Materials | November-2 2024

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return false;">Ok</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> <div> <div style="clear: both"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="jscroll"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1525589" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 18 pages, 8929 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5677/pdf?version=1732530229" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Steel Catenary Riser Fatigue Assessment: Fracture Mechanics Approach Versus S–N Curve Method" data-journal="materials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1944/17/22/5677">Steel Catenary Riser Fatigue Assessment: Fracture Mechanics Approach Versus <i>S</i>–<i>N</i> Curve Method</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Niantao Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Caiyan Deng</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wenqiang Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Siyuan Li</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Baoming Gong</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Materials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(22), 5677; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225677">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225677</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 968 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> In this paper, the fatigue resistance of a full-scale Steel Catenary Riser (SCR) girth weld is investigated using the Strength–Number of cycles (<i>S</i>–<i>N</i>) curve method based on weld formation quality and fracture mechanics approaches. The test results, presented in <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5677/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> In this paper, the fatigue resistance of a full-scale Steel Catenary Riser (SCR) girth weld is investigated using the Strength–Number of cycles (<i>S</i>–<i>N</i>) curve method based on weld formation quality and fracture mechanics approaches. The test results, presented in the form of <i>S</i>–<i>N</i> curves, are superior to the design curve E in BS 7608. Compared with the <i>S</i>–<i>N</i> curve determined by a resonant bending rig, the analytical fracture mechanics, i.e., engineering critical assessment (ECA) based on BS 7910, can provide a rational estimation of full-scale girth welds. For the numerical methods, the short crack growth phase is crucial to improving the accuracy and reliability of the assessment. For the girth weld with a concave root, the geometries of the weld cap are the predominant factors for fatigue life. Although the crack initiation site is always located at the outer surface regardless of the flushed or welded caps, the weld grinding treatment is still effective in promoting fatigue life. <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5677">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/materials/special_issues/7O27S5A2M9 ">Corrosion Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Metallic Materials</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5677/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1525589"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1525589"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1525589" data-cycle-prev="#prev1525589" data-cycle-progressive="#images1525589" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1525589-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05677/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05677-g001-550.jpg?1732530293" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1525589" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1525589-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05677/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05677-g002-550.jpg?1732530296'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1525589-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05677/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05677-g003-550.jpg?1732530298'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1525589-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05677/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05677-g004-550.jpg?1732530299'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1525589-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05677/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05677-g005-550.jpg?1732530299'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1525589-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05677/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05677-g006-550.jpg?1732530300'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1525589-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05677/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05677-g007-550.jpg?1732530302'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1525589-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05677/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05677-g008-550.jpg?1732530303'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1525589-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05677/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05677-g009-550.jpg?1732530305'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1525589-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05677/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05677-g010-550.jpg?1732530305'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1525589-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05677/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05677-g011-550.jpg?1732530306'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1525589-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05677/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05677-g012-550.jpg?1732530307'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1525589-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05677/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05677-g013-550.jpg?1732530308'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1525589-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05677/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05677-g014-550.jpg?1732530308'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1525589-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05677/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05677-g015-550.jpg?1732530309'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1525589-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05677/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05677-g016-550.jpg?1732530310'><p>Figure 16</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-1525589-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05677/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05677-g017-550.jpg?1732530311'><p>Figure 17</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1525589-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05677/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05677-g001-550.jpg?1732530293" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Overall view of the floating system with SCR [<a href="#B1-materials-17-05677" class="html-bibr">1</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5677'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05677/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05677-g002-550.jpg?1732530296" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Resonance bending fatigue testing platform, Tianjin University (equipment no.: GWT0614; dimensions: 15 m × 1.3 m × 2.0 m; range of the test pipeline diameter: 168.3–355.6 mm; range of the test pipeline length: 6–12 m; frequency: 0–25 Hz).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5677'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05677/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05677-g003-550.jpg?1732530298" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>The occurrence of a through-thickness crack after internal water pressure leak.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5677'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05677/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05677-g004-550.jpg?1732530299" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram of resonance bending fatigue test of full-size SCR (<span class="html-italic">l</span><sub>1</sub> = 400 mm).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5677'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05677/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05677-g005-550.jpg?1732530299" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram of strain gauge arrangement scheme (<span class="html-italic">l</span><sub>2</sub> = 100 mm).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5677'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05677/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05677-g006-550.jpg?1732530300" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Schematic of Failure Assessment Diagram [<a href="#B19-materials-17-05677" class="html-bibr">19</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5677'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05677/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05677-g007-550.jpg?1732530302" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>The plots of stress level versus fatigue life for six girth welds in relation to BS 7608: 2014 Class D and E curves.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5677'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05677/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05677-g008-550.jpg?1732530303" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Crack growth direction along the wall thickness for girth welds with convex root: (<b>a</b>) H-1: cap flush; (<b>b</b>) H-2: as-weld.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5677'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05677/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05677-g009-550.jpg?1732530305" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Crack growth path along the wall thickness and crack initiation location for girth welds with concave root: (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) H-3: cap flush; (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) H-4: as-weld.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5677'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05677/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05677-g010-550.jpg?1732530305" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Average stress range distribution at both ends of the girth weld at the internal water pressure leak: (<b>a</b>) specimen H-1; (<b>b</b>) specimen H-2 (unit: MPa).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5677'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05677/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05677-g011-550.jpg?1732530306" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>The model simplification approach: (<b>a</b>) Cross-section of circumferential weld in the actual pipeline; (<b>b</b>) Considering the stress concentration effect due to weld reinforcement by a correction factor, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5677'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05677/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05677-g012-550.jpg?1732530307" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) An actual pipeline; (<b>b</b>) Details of the 1/2 symmetric model; (<b>c</b>) Insertion of initial crack.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5677'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05677/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05677-g013-550.jpg?1732530308" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) The SIFs along initial crack front; (<b>b</b>) along crack front for the propagation of crack.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5677'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05677/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05677-g014-550.jpg?1732530308" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>The variation trend of fatigue life and SIFs with the increasing crack depth.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5677'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05677/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05677-g015-550.jpg?1732530309" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Number of cycles as a function of crack depth on the path for 50% normalized distance in the crack front (H1 and H2 represent specimens H-1 and H-2; R1 and R5 represent stress ratio of 0.1 and 0.5, respectively; Mk represents stress correction factor).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5677'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05677/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05677-g016-550.jpg?1732530310" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>Fatigue life versus crack depth in the BS 7910 assessment considering misalignment.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5677'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05677/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05677-g017-550.jpg?1732530311" title=" <strong>Figure 17</strong><br/> <p>The iteration of fracture assessment points with welding misalignment.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5677'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1525590" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 19 pages, 3162 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5676/pdf?version=1732602225" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Challenges and Performance of Filter Dusts as a Supplementary Cementitious Material" data-journal="materials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1944/17/22/5676">Challenges and Performance of Filter Dusts as a Supplementary Cementitious Material</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Johannes Berger</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Anabella Mocciaro</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gisela Cordoba</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Cecilia Martinefsky</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Edgardo F. Irassar</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nancy Beuntner</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sebastian Scherb</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Karl-Christian Thienel</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alejandra Tironi</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Materials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(22), 5676; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225676">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225676</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 632 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Global industry relies on a linear approach for economic growth. One step towards transformation is the implementation of a circular economy and the reclamation of anthropogenic deposits. This study examines two filter dusts, one German and one Argentinian, from the production of calcined <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5676/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Global industry relies on a linear approach for economic growth. One step towards transformation is the implementation of a circular economy and the reclamation of anthropogenic deposits. This study examines two filter dusts, one German and one Argentinian, from the production of calcined clays, representing such deposits. Investigations and comparisons of untreated and calcined filter dust and the industrial base product pave the way for using waste product filter dust as supplementary cementitious material (SCM). In the future, some twenty thousand tons of contemporary waste could potentially be used annually as SCM. The results confirm the suitability of one material as a full-fledged SCM without further treatment and a measured pozzolanic reactivity on par with fly ash. Sample materials were classified into two groups: one was found to be a reactive pozzolanic material; the other was characterized as filler material with minor pozzolanic reactivity. Additionally, important insights into the physical properties of oven dust and heat-treated oven dust were obtained. For both material groups, an inversely proportional relationship with rising calcination temperatures was found for the specific surface area and water demand. The impact of the calcination temperature on both the particle size distribution and the potential to optimize the reactivity performance is presented. <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5676">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/materials/special_issues/BV66MORSK7 ">Advances in Natural Building and Construction Materials</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5676/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1525590"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1525590"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1525590" data-cycle-prev="#prev1525590" data-cycle-progressive="#images1525590" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1525590-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05676/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05676-g001-550.jpg?1732602336" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1525590" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1525590-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05676/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05676-g002-550.jpg?1732602337'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1525590-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05676/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05676-g003-550.jpg?1732602337'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1525590-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05676/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05676-g004-550.jpg?1732602338'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1525590-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05676/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05676-g005-550.jpg?1732602339'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1525590-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05676/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05676-g006-550.jpg?1732602340'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1525590-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05676/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05676-g007-550.jpg?1732602341'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1525590-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05676/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05676-g008-550.jpg?1732602342'><p>Figure 8</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1525590-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05676/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05676-g001-550.jpg?1732602336" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>XRD assessment of swellable clay minerals in D-CIC through glycol vapor treatment. D-CIC—AD represents the air-dried and D-CIC—Glycol the glycol vapor-treated D-CIC sample.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5676'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05676/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05676-g002-550.jpg?1732602337" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>XRD segment of the XRD quantification showing the different phyllosilicates present in the D-CIC.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5676'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05676/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05676-g003-550.jpg?1732602337" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>TG and DTG curves of the two dusts D-CCC and D-CIC with marked calcination temperatures.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5676'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05676/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05676-g004-550.jpg?1732602338" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>FTIR spectra, comparing German filter dust before and after treatment.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5676'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05676/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05676-g005-550.jpg?1732602339" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>FTIR spectra, comparing Argentinian filter dust before and after treatment.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5676'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05676/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05676-g006-550.jpg?1732602340" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Visualization of the inverse proportional relationship between the BET surface area and the water demand determined with the Puntke method with qualitatively increasing temperatures for both of the investigated sample groups.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5676'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05676/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05676-g007-550.jpg?1732602341" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>R<sup>3</sup> test for evolved heat; German samples with reference curves and inert threshold band according to [<a href="#B9-materials-17-05676" class="html-bibr">9</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5676'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05676/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05676-g008-550.jpg?1732602342" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>R<sup>3</sup> test for evolved heat; Argentinian samples with reference curves and inert threshold band according to [<a href="#B9-materials-17-05676" class="html-bibr">9</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5676'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1525544" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 31 pages, 13872 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5675/pdf?version=1732170151" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Hyperelastic and Stacked Ensemble-Driven Predictive Modeling of PEMFC Gaskets Under Thermal and Chemical Aging" data-journal="materials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1944/17/22/5675">Hyperelastic and Stacked Ensemble-Driven Predictive Modeling of PEMFC Gaskets Under Thermal and Chemical Aging</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Su-Yeon Park</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Akeem Bayo Kareem</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Toyyeebah Ajibola Mustapha</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Woo-Jeong Joo</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jang-Wook Hur</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Materials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(22), 5675; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225675">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225675</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 846 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This study comprehensively investigates the stress distribution and aging effects in Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM) and Liquid Silicone Rubber (LSR) gasket materials through a novel integration of hyperelastic modeling and advanced machine learning techniques. By employing the Mooney–Rivlin, Ogden, and Yeoh hyperelastic <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5675/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This study comprehensively investigates the stress distribution and aging effects in Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM) and Liquid Silicone Rubber (LSR) gasket materials through a novel integration of hyperelastic modeling and advanced machine learning techniques. By employing the Mooney–Rivlin, Ogden, and Yeoh hyperelastic models, we evaluated the mechanical behavior of EPDM and LSR under conditions of no aging, heat aging, and combined heat- and sulfuric-acid exposure. Each model revealed distinct sensitivities to stress distribution and material deformation, with peak von Mises stress values indicating that LSR experiences higher internal stress than EPDM across all conditions. For instance, without aging, LSR shows a von Mises stress of 24.17 MPa compared to 14.96 MPa for EPDM, while under heat and sulfuric acid exposure, LSR still exhibits higher stress values, showcasing its resilience under extreme conditions. Additionally, the ensemble learning approach achieved a classification accuracy of 98% for LSR and 84% for EPDM in predicting aging effects, underscoring the robustness of our predictive framework. These findings offer practical implications for selecting suitable gasket materials and developing predictive maintenance strategies in industrial applications, such as fuel cells, where material integrity under stress and aging is paramount. <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5675">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/materials/special_issues/3592347HS9 ">Advanced Materials: Process, Properties, and Applications</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5675/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1525544"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1525544"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" 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class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g003-550.jpg?1732170274'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1525544-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g004-550.jpg?1732170275'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1525544-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g005-550.jpg?1732170276'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1525544-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g006-550.jpg?1732170277'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1525544-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g007-550.jpg?1732170278'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1525544-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g008-550.jpg?1732170279'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1525544-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g009-550.jpg?1732170280'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1525544-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g0A1-550.jpg?1732170281'><p>Figure A1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1525544-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g0A2-550.jpg?1732170290'><p>Figure A2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1525544-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g0A3-550.jpg?1732170291'><p>Figure A3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1525544-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g0A4-550.jpg?1732170292'><p>Figure A4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1525544-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g0A5-550.jpg?1732170293'><p>Figure A5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1525544-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g0A6-550.jpg?1732170294'><p>Figure A6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1525544-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g0A7-550.jpg?1732170295'><p>Figure A7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-1525544-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g0A8-550.jpg?1732170296'><p>Figure A8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='17' data-target='article-1525544-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g0A9-550.jpg?1732170297'><p>Figure A9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='18' data-target='article-1525544-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g0A10-550.jpg?1732170282'><p>Figure A10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='19' data-target='article-1525544-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g0A11-550.jpg?1732170283'><p>Figure A11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='20' data-target='article-1525544-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g0A12-550.jpg?1732170284'><p>Figure A12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='21' data-target='article-1525544-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g0A13-550.jpg?1732170285'><p>Figure A13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='22' data-target='article-1525544-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g0A14-550.jpg?1732170286'><p>Figure A14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='23' data-target='article-1525544-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g0A15-550.jpg?1732170287'><p>Figure A15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='24' data-target='article-1525544-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g0A16-550.jpg?1732170287'><p>Figure A16</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='25' data-target='article-1525544-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g0A17-550.jpg?1732170288'><p>Figure A17</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='26' data-target='article-1525544-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g0A18-550.jpg?1732170289'><p>Figure A18</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1525544-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g001-550.jpg?1732170272" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Proposed hyperelastic modeling approach for PEMFC gasket materials.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5675'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g002-550.jpg?1732170273" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Mesh generation using Hypermesh for the gasket material simulation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5675'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g003-550.jpg?1732170274" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>A cross-sectional profile of the gasket assembly, showing the Pi film layer, cathode, and anode sections, and supporting plates for structural stability.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5675'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g004-550.jpg?1732170275" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The framework of the stacking ensemble model.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5675'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g005-550.jpg?1732170276" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Contact-stress contour distribution of <b>EPDM</b> under different aging conditions: (<b>a</b>) no aging (Ogden); (<b>b</b>) heat (Mooney–Rivlin); and (<b>c</b>) heat + sulfuric acid (Yeoh).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5675'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g006-550.jpg?1732170277" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Contact-stress contour distribution of <b>LSR</b> under different aging conditions: (<b>a</b>) no aging (Mooney–Rivlin); (<b>b</b>) heat (Ogden); and (<b>c</b>) heat + sulfuric acid (Yeoh).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5675'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g007-550.jpg?1732170278" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>von Mises stress distribution of <b>EPDM</b> under different aging conditions: (<b>a</b>) no aging (Ogden); (<b>b</b>) heat (Mooney–Rivlin); and (<b>c</b>) heat + sulfuric acid (Yeoh).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5675'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g008-550.jpg?1732170279" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>von Mises stress distribution of <b>LSR</b> under different aging conditions: (<b>a</b>) no aging (Mooney–Rivlin), (<b>b</b>) heat (Ogden); and (<b>c</b>) heat + sulfuric acid (Yeoh).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5675'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g009-550.jpg?1732170280" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of classification accuracy for LSR and EPDM materials using RandomSearchCV and GridSearchCV for model type (M) and aging type (A) classification.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5675'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g0A1-550.jpg?1732170281" title=" <strong>Figure A1</strong><br/> <p>Mooney–Rivlin model analysis of von Mises stress, contact stress, and height (deformation) for LSR materials under no aging conditions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5675'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g0A2-550.jpg?1732170290" title=" <strong>Figure A2</strong><br/> <p>Mooney–Rivlin model analysis of von Mises stress, contact stress, and height (deformation) for LSR materials under heat-aging conditions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5675'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g0A3-550.jpg?1732170291" title=" <strong>Figure A3</strong><br/> <p>Mooney–Rivlin model analysis of von Mises stress, contact stress, and height (deformation) for LSR materials under heat- + sulfuric-acid-aging conditions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5675'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g0A4-550.jpg?1732170292" title=" <strong>Figure A4</strong><br/> <p>Ogden model analysis of von Mises stress, contact stress, and height (deformation) for LSR materials under no aging conditions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5675'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g0A5-550.jpg?1732170293" title=" <strong>Figure A5</strong><br/> <p>Ogden model analysis of von Mises stress, contact stress, and height (deformation) for LSR materials under heat-aging conditions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5675'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g0A6-550.jpg?1732170294" title=" <strong>Figure A6</strong><br/> <p>Ogden model analysis of von Mises stress, contact stress, and height (deformation) for LSR materials under heat- + sulfuric-acid-aging conditions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5675'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g0A7-550.jpg?1732170295" title=" <strong>Figure A7</strong><br/> <p>Yeoh model analysis of von Mises stress, contact stress, and height (deformation) for LSR materials under no aging conditions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5675'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g0A8-550.jpg?1732170296" title=" <strong>Figure A8</strong><br/> <p>Yeoh model analysis of von Mises stress, contact stress, and height (deformation) for LSR materials under heat-aging conditions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5675'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g0A9-550.jpg?1732170297" title=" <strong>Figure A9</strong><br/> <p>Yeoh model analysis of von Mises stress, contact stress, and height (deformation) for LSR materials under heat- + sulfuric-acid-aging conditions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5675'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g0A10-550.jpg?1732170282" title=" <strong>Figure A10</strong><br/> <p>Mooney–Rivlin model analysis of von Mises stress, contact stress, and height (deformation) for EPDM material under no aging conditions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5675'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g0A11-550.jpg?1732170283" title=" <strong>Figure A11</strong><br/> <p>Mooney–Rivlin model analysis of von Mises stress, contact stress, and height (deformation) for EPDM material under heat-aging conditions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5675'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g0A12-550.jpg?1732170284" title=" <strong>Figure A12</strong><br/> <p>Mooney–Rivlin model analysis of von Mises stress, contact stress, and height (deformation) for EPDM material under heat- + sulfuric-acid-aging conditions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5675'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g0A13-550.jpg?1732170285" title=" <strong>Figure A13</strong><br/> <p>Ogden model analysis of von Mises stress, contact stress, and height (deformation) for EPDM material under no aging conditions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5675'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g0A14-550.jpg?1732170286" title=" <strong>Figure A14</strong><br/> <p>Ogden model analysis of von Mises stress, contact stress, and height (deformation) for EPDM material under heat-aging conditions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5675'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g0A15-550.jpg?1732170287" title=" <strong>Figure A15</strong><br/> <p>Ogden model analysis of von Mises stress, contact stress, and height (deformation) for EPDM material under heat- + sulfuric-acid-aging conditions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5675'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g0A16-550.jpg?1732170287" title=" <strong>Figure A16</strong><br/> <p>Yeoh model analysis of von Mises stress, contact stress, and height (deformation) for EPDM material under no aging conditions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5675'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g0A17-550.jpg?1732170288" title=" <strong>Figure A17</strong><br/> <p>Yeoh model analysis of von Mises stress, contact stress, and height (deformation) for EPDM material under heat-aging conditions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5675'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05675/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05675-g0A18-550.jpg?1732170289" title=" <strong>Figure A18</strong><br/> <p>Yeoh model analysis of von Mises stress, contact stress, and height (deformation) for EPDM material under heat- + sulfuric-acid-aging conditions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5675'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1525529" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 17 pages, 352 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5674/pdf?version=1732175609" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Role of Metalloproteinases in Adhesion to Radicular Dentin: A Literature Review" data-journal="materials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1944/17/22/5674">Role of Metalloproteinases in Adhesion to Radicular Dentin: A Literature Review</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marihana Valdez-Montoya</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mariana Melisa Avendaño-Félix</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Julio César Basurto-Flores</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Maricela Ramírez-Álvarez</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>María del Rosario Cázarez-Camacho</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Miguel Ángel Casillas-Santana</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Norma Verónica Zavala-Alonso</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Seyla Nayjaá Sarmiento-Hernández</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Erika de Lourdes Silva-Benítez</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jesús Eduardo Soto-Sainz</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Materials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(22), 5674; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225674">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225674</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5674#metrics">Cited by 1</a> | Viewed by 781 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Introduction: Root dentin is a porous and complex dental surface that may have irregularities and deposits of organic material. To achieve an effective bond between restorative materials and root dentin, it is necessary that the restorative materials adhere intimately to the dentin surface. <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5674/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Introduction: Root dentin is a porous and complex dental surface that may have irregularities and deposits of organic material. To achieve an effective bond between restorative materials and root dentin, it is necessary that the restorative materials adhere intimately to the dentin surface. Metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of proteolytic enzymes that perform an important role in degrading the extracellular matrix and remodeling connective tissue. The aim of this research was to determine the scientific evidence available on the role played by MMPs in adhesion to root dentin and their putative inhibitors. Materials and Methods: Several techniques have been used to evaluate the presence of MMPs in the root dentin of human and bovine teeth, such as Western blot, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and zymography, the latter also being used together with the EnzCheck assay to evaluate the inhibitory effect of adhesion protocols on the activity of root MMPs in vitro. Results: When analyzing the databases, 236 articles were found, 12 of which met the selection criteria. The variables analyzed were articles that evaluated different MMP inhibitors in root dentin. Conclusions: In the adhesion to radicular dentin, MMPs have a crucial role in the degradation of the extracellular matrix of dentin and the remodeling of the dentin surface because excessive MMP activity can be harmful to dental health, since excessive degradation of the extracellular matrix of dentin can weaken the tooth structure and decrease fracture resistance. Therefore, it is important to monitor MMP activity during root dentin bonding procedures. <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5674">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/materials/special_issues/X09D4ZDDI7 ">Research Progress in Functional Dental Materials</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1525493" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 18 pages, 4738 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5673/pdf?version=1732174558" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Unveiling the Significance of Graphene Nanoplatelet (GNP) Localization in Tuning the Performance of PP/HDPE Blends" data-journal="materials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1944/17/22/5673">Unveiling the Significance of Graphene Nanoplatelet (GNP) Localization in Tuning the Performance of PP/HDPE Blends</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Reza Salehiyan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ali A. El-Samak</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Milad Kamkar</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Elnaz Erfanian</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Stephen A. Hodge</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Uttandaraman Sundararaj</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tony McNally</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Materials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(22), 5673; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225673">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225673</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 755 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> High-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) blends are widely used in industries requiring mechanically durable materials, yet the impact of processing parameters on blend performance remains underexplored. This study investigates the influence of blending sequence and screw speed on the properties of blends <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5673/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> High-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) blends are widely used in industries requiring mechanically durable materials, yet the impact of processing parameters on blend performance remains underexplored. This study investigates the influence of blending sequence and screw speed on the properties of blends of HDPE and PP filled with 1.25 wt.% graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs). Changes in crystallization behaviour, tensile strength, and viscoelastic responses with blending sequence are studied. The addition of GNP increases the crystallization temperature (T<sub>c</sub>) of PP in the PE/PP blend by 4 °C when GNP is pre-mixed with PE to form (PE+GNP)/PP blends. In contrast, when GNP is pre-mixed with PP to create (PP+GNP)/PE blends, the T<sub>c</sub> of PP rises by approximately 11 °C, from 124 °C for the neat PE/PP blend to 135 °C. On the other hand, the T<sub>c</sub> of PE remains unchanged regardless of the blending sequence. XRD patterns reveal the impact of blending regime on crystallinity, with GNP alignment affecting peak intensities confirming the more efficient interaction of GNPs with PP when premixed before blending with PE, (PP+GNP)/PE. Tensile moduli are less sensitive to the changes in processing, e.g., screw speed and blending sequence. In contrast, elongation at break and tensile toughness show distinct variations. The elongation at the break of the (PP+GNP)/PE blend decreases by 30% on increasing screw speed from 50 to 200 rpm. Moreover, the elongation at the break of (PE+GNP)/PP prepared at 100 rpm is ~40% higher than that of the (PP+GNP)/PE. (PE+GNP)/PP displays a ‘quasi-co-continuous’ morphology linked to its higher elastic modulus G′ compared to that of the (PP+GNP)/PE blend. This study highlights the importance and correlation between processing and blend properties, offering insights into fine-tuning polymer composite formulation for optimal performance. <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5673">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/materials/special_issues/6SB47TL4R3 ">Advances in Functional Polymers and Nanocomposites</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5673/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1525493"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1525493"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1525493" data-cycle-prev="#prev1525493" data-cycle-progressive="#images1525493" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1525493-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05673/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05673-ag-550.jpg?1732174744" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images1525493" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1525493-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05673/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05673-g001-550.jpg?1732174720'><p>Figure 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1525493-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05673/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05673-g002-550.jpg?1732174721'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1525493-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05673/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05673-g003-550.jpg?1732174723'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1525493-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05673/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05673-g004a-550.jpg?1732174724'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1525493-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05673/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05673-g004b-550.jpg?1732174727'><p>Figure 4 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1525493-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05673/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05673-g005-550.jpg?1732174729'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1525493-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05673/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05673-g006-550.jpg?1732174731'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1525493-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05673/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05673-sch001-550.jpg?1732174733'><p>Scheme 1</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1525493-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05673/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05673-ag-550.jpg?1732174744" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5673'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05673/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05673-g001-550.jpg?1732174720" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>DSC cooling curves (1 K/min.) for composites of (<b>a</b>) (PE+GNP)/PP and (<b>b</b>) (PP+GNP)/PE, and (<b>c</b>) for different blending sequences and a screw speed of 100 rpm at the rate of 1 k/min.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5673'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05673/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05673-g002-550.jpg?1732174721" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>X-ray diffraction patterns of the neat PE, PP, and their composites with 1.25 wt.% GNP loading.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5673'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05673/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05673-g003-550.jpg?1732174723" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>X-ray diffraction patterns of the (PE+GNP)/PP and (PP+GNP)/PE composites prepared at different screw speeds. The red dotted lines are used as guides to show changes in the intensities at 2θ = 26°, associated with the (002) crystalline structure of GNPs, as influenced by blend sequence and screw speed.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5673'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05673/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05673-g004a-550.jpg?1732174724" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Representative tensile stress–strain curves of the composites and variation in (<b>b</b>) tensile toughness, (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) tensile modulus of the (<b>c</b>) (PE+GNP)/PP and (<b>d</b>) (PP+GNP)/PE blends, and (<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>) tensile extension of the (<b>e</b>) (PE+GNP)/PP and (<b>f</b>) (PP+GNP)/PE composites measured for the different screw speeds.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5673'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05673/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05673-g004b-550.jpg?1732174727" title=" <strong>Figure 4 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Representative tensile stress–strain curves of the composites and variation in (<b>b</b>) tensile toughness, (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) tensile modulus of the (<b>c</b>) (PE+GNP)/PP and (<b>d</b>) (PP+GNP)/PE blends, and (<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>) tensile extension of the (<b>e</b>) (PE+GNP)/PP and (<b>f</b>) (PP+GNP)/PE composites measured for the different screw speeds.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5673'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05673/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05673-g005-550.jpg?1732174729" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>SEM images of the (<b>a</b>) neat (PE/PP), (<b>b</b>) PE/PP/GNP, (<b>c</b>) (PP+GNP)/PE, and (<b>d</b>) (PE+GNP)/PP composites extruded at the speed of 100 rpm. Scale bars are 10 µm in all images. Red circles show the GNPs dispersed within the blends.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5673'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05673/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05673-g006-550.jpg?1732174731" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Small and (<b>b</b>) large amplitude oscillatory shear test responses of the three different composites prepared by melt mixing at 100 rpm. The tests were carried out under nitrogen and at 200 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5673'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05673/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05673-sch001-550.jpg?1732174733" title=" <strong>Scheme 1</strong><br/> <p>The chart illustrating the entire preparation flow for the composites.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5673'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1525460" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 10 pages, 2063 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5672/pdf?version=1732116582" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Size Dependence of the Tetragonal to Orthorhombic Phase Transition of Ammonia Borane in Nanoconfinement" data-journal="materials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1944/17/22/5672">Size Dependence of the Tetragonal to Orthorhombic Phase Transition of Ammonia Borane in Nanoconfinement</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shah Najiba</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jiuhua Chen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mohammad S. Islam</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yongzhou Sun</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Andriy Durygin</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Vadym Drozd</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Materials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(22), 5672; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225672">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225672</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 515 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> We have investigated the thermodynamic property modification of ammonia borane via nanoconfinement. Two different mesoporous silica scaffolds, SBA-15 and MCM-41, were used to confine ammonia borane. Using in situ Raman spectroscopy, we examined how pore size influences the phase transition temperature from tetragonal <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5672/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> We have investigated the thermodynamic property modification of ammonia borane via nanoconfinement. Two different mesoporous silica scaffolds, SBA-15 and MCM-41, were used to confine ammonia borane. Using in situ Raman spectroscopy, we examined how pore size influences the phase transition temperature from tetragonal (<i>I4mm</i>) to orthorhombic (<i>Pmn21</i>) for ammonia borane. In bulk ammonia borane, the phase transition occurs at around 217 K; however, confinement in SBA-15 (with ~8 nm pore sizes) reduces this temperature to approximately 195 K, while confinement in MCM-41 (with pore sizes of 2.1–2.7 nm) further lowers it to below 90 K. This suppression of the phase transition as a function of pore size has not been previously studied using Raman spectroscopy. The stability of the <i>I4mm</i> phase at a much lower temperature can be interpreted by incorporating the surface energy terms to the overall free energy of the system in a simple thermodynamic model, which leads to a significant increase in the surface energy when transitioning from the tetragonal phase to the orthorhombic phase. <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5672">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5672/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1525460"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1525460"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1525460" data-cycle-prev="#prev1525460" data-cycle-progressive="#images1525460" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1525460-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05672/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05672-ag-550.jpg?1732116652" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images1525460" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1525460-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05672/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05672-g001-550.jpg?1732116648'><p>Figure 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1525460-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05672/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05672-g002-550.jpg?1732116650'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1525460-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05672/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05672-g003-550.jpg?1732116651'><p>Figure 3</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1525460-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05672/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05672-ag-550.jpg?1732116652" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5672'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05672/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05672-g001-550.jpg?1732116648" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Selected Raman spectra of neat NH<sub>3</sub>BH<sub>3</sub> at different temperatures in the spectral region of (<b>a</b>) 600–1650 cm<sup>−1</sup>, (<b>b</b>) 2100–2500 cm<sup>−1</sup> and (<b>c</b>) 3100–3400 cm<sup>−1</sup>. The intense Raman peak of the diamond anvil is truncated in the region of 1270–1500 cm<sup>−1</sup>. The sample temperature is indicated in each spectrum. Arrows indicate peak slitting in the spectra of 217 K and 90 K.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5672'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05672/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05672-g002-550.jpg?1732116650" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Selected Raman spectra of SBA-15/NH<sub>3</sub>BH<sub>3</sub> at different temperatures in the spectral region of (<b>a</b>) 600–1650 cm<sup>−1</sup>, (<b>b</b>) 2100–2500 cm<sup>−1</sup> and (<b>c</b>) 3100–3400 cm<sup>−1</sup>. The intense Raman mode of the diamond anvil is truncated in the region of 1270–1500 cm<sup>−1</sup>. The sample temperature is indicated in each spectrum. Arrows indicate peak slitting in the spectra of 195 K.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5672'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05672/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05672-g003-550.jpg?1732116651" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Selected Raman spectra of MCM-41/NH<sub>3</sub>BH<sub>3</sub> at different temperatures in the spectral region of (<b>a</b>) 600–1650 cm<sup>−1</sup>, (<b>b</b>) 2100–2500 cm<sup>−1</sup> and (<b>c</b>) 3100–3400 cm<sup>−1</sup>. The intense Raman mode of the diamond anvil is truncated in the region of 1270–1500 cm<sup>−1</sup>. The sample temperature is indicated in each spectrum.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5672'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1525413" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1525413" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1525413" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1525413" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5671/s1?version=1732115056"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 9 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 18 pages, 6646 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5671/pdf?version=1732179523" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Hydrogen Trapping at Fe/Cu Interfaces" data-journal="materials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1944/17/22/5671">Hydrogen Trapping at Fe/Cu Interfaces</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Philipp Hammer</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Matthias Militzer</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Vsevolod I. Razumovskiy</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Materials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(22), 5671; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225671">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225671</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 948 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Copper (Cu) in steel production can be a residual element, causing challenges during steel processing, as well as an alloying element, improving corrosion resistance and providing hardenability by nanosized precipitates. For the transition toward a green economy, increased recycling rates in steel production <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5671/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Copper (Cu) in steel production can be a residual element, causing challenges during steel processing, as well as an alloying element, improving corrosion resistance and providing hardenability by nanosized precipitates. For the transition toward a green economy, increased recycling rates in steel production and alternative energy carriers, such as hydrogen, are of vital importance. As hydrogen is known for its embrittling effect on high-strength steels, this work sought to explore possible mitigation strategies for hydrogen embrittlement (HE) with the help of Cu precipitates. Hydrogen trapping at Cu/Fe interfaces following the complex phase transformations in the Cu precipitation sequence from body-centered cubic (bcc) to the so-called 9R structure to face-centered cubic (fcc) was addressed by a series of systematic density functional theory calculations. In combination with thermodynamic calculations, the pressing question regarding which of the precipitate structures was most desirable for the tackling of HE was alluded to. We found that hydrogen trapping at the Cu/Fe interfaces increased from −0.05 to −0.18 eV following the precipitation sequence. Despite this relatively weak hydrogen trapping, which was in the range of dislocations, we showed through thermodynamic calculations that fcc Cu precipitates could still contribute to lowering the risk of triggering the hydrogen-enhanced localized plasticity (HELP) mechanism of HE. <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5671">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5671/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1525413"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1525413"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1525413" data-cycle-prev="#prev1525413" data-cycle-progressive="#images1525413" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1525413-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05671/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05671-ag-550.jpg?1732179606" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images1525413" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1525413-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05671/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05671-g001-550.jpg?1732179597'><p>Figure 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1525413-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05671/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05671-g002-550.jpg?1732179599'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1525413-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05671/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05671-g003-550.jpg?1732179600'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1525413-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05671/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05671-g004-550.jpg?1732179601'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1525413-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05671/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05671-g005-550.jpg?1732179604'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1525413-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05671/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05671-g006-550.jpg?1732179606'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1525413-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05671/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05671-ag-550.jpg?1732179606" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5671'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05671/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05671-g001-550.jpg?1732179597" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Atomic structure of (<b>a</b>) the <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mfenced separators="" open="(" close=")"> <mn>0</mn> <mn>0</mn> <mn>1</mn> </mfenced> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo> </mo> <mrow> <mo>‖</mo> </mrow> <mo> </mo> <msub> <mfenced separators="" open="(" close=")"> <mn>0</mn> <mn>0</mn> <mn>1</mn> </mfenced> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> interface with <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>b</b>) the <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mfenced separators="" open="(" close=")"> <mn>0</mn> <mn>1</mn> <mn>1</mn> </mfenced> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo> </mo> <mrow> <mo>‖</mo> </mrow> <mo> </mo> <msub> <mfenced separators="" open="(" close=")"> <mn>0</mn> <mn>1</mn> <mn>1</mn> </mfenced> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> interface with <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, and (<b>c</b>) the <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mfenced separators="" open="(" close=")"> <mn>1</mn> <mn>1</mn> <mn>1</mn> </mfenced> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo> </mo> <mrow> <mo>‖</mo> </mrow> <mo> </mo> <msub> <mfenced separators="" open="(" close=")"> <mn>0</mn> <mn>1</mn> <mn>1</mn> </mfenced> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> Kurdjumov–Sachs interface with <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>. The Cu slabs (orange atoms) are stacked on top of the Fe slabs (grey atoms). The H positions investigated for later trapping energy calculations are marked with green atoms and red atoms, representing H initially placed in sites with tetrahedral and octahedral symmetries, respectively.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5671'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05671/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05671-g002-550.jpg?1732179599" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Schematic representation of the 9R structure, showing (<b>a</b>) the atom positions in relation to the cell parameters a, b, and c on the three close-packed planes (A, B, C) from the top view and the stacking sequence in the (<b>b</b>) front and (<b>c</b>) isometric views [<a href="#B70-materials-17-05671" class="html-bibr">70</a>,<a href="#B75-materials-17-05671" class="html-bibr">75</a>,<a href="#B76-materials-17-05671" class="html-bibr">76</a>,<a href="#B78-materials-17-05671" class="html-bibr">78</a>]. The stacking faults are marked by blue planes in (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>) [<a href="#B70-materials-17-05671" class="html-bibr">70</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5671'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05671/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05671-g003-550.jpg?1732179600" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Atomic structure of the <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mfenced separators="" open="(" close=")"> <mn>1</mn> <mn>1</mn> <mover> <mn>4</mn> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mfenced> <mrow> <mn>9</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo> </mo> <mrow> <mo>‖</mo> </mrow> <mo> </mo> <msub> <mfenced separators="" open="(" close=")"> <mn>0</mn> <mn>1</mn> <mn>1</mn> </mfenced> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> interface using the fully repeatable <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mrow> <mn>9</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> slab in (<b>a</b>) isometric and (<b>b</b>) front views. The figure in (<b>c</b>) details the highlighted section from (<b>b</b>), showing an interface cell using only seven layers of Cu and Fe and outlining the size of a <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mrow> <mn>9</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> unit cell, although the stacking sequence started at a C layer for convenience. Stacking fault planes [<a href="#B70-materials-17-05671" class="html-bibr">70</a>] and the investigated H position are marked in (<b>c</b>) with blue dashed lines and a green atom, respectively. The size of the <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mrow> <mn>9</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> unit cell is indicated by a dashed box in (<b>c</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5671'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05671/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05671-g004-550.jpg?1732179601" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>H-trapping energies at various <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>/Cu interfaces ordered according to the Cu precipitate crystal structure and precipitation sequence. The bars display the lowest trapping energy for each interface, and the individual values for each investigated H position are represented by triangles and squares for H initially placed in sites with tetrahedral and octahedral symmetries, respectively.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5671'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05671/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05671-g005-550.jpg?1732179604" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Redistribution of 1 wt.ppm H among common traps in the high-strength martensitic steel with 1.3 wt.-% Cu [<a href="#B7-materials-17-05671" class="html-bibr">7</a>]. Transparency of the bars represents the reduction in H content due to the formation of Cu precipitates (i.e., the original H content without Cu precipitates prior to redistribution). The input parameters were taken from <a href="#materials-17-05671-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5671'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05671/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05671-g006-550.jpg?1732179606" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Redistribution of 1 wt.ppm H among common traps in a high-strength martensitic steel with different types of Cu precipitates [<a href="#B7-materials-17-05671" class="html-bibr">7</a>]. For each trap, the bars from left to right represent 1.6 vol.-% spherical 9R Cu precipitates with a diameter of 5 nm (filled bar) and rod-shaped fcc Cu precipitates with a diameter of 6.4 nm; a height of 20 nm; and volume fractions of 0.5 vol.-% (striped pattern), 1.6 vol.-% (checkerboard pattern), and 2.5 vol.-% (caro pattern). Transparent bars represent the original H content without Cu precipitates and the dotted lines mark the results for spherical fcc Cu precipitates with a diameter of 10 nm (see <a href="#materials-17-05671-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>) for comparison.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5671'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1525398" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 12 pages, 3264 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5670/pdf?version=1732161367" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Effect of Waste Concrete Powder Content and Microwave Heating Parameters on the Properties of Porous Alkali-Activated Materials from Coal Gangue" data-journal="materials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1944/17/22/5670">Effect of Waste Concrete Powder Content and Microwave Heating Parameters on the Properties of Porous Alkali-Activated Materials from Coal Gangue</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Vasilii Mischinenko</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Andrey Vasilchenko</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Georgy Lazorenko</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Materials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(22), 5670; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225670">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225670</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 655 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The objective of this research is to fabricate waste-based alkali-activated foams with better properties in a quick time by using energy-efficient techniques such as microwave irradiation. The present study reports the effect of microwave heating parameters, including heating time and output power, on <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5670/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The objective of this research is to fabricate waste-based alkali-activated foams with better properties in a quick time by using energy-efficient techniques such as microwave irradiation. The present study reports the effect of microwave heating parameters, including heating time and output power, on the properties of porous alkali-activated materials (AAMs) that use coal gangue (CG) as a precursor. The effects of concrete waste (CW) content (0–20 wt %) on the performance and microstructure of CG-based AAMs were investigated. Mechanical, thermal, and microstructural investigations were conducted to characterize the obtained materials. The experimental results indicate that the best characteristics of CG-based alkali-activated foams were achieved when microwave power and microwave heating time were 800 W and 10 min, respectively. The foams prepared by adding the waste concrete powder increased stability and showed lower bulk density and thermal conductivity. When the waste concrete powder content was 10 wt %, the CG-based alkali-activated foams showed the best overall performance. At the same time, the mechanical properties of the alkali-activated foams declined only slightly (~9%). The findings of this work provide a basis for further studies on improving the characteristics of CG-based alkali-activated foams due to the physical effect of a microwave field on fresh mortar without the use of a chemical foaming agent while reducing energy consumption in the production process. <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5670">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/materials/special_issues/X40H90D26D ">Geopolymers and Alkali-Activated Materials: Preparation and Properties</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5670/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1525398"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1525398"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1525398" data-cycle-prev="#prev1525398" data-cycle-progressive="#images1525398" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1525398-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05670/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05670-g001-550.jpg?1732161541" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1525398" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1525398-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05670/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05670-g002-550.jpg?1732161542'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1525398-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05670/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05670-g003-550.jpg?1732161545'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1525398-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05670/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05670-g004-550.jpg?1732161546'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1525398-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05670/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05670-g005-550.jpg?1732161548'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1525398-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05670/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05670-g006-550.jpg?1732161550'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1525398-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05670/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05670-g007-550.jpg?1732161552'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1525398-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05670/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05670-g008-550.jpg?1732161553'><p>Figure 8</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1525398-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05670/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05670-g001-550.jpg?1732161541" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Particle size distribution of CG (<b>a</b>) and CW (<b>b</b>) specimens.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5670'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05670/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05670-g002-550.jpg?1732161542" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) XRD patterns and (<b>b</b>) FTIR spectra of CG and CW specimens.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5670'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05670/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05670-g003-550.jpg?1732161545" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Manufacturing process of CG-based alkali-activated foams.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5670'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05670/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05670-g004-550.jpg?1732161546" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Effect of microwave power (<b>a</b>) and microwave heating time (<b>b</b>) on the compressive strength of CG-based alkali-activated foams.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5670'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05670/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05670-g005-550.jpg?1732161548" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Cross-sections of the CG-based alkali-activated foam CG/P400-T10 (<b>a</b>), CG/P600-T10 (<b>b</b>), CG/P800-T10 (<b>c</b>), and CG/P1000-T10 (<b>d</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5670'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05670/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05670-g006-550.jpg?1732161550" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Density and thermal conductivity values of CG-based alkali-activated foams vs. microwave output power.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5670'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05670/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05670-g007-550.jpg?1732161552" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Cross sections of the CG-based alkali-activated foams with various dosages of CW: CG/CW5 (<b>a</b>), CG/CW10 (<b>b</b>), CG/CW15 (<b>c</b>), and CG/CW20 (<b>d</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5670'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05670/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05670-g008-550.jpg?1732161553" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>SEM-EDS micrograph of CG-based alkali-activated foam with 10 wt % waste concrete powder (CG/CW10).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5670'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1525369" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1525369" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1525369" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1525369" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5669/s1?version=1732113476"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 961 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 11 pages, 2838 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5669/pdf?version=1732162906" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="The Synthesis of a Large Stokes-Shift Dye and Intercalation into the Nanochannels of Zeolite L" data-journal="materials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1944/17/22/5669">The Synthesis of a Large Stokes-Shift Dye and Intercalation into the Nanochannels of Zeolite L</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Fabian Walther</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Achim Ecker</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dominik Brühwiler</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marc Bornand</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Materials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(22), 5669; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225669">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225669</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 619 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> A host–guest-based fluorescent composite with a large Stokes shift was synthesized by intercalating 2,2′-(thiophene-2,5-diyl)bis(benzo[d]oxazol-6-amine) (BBTA) into the nanochannels of zeolite L (ZL) and sealing the pores with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES). To confirm the orientation of the amino groups in BBTA, a single crystal of <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5669/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> A host–guest-based fluorescent composite with a large Stokes shift was synthesized by intercalating 2,2′-(thiophene-2,5-diyl)bis(benzo[d]oxazol-6-amine) (BBTA) into the nanochannels of zeolite L (ZL) and sealing the pores with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES). To confirm the orientation of the amino groups in BBTA, a single crystal of 2,5-bis(6-nitrobenzo[d]oxazol-2-yl)thiophene (BBTN) was grown and examined by X-ray crystallography. The evidence of successful intercalation of BBTA into the nanochannels of ZL was provided by fluorescence spectrometry, gas sorption and fluorescence microscopy. BBTA showed a Stokes shift of 6641 cm<sup>−1</sup> (157 nm) in ethanol and 4611 cm<sup>−1</sup> (93 nm) in toluene. The BBTA-ZL composite (BBTA-ZL-s) showed a Stokes shift of 5677 cm<sup>−1</sup> (123 nm) in toluene, and 5450 cm<sup>−1</sup> (124 nm) in ethanol. In addition, the degree of loading was determined and stability against leaching was confirmed. We report the synthesis of this novel composite dye material with potential applications where free dyes are not applicable and which retains a large Stokes shift, independent of its chemical environment. <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5669">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5669/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1525369"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1525369"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1525369" data-cycle-prev="#prev1525369" data-cycle-progressive="#images1525369" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1525369-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05669/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05669-g001-550.jpg?1732162991" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1525369" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1525369-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05669/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05669-g002-550.jpg?1732162991'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1525369-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05669/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05669-g003-550.jpg?1732162992'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1525369-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05669/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05669-g004-550.jpg?1732162993'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1525369-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05669/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05669-g005-550.jpg?1732162994'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1525369-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05669/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05669-g006-550.jpg?1732162995'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1525369-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05669/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05669-g007-550.jpg?1732162995'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1525369-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05669/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05669-g008-550.jpg?1732162997'><p>Figure 8</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1525369-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05669/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05669-g001-550.jpg?1732162991" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Reaction scheme for the production of BBTA starting from BBT via BBTN. BBT is first nitrated with a nitrating acid and then the nitro groups are reduced.