CF.8C_.CE.B4.CE.B9.CE.BA.CE.B1.CE.AF.CF.89.CE.BC.CE.B1" class="extiw" title="s:el:http://el.wikisource.org/wiki/Νόμος 2121/93">per article 4 of law 2121/93</a>, "publication" is defined as making the work accessible to the public. Throughout the law, "lawful publication" and "making accessible/communicating to the public for the first time" are used side by side, and both instances serve as a starting point for the copyright holder's rights of audiovisual, phonographic, previously unpublished etc. works.<sup id="cite_ref-Greece_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greece-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India" data-mw-thread-id="h-India-Other_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-India-Other_countries"></span>India<span data-mw-comment-end="h-India-Other_countries"></span></h4></div> <p>In India, the Indian copyright law applies the following definition to the term of publication: <i>3. Meaning of publication. 34 For the purposes of this Act, "publication" means making a work available to the public by issue of copies or by communicating the work to the public.</i><sup id="cite_ref-india_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-india-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia" data-mw-thread-id="h-Russia-Other_countries"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Russia-Other_countries"></span>Russia<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Russia-Other_countries"></span></h4></div> <p>Two distinct terms are used in Russia, one named in article 1268 of the Civil Code (publication of a creative work — «обнародование»), and the other one named in article 3 of the Museum Law № 54-FZ (publication of a museum object — «публикация»).<sup id="cite_ref-zakon15-36_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zakon15-36-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Copyright" class="mw-redirect" title="Commons:Copyright">Commons:Copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Hirtle_chart" title="Commons:Hirtle chart">Commons:Hirtle chart</a>, copyright terms in the USA based on date of publication.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons:Public_art_and_copyrights_in_the_US" title="Commons:Public art and copyrights in the US">Commons:Public art and copyrights in the US</a>, installing works in a place open to the general public may be publication.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Public_domain" title="Help:Public domain">Help:Public domain</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="References_and_notes" data-mw-thread-id="h-References_and_notes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-References_and_notes"></span>References and notes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-References_and_notes"></span></h2></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The definition of publication was different before 1978. Only putting something in a public place, which could allow people to copy it, was necessary for publication. See <a href="/wiki/Commons:Public_art_and_copyrights_in_the_US#Before_1978" title="Commons:Public art and copyrights in the US">Commons:Public_art_and_copyrights_in_the_US#Before_1978</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bc-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-bc_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.html#P98_14701">Berne Convention, article 3(3)</a>. URL last accessed 2012-08-29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ucc-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ucc_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ipmall.info/hosted_resources/lipa/copyrights/The%20Universal%20Copyright%20Convention%20_Geneva%20Text--September.pdf">Universal Copyright Convention, Gevena text (1952), article VI</a>. URL last accessed 2012-08-29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-au-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-au_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2012C00482/Html/Text#_Toc326326800">Australian Copyright Act, section 29: Publication</a>. URL last accessed 2012-08-29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1988/Ukpga_19880048_en_11.htm#mdiv175">Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (c. 48), section 175</a>, Copyright law of the United Kingdom. URL last accessed 2012-08-29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Canada-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Canada_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-42/page-2.html">Canadian Copyright Act, §2.2</a>, URL last accessed 2016-04-24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-de-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-de_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bundesrecht.juris.de/urhg/__6.html">German UrhG, §6</a>, in German. URL last accessed 2012-08-29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greece-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Greece_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/pdf/en/gr/gr219en.pdf">Greek copyright law</a>, URL last accessed 2012-08-29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-india-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-india_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copyright.gov.in/Documents/CopyrightRules1957.pdf">Indian copyright law</a>, URL last accessed 2012-08-29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zakon15-36-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-zakon15-36_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museum.ru/Prof/mat/law/%C7%E0%EA%EE%ED%20%EE%20%EC%F3%E7%E5%FF%F5.htm">Закон о музейном фонде Российской Федерации и музеях в Российской Федерации, статья 36</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="External_links" data-mw-thread-id="h-External_links"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-External_links"></span>External links<span data-mw-comment-end="h-External_links"></span></h2></div> <div class="infobox sisterproject" style="float:right;"> <div style="float:left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wiktionary logo."><img alt="Wiktionary logo." src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/50px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/75px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/100px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:60px;line-height:normal">Look up “<strong><em><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/publication" class="extiw" title="wikt:publication">publication</a></em></strong>” in<br /> <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=897643">RayMing Chang, Publication Does Not Really Mean Publication: The Need to Amend the Definition of Publication in the Copyright Act, 33 AM. 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