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It does so by drawing an analogy with metaethical noncognitivism. I explore the degree to which the motivations for both views are similar and how both views have to grapple with the Frege‐Geach Problem about complex thoughts. The major upshot of recognizing this noncognitivism is that it presents challenges and<span id="LENNAT-absexp"> (<span class="ll" onclick="$("LENNAT-abstract2").show();$("LENNAT-absexp").hide()">...</span>)</span><span id="LENNAT-abstract2" style="display:none"> opportunities not only in the philosophy of mind and language but also in epistemology itself. I present some examples where attention to the implicit noncognitivism in formal epistemology has affected or should affect epistemological theory. And I suggest that it is likely that further examples of this sort will arise. (<span class="ll" onclick="$("LENNAT-abstract2").hide();$("LENNAT-absexp").show();">shrink</span>)</span></div><div class="catsCon" id="ecats-con-LENNAT"><div><a class="catName" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/degrees-of-belief" rel="section">Degrees of Belief</a><span class="catIn"> in </span><a class="catArea" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-probability" rel="section">Philosophy of Probability</a></div> <div><a class="catName" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/formal-epistemology-misc" rel="section">Formal Epistemology, Misc</a><span class="catIn"> in </span><a class="catArea" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemology" rel="section">Epistemology</a></div> <div><a class="catName" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/moral-noncognitivism" rel="section">Moral Noncognitivism</a><span class="catIn"> in </span><a class="catArea" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/meta-ethics" rel="section">Meta-Ethics</a></div> </div><div class="options"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/go.pl?id=LENNAT&proxyId=&u=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%2Fphpr.12639"><i class="fa fa-download"></i> Direct download</a>   <div id="la-LENNAT" title="Export to another format" class="yui-skin-sam ldiv"> </div><span class="ll" onclick="showExports('LENNAT')"><i class="fa fa-external-link"></i> Export citation<img src="/web/20221003150241im_/https://philpapers.org/philpapers/raw/subind.gif"></span>   <div id="ml-LENNAT" class="yui-skin-sam ldiv"> </div><span title="Bookmark this publication" class="ll" onclick="showLists('LENNAT','')"><i class="fa fa-bookmark"></i> Bookmark<img src="/web/20221003150241im_/https://philpapers.org/philpapers/raw/subind.gif"></span>  <a href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/citations/LENNAT"><i class="fa fa-share-alt"></i> 3 citations</a>   <span class="eMsg" id="msg-LENNAT"></span></div></div></li> <li id="eGRALD-2" onclick="ee('click','GRALD-2')" onmouseover="ee('over','GRALD-2')" onmouseout="ee('out','GRALD-2')" class="entry"><div style="float:right" class="subtle"> <a href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/rec/GRALD-2#analytics"><span style="color:#109D49">45 <i class="fa fa-download"></i></span></a></div><span class="citation"><a href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/rec/GRALD-2"><span class="articleTitle recTitle">Linguistic Disobedience.</span></a><a class="discreet" title="View other works by David Miguel Gray" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/s/David Miguel%20Gray"><span class="name">David Miguel Gray</span></a> & <a class="discreet" title="View other works by Benjamin Lennertz" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/s/Benjamin%20Lennertz"><span class="name">Benjamin Lennertz</span></a> - <span class="pubYear">2020</span> - <span class="pubInfo"> <em class="pubName">Philosophers' Imprint</em> 20 (21):1-16.</span></span><span class="toggle" style="display:none" data-target="extras">details</span><div class="extras"><div class="abstract">There has recently been a flurry of activity in the philosophy of language on how to best account for the unique features of epithets. One of these features is that epithets can be appropriated (that is, the offense-grounding potential of a term can be removed). We argue that attempts to appropriate an epithet fundamentally involve a violation of language-governing rules. We suggest that the other conditions that make something an attempt at appropriation are the same conditions that characterize acts of<span id="GRALD-2-absexp"> (<span class="ll" onclick="$("GRALD-2-abstract2").show();$("GRALD-2-absexp").hide()">...</span>)</span><span id="GRALD-2-abstract2" style="display:none"> civil disobedience. Accounting for attempts at appropriation is thus both a linguistic and socio-political endeavor. We demonstrate how these two facets of attempts at appropriation also help us understand the communicative features of civil disobedience. (<span class="ll" onclick="$("GRALD-2-abstract2").hide();$("GRALD-2-absexp").show();">shrink</span>)</span></div><div class="catsCon" id="ecats-con-GRALD-2"><div><a class="catName" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/civil-disobedience" rel="section">Civil Disobedience</a><span class="catIn"> in </span><a class="catArea" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/social-and-political-philosophy" rel="section">Social and Political Philosophy</a></div> <div><a class="catName" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/paul-grice" rel="section">Paul Grice</a><span class="catIn"> in </span><a class="catArea" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/20th-century-philosophy" rel="section">20th Century Philosophy</a></div> <div><a class="catName" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/pragmatics-misc" rel="section">Pragmatics, Misc</a><span class="catIn"> in </span><a