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5669'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05669/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05669-g002-550.jpg?1732162991" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>X-ray structure of BBTN (<b>left</b>) and the corresponding unit cell (<b>right</b>). Created with VESTA ver. 3.5.8 based on the cif-file deposited at CCDC with number 2252524.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5669'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05669/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05669-g003-550.jpg?1732162992" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Stokes shift in BBTA (66 µg·mL<sup>−1</sup>) in (<b>a</b>) wavelength and (<b>b</b>) wavenumber in different solvents. The maxima, blue for excitation and red for emission, are highlighted. The Stokes shift is shown as a gray bar. The exact excitation and emission wavelength maxima are listed in <a href="#app1-materials-17-05669" class="html-app">Tables S1 and S2</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5669'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05669/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05669-g004-550.jpg?1732162993" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Normalized (I<sub>norm</sub>) excitation spectrum (blue) and the emission spectrum (orange) of BBTA (66 µg·mL<sup>−1</sup>) in ethanol.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5669'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05669/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05669-g005-550.jpg?1732162994" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Three-dimensional fluorescence spectra measured in toluene (<b>left column</b>) and in ethanol (<b>right column</b>). From top to bottom: BBTA in solution (66 µg·mL<sup>−1</sup>), BBTA on the external surface of ZL (Impregnated, 333 µg·mL<sup>−1</sup>), BBTA-ZL (333 µg·mL<sup>−1</sup>), and BBTA-ZL-s (333 µg·mL<sup>−1</sup>). The excitation wavelength is plotted on the <span class="html-italic">y</span>-axis and the emission wavelength is plotted on the <span class="html-italic">x</span>-axis.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5669'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05669/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05669-g006-550.jpg?1732162995" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Nitrogen sorption isotherms at 77 K of pristine ZL (blue) and BBTA-ZL (red). The adsorption isotherms are shown as solid circles and the desorption isotherms as hollow circles. Adsorption and desorption branches coincide.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5669'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05669/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05669-g007-550.jpg?1732162995" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Fluorescence microscopy images of BBTA-ZL. The images show two crystals with a length of ca. 6.5 µm. For both crystals, the c-axis corresponds to the longer axis of the crystals. Image (<b>a</b>) was taken without a polarizer. The double arrows in images (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>) indicate the direction of the polarizer.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5669'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05669/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05669-g008-550.jpg?1732162997" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Stokes shift in BBTA (66 µg·mL<sup>−1</sup>) and BBTA-ZL-s (333 µg·mL<sup>−1</sup>) in (<b>a</b>) wavelength and (<b>b</b>) wavenumber in toluene and ethanol. The maxima, blue for excitation and red for emission, are highlighted. The Stokes shift is shown as a gray bar. The exact excitation and emission wavelength maxima are listed in <a href="#app1-materials-17-05669" class="html-app">Tables S3 and S4</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5669'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1525364" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 20 pages, 16954 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5668/pdf?version=1732176000" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Study on the Properties of High Fly Ash Content Alkali-Activated Fly Ash Slag Pastes and Fiber-Reinforced Mortar Under Normal Temperature Curing" data-journal="materials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1944/17/22/5668">Study on the Properties of High Fly Ash Content Alkali-Activated Fly Ash Slag Pastes and Fiber-Reinforced Mortar Under Normal Temperature Curing</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhu Yuan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yanmin Jia</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jinyu Sun</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xiaobo Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yaojie Hu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xuhua Han</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Materials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(22), 5668; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225668">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225668</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5668#metrics">Cited by 2</a> | Viewed by 716 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> In order to efficiently utilize industrial solid waste while minimizing the preparation cost of engineering materials and the technical difficulty of construction, this paper prepared a high fly ash content alkali-activated fly ash slag composite system at normal temperatures and conducted an in-depth <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5668/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> In order to efficiently utilize industrial solid waste while minimizing the preparation cost of engineering materials and the technical difficulty of construction, this paper prepared a high fly ash content alkali-activated fly ash slag composite system at normal temperatures and conducted an in-depth investigation on it. A systematic study was conducted on the workability, mechanical properties, and microstructures of the alkali-activated fly ash slag pastes, including setting times, strength, phase, and molecular structures. We then designed and prepared fiber-reinforced alkali-activated fly ash slag mortar and studied the effects of the alkali activator modulus, glass fiber (GF), and polypropylene fiber (PPF) on the workability, mechanical properties, and frost resistance of the mortar. The following main conclusions were drawn: By adjusting the modulus of alkali activator for alkali-activated fly ash slag pastes, characteristics that meet engineering requirements could be obtained. The compressive strength of the pastes decreased with increasing proportions of fly ash, and it first increased and then decreased with increases in the activator modulus. The flexural strength decreased to varying degrees as the modulus of the activator increased. Through SEM, fly ash particles with different reaction degrees could be observed, indicating that the reaction was still ongoing. The addition of GF and PPF reduced the fluidity of mortar and significantly improved its strength and frost resistance. Fiber had the most significant effect on improving the strength of the mortar, as an activator modulus of 1.0. 0.45% PPF increased the flexural and compressive strength of the mortar by 14.33% and 29.1%, respectively, while 0.90% GF increased the flexural and compressive strength of the mortar by 3.12% and 19.21%, respectively. The frost resistance of the mortar with an activator modulus of 1.0 was significantly better than that of the mortar with an activator modulus of 1.4. 0.45% PPF and reduced the quality loss rate of the mortar by 49.30%, effectively delaying the deterioration of its freeze-thaw performance. <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5668">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5668/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1525364"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1525364"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1525364" data-cycle-prev="#prev1525364" data-cycle-progressive="#images1525364" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div 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class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1525364-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05668/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05668-g004-550.jpg?1732176078'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1525364-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05668/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05668-g005-550.jpg?1732176080'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1525364-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05668/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05668-g006-550.jpg?1732176080'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1525364-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05668/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05668-g007-550.jpg?1732176081'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1525364-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05668/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05668-g008a-550.jpg?1732176084'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1525364-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05668/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05668-g008b-550.jpg?1732176086'><p>Figure 8 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1525364-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05668/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05668-g009a-550.jpg?1732176090'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1525364-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05668/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05668-g009b-550.jpg?1732176093'><p>Figure 9 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1525364-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05668/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05668-g010-550.jpg?1732176097'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1525364-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05668/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05668-g011-550.jpg?1732176099'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1525364-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05668/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05668-g012-550.jpg?1732176101'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1525364-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05668/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05668-g013-550.jpg?1732176103'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1525364-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05668/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05668-g014a-550.jpg?1732176104'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-1525364-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05668/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05668-g014b-550.jpg?1732176106'><p>Figure 14 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='17' data-target='article-1525364-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05668/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05668-g015-550.jpg?1732176108'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='18' data-target='article-1525364-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05668/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05668-g016-550.jpg?1732176109'><p>Figure 16</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1525364-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05668/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05668-g001-550.jpg?1732176077" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>XRD analysis of raw materials fly ash and slag.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5668'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05668/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05668-g002-550.jpg?1732176077" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>FT-IR analysis of raw material fly ash.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5668'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05668/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05668-g003-550.jpg?1732176078" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>FT-IR analysis of raw material slag.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5668'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05668/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05668-g004-550.jpg?1732176078" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Grading curve of sand.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5668'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05668/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05668-g005-550.jpg?1732176080" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Setting time of the pastes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5668'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05668/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05668-g006-550.jpg?1732176080" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Compressive strength of alkali-activated fly ash slag pastes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5668'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05668/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05668-g007-550.jpg?1732176081" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Flexural strength of alkali-activated fly ash slag pastes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5668'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05668/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05668-g008a-550.jpg?1732176084" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>FT-IR analysis of alkali-activated fly ash slag pastes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5668'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05668/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05668-g008b-550.jpg?1732176086" title=" <strong>Figure 8 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>FT-IR analysis of alkali-activated fly ash slag pastes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5668'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05668/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05668-g009a-550.jpg?1732176090" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>SEM images of F80-0.6.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5668'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05668/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05668-g009b-550.jpg?1732176093" title=" <strong>Figure 9 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>SEM images of F80-0.6.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5668'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05668/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05668-g010-550.jpg?1732176097" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>SEM images of F80-1.2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5668'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05668/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05668-g011-550.jpg?1732176099" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Fluidity of fiber-reinforced alkali-activated fly ash slag mortar.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5668'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05668/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05668-g012-550.jpg?1732176101" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Flexural strength of fiber-reinforced alkali-activated fly ash slag mortar.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5668'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05668/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05668-g013-550.jpg?1732176103" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Compressive strength of fiber-reinforced alkali-activated fly ash slag mortar.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5668'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05668/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05668-g014a-550.jpg?1732176104" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Surface morphology of freeze-thaw failure of mortar with alkali activator modulus of 1.0.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5668'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05668/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05668-g014b-550.jpg?1732176106" title=" <strong>Figure 14 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Surface morphology of freeze-thaw failure of mortar with alkali activator modulus of 1.0.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5668'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05668/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05668-g015-550.jpg?1732176108" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Surface morphology of freeze-thaw failure of mortar with alkali activator modulus of 1.4.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5668'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05668/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05668-g016-550.jpg?1732176109" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>Quality loss of mortar after freeze-thaw cycles.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5668'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1525246" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 19 pages, 21170 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5667/pdf?version=1732106809" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Multiple Preheating Processes for Suppressing Liquefaction Cracks in IN738LC Superalloy Fabricated by Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion (EB-PBF)" data-journal="materials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1944/17/22/5667">Multiple Preheating Processes for Suppressing Liquefaction Cracks in IN738LC Superalloy Fabricated by Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion (EB-PBF)</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yang Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hongyu Long</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Bo Wei</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jun Zhou</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Feng Lin</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Materials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(22), 5667; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225667">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225667</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 968 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> In additive manufacturing, controlling hot cracking in non-weldable nickel-based superalloys poses a significant challenge for forming complex components. This study introduces a multiple preheating process for the forming surface in electron beam powder bed fusion (EB-PBF), employing a dual-band infrared surface temperature measurement <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5667/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> In additive manufacturing, controlling hot cracking in non-weldable nickel-based superalloys poses a significant challenge for forming complex components. This study introduces a multiple preheating process for the forming surface in electron beam powder bed fusion (EB-PBF), employing a dual-band infrared surface temperature measurement technique instead of the conventional base plate thermocouple method. This new approach reduces the temperature drop during forming, decreasing surface cooling by 28.6% compared to traditional methods. Additionally, the precipitation of carbides and borides is reduced by 38.5% and 80.1%, respectively, lowering the sensitivity to liquefaction cracking. This technique enables crack-free forming at a lower powder bed preheating temperature (1000 °C), thereby improving the powder recycling rate by minimizing powder sintering. Microstructural analysis confirms that this method reduces low-melting eutectic formation and alleviates liquefaction cracking at high-angle grain boundaries caused by thermal cycling. Consequently, crack-free IN738 specimens with high-temperature durability were successfully achieved, providing a promising approach for the EB-PBF fabrication of crack-resistant IN738 components. <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5667">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/materials/special_issues/F5WL3Q2267 ">Fabrication of Advanced Materials</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5667/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1525246"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1525246"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1525246" data-cycle-prev="#prev1525246" data-cycle-progressive="#images1525246" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1525246-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05667/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05667-g001-550.jpg?1732106918" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1525246" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1525246-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05667/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05667-g002-550.jpg?1732106920'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1525246-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05667/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05667-g003-550.jpg?1732106921'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1525246-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05667/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05667-g004-550.jpg?1732106923'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1525246-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05667/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05667-g005-550.jpg?1732106925'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1525246-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05667/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05667-g006-550.jpg?1732106926'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1525246-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05667/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05667-g007-550.jpg?1732106928'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1525246-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05667/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05667-g008-550.jpg?1732106931'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1525246-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05667/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05667-g009-550.jpg?1732106933'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1525246-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05667/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05667-g010-550.jpg?1732106935'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1525246-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05667/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05667-g011-550.jpg?1732106938'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1525246-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05667/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05667-g012-550.jpg?1732106940'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1525246-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05667/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05667-g013-550.jpg?1732106943'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1525246-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05667/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05667-g014-550.jpg?1732106945'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1525246-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05667/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05667-g015-550.jpg?1732106948'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1525246-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05667/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05667-g016-550.jpg?1732106950'><p>Figure 16</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-1525246-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05667/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05667-g017-550.jpg?1732106952'><p>Figure 17</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='17' data-target='article-1525246-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05667/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05667-g018-550.jpg?1732106955'><p>Figure 18</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='18' data-target='article-1525246-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05667/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05667-g019-550.jpg?1732106957'><p>Figure 19</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='19' data-target='article-1525246-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05667/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05667-g020-550.jpg?1732106958'><p>Figure 20</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1525246-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05667/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05667-g001-550.jpg?1732106918" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>EB-PBF multiple preheating process (<b>a</b>) EB-PBF equipment based on the multiple preheating process. (<b>b</b>) Schematic diagram of the EB-PBF process utilizing the multiple preheating method (the slope of the broken line is illustrative only and does not represent the actual heating rate).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5667'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05667/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05667-g002-550.jpg?1732106920" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) The scanning strategy employed for fabricating the studied IN738LC. (<b>b</b>) Pictures of samples prepared based on the multiple preheating process.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5667'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05667/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05667-g003-550.jpg?1732106921" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Schematic of the high-temperature endurance strength test specimens. (<b>a</b>) The locations in the as-built sample, and (<b>b</b>) the dimensions of the high-temperature enduring strength test specimens.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5667'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05667/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05667-g004-550.jpg?1732106923" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The macroscopic cracks of the sample under different preheating temperatures of the substrate are (<b>a</b>) 1000 °C, (<b>b</b>) 1030 °C, and (<b>c</b>) 1060 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5667'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05667/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05667-g005-550.jpg?1732106925" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Powder bed under different preheating temperatures (<b>a</b>) T<sub>Sub1</sub> = 1000 °C, (<b>b</b>) T<sub>Sub2</sub> = 1030 °C, and (<b>c</b>) T<sub>Sub3</sub> = 1060 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5667'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05667/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05667-g006-550.jpg?1732106926" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of surface temperature between multiple preheating processes and conventional process.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5667'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05667/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05667-g007-550.jpg?1732106928" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Images of the formed samples without cracks prepared by the multiple preheating process.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5667'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05667/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05667-g008-550.jpg?1732106931" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Direct observation of the side by SEM (<b>a</b>) liquefaction area, (<b>b</b>) liquefaction trace in (<b>a</b>), and (<b>c</b>) eutectic phase area.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5667'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05667/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05667-g009-550.jpg?1732106933" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Carbide segregation at grain boundary near the crack (The numbers in the figure represent the quantity of carbides).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5667'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05667/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05667-g010-550.jpg?1732106935" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>EDS surface scan results of the area near the crack.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5667'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05667/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05667-g011-550.jpg?1732106938" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>EMPA surface scanning analysis of crack samples.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5667'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05667/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05667-g012-550.jpg?1732106940" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>EDS surface scan analysis of FIB positioning segregation phase.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5667'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05667/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05667-g013-550.jpg?1732106943" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>SEM observation of the B-rich area: (<b>a</b>) 3.08 K magnification image, (<b>b</b>) 10.89 K magnification image, (<b>c</b>) marking of cutting position, and (<b>d</b>) positioning of cutting.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5667'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05667/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05667-g014-550.jpg?1732106945" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>TEM spectral surface scanning analysis of FIB cut samples.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5667'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05667/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05667-g015-550.jpg?1732106948" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Trailing phase TEM bright field and electron diffraction pattern in FIB cut sample (<b>a</b>) TEM bright field morphology, (<b>b</b>) upper SAED calibration, (<b>c</b>) lower SAED calibration.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5667'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05667/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05667-g016-550.jpg?1732106950" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>SEM image of fracture surface with high-temperature durability of IN738 sample without crack (<b>a</b>) macroscopic structure of fracture; (<b>b</b>) intergranular creep failure; (<b>c</b>) ductile creep fracture zone; (<b>d</b>) SEM high-magnification image of the typical region in <a href="#materials-17-05667-f017" class="html-fig">Figure 17</a>b; (<b>e</b>) high-magnification SEM image of a ductile fracture.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5667'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05667/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05667-g017-550.jpg?1732106952" title=" <strong>Figure 17</strong><br/> <p>SEM and EBSD maps (obtained using a step size of 2.8 µm) showing the crack along the coarse columnar grain boundary. (<b>a</b>) SEM diagram, (<b>b</b>) grain boundary (GB) map, (<b>c</b>) KAM map, (<b>d</b>) IPF X, (<b>e</b>) IPF Y, and (<b>f</b>) IPF Z.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5667'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05667/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05667-g018-550.jpg?1732106955" title=" <strong>Figure 18</strong><br/> <p>EPMA surface scanning analysis of samples without cracks.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5667'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05667/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05667-g019-550.jpg?1732106957" title=" <strong>Figure 19</strong><br/> <p>Mechanism of liquefaction crack.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5667'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05667/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05667-g020-550.jpg?1732106958" title=" <strong>Figure 20</strong><br/> <p>Average size and distribution curves of carbides and borides in cracked and uncracked samples. (<b>a</b>) Average size and (<b>b</b>) distribution curves.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5667'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1525245" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 2556 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5666/pdf?version=1732106678" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Electrical Conductivity as an Informative Factor of the Properties of Liposomal Systems with Naproxen Sodium for Transdermal Application" data-journal="materials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1944/17/22/5666">Electrical Conductivity as an Informative Factor of the Properties of Liposomal Systems with Naproxen Sodium for Transdermal Application</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Witold Musiał</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Carla Caddeo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alina Jankowska-Konsur</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Giorgio Passiu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tomasz Urbaniak</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Maria Twarda</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Adam Zalewski</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Materials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(22), 5666; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225666">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225666</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 676 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Liposomal preparations play an important role as formulations for transdermal drug delivery; however, the electrical conductivity of these systems is sparingly evaluated. The aim of the study was to outline the range of the values of electrical conductivity values that may be recorded <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5666/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Liposomal preparations play an important role as formulations for transdermal drug delivery; however, the electrical conductivity of these systems is sparingly evaluated. The aim of the study was to outline the range of the values of electrical conductivity values that may be recorded in the future pharmaceutical systems in the context of their viscosity. The electrical conductivity, measured by a conductivity probe of k = 1.0 cm<sup>−1</sup>, and the dynamic viscosity of liposomal and non-liposomal systems with naproxen sodium, embedded into a methylcellulose hydrophilic gel (0.25%), were compared with data from preparations without naproxen sodium in a range reflecting the naproxen sodium concentrations 0.1·10<sup>−2</sup>–9.5·10<sup>−2</sup> mol/L. The specific conductivity covered a 1.5 μS·cm<sup>−1</sup>–5616.0 μS·cm<sup>−1</sup> range, whereas the viscosity ranged from 0.9 to 9.4 mPa·s. The naproxen sodium highly influenced the electrical conductivity, whereas the dynamic viscosity was a moderate factor. The observed phenomena may be ascribed to the high mobility of sodium ions recruited from naproxen sodium and the relatively low concentrations of applied methylcellulose. The assembly of lecithin in liposomes may have lowered the specific conductivity of the systems with naproxen sodium. These measurements will be further developed for implementation as simple assays of the concentrations of active pharmaceutical ingredient in release experiments of preparations proposed for dermatological applications. <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5666">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/materials/special_issues/4FRCRN4B14 ">Functional Hydrogels: Design, Properties and Applications</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5666/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1525245"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1525245"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1525245" data-cycle-prev="#prev1525245" data-cycle-progressive="#images1525245" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1525245-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05666/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05666-g001-550.jpg?1732106741" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1525245" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1525245-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05666/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05666-g002-550.jpg?1732106743'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1525245-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05666/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05666-g003-550.jpg?1732106744'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1525245-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05666/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05666-g004a-550.jpg?1732106745'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1525245-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05666/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05666-g004b-550.jpg?1732106746'><p>Figure 4 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1525245-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05666/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05666-g005a-550.jpg?1732106746'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1525245-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05666/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05666-g005b-550.jpg?1732106747'><p>Figure 5 Cont.</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1525245-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05666/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05666-g001-550.jpg?1732106741" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The influence of concentration on the recorded specific conductivity of evaluated systems: physical mixtures in absence of naproxen sodium (<b>A</b>), physical mixtures in the presence of naproxen sodium (<b>B</b>), and liposomal formulations with and without naproxen sodium (<b>C</b>). Composition details and abbreviations are outlined in <a href="#materials-17-05666-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5666'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05666/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05666-g002-550.jpg?1732106743" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The influence of naproxen sodium molar concentration on the recorded molar conductivities of evaluated systems, calculated according to the API concentration in physical mixtures (<b>A</b>) and liposomal formulations (<b>B</b>). Composition details and abbreviations are outlined in <a href="#materials-17-05666-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5666'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05666/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05666-g003-550.jpg?1732106744" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>The limiting molar conductivity of naproxen sodium of evaluated systems. Composition details and abbreviations are outlined in <a href="#materials-17-05666-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5666'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05666/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05666-g004a-550.jpg?1732106745" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The influence of the concentration of the assessed system on the relative viscosity: the physical mixtures in absence of naproxen sodium (<b>A</b>), the physical mixtures in the presence of naproxen sodium (<b>B</b>), and the liposomal formulations with and without naproxen sodium (<b>C</b>). Composition details and abbreviations are outlined in <a href="#materials-17-05666-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5666'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05666/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05666-g004b-550.jpg?1732106746" title=" <strong>Figure 4 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>The influence of the concentration of the assessed system on the relative viscosity: the physical mixtures in absence of naproxen sodium (<b>A</b>), the physical mixtures in the presence of naproxen sodium (<b>B</b>), and the liposomal formulations with and without naproxen sodium (<b>C</b>). Composition details and abbreviations are outlined in <a href="#materials-17-05666-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5666'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05666/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05666-g005a-550.jpg?1732106746" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>The relation of viscosity and the specific conductivity of evaluated systems in physical mixtures (<b>A</b>) and liposomal formulations (<b>B</b>). Composition details and abbreviations are outlined in <a href="#materials-17-05666-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5666'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05666/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05666-g005b-550.jpg?1732106747" title=" <strong>Figure 5 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>The relation of viscosity and the specific conductivity of evaluated systems in physical mixtures (<b>A</b>) and liposomal formulations (<b>B</b>). Composition details and abbreviations are outlined in <a href="#materials-17-05666-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5666'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1525228" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 8875 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5665/pdf?version=1732104930" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="The Customized Heat Treatment for Enhancing the High-Temperature Durability of Laser-Directed Energy Deposition-Repaired Single-Crystal Superalloys" data-journal="materials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1944/17/22/5665">The Customized Heat Treatment for Enhancing the High-Temperature Durability of Laser-Directed Energy Deposition-Repaired Single-Crystal Superalloys</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yimo Guo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nannan Lu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pengfei Yang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jingjing Liang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Guangrui Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chuanyong Cui</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ting-An Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yizhou Zhou</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xiaofeng Sun</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jinguo Li</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Materials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(22), 5665; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225665">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225665</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 603 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The high-temperature durability performance plays a crucial role in the applications of single-crystal (SX) superalloys repaired by laser-directed energy deposition (L-DED). A specialized heat treatment process for L-DED-repaired SX superalloys was developed in this study. The effect of the newly customized heat treatment <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5665/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The high-temperature durability performance plays a crucial role in the applications of single-crystal (SX) superalloys repaired by laser-directed energy deposition (L-DED). A specialized heat treatment process for L-DED-repaired SX superalloys was developed in this study. The effect of the newly customized heat treatment on the microstructure and high-temperature mechanical properties of DD32 SX superalloy repaired by L-DED was investigated. Results indicate that the repaired area of the newly customized heat treatment specimen still maintained a SX structure, the average size of the γ′ phase was 236 nm, and the volume fraction was 69%. Obviously recrystallized grains were formed in the repair area of the standard heat treatment specimens, and carbide precipitated along the grain boundary. The size of the γ′ phase was about 535 nm. The high-temperature durable life of the newly custom heat treatment specimen was about 19.09 h at 1000 °C/280 MPa, the fracture mode was microporous aggregation fracture, and the fracture location was in the repair area. The durable life of the standard heat treatment specimen was about 8.70 h, the fracture mode was cleavage fracture, and the fracture location was in the matrix area. The crack source of both specimens was interdendrite carbide. <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5665">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/materials/special_issues/6Z1IQCTRJ9 ">Laser Processing of Metals and Alloys: Structures, Properties, and Applications</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5665/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1525228"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1525228"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1525228" data-cycle-prev="#prev1525228" data-cycle-progressive="#images1525228" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1525228-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05665/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05665-g001-550.jpg?1732105119" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1525228" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1525228-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05665/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05665-g002-550.jpg?1732105120'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1525228-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05665/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05665-g003-550.jpg?1732105122'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1525228-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05665/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05665-g004-550.jpg?1732105126'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1525228-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05665/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05665-g005-550.jpg?1732105129'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1525228-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05665/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05665-g006-550.jpg?1732105134'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1525228-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05665/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05665-g007-550.jpg?1732105134'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1525228-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05665/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05665-g008-550.jpg?1732105137'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1525228-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05665/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05665-g009-550.jpg?1732105140'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1525228-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05665/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05665-g010-550.jpg?1732105141'><p>Figure 10</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1525228-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05665/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05665-g001-550.jpg?1732105119" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Microstructure of cast DD32 SX superalloy substrate; (<b>b</b>) morphology of DD32 powder; (<b>c</b>) schematic diagram of additive manufacturing of SX superalloys by L-DED process; (<b>d</b>) thin-walled specimen repaired by L-DED.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5665'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05665/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05665-g002-550.jpg?1732105120" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram of heat treatment process of the L-DED-repaired DD32 SX superalloy.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5665'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05665/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05665-g003-550.jpg?1732105122" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>The specimens for high-temperature durability tests.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5665'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05665/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05665-g004-550.jpg?1732105126" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) The OM of DD32 SX superalloy repaired by L-DED; (<b>b</b>) the morphology of the bottom of repaired area; (<b>c</b>) the morphology of the top of repaired area; (<b>d</b>) the γ′ phase of repaired area; (<b>e</b>) EBSD mapping of the IPF image of (<b>b</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5665'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05665/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05665-g005-550.jpg?1732105129" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>The OM of AG1, AG2, and AG3: (<b>a</b>,<b>d</b>,<b>g</b>); the EBSD mapping of the IPF image of AG1, AG2, and AG3: (<b>b</b>,<b>e</b>,<b>h</b>); The γ′ phase of AG1, AG2 and AG3: (<b>c</b>,<b>f</b>,<b>i</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5665'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05665/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05665-g006-550.jpg?1732105134" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) The SEM image of repaired area of standard heat treatment specimen; (<b>b</b>) enlargement of (<b>a</b>); (<b>c</b>) recrystallized grains of repaired area of standard heat treatment specimen; (<b>d</b>) enlargement of (<b>c</b>); (<b>e</b>) the microstructure of repaired area of newly customized heat treatment specimen; (<b>f</b>) enlargement of (<b>e</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5665'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05665/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05665-g007-550.jpg?1732105134" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) The size of γ′ phase of AG1, AG2, and AG3; (<b>b</b>) the volume fraction of γ′ phase of AG1, AG2, and AG3.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5665'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05665/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05665-g008-550.jpg?1732105137" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Longitudinal cross-section of standard heat treatment fracture specimen: (<b>a</b>) fracture location; (<b>b</b>) the morphology of cracks and carbides; (<b>c</b>) local amplification of (<b>b</b>). Longitudinal cross-section of newly customized heat treatment fracture specimen: (<b>d</b>) fracture location; (<b>e</b>) local amplification of cracks and carbides; (<b>f</b>) local amplification of (<b>e</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5665'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05665/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05665-g009-550.jpg?1732105140" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) The fracture surface of newly customized heat treatment fracture specimen; (<b>b</b>) the morphology of pore; (<b>c</b>) the morphology of dimple; (<b>d</b>) the fracture surface of standard heat treatment fracture specimen; (<b>e</b>) dendrite morphology; (<b>f</b>) cleavage fracture characteristics.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5665'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05665/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05665-g010-550.jpg?1732105141" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram of heat treatment and microstructure evolution: (<b>a</b>) newly customized heat treatment specimen, (<b>b</b>) standard heat treatment specimen.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5665'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1525205" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 22 pages, 12709 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5664/pdf?version=1732103397" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Synergistic Reduction in Asphalt VOC Emissions by Hydrochloric Acid-Modified Zeolite and LDHs" data-journal="materials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1944/17/22/5664">Synergistic Reduction in Asphalt VOC Emissions by Hydrochloric Acid-Modified Zeolite and LDHs</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Haowei Zhao</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Anqi Chen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shaopeng Wu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Haiqin Xu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Huan Wang</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yang Lv</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Materials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(22), 5664; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225664">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225664</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 580 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Asphalt releases a large number of irritating fumes during construction and use, which is a serious emission pollution that not only damages the atmospheric environment but also produces highly toxic and carcinogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs), posing a health risk to human beings. <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5664/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Asphalt releases a large number of irritating fumes during construction and use, which is a serious emission pollution that not only damages the atmospheric environment but also produces highly toxic and carcinogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs), posing a health risk to human beings. In this study, a compound-doped modified bitumen for reducing VOC emission was prepared by using zeolite as the main adsorbent material, modified by hydrochloric acid, and LDHs as a synergistic adsorbent material. By determining its basic and rheological properties, the results show that the compounding of LDHs and HCL-modified zeolite added to asphalt can improve the high-temperature performance of asphalt binder, but at the same time, the anti-fatigue property will be decreased. By GC-MS experimental analysis, a total of 72.2% fewer volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were released by the compound modified asphalt compound than by virgin asphalt, which resulted in a significant reduction in asphalt fume emissions. It shows that the asphalt VOC molecules are well adsorbed by the porous adsorption of LDHs and zeolite materials, and it is also found experimentally that they inhibit the emission of VOCs through the blocking and adsorption effects. This study provides a scientific basis for inhibiting the emission of VOCs during asphalt pavement construction. <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5664">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/materials/special_issues/7X9UPHD2OM ">Green and Sustainable Infrastructure Construction Materials (2nd Edition)</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5664/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1525205"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1525205"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1525205" data-cycle-prev="#prev1525205" data-cycle-progressive="#images1525205" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1525205-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05664/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05664-g001-550.jpg?1732103470" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1525205" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1525205-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05664/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05664-g002-550.jpg?1732103472'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1525205-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05664/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05664-g003-550.jpg?1732103474'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1525205-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05664/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05664-g004-550.jpg?1732103475'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1525205-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05664/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05664-g005-550.jpg?1732103477'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1525205-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05664/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05664-g006-550.jpg?1732103478'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1525205-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05664/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05664-g007-550.jpg?1732103480'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1525205-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05664/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05664-g008-550.jpg?1732103481'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1525205-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05664/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05664-g009-550.jpg?1732103482'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1525205-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05664/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05664-g010-550.jpg?1732103483'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1525205-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05664/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05664-g011-550.jpg?1732103486'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1525205-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05664/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05664-g012-550.jpg?1732103487'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1525205-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05664/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05664-g013-550.jpg?1732103488'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1525205-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05664/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05664-g014-550.jpg?1732103489'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1525205-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05664/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05664-g015-550.jpg?1732103490'><p>Figure 15</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1525205-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05664/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05664-g001-550.jpg?1732103470" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Compositional analysis of zeolite pretreatment.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5664'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05664/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05664-g002-550.jpg?1732103472" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Infrared spectra of modified bitumen.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5664'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05664/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05664-g003-550.jpg?1732103474" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>The basic properties of the four types of asphalt are (<b>a</b>) softening point, (<b>b</b>) ductility, and (<b>c</b>) permeability. (<b>d</b>) viscosity.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5664'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05664/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05664-g004-550.jpg?1732103475" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Complex modulus of the five asphalts; (<b>b</b>) Phase angle of the five asphalts.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5664'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05664/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05664-g005-550.jpg?1732103477" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>High-temperature rutting factor (Rf) for five asphalts.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5664'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05664/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05664-g006-550.jpg?1732103478" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Fatigue factor for five types of asphalt.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5664'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05664/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05664-g007-550.jpg?1732103480" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Low-temperature rheological properties of five asphalts.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5664'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05664/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05664-g008-550.jpg?1732103481" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>VOCs composition of four types of asphalt settling time.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5664'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05664/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05664-g009-550.jpg?1732103482" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Total VOC emissions from four types of asphalt.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5664'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05664/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05664-g010-550.jpg?1732103483" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Concentrations of the 10 highest concentrations of VOCs.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5664'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05664/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05664-g011-550.jpg?1732103486" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a<sub>(1)</sub></b>–<b>a<sub>(4)</sub></b>) Scanning electron microscope image of zeolite; (<b>b<sub>(1)</sub></b>–<b>b<sub>(4)</sub></b>) scanning electron microscope image of zeolite after treatment with hydrochloric acid.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5664'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05664/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05664-g012-550.jpg?1732103487" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>N<sub>2</sub> adsorption and desorption curves of zeolite.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5664'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05664/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05664-g013-550.jpg?1732103488" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>N<sub>2</sub> adsorption and desorption curves of HCl-treated zeolite.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5664'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05664/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05664-g014-550.jpg?1732103489" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) TG curves of the four asphalts; (<b>b</b>) residual mass of the four asphalts.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5664'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05664/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05664-g015-550.jpg?1732103490" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>DTG curve of all binders.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5664'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1525184" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 18 pages, 14512 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5663/pdf?version=1732102329" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Mechanical Behavior of Thin Ceramic Laminates on Central Incisors" data-journal="materials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1944/17/22/5663">Mechanical Behavior of Thin Ceramic Laminates on Central Incisors</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Stephanie Soares Favero</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kelli Nunes Monteiro</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Aline Rodrigues</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ketuly Marques Cestari</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Carlos Alberto Jurado</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Abdulaziz Alhotan</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Paulo Francisco Cesar</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Materials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(22), 5663; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225663">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225663</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 543 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Restorative dentistry often uses ceramic laminate veneers for aesthetic anterior teeth restorations due to their natural appearance and minimal invasiveness. However, the understanding of their clinical performance and how ceramic microstructure and processing affect longevity is limited. <i>Objective:</i> This study aimed to address <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5663/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Restorative dentistry often uses ceramic laminate veneers for aesthetic anterior teeth restorations due to their natural appearance and minimal invasiveness. However, the understanding of their clinical performance and how ceramic microstructure and processing affect longevity is limited. <i>Objective:</i> This study aimed to address this gap by determining the mechanical behavior, fracture load, and failure modes of CAD-CAM processed laminate veneers made of either lithium-disilicate-based glass ceramic (IPS e.max CAD) or feldspathic porcelain (Vita Mark II). It also aimed to develop a mechanical cycling methodology capable of determining the lifetime and failure modes of thin ceramic laminate veneers. <i>Materials and Methods:</i> Eighteen human maxillary central incisors were used to create the specimens. Minimal enamel preparation was required to ensure the proper adaptation of the thin ceramic laminates. Ceramic laminates made from lithium disilicate and feldspathic porcelain (Vita Mark II) were produced via CAD-CAM, with the final thicknesses less than 0.5 mm, then cemented with resin cement. <i>Results:</i> The mean fracture load for the glass ceramic was 431.8 ± 217.9 N, while for the porcelain, it was 454.4 ± 72.1 N. Failure modes differed considerably: porcelain showed more chipping, while lithium disilicate was associated with tooth structure failure. <i>Conclusion:</i> The material used did not significantly affect the fracture load of thin ceramic laminates in static tests. However, failure modes differed considerably. It was not possible to determine a set of mechanical cycling parameters that could establish the fatigue properties of thin ceramic laminates, as the maximum number of cycles reached was 536,818. <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5663">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/materials/special_issues/T81XZS6LQ7 ">Recent Advancements in Technology and Applications for Dental Ceramics (Second Edition)</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5663/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1525184"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1525184"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1525184" data-cycle-prev="#prev1525184" data-cycle-progressive="#images1525184" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1525184-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05663/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05663-g001-550.jpg?1732102480" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1525184" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1525184-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05663/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05663-g002-550.jpg?1732102481'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1525184-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05663/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05663-g003-550.jpg?1732102483'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1525184-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05663/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05663-g004-550.jpg?1732102484'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1525184-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05663/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05663-g005-550.jpg?1732102489'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1525184-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05663/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05663-g006-550.jpg?1732102490'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1525184-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05663/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05663-g007-550.jpg?1732102492'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1525184-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05663/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05663-g008-550.jpg?1732102498'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1525184-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05663/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05663-g009-550.jpg?1732102499'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1525184-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05663/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05663-g010-550.jpg?1732102505'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1525184-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05663/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05663-g011-550.jpg?1732102506'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1525184-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05663/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05663-g012-550.jpg?1732102512'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1525184-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05663/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05663-g013-550.jpg?1732102513'><p>Figure 13</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1525184-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05663/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05663-g001-550.jpg?1732102480" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Experimental flowchart of the study design.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5663'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05663/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05663-g002-550.jpg?1732102481" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Placement of the specimens in the chewing machine simulator.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5663'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05663/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05663-g003-550.jpg?1732102483" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Placement of the specimens in the chewing machine simulator.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5663'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05663/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05663-g004-550.jpg?1732102484" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Images of the fracture surface of lithium disilicate specimen 2; (<b>a</b>) overview; (<b>b</b>) approximated view; and (<b>c</b>) possible source of failure.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5663'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05663/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05663-g005-550.jpg?1732102489" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Images of the fracture surface of lithium disilicate specimen 2; (<b>a</b>–<b>f</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5663'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05663/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05663-g006-550.jpg?1732102490" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Images of fracture patterns of porcelain laminates; (<b>a</b>) specimen 1: fracture and chipping of the laminate veneer; (<b>b</b>) specimen 2: chipping of the laminate veneer; (<b>c</b>) specimen 3: chipping of the laminate veneer; and (<b>d</b>) specimen 4: fracture of the dental crown.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5663'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05663/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05663-g007-550.jpg?1732102492" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Images of the fracture surface of porcelain specimen 1; (<b>a</b>) overview; (<b>b</b>) approximated view and possible source of failure.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5663'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05663/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05663-g008-550.jpg?1732102498" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Images of the fracture surface of porcelain specimen 1; (<b>a</b>–<b>f</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5663'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05663/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05663-g009-550.jpg?1732102499" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Images of the fracture surface of porcelain specimen 2; (<b>a</b>) overview; (<b>b</b>) approximated view and possible source of failure.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5663'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05663/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05663-g010-550.jpg?1732102505" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Images of the fracture surface of porcelain specimen 2; (<b>a</b>–<b>e</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5663'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05663/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05663-g011-550.jpg?1732102506" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Images of the fracture surface of porcelain specimen 3; (<b>a</b>) overview; (<b>b</b>) approximated view and possible source of failure.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5663'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05663/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05663-g012-550.jpg?1732102512" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Images of the fracture surface of porcelain specimen 3; (<b>a</b>–<b>e</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5663'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05663/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05663-g013-550.jpg?1732102513" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Images of failure patterns obtained in the chewing simulator; (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) fracture of the antagonist tooth; (<b>c</b>) wear of the antagonist tooth; (<b>d</b>) fracture of the laminate veneer; and (<b>e</b>) wear of the metal roller.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5663'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1525147" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 8053 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5662/pdf?version=1732100545" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="In Situ Monitoring of Anodic Acidification Process Using 3D μ-XCT Method" data-journal="materials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1944/17/22/5662">In Situ Monitoring of Anodic Acidification Process Using 3D μ-XCT Method</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chaoqun Zeng</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shanshan Qin</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhijun Deng</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Miaochang Zhu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Materials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(22), 5662; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225662">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225662</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 519 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Debonding of the primary anode caused by anodic acidification is one of the major failure modes of the impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) system in reinforced concrete structures. This study used 3D micro X-ray computed tomography (μ-XCT) to monitor the in situ evolution <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5662/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Debonding of the primary anode caused by anodic acidification is one of the major failure modes of the impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) system in reinforced concrete structures. This study used 3D micro X-ray computed tomography (μ-XCT) to monitor the in situ evolution of the anodic acidification-affected zone. Samples were scanned after 0 to 40 days of the accelerated anodic acidification test. The anodic acidification-affected zone was identified in μ-XCT images using the gray level segmentation method. The total volume of this zone was measured using the 3D reconstruction method. It was found that detailed 3D information can be extracted using the 3D reconstruction method. The spatial heterogeneity was analyzed using this reconstructed volume information. The Faraday efficiency was calculated and found to increase after 20 days of operation. It was also found that the affected zone was proportional to the input electrical energy. The proposed model is useful for estimating the durability of an ICCP system. <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5662">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/materials/sections/Construction_and_Building_Materials">Construction and Building Materials</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5662/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1525147"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1525147"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1525147" data-cycle-prev="#prev1525147" data-cycle-progressive="#images1525147" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1525147-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05662/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05662-g001-550.jpg?1732100625" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1525147" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1525147-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05662/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05662-g002-550.jpg?1732100626'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1525147-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05662/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05662-g003-550.jpg?1732100626'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1525147-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05662/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05662-g004-550.jpg?1732100628'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1525147-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05662/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05662-g005-550.jpg?1732100628'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1525147-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05662/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05662-g006-550.jpg?1732100630'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1525147-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05662/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05662-g007-550.jpg?1732100632'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1525147-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05662/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05662-g008-550.jpg?1732100634'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1525147-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05662/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05662-g009-550.jpg?1732100636'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1525147-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05662/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05662-g010-550.jpg?1732100642'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1525147-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05662/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05662-g011-550.jpg?1732100642'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1525147-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05662/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05662-g012-550.jpg?1732100643'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1525147-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05662/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05662-g013-550.jpg?1732100644'><p>Figure 13</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1525147-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05662/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05662-g001-550.jpg?1732100625" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Specimen preparation for accelerated acidification test: (<b>a</b>) side view; (<b>b</b>) real specimen photo; (<b>c</b>) front view.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5662'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05662/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05662-g002-550.jpg?1732100626" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Experimental setup of the accelerated acidification test.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5662'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05662/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05662-g003-550.jpg?1732100626" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Standard linear attenuation coefficient of the component in our samples according to the National Institute of Standards and Technology [<a href="#B19-materials-17-05662" class="html-bibr">19</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5662'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05662/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05662-g004-550.jpg?1732100628" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Inspection of the anodic acidification-affected zone using 3D μ-XCT technique after accelerated acidification test: (<b>a</b>) principle of X-ray computed tomography; (<b>b</b>) photo of the μ-XCT device.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5662'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05662/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05662-g005-550.jpg?1732100628" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Evolution of the driven voltage during the accelerated acidification test.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5662'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05662/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05662-g006-550.jpg?1732100630" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Phase identification process of the anodic acidification-affected zone: (<b>a</b>) 3D construction of the samples; (<b>b</b>) 2D section view of the scanned image; (<b>c</b>) histogram of the gray level clearly showing the gray level of the affected zone.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5662'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05662/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05662-g007-550.jpg?1732100632" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Results of the identification process. The identified anodic acidification-affected zone is shown in dark red. The duration of the accelerated ICCP test increased from 0 to 40 days for (<b>a</b>–<b>e</b>) with increasing order.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5662'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05662/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05662-g008-550.jpg?1732100634" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>A 3D reconstruction of the anodic acidification-affected zone. The duration of the test from (<b>a</b>–<b>e</b>) is 0 to 40 days with increasing order.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5662'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05662/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05662-g009-550.jpg?1732100636" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the μ-XCT image and optical analysis of the sample at the end of the accelerated ICCP test: (<b>a</b>) μ-XCT image; (<b>b</b>) optical image with a phenolphthalein pH indicator spray on the surface of the sample.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5662'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05662/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05662-g010-550.jpg?1732100642" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>SEM and EDS results for the sample after 40 days of accelerated anode acidification test: (<b>a</b>) SEM view at low magnification; (<b>b</b>–<b>d</b>) increased magnification of EDS spot 1, 3, 5, respectively; (<b>e</b>–<b>g</b>) EDS results for three points selected from the sample surface.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5662'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05662/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05662-g011-550.jpg?1732100642" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Evolution of the Faraday efficiency of reaction (1) [<a href="#B1-materials-17-05662" class="html-bibr">1</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5662'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05662/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05662-g012-550.jpg?1732100643" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Experimental setup of the accelerated acidification test.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5662'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05662/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05662-g013-550.jpg?1732100644" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Correlation between the input electrical energy and the affected volume.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5662'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1525220" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 26 pages, 7129 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5661/pdf?version=1732177025" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Multiscale Modeling of Nanoparticle Precipitation in Oxide Dispersion-Strengthened Steels Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion" data-journal="materials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1944/17/22/5661">Multiscale Modeling of Nanoparticle Precipitation in Oxide Dispersion-Strengthened Steels Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhengming Wang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Seongun Yang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Stephanie B. Lawson</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Cheng-Hsiao Tsai</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>V. Vinay K. Doddapaneni</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marc Albert</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Benjamin Sutton</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chih-Hung Chang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Somayeh Pasebani</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Donghua Xu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Materials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(22), 5661; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225661">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225661</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 1087 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) enables the efficient production of near-net-shape oxide dispersion-strengthened (ODS) alloys, which possess superior mechanical properties due to oxide nanoparticles (e.g., yttrium oxide, Y-O, and yttrium-titanium oxide, Y-Ti-O) embedded in the alloy matrix. To better understand the precipitation mechanisms <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5661/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) enables the efficient production of near-net-shape oxide dispersion-strengthened (ODS) alloys, which possess superior mechanical properties due to oxide nanoparticles (e.g., yttrium oxide, Y-O, and yttrium-titanium oxide, Y-Ti-O) embedded in the alloy matrix. To better understand the precipitation mechanisms of the oxide nanoparticles and predict their size distribution under LPBF conditions, we developed an innovative physics-based multiscale modeling strategy that incorporates multiple computational approaches. These include a finite volume method model (Flow3D) to analyze the temperature field and cooling rate of the melt pool during the LPBF process, a density functional theory model to calculate the binding energy of Y-O particles and the temperature-dependent diffusivities of Y and O in molten 316L stainless steel (SS), and a cluster dynamics model to evaluate the kinetic evolution and size distribution of Y-O nanoparticles in as-fabricated 316L SS ODS alloys. The model-predicted particle sizes exhibit good agreement with experimental measurements across various LPBF process parameters, i.e., laser power (110–220 W) and scanning speed (150–900 mm/s), demonstrating the reliability and predictive power of the modeling approach. The multiscale approach can be used to guide the future design of experimental process parameters to control oxide nanoparticle characteristics in LPBF-manufactured ODS alloys. Additionally, our approach introduces a novel strategy for understanding and modeling the thermodynamics and kinetics of precipitation in high-temperature systems, particularly molten alloys. <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5661">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/materials/special_issues/Y1D98A38QL ">High-Performance Alloys and Steels</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5661/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1525220"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1525220"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1525220" data-cycle-prev="#prev1525220" data-cycle-progressive="#images1525220" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1525220-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05661/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05661-ag-550.jpg?1732177180" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images1525220" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1525220-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05661/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05661-g001-550.jpg?1732177151'><p>Figure 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1525220-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05661/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05661-g002-550.jpg?1732177154'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1525220-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05661/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05661-g003-550.jpg?1732177157'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1525220-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05661/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05661-g004-550.jpg?1732177159'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1525220-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05661/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05661-g005-550.jpg?1732177162'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1525220-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05661/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05661-g006-550.jpg?1732177164'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1525220-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05661/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05661-g007-550.jpg?1732177166'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1525220-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05661/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05661-g008-550.jpg?1732177169'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1525220-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05661/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05661-g009-550.jpg?1732177170'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1525220-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05661/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05661-g010-550.jpg?1732177174'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1525220-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05661/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05661-g011-550.jpg?1732177175'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1525220-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05661/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05661-g012-550.jpg?1732177178'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1525220-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05661/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05661-g013-550.jpg?1732177179'><p>Figure 13</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1525220-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05661/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05661-ag-550.jpg?1732177180" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5661'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05661/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05661-g001-550.jpg?1732177151" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of (<b>a</b>) pre-mixing 316L and yttria nanoparticles (the inset) and (<b>b</b>) the light ball milled mixture of 316L + 0.8 wt.% of yttria powder, and the EDX spectrum (<b>c</b>) from the mixed powder after the light ball milling.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5661'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05661/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05661-g002-550.jpg?1732177154" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Schematic of the multiscale thermodynamic and kinetic model framework.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5661'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05661/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05661-g003-550.jpg?1732177157" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Flow chart of the cluster dynamics model to predict the oxide nanoparticle precipitation during LPBF. <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> is concentration, D (<span class="html-italic">T</span>) is temperature dependent diffusivity for Y and O monomers, and <span class="html-italic">E<sub>b</sub></span> is the binding energy of Y-O clusters.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5661'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05661/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05661-g004-550.jpg?1732177159" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Geometry configuration of the LPBF model with a mesh size of 5 <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5661'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05661/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05661-g005-550.jpg?1732177162" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Molten state exemplary atomic configurations in the AIMD model for diffusivity calculations: (<b>a</b>) a <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mn>128</mn> <mo> </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> supercell of molten 316L SS (containing one Y, one O, and one Ti atoms) after training the MLFF, and (<b>b</b>) a 432-atom supercell of molten 316L SS (containing one O atom) after a 20 ps diffusion simulation at 2200 K.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5661'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05661/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05661-g006-550.jpg?1732177164" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>AIMD model for the total energy calculation, the 316L SS matrix with a <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>Y</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mrow> <mi>O</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> embedded: (<b>a</b>) at the assembled solid state, and (<b>b</b>) after relaxation at the 2200 K liquid state.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5661'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05661/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05661-g007-550.jpg?1732177166" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>SEM micrographs and corresponding PSD histograms of Y-O nanoparticles (white spheres) in all LPBF fabricated 316L SS ODS alloys. LPBF processing parameters for S1–S8 are listed in <a href="#materials-17-05661-t002" class="html-table">Table 2</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5661'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05661/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05661-g008-550.jpg?1732177169" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Top view of the single track printed in FLOW-3D, (<b>b</b>) 3D view of the sample during steady printing and the isolated melt pool in the insert figure, (<b>c</b>) the temperature profile for a unit cell with a peak temperature of ~2600 K, (<b>d</b>) peak temperatures vs. cooling rates for all unit cells in the melt pool, and (<b>e</b>) an SEM micrograph of the cross section of the S2 sample with multiple tracks.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5661'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05661/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05661-g009-550.jpg?1732177170" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Total energies of the systems containing Y−O clusters with various numbers of Y and O atoms, calculated by pure AIMD in the VASP (red surface) and the fitted equation (multi-colored surface).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5661'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05661/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05661-g010-550.jpg?1732177174" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Cluster evolution in a 1000 × 1500 Y−O composition matrix during the first 1 K drop, and (<b>b</b>) corresponding PSD histograms of Y-O clusters.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5661'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05661/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05661-g011-550.jpg?1732177175" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Y−O cluster evolution during solidification (<b>a</b>) from 2400 K to 2200 K (plotted for marked temperatures), and (<b>b</b>) from 2600 K to 2555 K (plotted every 5 K drops in temperature). The blue arrows indicate the nanoparticle evolution during the cooling process, and the yellow arrow indicates that the nanoparticle evolution has reached the composition boundary.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5661'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05661/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05661-g012-550.jpg?1732177178" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Predicted PSD curves for different representative points (peak temperatures) in the melt pool of sample S2 after solidification, (<b>b</b>) statistics of peak temperatures in the melt pool, (<b>c</b>) the combined PSD, and (<b>d</b>) the comparison of the predicted and experimentally measured PSD for sample S2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5661'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05661/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05661-g013-550.jpg?1732177179" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>PSD (histograms) after CD simulations from 2600 K to 2570 K with initial concentrations of (<b>a</b>) 0.4 wt.% and (<b>b</b>) 0.8 wt.% of yttria powder.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5661'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1524950" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 23 pages, 6167 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5660/pdf?version=1732094478" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="The Development of Processing Methods and Materials Used for Non-Pneumatic Tires: A Review" data-journal="materials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1944/17/22/5660">The Development of Processing Methods and Materials Used for Non-Pneumatic Tires: A Review</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Meng Sun</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Haolong Zhong</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kangpei Qin</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ting Xu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wengang Yang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yu Zhang</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lei Lu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Materials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(22), 5660; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225660">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225660</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5660#metrics">Cited by 1</a> | Viewed by 1034 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Non-pneumatic tires (NPTs) have garnered significant attention due to their advantages, such as energy efficiency, safety, versatile applications, and superior performance, compared to traditional rubber-based pneumatic tires (PTs). This mini review provides a concise overview of NPTs, beginning with their definition, structural design, <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5660/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Non-pneumatic tires (NPTs) have garnered significant attention due to their advantages, such as energy efficiency, safety, versatile applications, and superior performance, compared to traditional rubber-based pneumatic tires (PTs). This mini review provides a concise overview of NPTs, beginning with their definition, structural design, and classification based on structural variations. The review then examines recent advancements in the materials used for NPTs, including those for the tread, elastic support structure, skeleton, and adhesives, with a focus on their specific properties. Furthermore, it summarizes various manufacturing techniques such as compression molding, centrifugal casting, injection molding, 3D printing, and mechanical assembly. Lastly, the review outlines the general manufacturing procedures of NPTs, discusses the challenges currently faced by the technology, and offers insights into future development directions. This mini review aims to support NPT researchers and practitioners, particularly in the fields of process and materials engineering, in advancing their work on NPTs. <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5660">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5660/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1524950"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1524950"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1524950" data-cycle-prev="#prev1524950" data-cycle-progressive="#images1524950" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1524950-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05660/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05660-g001-550.jpg?1732094593" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1524950" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1524950-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05660/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05660-g002-550.jpg?1732094595'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1524950-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05660/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05660-g003-550.jpg?1732094598'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1524950-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05660/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05660-g004-550.jpg?1732094602'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1524950-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05660/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05660-g005-550.jpg?1732094605'><p>Figure 5</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1524950-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05660/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05660-g001-550.jpg?1732094593" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Representative examples of NPTs: (<b>a</b>) a high-load-capacity NPT [<a href="#B10-materials-17-05660" class="html-bibr">10</a>]; (<b>b</b>) a mechanical elastic support type NPT [<a href="#B11-materials-17-05660" class="html-bibr">11</a>]; (<b>c</b>) NASA’s Superelastic Tire made of a shape memory alloy [<a href="#B11-materials-17-05660" class="html-bibr">11</a>]; (<b>d</b>) an Air Free Concept Tire [<a href="#B8-materials-17-05660" class="html-bibr">8</a>]; (<b>e</b>) a Michelin Tweel [<a href="#B12-materials-17-05660" class="html-bibr">12</a>]; (<b>f</b>) a Michelin UPTIS [<a href="#B7-materials-17-05660" class="html-bibr">7</a>]; (<b>g</b>) a passenger car NPT designed by Jihua Laboratory; (<b>h</b>) i-Flex [<a href="#B9-materials-17-05660" class="html-bibr">9</a>]; (<b>i</b>) honeycomb [<a href="#B13-materials-17-05660" class="html-bibr">13</a>]; (<b>j</b>) an NPT with a negative Poisson’s ratio [<a href="#B11-materials-17-05660" class="html-bibr">11</a>]; (<b>k</b>) a 3D-printed NPT [<a href="#B14-materials-17-05660" class="html-bibr">14</a>]; (<b>l</b>) a solid-type NPT.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5660'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05660/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05660-g002-550.jpg?1732094595" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>NPT: (<b>a</b>) physical sample of NPT; (<b>b</b>) composition structures of NPTs.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5660'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05660/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05660-g003-550.jpg?1732094598" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Representative materials used for NPTs: (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) rubber of tread; (<b>c</b>) TPU particles; (<b>d</b>) nylon cord coated with resorcinol–formaldehyde–latex (RFL) solution; (<b>e</b>) steel cord; (<b>f</b>) aramid cord; (<b>g</b>) twisted rope of glass fibers.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5660'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05660/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05660-g004-550.jpg?1732094602" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Main processing methods: (<b>a</b>) representative NPTs; (<b>b</b>) one-piece molding; (<b>c</b>) from the interior to the exterior; (<b>d</b>) from the exterior to the interior.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5660'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05660/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05660-g005-550.jpg?1732094605" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Main processing methods: (<b>a</b>) a schematic diagram of compression molding; (<b>b</b>) the centrifugal casting process; (<b>c</b>) a schematic diagram of the injection molding process [<a href="#B90-materials-17-05660" class="html-bibr">90</a>]; (<b>d</b>) a schematic presentation of the SLS 3D printing process [<a href="#B91-materials-17-05660" class="html-bibr">91</a>]; (<b>e</b>) a schematic diagram of mechanical assembly [<a href="#B92-materials-17-05660" class="html-bibr">92</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5660'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1524885" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 8709 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5659/pdf?version=1732092379" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Effect of Flax By-Products on the Mechanical and Cracking Behaviors of Expansive Soil" data-journal="materials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1944/17/22/5659">Effect of Flax By-Products on the Mechanical and Cracking Behaviors of Expansive Soil</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Georgy Lazorenko</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Anton Kasprzhitskii</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Vasilii Mischinenko</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alexandr Fedotov</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ekaterina Kravchenko</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Materials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(22), 5659; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225659">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225659</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5659#metrics">Cited by 1</a> | Viewed by 596 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Expansive soils, prone to significant volume changes with moisture fluctuations, challenge engineering infrastructure due to their swelling and shrinking. Traditional stabilization methods, including mechanical and chemical treatments, often have high material and environmental costs. This study explores fibrous by-products of flax processing, a <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5659/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Expansive soils, prone to significant volume changes with moisture fluctuations, challenge engineering infrastructure due to their swelling and shrinking. Traditional stabilization methods, including mechanical and chemical treatments, often have high material and environmental costs. This study explores fibrous by-products of flax processing, a sustainable alternative, for reinforcing expansive clay soil. Derived from the Linum usitatissimum plant, flax fibers offer favorable mechanical properties and environmental benefits. The research evaluates the impact of flax tow (FT) reinforcement on enhancing soil strength and reducing cracking. The results reveal that incorporating up to 0.6% randomly distributed FTs, consisting of technical flax fibers and shives, significantly improves soil properties. The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) increased by 29%, with 0.6% FT content, reaching 525 kPa, compared to unreinforced soil and further flax tow additions, which led to a decrease in UCS. This reduction is attributed to diminished soil–fiber interactions and increased fiber clustering. Additionally, flax tows effectively reduce soil cracking. The crack length density (CLD) decreased by 6% with 0.4% FTs, and higher concentrations led to increased cracking. The crack index factor (CIF) decreased by 71% with 0.4% flax tows but increased with higher FT concentrations. Flax tows enhance soil strength and reduce cracking while maintaining economic and environmental efficiency, offering a viable solution for stabilizing expansive clays in geotechnical applications. <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5659">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/materials/sections/green_materials">Green Materials</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5659/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1524885"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1524885"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1524885" data-cycle-prev="#prev1524885" data-cycle-progressive="#images1524885" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1524885-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05659/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05659-ag-550.jpg?1732092658" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images1524885" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1524885-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05659/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05659-g001-550.jpg?1732092493'><p>Figure 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1524885-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05659/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05659-g002-550.jpg?1732092494'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1524885-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05659/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05659-g003-550.jpg?1732092497'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1524885-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05659/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05659-g004-550.jpg?1732092498'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1524885-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05659/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05659-g005-550.jpg?1732092499'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1524885-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05659/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05659-g006-550.jpg?1732092501'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1524885-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05659/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05659-g007-550.jpg?1732092503'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1524885-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05659/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05659-g008-550.jpg?1732092504'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1524885-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05659/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05659-g009-550.jpg?1732092506'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1524885-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05659/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05659-g010-550.jpg?1732092508'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1524885-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05659/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05659-g011-550.jpg?1732092509'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1524885-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05659/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05659-g012-550.jpg?1732092512'><p>Figure 12</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1524885-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05659/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05659-ag-550.jpg?1732092658" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5659'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05659/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05659-g001-550.jpg?1732092493" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Grain size distribution curve of the selected soil.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5659'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05659/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05659-g002-550.jpg?1732092494" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Preparation and application of scutched flax fiber [<a href="#B31-materials-17-05659" class="html-bibr">31</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5659'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05659/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05659-g003-550.jpg?1732092497" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Raw/untreated flax tows used in this study (<b>a</b>), SEM image (<b>b</b>) and EDS spectrum of fiber surface (<b>c</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5659'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05659/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05659-g004-550.jpg?1732092498" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Graphical procedure of measuring the cracks of the clay surface.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5659'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05659/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05659-g005-550.jpg?1732092499" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Variation in shear stress with horizontal displacement for FT-reinforced soil.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5659'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05659/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05659-g006-550.jpg?1732092501" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Effect of flax tow content on soil shear strength.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5659'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05659/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05659-g007-550.jpg?1732092503" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Failure mode of (<b>a</b>) unreinforced and (<b>b</b>) FT-reinforced expansive soil samples in the simple shear.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5659'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05659/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05659-g008-550.jpg?1732092504" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Axial stress–strain behavior of unreinforced and FT-reinforced clay.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5659'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05659/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05659-g009-550.jpg?1732092506" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Effect of flax tow reinforcement on the unconfined compressive strength.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5659'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05659/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05659-g010-550.jpg?1732092508" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Failure mode of (<b>a</b>) unreinforced and (<b>b</b>) FT-reinforced expansive soil samples in UCS test.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5659'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05659/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05659-g011-550.jpg?1732092509" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>The impact of flax tow inclusion on clay crack parameters.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5659'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05659/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05659-g012-550.jpg?1732092512" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Final crack patterns of (<b>a</b>) unreinforced and (<b>b</b>) FT-reinforced expansive soil samples in desiccation tests.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5659'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1524861" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 11 pages, 4915 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5658/pdf?version=1732175522" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Accelerating Discontinuous Precipitation to Increase Strength by Pre-Deformation in Cu-Ni-Si Alloys" data-journal="materials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1944/17/22/5658">Accelerating Discontinuous Precipitation to Increase Strength by Pre-Deformation in Cu-Ni-Si Alloys</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yicheng Cao</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wei Luo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wenjing Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Haofeng Xie</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhen Yang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zengde Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lijun Peng</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yunqing Zhu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Materials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(22), 5658; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225658">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225658</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 633 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Discontinuous precipitation-strengthened Cu-Ni-Si alloys are highly regarded for their combination of high strength and excellent electrical conductivity. However, the slow process of discontinuous precipitation, typically requiring up to 24 h for complete formation, significantly increases the alloy’s production costs and limits potential improvements <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5658/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Discontinuous precipitation-strengthened Cu-Ni-Si alloys are highly regarded for their combination of high strength and excellent electrical conductivity. However, the slow process of discontinuous precipitation, typically requiring up to 24 h for complete formation, significantly increases the alloy’s production costs and limits potential improvements in its properties. This study addresses this issue by applying pre-deformation to Cu-6Ni-1.42Si alloys, which accelerated the discontinuous precipitation (DP) of Ni<sub>2</sub>Si by approximately 48 times, resulting in the formation of fast DP and full DP alloys. The fast DP alloy exhibited a smaller DP size and inter-distance than the full DP alloy, achieving a tensile strength of 1070 MPa and a conductivity of 38.5% IACS. In contrast, the full DP alloy had a slightly lower tensile strength (approximately 930 MPa) but a higher conductivity of 46% IACS. Both alloys outperform traditional Cu-Ni-Si alloys in strength while maintaining comparable conductivity. The accelerated DP technique improves mechanical properties without significantly sacrificing conductivity, offering a new approach for high-performance conductive materials. <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5658">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/materials/special_issues/60Q4D66X6J ">Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Deformation Characteristics of Metals and Alloys</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5658/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1524861"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1524861"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1524861" data-cycle-prev="#prev1524861" data-cycle-progressive="#images1524861" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1524861-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05658/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05658-g001-550.jpg?1732175624" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1524861" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1524861-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05658/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05658-g002-550.jpg?1732175627'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1524861-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05658/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05658-g003-550.jpg?1732175628'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1524861-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05658/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05658-g004-550.jpg?1732175632'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1524861-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05658/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05658-g005-550.jpg?1732175635'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1524861-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05658/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05658-g006-550.jpg?1732175636'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1524861-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05658/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05658-g001-550.jpg?1732175624" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The optical microstructure of the Cu-6Ni-1.42Si alloy after solution treatment (<b>a</b>) and after pre-deformation (<b>b</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5658'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05658/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05658-g002-550.jpg?1732175627" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Hardness change in pre-deformed Cu-Ni-Si alloys during aging at 500 °C for different times and microstructures of pre-deformed Cu-Ni-Si alloys aged for (<b>b</b>) 10, (<b>c</b>) 30, (<b>d</b>) 720, and (<b>e</b>) 6000 min.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5658'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05658/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05658-g003-550.jpg?1732175628" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>The variation of (<b>a</b>) hardness and electrical conductivity, and (<b>b</b>) tensile strength with strain in Cu-Ni-Si alloys with fast DPs and full DPs at room temperature.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5658'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05658/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05658-g004-550.jpg?1732175632" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Microstructure of Cu-6Ni-1.42Si alloy with (<b>a</b>) fast DPs and (<b>b</b>) full DPs; grain boundary morphology (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>); precipitate characteristics (<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5658'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05658/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05658-g005-550.jpg?1732175635" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>The bright-field TEM images (<b>a</b>) and HR-TEM images (<b>b</b>) of the fast DP alloy. The bright-field TEM images (<b>c</b>) and HR-TEM images (<b>d</b>) of the full DP alloy. SADP (<b>e</b>) corresponding to (<b>a</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5658'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05658/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05658-g006-550.jpg?1732175636" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Tensile strength and conductivity of pre-deformed Cu-Ni-Si alloys with fast and full DPs together with previous data reported in Ref. [<a href="#B35-materials-17-05658" class="html-bibr">35</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5658'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1524824" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 22 pages, 9089 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5657/pdf?version=1732520777" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Effect of Dehydrogenation and Heat Treatments on the Microstructure and Tribological Behavior of Electroless Ni-P Nanocomposite Coatings" data-journal="materials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1944/17/22/5657">Effect of Dehydrogenation and Heat Treatments on the Microstructure and Tribological Behavior of Electroless Ni-P Nanocomposite Coatings</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Giulia Pedrizzetti</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Enrico Baroni</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Michele Gragnanini</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rita Bottacchiari</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mattia Merlin</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Giovanni Pulci</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Francesco Marra</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Materials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(22), 5657; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225657">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225657</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 568 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> High phosphorus Ni-P coatings, both unreinforced and modified by the addition of alumina (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) and zirconia (ZrO<sub>2</sub>) nanoparticles, were manufactured by electroless deposition technique and heat-treated with different temperature and duration schedules. The effect of dehydrogenation (200 <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5657/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> High phosphorus Ni-P coatings, both unreinforced and modified by the addition of alumina (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) and zirconia (ZrO<sub>2</sub>) nanoparticles, were manufactured by electroless deposition technique and heat-treated with different temperature and duration schedules. The effect of dehydrogenation (200 °C for 2 h) and its combination with crystallization heat treatment was studied in terms of microstructural changes and wear resistance. The amorphous structure of the coatings was not altered by the introduction of both Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and ZrO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles, and the addition of 1.5 g/L of ZrO<sub>2</sub> yielded the highest microhardness due to better particles dispersion. Dehydrogenation improved hardness because of the early stages of grain growth; however, the greatest improvement in hardness (+120% compared to unreinforced Ni-P) was obtained after annealing at 400 °C for 1 h, because of the microprecipitation of the Ni<sub>3</sub>P crystalline phase induced by thermal treatment. No detectable differences in hardness and microstructure were detected when annealing at 400 °C for 1 h with or without prior dehydrogenation; however, the dehydrogenated coatings exhibited a lower Young’s modulus. ZrO<sub>2</sub>-reinforced coatings demonstrated improved wear resistance, and wear tests revealed that dehydrogenation is fundamental for lowering the coefficient of friction (−14%) and wear rate (−97%) when performed before annealing at 400 °C for 1 h. The analysis of the wear tracks showed that the non-dehydrogenated samples failed by complete coating delamination from the substrate, with abrasion identified as the predominant wear mechanism. Conversely, the dehydrogenated samples demonstrated better resistance due to the formation of a protective oxide layer, leading to an overall increase in the coating wear resistance. <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5657">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/materials/special_issues/X2C98R50E6 ">Design and Electrochemical Synthesis of Multifunctional Surfaces</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5657/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1524824"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1524824"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1524824" data-cycle-prev="#prev1524824" data-cycle-progressive="#images1524824" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1524824-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05657/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05657-g001-550.jpg?1732520864" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1524824" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1524824-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05657/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05657-g002-550.jpg?1732520865'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1524824-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05657/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05657-g003-550.jpg?1732520866'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1524824-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05657/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05657-g004-550.jpg?1732520867'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1524824-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05657/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05657-g005-550.jpg?1732520871'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1524824-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05657/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05657-g006-550.jpg?1732520873'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1524824-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05657/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05657-g007-550.jpg?1732520876'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1524824-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05657/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05657-g008-550.jpg?1732520877'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1524824-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05657/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05657-g009-550.jpg?1732520878'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1524824-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05657/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05657-g010-550.jpg?1732520879'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1524824-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05657/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05657-g011-550.jpg?1732520880'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1524824-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05657/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05657-g012-550.jpg?1732520881'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1524824-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05657/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05657-g013-550.jpg?1732520882'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1524824-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05657/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05657-g014-550.jpg?1732520889'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1524824-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05657/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05657-g015-550.jpg?1732520892'><p>Figure 15</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1524824-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05657/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05657-g001-550.jpg?1732520864" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>SEM micrographs and EDS analysis of as-purchased ZrO<sub>2</sub> (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) nanoparticles.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5657'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05657/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05657-g002-550.jpg?1732520865" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>PSD of as-purchased ZrO<sub>2</sub> (<b>a</b>) and Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (<b>b</b>) nanoparticles.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5657'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05657/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05657-g003-550.jpg?1732520866" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Deposition procedure of the Ni-P electroless nanocomposite coatings: (<b>a</b>) sonication of nanoparticles dispersed in water solution; (<b>b</b>) addition of sonicated nanoparticles to the Ni-P plating solution; (<b>c</b>) heating to 90 °C; (<b>d</b>) insertion of the sample in the plating solution.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5657'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05657/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05657-g004-550.jpg?1732520867" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Coatings microhardness as a function of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (<b>a</b>) and ZrO<sub>2</sub> (<b>b</b>) nanoparticle concentration in the plating solution.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5657'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05657/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05657-g005-550.jpg?1732520871" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Top view SEM micrographs showing morphology of (<b>a</b>) standard Ni-P, (<b>b</b>,<b>d</b>) nanocomposite reinforced with 3 g/L of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3,</sub> and (<b>c</b>,<b>e</b>) nanocomposite reinforced with 1.5 g/L of ZrO<sub>2</sub>. Gray phase: Ni-P. Bright phases on the surface indicated by yellow arrows are partially embedded nanoparticles.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5657'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05657/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05657-g006-550.jpg?1732520873" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>XRD spectra of unreinforced Ni-P coatings (green line), nanocomposite reinforced with 1.5 g/L of ZrO<sub>2</sub> (black line), and nanocomposite reinforced with 3.0 g/L of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (red line) in the as-coated condition.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5657'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05657/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05657-g007-550.jpg?1732520876" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Cross-section backscattered electron SEM micrographs of standard Ni-P coatings (<b>a</b>,<b>d</b>), nanocomposites reinforced with 3 g/L of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (<b>b</b>,<b>e</b>), nanocomposites reinforced with 1.5 g/L of ZrO<sub>2</sub> (<b>c</b>,<b>f</b>) and related EDS analysis (<b>g</b>,<b>h</b>). The arrows (<b>b</b>,<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>) highlight the agglomerates of the nanoparticles.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5657'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05657/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05657-g008-550.jpg?1732520877" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Microhardness of particle-free and nanocomposite coatings (<b>a</b>) and microstructural evolution (<b>b</b>) after thermal treatment.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5657'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05657/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05657-g009-550.jpg?1732520878" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Load-displacement curves from the instrumented indentation of standard Ni-P (<b>a</b>) and ZrO<sub>2</sub> reinforced nanocomposites (<b>b</b>) in the as-deposited state after dehydrogenation and after heat treatment at 400 °C for 1 h (avg stands for average).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5657'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05657/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05657-g010-550.jpg?1732520879" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Load-displacement curves from the instrumented indentation of ZrO<sub>2</sub> nanocomposites heat-treated at 400 °C for 1 h with (red line) and without (blue line) prior dehydrogenation (avg stands for average).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5657'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05657/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05657-g011-550.jpg?1732520880" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>COF evolution against 1200 cycles of sliding for (<b>a</b>) untreated samples and (<b>b</b>) dehydrogenated samples. # stands for dimensionless number.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5657'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05657/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05657-g012-550.jpg?1732520881" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Overall wear of the system against the number of cycles of sliding for (<b>a</b>) non-dehydrogenated and (<b>b</b>) dehydrogenated samples.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5657'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05657/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05657-g013-550.jpg?1732520882" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>WR values for all the NiP coatings under not dehydrogenated and dehydrogenated conditions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5657'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05657/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05657-g014-550.jpg?1732520889" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>SEM micrographs of the wear tracks for Ni-P (<b>a</b>), Ni-P/ZrO<sub>2</sub> (<b>c</b>), and Ni-P/ZrO<sub>2</sub>/400 °C 1 h (<b>e</b>) without prior dehydrogenation and for Ni-P (<b>b</b>), Ni-P/ZrO<sub>2</sub> (<b>d</b>), and Ni-P/ZrO<sub>2</sub>/400 °C 1 h (<b>f</b>) with prior dehydrogenation. Red arrows indicate surface cracks (<b>c</b>), while green arrows indicate a dark layer of compacted wear debris (<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5657'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05657/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05657-g015-550.jpg?1732520892" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) EDS map of the as-deposited Ni-P wear track; (<b>b</b>) EDS map of the as-deposited Ni-P/ZrO<sub>2</sub> wear track; (<b>c</b>) EDS analysis of a typical wear track of the dehydrogenated samples, highlighting the formation of an oxide film.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5657'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1524779" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 25 pages, 12906 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5656/pdf?version=1732087962" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Surface Nanocrystallization and Improvement of the Mechanical and Tribological Properties of AISI 304 Steel Using Multi-Pass Nanostructuring Burnishing" data-journal="materials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1944/17/22/5656">Surface Nanocrystallization and Improvement of the Mechanical and Tribological Properties of AISI 304 Steel Using Multi-Pass Nanostructuring Burnishing</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Viktor Kuznetsov</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Igor Tatarintsev</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Vladimir Voropaev</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Andrey Skorobogatov</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Materials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(22), 5656; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225656">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225656</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 711 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Owing to their high producibility and resistance to corrosion, austenitic chromium–nickel steels are widely used in the chemical, petroleum, and food industries. However, their significant disadvantage lies in their poor structural performance, which cannot be improved by heat treatment. This significantly limits the <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5656/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Owing to their high producibility and resistance to corrosion, austenitic chromium–nickel steels are widely used in the chemical, petroleum, and food industries. However, their significant disadvantage lies in their poor structural performance, which cannot be improved by heat treatment. This significantly limits the usability of these steels in parts of machines that operate under friction loads. Hardening can be achieved by decreasing the size of grains and applying deformation-induced martensitic transformation. Nanostructuring burnishing (NSB) may be one of the technologies suited for producing parts of tribological assemblies with enhanced operating characteristics. Nanostructuring burnishing using a sliding indenter is being developed as a method of industrial surface nanocrystallization through severe plastic deformation used in the mechanical machining of various types of parts. This article investigates the possibility of enhancing the mechanical and tribological properties of nanocrystallized surfaces of austenitic steels, which are formed through nanostructuring burnishing using a tool with a natural diamond spherical indenter and a change in sliding speed from 40 to 280 m/min with one, three, and five passes. Increasing the tool sliding speed makes surface nanostructuring machining of big parts highly effective. This paper aims to establish the influence exerted by the sliding speed and number of indenter passes on the formation of a nanocrystalline structure, as well as on the modification of microhardness and residual stresses, texture, and tribological properties of the surface layer in the nanostructuring burnishing of AISI 304 steel. Transmission microscopy and microdurometry, 3D-profilometry, and tribological tests of surfaces nanocrystallized with the “ball-on-disk” scheme with dry and lubricated friction established the optimal values of speed and number of passes for a spherical indenter in nanostructuring burnishing. <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5656">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/materials/special_issues/B27ZWUS6A8 ">Metal Coatings for Wear and Corrosion Applications (Second Edition)</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5656/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1524779"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1524779"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1524779" data-cycle-prev="#prev1524779" data-cycle-progressive="#images1524779" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1524779-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05656/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05656-g001-550.jpg?1732088051" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1524779" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1524779-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05656/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05656-g002-550.jpg?1732088053'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1524779-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05656/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05656-g003-550.jpg?1732088056'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1524779-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05656/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05656-g004a-550.jpg?1732088058'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1524779-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05656/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05656-g004b-550.jpg?1732088059'><p>Figure 4 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1524779-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05656/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05656-g005-550.jpg?1732088060'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1524779-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05656/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05656-g006-550.jpg?1732088063'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1524779-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05656/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05656-g007-550.jpg?1732088063'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1524779-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05656/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05656-g008-550.jpg?1732088065'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1524779-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05656/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05656-g009-550.jpg?1732088067'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1524779-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05656/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05656-g010-550.jpg?1732088069'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1524779-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05656/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05656-g011-550.jpg?1732088070'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1524779-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05656/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05656-g012-550.jpg?1732088073'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1524779-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05656/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05656-g013a-550.jpg?1732088074'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1524779-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05656/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05656-g013b-550.jpg?1732088075'><p>Figure 13 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1524779-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05656/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05656-g014-550.jpg?1732088079'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-1524779-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05656/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05656-g015-550.jpg?1732088080'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='17' data-target='article-1524779-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05656/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05656-g016-550.jpg?1732088082'><p>Figure 16</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='18' data-target='article-1524779-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05656/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05656-g017a-550.jpg?1732088083'><p>Figure 17</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='19' data-target='article-1524779-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05656/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05656-g017b-550.jpg?1732088084'><p>Figure 17 Cont.</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1524779-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05656/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05656-g001-550.jpg?1732088051" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Nanostructuring burnishing on Takisawa EX 300 machining center (Takisawa Machine Tool Co., Japan) (<b>a</b>); scheme of cut-out of samples for microdurometry and SEM of angle laps (oblique cross-section) and TEM foils (<b>b</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5656'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05656/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05656-g002-550.jpg?1732088053" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Plots of microhardness variation by surface layer depth after turning and nanostructuring burnishing with one (<b>a</b>), three (<b>b</b>), and five (<b>c</b>) indenter passes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5656'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05656/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05656-g003-550.jpg?1732088056" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>SEM images of the thin surface layer of AISI 304 steel after burnishing: (<b>a</b>) <span class="html-italic">v<sub>s</sub></span> = 40 m/min, <span class="html-italic">n<sub>p</sub></span> = 1; (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">v<sub>s</sub></span> = 200 m/min, <span class="html-italic">n<sub>p</sub></span> = 1; (<b>c</b>) <span class="html-italic">v<sub>s</sub></span> = 40 m/min, <span class="html-italic">n<sub>p</sub></span> = 5; (<b>d</b>) <span class="html-italic">v<sub>s</sub></span> = 200 m/min, <span class="html-italic">n<sub>p</sub></span> = 5.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5656'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05656/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05656-g004a-550.jpg?1732088058" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Histograms of the allocation of nanocrystallite sizes on the surface layer of AISI 304 steel at the following sliding speeds: 40 m/min (<b>a</b>), 120 m/min (<b>d</b>), 200 m/min (<b>g</b>), 280 m/min (<b>j</b>) after one indenter pass; 40 m/min (<b>b</b>), 120 m/min (<b>e</b>), 200 m/min (<b>h</b>), 280 m/min (<b>k</b>) after three indenter passes; and 40 m/min (<b>c</b>), 120 m/min (<b>f</b>), 200 m/min (<b>i</b>), 280 m/min (<b>l</b>) after five indenter passes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5656'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05656/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05656-g004b-550.jpg?1732088059" title=" <strong>Figure 4 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Histograms of the allocation of nanocrystallite sizes on the surface layer of AISI 304 steel at the following sliding speeds: 40 m/min (<b>a</b>), 120 m/min (<b>d</b>), 200 m/min (<b>g</b>), 280 m/min (<b>j</b>) after one indenter pass; 40 m/min (<b>b</b>), 120 m/min (<b>e</b>), 200 m/min (<b>h</b>), 280 m/min (<b>k</b>) after three indenter passes; and 40 m/min (<b>c</b>), 120 m/min (<b>f</b>), 200 m/min (<b>i</b>), 280 m/min (<b>l</b>) after five indenter passes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5656'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05656/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05656-g005-550.jpg?1732088060" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>3D (<b>a</b>) and 2D (<b>b</b>) plots of the influence of the indenter sliding speed on the average grain size with one, three and five consecutive tool passes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5656'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05656/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05656-g006-550.jpg?1732088063" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Bright field images and microdiffractions of the microstructure of the nanocrystallized surface layer after three indenter passes <span class="html-italic">n<sub>p</sub></span> = 3 at sliding speeds of 40 m/min (<b>a</b>), 200 m/min (<b>b</b>), and 280 m/min (<b>c</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5656'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05656/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05656-g007-550.jpg?1732088063" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Plots reflecting the variation of residual austenite content (γ) in the structure after turning (T) and nanostructuring burnishing with the number of indenter passes of <span class="html-italic">n<sub>p</sub></span> = 1, <span class="html-italic">n<sub>p</sub></span> = 3, and <span class="html-italic">n<sub>p</sub></span> = 5.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5656'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05656/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05656-g008-550.jpg?1732088065" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Plots reflecting the variation of the integral breadth of X-ray lines (111)γ (<b>a</b>) and (110)α (<b>b</b>) by the depth of the surface layer of a part made of austenitic AISI 304 steel after turning (T) and nanostructuring burnishing with the following numbers of indenter passes: <span class="html-italic">n<sub>p</sub></span> = 1, <span class="html-italic">n<sub>p</sub></span> = 3, and <span class="html-italic">n<sub>p</sub></span> = 5.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5656'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05656/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05656-g009-550.jpg?1732088067" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Variation in residual stresses in the α-phase (σ<sub>α</sub>) and γ-phase (σ<sub>γ</sub>) by depth of the AISI 304 steel surface layer after turning (T) and burnishing with <span class="html-italic">n<sub>p</sub></span> = 1 (<b>b</b>), <span class="html-italic">n<sub>p</sub></span> = 3 (<b>c</b>), and <span class="html-italic">n<sub>p</sub></span> = 5 (<b>a</b>) indenter passes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5656'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05656/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05656-g010-550.jpg?1732088069" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>X-ray diffraction patterns of AISI 304 steel samples in the original state and after nanostructuring burnishing with the following numbers of passes: <span class="html-italic">n<sub>p</sub></span> = 1, 3, and 5.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5656'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05656/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05656-g011-550.jpg?1732088070" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Topography parameters of a disk after finish turning and nanostructuring burnishing of AISI 304 steel with 1, 3, and 5 tool passes with a sliding speed of <span class="html-italic">v</span><sub>s</sub> = 40 m/min: (<b>a</b>) <span class="html-italic">Sa</span>; (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">Spk</span>; (<b>c</b>) <span class="html-italic">Vvv</span>; (<b>d</b>) <span class="html-italic">Sdr</span>; (<b>e</b>) <span class="html-italic">Sal</span>; and (<b>f</b>) <span class="html-italic">Sdc</span>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5656'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05656/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05656-g012-550.jpg?1732088073" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Disk with nanostructured surfaces (<b>a</b>) and experimental tests of tribological properties on a CETR UMT-3MT tribometer (CETR, USA) (<b>b</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5656'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05656/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05656-g013a-550.jpg?1732088074" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Coefficient of dry friction (<b>a</b>) and lubricated friction (<b>b</b>) of the AISI 304 steel surface after nanostructuring burnishing when using the “ball-on-disk” scheme at a distance of 3600 mm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5656'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05656/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05656-g013b-550.jpg?1732088075" title=" <strong>Figure 13 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Coefficient of dry friction (<b>a</b>) and lubricated friction (<b>b</b>) of the AISI 304 steel surface after nanostructuring burnishing when using the “ball-on-disk” scheme at a distance of 3600 mm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5656'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05656/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05656-g014-550.jpg?1732088079" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Optical microscopy of friction tracks (×500) formed during tribological tests of nanostructured surfaces after one (<b>a</b>), three (<b>b</b>), and five (<b>c</b>) indenter passes using dry friction and one (<b>d</b>), three (<b>e</b>), and five (<b>f</b>) indenter passes using lubricated friction.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5656'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05656/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05656-g015-550.jpg?1732088080" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Profilogram of the cross-section of a friction track on the surface after nanostructuring burnishing (<span class="html-italic">n<sub>p</sub></span> = 5) using lubricated friction and the removal of wear products.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5656'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05656/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05656-g016-550.jpg?1732088082" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>Optical microscopy (×500) of areas of friction tracks after tribological tests of nanostructured surfaces formed using dry friction after one (<b>a</b>) and five (<b>c</b>) tool passes and lubricated frictionafter one (<b>b</b>) and five (<b>d</b>) tool passes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5656'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05656/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05656-g017a-550.jpg?1732088083" title=" <strong>Figure 17</strong><br/> <p>Volume of worn material (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) and specific wear coefficient (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) under dry and lubricated friction conditions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5656'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05656/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05656-g017b-550.jpg?1732088084" title=" <strong>Figure 17 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Volume of worn material (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) and specific wear coefficient (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) under dry and lubricated friction conditions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5656'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1524815" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 23867 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5655/pdf?version=1732089692" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Solid-State Synthesis for High-Tetragonality, Small-Particle Barium Titanate" data-journal="materials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1944/17/22/5655">Solid-State Synthesis for High-Tetragonality, Small-Particle Barium Titanate</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tianyu Hao</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jing Shen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Qiaochu Peng</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jie Liu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wenbin Hu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Cheng Zhong</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Materials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(22), 5655; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225655">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225655</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 627 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This study successfully synthesized high-tetragonality barium titanate (BaTiO<sub>3</sub>) particles with a small particle size by implementing ball milling in the solid-state synthesis of BaTiO<sub>3</sub> and utilizing nanoscale raw materials. This study also addressed the issues of impurities and uneven particle <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5655/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This study successfully synthesized high-tetragonality barium titanate (BaTiO<sub>3</sub>) particles with a small particle size by implementing ball milling in the solid-state synthesis of BaTiO<sub>3</sub> and utilizing nanoscale raw materials. This study also addressed the issues of impurities and uneven particle size distribution that could exist in the synthesized BaTiO<sub>3</sub> particles. The crystal structure, morphology, and particle size of the synthesized BaTiO<sub>3</sub> particles have been meticulously analyzed and discussed through the use of techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the laser particle size analyzer. BaTiO<sub>3</sub> has been successfully synthesized, exhibiting a uniform particle size with an average diameter of 170 nm and a high tetragonality value of 1.01022. This new solid-state synthesis method provided insights to avoid the impact of “size effects” during the process of electronic device miniaturization. <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5655">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/materials/special_issues/L3JKTJ9634 ">Feature Papers in Refractories and Ceramics: Microstructure, Properties and Applications (3rd Edition)</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5655/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1524815"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1524815"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1524815" data-cycle-prev="#prev1524815" data-cycle-progressive="#images1524815" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1524815-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05655/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05655-g001-550.jpg?1732089812" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1524815" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1524815-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05655/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05655-g002-550.jpg?1732089813'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1524815-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05655/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05655-g003-550.jpg?1732089814'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1524815-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05655/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05655-g004-550.jpg?1732089818'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1524815-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05655/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05655-g005-550.jpg?1732089819'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1524815-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05655/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05655-g006-550.jpg?1732089821'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1524815-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05655/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05655-g007-550.jpg?1732089823'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1524815-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05655/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05655-g008-550.jpg?1732089824'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1524815-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05655/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05655-g009-550.jpg?1732089825'><p>Figure 9</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1524815-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05655/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05655-g001-550.jpg?1732089812" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Flow chart for the preparation of BaTiO<sub>3</sub> samples.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5655'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05655/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05655-g002-550.jpg?1732089813" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>XRD pattern of BaTiO<sub>3</sub> sample BT-TS.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5655'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05655/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05655-g003-550.jpg?1732089814" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Main XRD patterns of BaTiO<sub>3</sub> samples synthesized with and without ball milling: (<b>a</b>) BT0-0, (<b>b</b>) BT0-1, (<b>c</b>) BT1-0, and (<b>d</b>) BT1-1.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5655'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05655/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05655-g004-550.jpg?1732089818" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>SEM images of BaTiO<sub>3</sub> samples synthesized with and without ball milling: (<b>a</b>) BT0-0, (<b>b</b>) BT0-1, (<b>c</b>) BT1-0, and (<b>d</b>) BT1-1.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5655'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05655/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05655-g005-550.jpg?1732089819" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>XRD patterns of BaTiO<sub>3</sub> samples synthesized by BaCO<sub>3</sub> with different particle sizes: (<b>a</b>) BC-μm and (<b>b</b>) BC-nm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5655'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05655/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05655-g006-550.jpg?1732089821" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>XRD patterns of BaTiO<sub>3</sub> samples synthesized using different sizes of TiO<sub>2</sub> precursors: (<b>a</b>) XRD patterns of BT5-10, BT25, and BT40; (<b>b</b>) XRD patterns of BT5-10, BT25, and BT40 after amplification.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5655'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05655/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05655-g007-550.jpg?1732089823" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>SEM images of BT5-10, BT25, and BT40: (<b>a</b>) SEM image of BT5-10; (<b>b</b>) SEM image of BT25; (<b>c</b>) SEM image of BT40.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5655'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05655/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05655-g008-550.jpg?1732089824" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>EDS images of BT5-10.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5655'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05655/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05655-g009-550.jpg?1732089825" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>XPS images of BT5-10: (<b>a</b>) full spectra XPS of BT5-10; (<b>b</b>) High resolution XPS spectra of C 2<span class="html-italic">p</span>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5655'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1524754" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 25 pages, 8992 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5654/pdf?version=1732086306" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Combination of In Situ Diffraction Experiments and Acoustic Emission Testing to Understand Compression Behavior of Mg-Gd Alloys" data-journal="materials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1944/17/22/5654">Combination of In Situ Diffraction Experiments and Acoustic Emission Testing to Understand Compression Behavior of Mg-Gd Alloys</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gerardo Garces</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Bryan W. Chavez</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pablo Pérez</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Judit Medina</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kristian Mathis</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rafael Barea</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Andreas Stark</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Norbert Schell</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Paloma Adeva</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Materials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(22), 5654; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225654">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225654</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 672 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The compressive deformation of the extruded binary Mg-Gd with gadolinium in solid solution has been studied in situ by combining synchrotron diffraction and acoustic emission techniques during compression tests. These two techniques are useful in investigating the evolution of twinning in all its <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5654/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The compressive deformation of the extruded binary Mg-Gd with gadolinium in solid solution has been studied in situ by combining synchrotron diffraction and acoustic emission techniques during compression tests. These two techniques are useful in investigating the evolution of twinning in all its stages. The extruded bars develop a fiber texture with the basal plane parallel to the extrusion direction. Moreover, the quenching of the magnesium bars immediately after the extrusion process ensured the production of the solid solution of gadolinium in the magnesium matrix. The solid solution of gadolinium solute atoms is the main strengthening mechanism of alloys and has a strong influence in plastic deformation. Tensile twinning controls the macroscopic yielding under compressive modes, although the activation of basal and non-basal dislocation systems has been also detected by in situ techniques. The presence of gadolinium atoms in solid solution tends to inhibit tensile twinning and, therefore, the twin volume fraction decreases with the increase in the gadolinium content. The compressive work hardening curve shows a maximum peak at intermediate plastic strain which is related to the interaction of dislocations within twins. The maximum value and the position of the peak decreases with the increase in the gadolinium content. <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5654">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/materials/sections/metals_alloys">Metals and Alloys</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5654/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1524754"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1524754"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1524754" data-cycle-prev="#prev1524754" data-cycle-progressive="#images1524754" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div 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class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1524754-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05654/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05654-g004-550.jpg?1732086411'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1524754-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05654/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05654-g005-550.jpg?1732086414'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1524754-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05654/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05654-g006a-550.jpg?1732086416'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1524754-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05654/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05654-g006b-550.jpg?1732086417'><p>Figure 6 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1524754-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05654/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05654-g007-550.jpg?1732086418'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1524754-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05654/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05654-g008-550.jpg?1732086421'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1524754-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05654/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05654-g009a-550.jpg?1732086423'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1524754-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05654/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05654-g009b-550.jpg?1732086425'><p>Figure 9 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1524754-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05654/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05654-g010a-550.jpg?1732086427'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1524754-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05654/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05654-g010b-550.jpg?1732086429'><p>Figure 10 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1524754-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05654/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05654-g011-550.jpg?1732086433'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1524754-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05654/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05654-g012-550.jpg?1732086437'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1524754-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05654/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05654-g013-550.jpg?1732086441'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-1524754-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05654/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05654-g014-550.jpg?1732086442'><p>Figure 14</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1524754-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05654/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05654-g001-550.jpg?1732086405" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Orientation image mappings of extruded (<b>a</b>) magnesium and (<b>b</b>) G6 alloy along the extrusion direction.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5654'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05654/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05654-g002-550.jpg?1732086406" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Compressive true stress–true plastic strain curves of G0, G1, and G6. (<b>b</b>) Work hardening as a function of the true plastic strain of G0, G1, and G6.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5654'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05654/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05654-g003-550.jpg?1732086410" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Synchrotron radiation diffraction patterns recorded on the 2D flat panel detector before and after the compressive test. G0 at (<b>a</b>) 0 and (<b>b</b>) 11% of strain and G6 at (<b>c</b>) 0 and (<b>d</b>) 8% of strain. (Axial and radial directions are marked in (<b>a</b>)).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5654'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05654/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05654-g004-550.jpg?1732086411" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Axial diffraction patterns as a function of 2θ obtained by integration of the Debye–Scherrer rings. G0 at (<b>a</b>) 0 and (<b>c</b>) 11% of strain and G6 at (<b>b</b>) 0 and (<b>d</b>) 8% of strain.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5654'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05654/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05654-g005-550.jpg?1732086414" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Compressive macroscopic stress-strain curve of the (<b>a</b>) G0, (<b>d</b>) G1, and (<b>g</b>) G6 alloys. Axial lattice strains as a function of the applied stress during an in situ compression test at room temperature for the (<b>b</b>) G0, (<b>e</b>) G1, and (<b>h</b>) G6 alloys. Evolution of the integrated intensity in the axial direction of the {10<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math>0} and (0002) diffracted peaks during compression for the (<b>c</b>) G0, (<b>f</b>) G1, and (<b>i</b>) G6 alloys.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5654'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05654/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05654-g006a-550.jpg?1732086416" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>The {10<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math>0} and (0002) pole figures of extruded G6 alloys: (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) before and (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) after compression test in the synchrotron beamline. (<b>e</b>) Evolution of twin volume fraction as a function of the compressive plastic strain for extruded G1 and G6 alloys.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5654'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05654/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05654-g006b-550.jpg?1732086417" title=" <strong>Figure 6 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>The {10<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math>0} and (0002) pole figures of extruded G6 alloys: (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) before and (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) after compression test in the synchrotron beamline. (<b>e</b>) Evolution of twin volume fraction as a function of the compressive plastic strain for extruded G1 and G6 alloys.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5654'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05654/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05654-g007-550.jpg?1732086418" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Evolution of the AE count rates and the corresponding deformation curves for (<b>a</b>) G0, (<b>b</b>) G1, and (<b>c</b>) G6 samples.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5654'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05654/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05654-g008-550.jpg?1732086421" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Distribution of AE clusters in energy–median frequency space using the ASK clustering method for the G1 sample. The clusters, represented by different colors, are assigned to particular source mechanisms, based on their characteristic features (energy, frequency distribution, etc.) ((<b>a</b>) Noise, (<b>b</b>) basal slip, (<b>c</b>) non-basal slip, and (<b>d</b>) twinning). The distribution of the clusters for the G0 and G6 samples looks similar, therefore it is not presented here.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5654'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05654/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05654-g009a-550.jpg?1732086423" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Time evolution of the cumulative number of elements in the AE clusters assigned to noise (black line), basal slip (olive line), twinning (red line), and non-basal slip (blue line) for (<b>a</b>) G0; (<b>c</b>) G1, and (<b>e</b>) G6 samples. The dashed lines represent the experimental stress strain curves, measured concurrently with AE. The relative AE source activities calculated from (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>,<b>e</b>) for (<b>b</b>) G0, (<b>d</b>) G1, and (<b>f</b>) G6 samples. The color code of the clusters is the same as in <a href="#materials-17-05654-f008" class="html-fig">Figure 8</a> and <a href="#materials-17-05654-f009" class="html-fig">Figure 9</a>, the black lines represent the deformation curves.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5654'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05654/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05654-g009b-550.jpg?1732086425" title=" <strong>Figure 9 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Time evolution of the cumulative number of elements in the AE clusters assigned to noise (black line), basal slip (olive line), twinning (red line), and non-basal slip (blue line) for (<b>a</b>) G0; (<b>c</b>) G1, and (<b>e</b>) G6 samples. The dashed lines represent the experimental stress strain curves, measured concurrently with AE. The relative AE source activities calculated from (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>,<b>e</b>) for (<b>b</b>) G0, (<b>d</b>) G1, and (<b>f</b>) G6 samples. The color code of the clusters is the same as in <a href="#materials-17-05654-f008" class="html-fig">Figure 8</a> and <a href="#materials-17-05654-f009" class="html-fig">Figure 9</a>, the black lines represent the deformation curves.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5654'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05654/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05654-g010a-550.jpg?1732086427" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Orientation image mappings of extruded (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) G0, (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) G1, and (<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>) G6 alloys and along the extrusion direction deformed up to (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>,<b>e</b>) 2% and (<b>b</b>,<b>d</b>,<b>f</b>) 6% of plastic compressive strain. (<b>g</b>) Detailed image of the OIM of (<b>a</b>,<b>h</b>) (0002) pole figure corresponding to (<b>g</b>) showing the lattice rotation of the lattice within twins with respect to the parent grain.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5654'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05654/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05654-g010b-550.jpg?1732086429" title=" <strong>Figure 10 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Orientation image mappings of extruded (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) G0, (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) G1, and (<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>) G6 alloys and along the extrusion direction deformed up to (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>,<b>e</b>) 2% and (<b>b</b>,<b>d</b>,<b>f</b>) 6% of plastic compressive strain. (<b>g</b>) Detailed image of the OIM of (<b>a</b>,<b>h</b>) (0002) pole figure corresponding to (<b>g</b>) showing the lattice rotation of the lattice within twins with respect to the parent grain.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5654'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05654/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05654-g011-550.jpg?1732086433" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Bright field TEM image of the extruded G0 alloy compressed up to 2% of plastic deformation at room temperature (zone axis B = [11<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math>0]) and details of the twin showing dislocation arrays within the twin and the parent grain (white arrows). A and B areas in the central figure (red rectangles) are enlarged in the A and B figures. SADP of the magnesium grain and the twin (zone axis B = [11<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math>0]m,t).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5654'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05654/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05654-g012-550.jpg?1732086437" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Weak beam TEM image of the extruded G6 alloy compressed up to 2% of plastic deformation at room temperature: zone axis B = [11<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math>0]<sub>m,t</sub> and g = [0002]<sub>m</sub>, g = [10<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math>0]<sub>m</sub> and g = [10<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math>1]<sub>m</sub>. SADP of the magnesium grain and the twin (zone axis B = [11<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math>0]m,t).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5654'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05654/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05654-g013-550.jpg?1732086441" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Weak beam TEM image of the extruded G6 alloy compressed up to 2% of plastic deformation at room temperature showing the dislocation structure within twins (zone axis B = [11<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math>0]<sub>m,t</sub>, g = [0002]<sub>t</sub>). (<b>b</b>) Detail of (<b>a</b>) corresponding to the red square. Red arrows corresponds to steps in the twin boundary.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5654'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05654/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05654-g014-550.jpg?1732086442" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Comparison of the evolution of work hardening as a function of the compressive strains of this study (continuous lines) and [<a href="#B41-materials-17-05654" class="html-bibr">41</a>] (diamonds), [<a href="#B42-materials-17-05654" class="html-bibr">42</a>] (triangles) and [<a href="#B43-materials-17-05654" class="html-bibr">43</a>] (circles). (<b>b</b>) Evolution of the strain of the hardening peak of region II of (<b>a</b>). (black square correspond to data obtained in this study, red circles correspond to data obtained in [<a href="#B43-materials-17-05654" class="html-bibr">43</a>], blue triangles correspond to data obtained in [<a href="#B42-materials-17-05654" class="html-bibr">42</a>] and green diamonds correspond to data obtained in [<a href="#B41-materials-17-05654" class="html-bibr">41</a>]).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5654'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1524571" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 13 pages, 3313 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5653/pdf?version=1732115256" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="A Deep Learning Model for Estimating the Quality of Bimetallic Tracks Obtained by Laser Powder-Directed Energy Deposition" data-journal="materials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1944/17/22/5653">A Deep Learning Model for Estimating the Quality of Bimetallic Tracks Obtained by Laser Powder-Directed Energy Deposition</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Vincent Wong</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alberta Aversa</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alessandro Roger Rodrigues</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Materials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(22), 5653; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225653">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225653</a> - 19 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 979 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> During the fabrication of Inconel 718–AISI 316L bimetallic components via laser powder-directed energy deposition, understanding the relationships between processes, microstructures, and material properties is crucial to obtaining high-quality parts. Physical–chemical properties, cooling rates, and thermal expansion coefficients of each material may affect the <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5653/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> During the fabrication of Inconel 718–AISI 316L bimetallic components via laser powder-directed energy deposition, understanding the relationships between processes, microstructures, and material properties is crucial to obtaining high-quality parts. Physical–chemical properties, cooling rates, and thermal expansion coefficients of each material may affect the microstructure of parts, generating segregations and cracks. This paper analyzes how the process parameters affect the dimensions, chemical composition, and microhardness of bimetallic tracks. We created a dataset that included laser power, powder feed rate, material, skeletal density, dimensional features, chemical composition, and microhardness. Then, a deep learning methodology using a multilayer perceptron was used to estimate the relationship between these factors. The architecture comprised four inputs in the input layer and five hidden layers with 20, 40, 30, 30, and 30 neurons, respectively. This architecture was used to estimate the dimensional features, chemical composition, and microhardness. The model precision was evaluated using the determination coefficient (R<sup>2</sup>) and the mean absolute error (MAE) function. Lastly, we used a random forest classifier to select the bead quality from the optimal process parameters. The results showed a significant decrease in training loss and validation loss between 50 and 100 epochs. This decreasing trend continued until 350 epochs. This paper contributes to understanding the relationships between process–structure properties in the bimetallic tracks of Inconel 718 and AISI 316L. <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5653">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/materials/special_issues/FI5007AXKX ">Advanced Materials Joining and Manufacturing Techniques</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5653/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1524571"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1524571"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1524571" data-cycle-prev="#prev1524571" data-cycle-progressive="#images1524571" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1524571-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05653/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05653-g001-550.jpg?1732115376" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1524571" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1524571-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05653/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05653-g002-550.jpg?1732115378'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1524571-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05653/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05653-g003-550.jpg?1732115380'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1524571-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05653/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05653-g004-550.jpg?1732115382'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1524571-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05653/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05653-g005-550.jpg?1732115383'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1524571-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05653/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05653-g006-550.jpg?1732115384'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1524571-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05653/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05653-g007-550.jpg?1732115386'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1524571-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05653/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05653-g008-550.jpg?1732115387'><p>Figure 8</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1524571-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05653/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05653-g001-550.jpg?1732115376" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Experimental setup representation describing the process parameters, substrate, and SSTs.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5653'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05653/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05653-g002-550.jpg?1732115378" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Representation of the cross-section describing the analyzed area.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5653'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05653/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05653-g003-550.jpg?1732115380" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) SEM image and (<b>b</b>) particle size distribution of the IN 718 powder; (<b>c</b>) SEM image and (<b>d</b>) particle size distribution of the AISI 316L powder; and OM images of the powder cross-section for (<b>e</b>) the AISI 316L and (<b>f</b>) the IN 718 showing internal pores.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5653'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05653/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05653-g004-550.jpg?1732115382" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Height–width ratio and (<b>b</b>) dilution of the IN 718 SSTs on the AISI 316 substrate, and (<b>c</b>) height–width ratio and (<b>d</b>) dilution of the AISI 316L SSTs on AISI 316 substrate.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5653'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05653/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05653-g005-550.jpg?1732115383" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Heatmap of the Pearson correlation for the (<b>a</b>) IN 718 SSTs on the AISI 316 substrate and (<b>b</b>) for the AISI 316L SSTs on the AISI 316 substrate. (H-B) Hardness Bottom, (H-M) Hardness Middle, (H-T) Hardness Top.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5653'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05653/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05653-g006-550.jpg?1732115384" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>The evolution of chemical composition in IN 718 SSTs on an AISI 316 plate. Laser power = 450 W.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5653'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05653/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05653-g007-550.jpg?1732115386" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Boxplot of Vickers hardness at the (<b>a</b>) top, (<b>b</b>) middle, (<b>c</b>) and bottom of the IN 718 and (<b>d</b>) top, (<b>e</b>) middle, and (<b>f</b>) bottom of the AISI 316L.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5653'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05653/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05653-g008-550.jpg?1732115387" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Representation of the network architecture of the three sets.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5653'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1524527" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 17 pages, 5937 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5652/pdf?version=1732029943" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Topology Optimization of Periodic Structures Subject to Self-Weight Loading Using a Heuristic Method" data-journal="materials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1944/17/22/5652">Topology Optimization of Periodic Structures Subject to Self-Weight Loading Using a Heuristic Method</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Katarzyna Tajs-Zielińska</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Materials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(22), 5652; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225652">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225652</a> - 19 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 640 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This paper deals with the actual and challenging process of the optimal design of topologies of periodic structures taking into account the design-dependent loads. The topology formulation used in this paper minimizes the compliance value of the structure and is subject to a <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5652/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This paper deals with the actual and challenging process of the optimal design of topologies of periodic structures taking into account the design-dependent loads. The topology formulation used in this paper minimizes the compliance value of the structure and is subject to a total volume constraint while maintaining a periodic pattern and self-weight load. This combination represents a promising and original contribution to the field of ongoing research, although it is not yet widely recognized. This paper aims to fill this gap by presenting the first results of numerical optimization tests. The redistribution of material within a design domain is governed by the rules of Cellular Automata, a locally oriented optimization tool that can be applied to all types of structural optimization, including topology optimization. The technique has been demonstrated by numerical tests on two- and three-dimensional examples. The calculations were performed for different types of periodic schemes. The optimized structures did not show the checkerboard effect or the presence of residual gray elements in the final topologies. The strategy used in this paper ensures connectivity between periodic subdomains without imposing additional conditions on the algorithm. <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5652">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/materials/sections/Materials_Simulation_Design">Materials Simulation and Design</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5652/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1524527"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1524527"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1524527" data-cycle-prev="#prev1524527" data-cycle-progressive="#images1524527" 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src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05652/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05652-g003-550.jpg?1732030017'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1524527-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05652/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05652-g004-550.jpg?1732030017'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1524527-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05652/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05652-g005a-550.jpg?1732030018'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1524527-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05652/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05652-g005b-550.jpg?1732030018'><p>Figure 5 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1524527-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05652/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05652-g006-550.jpg?1732030019'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1524527-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05652/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05652-g007-550.jpg?1732030020'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1524527-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05652/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05652-g008-550.jpg?1732030021'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1524527-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05652/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05652-g009-550.jpg?1732030021'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1524527-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05652/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05652-g010-550.jpg?1732030022'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1524527-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05652/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05652-g011a-550.jpg?1732030023'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1524527-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05652/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05652-g011b-550.jpg?1732030025'><p>Figure 11 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1524527-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05652/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05652-g012-550.jpg?1732030025'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1524527-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05652/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05652-g013-550.jpg?1732030026'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1524527-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05652/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05652-g014-550.jpg?1732030027'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-1524527-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05652/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05652-g015-550.jpg?1732030027'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='17' data-target='article-1524527-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05652/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05652-g016-550.jpg?1732030028'><p>Figure 16</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='18' data-target='article-1524527-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05652/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05652-g017-550.jpg?1732030028'><p>Figure 17</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1524527-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05652/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05652-g001-550.jpg?1732030015" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The flowchart of the topology optimization algorithm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5652'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05652/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05652-g002-550.jpg?1732030016" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Example 1: (<b>a</b>) initial structure, applied load, and supports; (<b>b</b>) final topology for applied load and volume fraction 0.4 (no periodicity, no self-weight, P = 100 N, final compliance 17,936 Nmm). The red line shows an initial design space for convenience.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5652'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05652/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05652-g003-550.jpg?1732030017" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Compliance history for example 1.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5652'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05652/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05652-g004-550.jpg?1732030017" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Percentage of gray elements at each iteration step for example 1.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5652'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05652/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05652-g005a-550.jpg?1732030018" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Topologies for example 1 (red line shows an initial design space for convenience): (<b>a</b>) applied force equals P = 1000 N and self-weight (final compliance: 2,014,111 Nmm); (<b>b</b>) applied force equals P = 500 N and self-weight (final compliance: 571,548 Nmm); (<b>c</b>) applied force equals P = 100 N and self-weight (final compliance: 50,045 Nmm); (<b>d</b>) applied force equals P = 20 N and self-weight (final compliance: 13,476 Nmm); (<b>e</b>) applied force equals P = 10 N and self-weight (final compliance: 10,240 Nmm); (<b>f</b>) self-weight only (final compliance: 6758 Nmm).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5652'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05652/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05652-g005b-550.jpg?1732030018" title=" <strong>Figure 5 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Topologies for example 1 (red line shows an initial design space for convenience): (<b>a</b>) applied force equals P = 1000 N and self-weight (final compliance: 2,014,111 Nmm); (<b>b</b>) applied force equals P = 500 N and self-weight (final compliance: 571,548 Nmm); (<b>c</b>) applied force equals P = 100 N and self-weight (final compliance: 50,045 Nmm); (<b>d</b>) applied force equals P = 20 N and self-weight (final compliance: 13,476 Nmm); (<b>e</b>) applied force equals P = 10 N and self-weight (final compliance: 10,240 Nmm); (<b>f</b>) self-weight only (final compliance: 6758 Nmm).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5652'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05652/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05652-g006-550.jpg?1732030019" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Periodicity schemes and final topologies for example 1 considering concentrated, external load P only (red line shows an initial design space for convenience): (<b>a</b>) periodicity scheme I: 2 subdomains (final compliance: 21,814 Nmm); (<b>b</b>) periodicity scheme II: 3 subdomains (final compliance: 35,710 Nmm); (<b>c</b>) periodicity scheme III: 4 subdomains (final compliance: 30,829 Nmm); (<b>d</b>) periodicity scheme IV: 5 subdomains (final compliance: 37,199 Nmm).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5652'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05652/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05652-g007-550.jpg?1732030020" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Final values of compliances for example 1 for assumed periodicity schemes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5652'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05652/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05652-g008-550.jpg?1732030021" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Final topologies for example 1 considering self-weight only (red line shows an initial design space for convenience): (<b>a</b>) periodicity scheme I: 2 subdomains (final compliance: 10,968 Nmm); (<b>b</b>) periodicity scheme II: 3 subdomains (final compliance: 14,514 Nmm); (<b>c</b>) periodicity scheme III: 4 subdomains (final compliance: 17,316 Nmm); (<b>d</b>) periodicity scheme IV: 5 subdomains (final compliance: 18,390 Nmm).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5652'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05652/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05652-g009-550.jpg?1732030021" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Final topologies for example 1 considering self-weight and external load P = 30 N (red line shows an initial design space for convenience): (<b>a</b>) periodicity scheme I: 2 subdomains (final compliance: 20,614 Nmm); (<b>b</b>) periodicity scheme II: 3 subdomains (final compliance: 29,733 Nmm); (<b>c</b>) periodicity scheme III: 4 subdomains (final compliance: 31,302 Nmm); (<b>d</b>) periodicity scheme IV: 5 subdomains (final compliance: 34,704 Nmm).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5652'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05652/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05652-g010-550.jpg?1732030022" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Final topologies for example 1 considering self-weight and external load P = 100 N (red line shows an initial design space for convenience): (<b>a</b>) periodicity scheme I: 2 subdomains (final compliance: 58,059 Nmm); (<b>b</b>) periodicity scheme II: 3 subdomains (final compliance: 90,058 Nmm); (<b>c</b>) periodicity scheme III: 4 subdomains (final compliance: 83,266 Nmm); (<b>d</b>) periodicity scheme IV: 5 subdomains (final compliance: 107,902 Nmm).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5652'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05652/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05652-g011a-550.jpg?1732030023" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Compliance history for example 1 with five subdomains considering self-weight and external load P = 100 N: (<b>a</b>) periodicity scheme I: 2 subdomains; (<b>b</b>) periodicity scheme II: 3 subdomains; (<b>c</b>) periodicity scheme III: 4 subdomains; (<b>d</b>) periodicity scheme IV: 5 subdomains.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5652'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05652/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05652-g011b-550.jpg?1732030025" title=" <strong>Figure 11 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Compliance history for example 1 with five subdomains considering self-weight and external load P = 100 N: (<b>a</b>) periodicity scheme I: 2 subdomains; (<b>b</b>) periodicity scheme II: 3 subdomains; (<b>c</b>) periodicity scheme III: 4 subdomains; (<b>d</b>) periodicity scheme IV: 5 subdomains.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5652'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05652/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05652-g012-550.jpg?1732030025" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Cantilever T-beam: (<b>a</b>) initial structure, applied load, and supports; (<b>b</b>) cross-section of the beam.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5652'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05652/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05652-g013-550.jpg?1732030026" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>The cantilever T-beam results: (<b>a</b>) front view with the closed left end marked in dark blue and the support on the right side marked in gray; (<b>b</b>) front view with subdomain boundaries marked in red.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5652'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05652/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05652-g014-550.jpg?1732030027" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Compliance history for the cantilever T-beam.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5652'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05652/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05652-g015-550.jpg?1732030027" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Percentage of gray elements at each iteration step for the cantilever T-beam.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5652'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05652/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05652-g016-550.jpg?1732030028" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>The cantilever T-beam results: (<b>a</b>) front view: only self-weight is considered; (<b>b</b>) front view: only distributed load P is considered.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5652'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05652/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05652-g017-550.jpg?1732030028" title=" <strong>Figure 17</strong><br/> <p>The cantilever T-beam results after redesigning: (<b>a</b>) isometric view of the mesh; (<b>b</b>) isometric view of the CAD model.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5652'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1524493" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 16 pages, 6128 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5651/pdf?version=1732028529" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Wear Resistance Design of Laser Cladding Ni-Based Self-Fluxing Alloy Coating Using Machine Learning" data-journal="materials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1944/17/22/5651">Wear Resistance Design of Laser Cladding Ni-Based Self-Fluxing Alloy Coating Using Machine Learning</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jiabo Fu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Quanling Yang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Oleg Devojno</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marharyta Kardapolava</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Iryna Kasiakova</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chenchong Wang</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Materials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(22), 5651; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225651">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225651</a> - 19 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 637 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> To improve the collaborative design of laser cladding Ni-based self-fluxing alloy (SFA) wear-resistant coatings, machine learning methods were applied. A comprehensive database was constructed from the literature, linking alloy composition, processing parameters, testing conditions, and the wear properties of Ni-based SFA coatings. Feature <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5651/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> To improve the collaborative design of laser cladding Ni-based self-fluxing alloy (SFA) wear-resistant coatings, machine learning methods were applied. A comprehensive database was constructed from the literature, linking alloy composition, processing parameters, testing conditions, and the wear properties of Ni-based SFA coatings. Feature correlation analysis using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and feature importance assessment via the random forest (RF) model highlighted the significant impact of C and B elements. The predictive performance of five classical machine learning algorithms was evaluated using metrics such as the squared correlation coefficient (<i>R²</i>) and mean absolute error (<i>MAE</i>). The RF model, which exhibited the best overall performance, was further combined with a genetic algorithm (GA) to optimize both composition and processing parameters collaboratively. This integrated RF-GA optimization system significantly enhanced efficiency and successfully designed multiple composition and process plans. The optimized alloy demonstrated superior wear resistance with an average friction coefficient of only 0.34, attributed to an enhanced solid solution strengthening effect (110 MPa) and increased hard phase content (52%), such as Ni₃Si, CrB, and NbC. These results provide valuable methodological insights and theoretical support for the preparation of laser cladding coatings and enable efficient process optimization for other laser processing applications. <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5651">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/materials/special_issues/65JF38372U ">Advances in Friction, Wear-Resistant and Solid-Lubricating Properties of Materials</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5651/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1524493"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1524493"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1524493" data-cycle-prev="#prev1524493" data-cycle-progressive="#images1524493" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1524493-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05651/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05651-g001-550.jpg?1732028594" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1524493" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1524493-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05651/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05651-g002-550.jpg?1732028595'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1524493-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05651/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05651-g003-550.jpg?1732028596'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1524493-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05651/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05651-g004-550.jpg?1732028598'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1524493-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05651/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05651-g005-550.jpg?1732028599'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1524493-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05651/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05651-g006-550.jpg?1732028600'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1524493-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05651/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05651-g007-550.jpg?1732028601'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1524493-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05651/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05651-g008-550.jpg?1732028602'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1524493-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05651/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05651-g009-550.jpg?1732028604'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1524493-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05651/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05651-g010-550.jpg?1732028605'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1524493-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05651/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05651-g011-550.jpg?1732028606'><p>Figure 11</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1524493-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05651/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05651-g001-550.jpg?1732028594" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Framework for the design of laser cladding Ni-based self-fluxing alloys utilizing machine learning methods.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5651'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05651/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05651-g002-550.jpg?1732028595" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Results of feature analysis. (<b>a</b>) PCC between all features; (<b>b</b>) feature importance of input features.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5651'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05651/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05651-g003-550.jpg?1732028596" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Performance of different ML models. (<b>a</b>) Mean <span class="html-italic">R<sup>2</sup></span> and (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">MAE</span>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5651'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05651/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05651-g004-550.jpg?1732028598" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Experimental values vs. predicted values. Mean results for RF model in (<b>a</b>) training set and (<b>b</b>) testing set, and (<b>c</b>) optimal result for RF model; mean results for MLP model in (<b>d</b>) training set and (<b>e</b>) testing set, and (<b>f</b>) optimal result for MLP model.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5651'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05651/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05651-g005-550.jpg?1732028599" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Optimization and design results using RF model and GA.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5651'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05651/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05651-g006-550.jpg?1732028600" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of hard phases and undesirable phases at lower temperatures between designed alloys (as indicated by spheres with different colors) and optimal alloys in dataset (as indicated by blocks with different colors) using Thermo-Calc software (2023a) and TCNI12 database.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5651'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05651/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05651-g007-550.jpg?1732028601" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Number of underfitted models under multiple divisions of different machine learning models.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5651'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05651/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05651-g008-550.jpg?1732028602" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Number of overfitted models (<b>a</b>) and better models (<b>b</b>) under multiple divisions of different machine learning models.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5651'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05651/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05651-g009-550.jpg?1732028604" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>The change of solution in the calculation process of GA. (<b>a</b>) P<sub>c</sub> = 0.5; (<b>b</b>) P<sub>c</sub> = 0.6; (<b>c</b>) P<sub>c</sub> = 0.7; (<b>d</b>) P<sub>c</sub> = 0.8.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5651'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05651/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05651-g010-550.jpg?1732028605" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of compositional correlation between designed Alloy D2 and Ni self-fluxing alloys used in dataset using distance function.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5651'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05651/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05651-g011-550.jpg?1732028606" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Elemental content changes in Alloy D2 compared to the Optimal Alloy 1 in the original dataset and (<b>b</b>) phase configurations of Alloy D2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5651'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1524355" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 25 pages, 20805 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5650/pdf?version=1732022426" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Analysis of Influence of Coating Type on Friction Behaviour and Surface Topography of DC04/1.0338 Steel Sheet in Bending Under Tension Friction Test" data-journal="materials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1944/17/22/5650">Analysis of Influence of Coating Type on Friction Behaviour and Surface Topography of DC04/1.0338 Steel Sheet in Bending Under Tension Friction Test</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tomasz Trzepieciński</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Krzysztof Szwajka</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marek Szewczyk</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Joanna Zielińska-Szwajka</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marek Barlak</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Katarzyna Nowakowska-Langier</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sebastian Okrasa</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Materials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(22), 5650; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225650">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225650</a> - 19 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 728 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The working conditions of tools during plastic working operations are determined by, among other things, temperature, loads, loading method, and processing speed. In sheet metal forming processes, additionally, lubricant and tool surface roughness play a key role in changing the surface topography of <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5650/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The working conditions of tools during plastic working operations are determined by, among other things, temperature, loads, loading method, and processing speed. In sheet metal forming processes, additionally, lubricant and tool surface roughness play a key role in changing the surface topography of the drawpieces. This article presents the results of friction analysis on the edge of the punch in a deep drawing process using the bending under tension test. A DC04 steel sheet was used as the test material. The influence of various types of titanium nitride and titanium coatings applied on the surface of countersamples made of 145Cr6 cold-work tool steel was tested by means of high-intensity plasma pulses, magnetron sputtering, and electron pulse irradiation. The influence of the type of tool coating on the evolution of the coefficient of friction, the change in the sheet surface topography, and the temperature in the contact zone is presented in this paper. An increase in the coefficient of friction with sample elongation was observed. Countersamples modified with protective coatings provided a more stable coefficient value during the entire friction test compared to dry friction conditions. The electron pulse irradiated countersample provided the highest stability of the coefficient of friction in the entire range of sample elongation until fracture. The skewness Ssk of the sheet metal tested against the coated countersamples was characterized by negative value, which indicates a plateau-like shape of their surface. The highest temperature in the contact zone during friction with all types of countersamples was observed for the uncoated countersample. <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5650">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/materials/special_issues/YM52M2QUFX ">Advanced Materials and Technologies for Thermal Sprayed Coatings</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5650/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1524355"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1524355"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1524355" data-cycle-prev="#prev1524355" data-cycle-progressive="#images1524355" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1524355-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g001-550.jpg?1732022599" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1524355" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1524355-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g002-550.jpg?1732022603'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1524355-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g003-550.jpg?1732022606'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1524355-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g004-550.jpg?1732022607'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1524355-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g005-550.jpg?1732022610'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1524355-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g006-550.jpg?1732022612'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1524355-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g007-550.jpg?1732022615'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1524355-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g008-550.jpg?1732022618'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1524355-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g009-550.jpg?1732022620'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1524355-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g010a-550.jpg?1732022624'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1524355-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g010b-550.jpg?1732022626'><p>Figure 10 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1524355-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g011-550.jpg?1732022627'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1524355-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g012a-550.jpg?1732022628'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1524355-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g012b-550.jpg?1732022629'><p>Figure 12 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1524355-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g013-550.jpg?1732022632'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1524355-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g014-550.jpg?1732022635'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-1524355-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g015-550.jpg?1732022638'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='17' data-target='article-1524355-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g016a-550.jpg?1732022639'><p>Figure 16</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='18' data-target='article-1524355-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g016b-550.jpg?1732022640'><p>Figure 16 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='19' data-target='article-1524355-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g017-550.jpg?1732022643'><p>Figure 17</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='20' data-target='article-1524355-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g018-550.jpg?1732022644'><p>Figure 18</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='21' data-target='article-1524355-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g019-550.jpg?1732022647'><p>Figure 19</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='22' data-target='article-1524355-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g020-550.jpg?1732022649'><p>Figure 20</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='23' data-target='article-1524355-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g021-550.jpg?1732022650'><p>Figure 21</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1524355-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g001-550.jpg?1732022599" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Topography and (<b>b</b>) bearing area curve of DC01 steel sheet surface.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5650'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g002-550.jpg?1732022603" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Test stand.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5650'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g003-550.jpg?1732022606" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>View of samples before and after friction process.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5650'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g004-550.jpg?1732022607" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>A schematic of the BUT test.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5650'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g005-550.jpg?1732022610" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Flow chart for experimental investigations.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5650'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g006-550.jpg?1732022612" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>The general view of the modified countersamples: (<b>a</b>) Ti-HIPP, (<b>b</b>) TiN-MS, (<b>c</b>) Ti-MS+EPI, and (<b>d</b>) three consecutive (from left to right) orientations of countersample during modification using electron gun.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5650'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g007-550.jpg?1732022615" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>RPI-IBIS device for high-energy plasma generation + view of coaxial rod plasma accelerator with titanium electrodes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5650'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g008-550.jpg?1732022618" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>The device for layer deposition by the pulsed magnetron sputtering method + view of the magnetron inside the chamber with a titanium target.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5650'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g009-550.jpg?1732022620" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Electron gun device + countersample inside vacuum chamber of electron gun.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5650'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g010a-550.jpg?1732022624" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Surface topography of cylindrical countersamples: (<b>a</b>) as-received state, (<b>b</b>) Ti-HIPP, (<b>c</b>) TiN-MS, and (<b>d</b>) Ti-MS+EPI.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5650'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g010b-550.jpg?1732022626" title=" <strong>Figure 10 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Surface topography of cylindrical countersamples: (<b>a</b>) as-received state, (<b>b</b>) Ti-HIPP, (<b>c</b>) TiN-MS, and (<b>d</b>) Ti-MS+EPI.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5650'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g011-550.jpg?1732022627" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>EDS layered images of countersamples: (<b>a</b>) Ti-HIPP, (<b>b</b>) TiN-MS, and (<b>c</b>) Ti-MS+EPI.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5650'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g012a-550.jpg?1732022628" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>The EDS spectrum of the following coatings: (<b>a</b>) Ti-HIPP, (<b>b</b>) TiN-MS, and (<b>c</b>) Ti-MS+EPI.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5650'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g012b-550.jpg?1732022629" title=" <strong>Figure 12 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>The EDS spectrum of the following coatings: (<b>a</b>) Ti-HIPP, (<b>b</b>) TiN-MS, and (<b>c</b>) Ti-MS+EPI.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5650'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g013-550.jpg?1732022632" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>EDS elemental mapping of Ti-HIPP coating.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5650'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g014-550.jpg?1732022635" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>EDS elemental mapping of TiN-MS coating.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5650'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g015-550.jpg?1732022638" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>EDS elemental mapping of Ti-MS+EPI coating.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5650'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g016a-550.jpg?1732022639" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>Effect of sample elongation on coefficient of friction measured under (a) dry friction and lubricated conditions using (b) S100+ oil and (c) S300 oil.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5650'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g016b-550.jpg?1732022640" title=" <strong>Figure 16 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Effect of sample elongation on coefficient of friction measured under (a) dry friction and lubricated conditions using (b) S100+ oil and (c) S300 oil.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5650'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g017-550.jpg?1732022643" title=" <strong>Figure 17</strong><br/> <p>Effect of friction conditions on selected surface roughness parameters: (a) Sa, (b) Sku, (c) Ssk, (d) Sp, (e) Sv, and (f) Sz.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5650'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g018-550.jpg?1732022644" title=" <strong>Figure 18</strong><br/> <p>Interpretation of parameters (<b>a</b>) Sku and (<b>b</b>) Ssk.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5650'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g019-550.jpg?1732022647" title=" <strong>Figure 19</strong><br/> <p>The SEM micrographs of the surface of (<b>a</b>) the DC01 sheet in the as-received state and after friction tests under the following conditions: (<b>b</b>) Ti-HIPP, dry friction; (<b>c</b>) Ti-HIPP, lubrication with S100+ oil; (<b>d</b>) TiN-MS, lubrication with S100+ oil; and Ti-MS+EPI, lubrication with S300 oil.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5650'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g020-550.jpg?1732022649" title=" <strong>Figure 20</strong><br/> <p>View of working surfaces of (<b>a</b>) uncoated countersample and coated countersamples: (<b>b</b>) Ti-HIPP, (<b>c</b>) TiN-MS, and (<b>d</b>) Ti-MS+EPI.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5650'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05650/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05650-g021-550.jpg?1732022650" title=" <strong>Figure 21</strong><br/> <p>Effect of friction conditions on temperature in contact zone.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5650'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1524281" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 13 pages, 2107 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5649/pdf?version=1732152642" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="The Effect of the Pyrolysis Temperature of a Leather–Textile Mixture from Post-Consumer Footwear on the Composition and Structure of Carbonised Materials" data-journal="materials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1944/17/22/5649">The Effect of the Pyrolysis Temperature of a Leather–Textile Mixture from Post-Consumer Footwear on the Composition and Structure of Carbonised Materials</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Anna Kowalik-Klimczak</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Monika Łożyńska</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Maciej Życki</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Bogusław Woźniak</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Materials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(22), 5649; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225649">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225649</a> - 19 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 1726 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This paper presents an investigation into the use of pyrolysis to valorise solid waste in the form of post-consumer footwear uppers. A heterogenous leather and textile mixture is studied, produced by crushing some representative samples of post-consumer footwear uppers. The waste has a <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5649/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This paper presents an investigation into the use of pyrolysis to valorise solid waste in the form of post-consumer footwear uppers. A heterogenous leather and textile mixture is studied, produced by crushing some representative samples of post-consumer footwear uppers. The waste has a low ash content and a high net calorific value, which translates into the high gross calorific value of the material. In addition, it contains relatively little S and Cl, which is promising for its use in the process of pyrolysis. The effect of the pyrolysis temperature on the efficiency of carbonising leather and textile mixtures, their physico-chemical parameters, elemental composition, and structure, as well as the development of a specific surface, is investigated. The research results imply that as the pyrolysis temperature grows, the carbonisation efficiency declines. The produced materials consist primarily of C, O, N, and H, whose contents depend on the pyrolysis temperature. Moreover, all the carbonised materials display the presence of two G and D bands, which is typical for carbon materials. Based on the peak intensities of the bands, I<sub>D</sub>/I<sub>G</sub> coefficients are calculated to assess the organisation of the materials’ structures. As the pyrolysis temperature rises, the structural organisation declines, contributing to an increased material porosity and, thus, a greater specific surface of the carbonised materials. This study contributes data on the thermal management and pyrolysis of leather and textile waste into useful carbonised materials. Investigating the applicability of carbonised materials is projected as the next stage of research work. <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5649">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/materials/sections/carbon">Carbon Materials</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5649/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1524281"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1524281"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1524281" data-cycle-prev="#prev1524281" data-cycle-progressive="#images1524281" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1524281-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05649/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05649-g001-550.jpg?1732152742" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1524281" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1524281-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05649/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05649-g002-550.jpg?1732152744'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1524281-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05649/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05649-g003-550.jpg?1732152745'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1524281-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05649/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05649-g004-550.jpg?1732152746'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1524281-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05649/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05649-g005-550.jpg?1732152747'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1524281-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05649/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05649-g006-550.jpg?1732152750'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1524281-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05649/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05649-g001-550.jpg?1732152742" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Leather and textile mixture waste materials: a photo (<b>a</b>) and SEM microphotograph (<b>b</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5649'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05649/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05649-g002-550.jpg?1732152744" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Carbonised material produced by the pyrolysis of waste leather–textile mixtures: a photo (<b>a</b>) and a SEM microphotograph (<b>b</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5649'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05649/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05649-g003-550.jpg?1732152745" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>The H/C molar ratio in the waste leather–textile mixtures and the resultant carbonised materials.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5649'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05649/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05649-g004-550.jpg?1732152746" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The FTIR spectra of carbonised materials produced by pyrolysis at varied temperatures.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5649'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05649/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05649-g005-550.jpg?1732152747" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>The Raman spectra of carbonised materials made in the pyrolytic processes of leather–textile mixtures at different temperatures.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5649'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05649/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05649-g006-550.jpg?1732152750" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>N<sub>2</sub> adsorption–desorption isotherms of carbonised materials produced through pyrolysis at varying temperatures: 500 °C (<b>a</b>), 600 °C (<b>b</b>), 700 °C (<b>c</b>), and 800 °C (<b>d</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5649'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1524276" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 19 pages, 3453 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5648/pdf?version=1732016567" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Opportunities and Challenges for Predicting the Service Status of SLM Metal Parts Under Big Data and Artificial Intelligence" data-journal="materials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1944/17/22/5648">Opportunities and Challenges for Predicting the Service Status of SLM Metal Parts Under Big Data and Artificial Intelligence</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xiaoling Yan</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Huiwen Fu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Materials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(22), 5648; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225648">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225648</a> - 19 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 753 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Selective laser melting (SLM) technology is a high-end dual-use technology that is implemented in aerospace and medical equipment, as well as the automotive industry and other military and civilian industries, and is urgently needed for major equipment manufacturing and national defense industries. This <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5648/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Selective laser melting (SLM) technology is a high-end dual-use technology that is implemented in aerospace and medical equipment, as well as the automotive industry and other military and civilian industries, and is urgently needed for major equipment manufacturing and national defense industries. This paper examines the challenges of uncontrollable service states and the inability to ensure service safety of SLM metal parts under nonlinear and complex operating conditions. An overview of the prediction of the service status of SLM metal parts was introduced, and an effective approach solving the problem was provided in this paper. In this approach, the cross-scale coupling mechanism between mesoscopic damage evolution and macroscopic service state evolution is clarified by tracking the mesoscopic damage evolution process of SLM metal parts based on ultrasonic nonlinear responses. The failure mechanism is organically integrated with hidden information from monitoring big data, and a “chimeric” model to accurately evaluate the service status of SLM metal parts is constructed. Combining nonlinear ultrasound technology with big data and artificial intelligence to construct a “chimeric” model and consummate the corresponding methods and theories for evaluating the service status of SLM metal parts is an effective way to reveal the mesoscopic damage evolution and service status evolution mechanisms of SLM metal parts under complex factor coupling, and to accurately describe and characterize the service status of parts under complex operating conditions. The proposed approach will provide a theoretical basis and technical guarantee for the precise management of SLM parts’ service safety in key equipment fields such as aerospace, medical equipment, and the automotive industry. <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5648">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/materials/sections/struct_analysis">Advanced Materials Characterization</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5648/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1524276"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1524276"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1524276" data-cycle-prev="#prev1524276" data-cycle-progressive="#images1524276" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1524276-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05648/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05648-g001-550.jpg?1732016694" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1524276" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1524276-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05648/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05648-g002-550.jpg?1732016696'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1524276-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05648/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05648-g003-550.jpg?1732016698'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1524276-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05648/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05648-g004-550.jpg?1732016698'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1524276-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05648/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05648-g005-550.jpg?1732016699'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1524276-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05648/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05648-g006-550.jpg?1732016700'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1524276-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05648/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05648-g007-550.jpg?1732016703'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1524276-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05648/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05648-g008-550.jpg?1732016705'><p>Figure 8</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1524276-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05648/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05648-g001-550.jpg?1732016694" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Basic flow and processing schematic of SLM process.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5648'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05648/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05648-g002-550.jpg?1732016696" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Transient diagram of ultrasonic wave field propagation at different stages of microcrack length propagation in SLM 316L stainless steel.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5648'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05648/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05648-g003-550.jpg?1732016698" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>The number-model linkage flowchart for predicting the remaining life of the randomly degraded metal parts.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5648'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05648/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05648-g004-550.jpg?1732016698" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Micropore.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5648'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05648/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05648-g005-550.jpg?1732016699" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Splash and incomplete fusion.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5648'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05648/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05648-g006-550.jpg?1732016700" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Three stages of the normalized ultrasonic nonlinear coefficient–fatigue cycles curve [<a href="#B98-materials-17-05648" class="html-bibr">98</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5648'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05648/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05648-g007-550.jpg?1732016703" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>The TEM photographs of the SLM 316L stainless steel specimen C1 were subjected to different fatigue cycles [<a href="#B95-materials-17-05648" class="html-bibr">95</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5648'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05648/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05648-g008-550.jpg?1732016705" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>The research outline.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' 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