class="catArea" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-language" rel="section">Philosophy of Language</a></div> <div><a class="catName" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/race-and-gender" rel="section">Race and Gender</a><span class="catIn"> in </span><a class="catArea" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-gender-race-and-sexuality" rel="section">Philosophy of Gender, Race, and Sexuality</a></div> <div><a class="catName" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/slurs" rel="section">Slurs</a><span class="catIn"> in </span><a class="catArea" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-language" rel="section">Philosophy of Language</a></div> </div><div class="options"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/go.pl?id=GRALD-2&proxyId=&u=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fspo.3521354.0020.021"><i class="fa fa-download"></i> Direct download</a>   <div id="la-GRALD-2" title="Export to another format" class="yui-skin-sam ldiv"> </div><span class="ll" onclick="showExports('GRALD-2')"><i class="fa fa-external-link"></i> Export citation<img src="/web/20221003150241im_/https://philpapers.org/philpapers/raw/subind.gif"></span>   <div id="ml-GRALD-2" class="yui-skin-sam ldiv"> </div><span title="Bookmark this publication" class="ll" onclick="showLists('GRALD-2','')"><i class="fa fa-bookmark"></i> Bookmark<img src="/web/20221003150241im_/https://philpapers.org/philpapers/raw/subind.gif"></span>  <a href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/citations/GRALD-2"><i class="fa fa-share-alt"></i> 2 citations</a>   <span class="eMsg" id="msg-GRALD-2"></span></div></div></li> <li id="eLENQA" onclick="ee('click','LENQA')" onmouseover="ee('over','LENQA')" onmouseout="ee('out','LENQA')" class="entry"><div style="float:right" class="subtle"> <a href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/rec/LENQA#analytics"><span style="color:#109D49">29 <i class="fa fa-download"></i></span></a></div><span class="citation"><a href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/rec/LENQA"><span class="articleTitle recTitle">Quantificational Attitudes.</span></a><a class="discreet" title="View other works by Benjamin Lennertz" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/s/Benjamin%20Lennertz"><span class="name">Benjamin Lennertz</span></a> - <span class="pubYear">2021</span> - <span class="pubInfo"> <em class="pubName">Journal of Philosophy</em> 118 (11):585-613.</span></span><span class="toggle" style="display:none" data-target="extras">details</span><div class="extras"><div class="abstract">The literature contains a popular argument in favor of the position that conditional attitudes are not simple attitudes with conditional contents but, rather, have a more complex structure. In this paper I show that an analogous argument applies to what we might call quantificational attitudes—like an intention to follow every bit of good advice I receive or a desire to get rabies shots for each bite I incur from an infected bat. The conditions under which these attitudes are satisfied and<span id="LENQA-absexp"> (<span class="ll" onclick="$("LENQA-abstract2").show();$("LENQA-absexp").hide()">...</span>)</span><span id="LENQA-abstract2" style="display:none"> thwarted are not captured by claiming that they are simple attitudes with quantificational contents. So, the argument supports a novel position—that quantificational attitudes have a more complex structure. After sketching the form of this extra structure, I show how similar considerations count in favor of the existence of genuinely quantificational speech acts. (<span class="ll" onclick="$("LENQA-abstract2").hide();$("LENQA-absexp").show();">shrink</span>)</span></div><div class="catsCon" id="ecats-con-LENQA"><div><a class="catName" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/attitude-ascriptions" rel="section">Attitude Ascriptions</a><span class="catIn"> in </span><a class="catArea" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-language" rel="section">Philosophy of Language</a></div> <div><a class="catName" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/doxastic-voluntarism" rel="section">Doxastic Voluntarism</a><span class="catIn"> in </span><a class="catArea" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemology" rel="section">Epistemology</a></div> <div><a class="catName" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/indicative-conditionals-misc" rel="section">Indicative Conditionals, Misc</a><span class="catIn"> in </span><a class="catArea" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-language" rel="section">Philosophy of Language</a></div> <div><a class="catName" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/propositional-attitudes" rel="section">Propositional Attitudes</a><span class="catIn"> in </span><a class="catArea" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-mind" rel="section">Philosophy of Mind</a></div> <div><a class="catName" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/quantifiers-misc" rel="section">Quantifiers, Misc</a><span class="catIn"> in </span><a class="catArea" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-language" rel="section">Philosophy of Language</a></div> </div><div class="options"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/go.pl?id=LENQA&proxyId=&u=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.5840%2Fjphil20211181140"><i class="fa fa-download"></i> Direct download</a> <a href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/rec/LENQA">(2 more)</a>   <div id="la-LENQA" title="Export to another format" class="yui-skin-sam ldiv"> </div><span class="ll" onclick="showExports('LENQA')"><i class="fa fa-external-link"></i> Export citation<img src="/web/20221003150241im_/https://philpapers.org/philpapers/raw/subind.gif"></span>   <div id="ml-LENQA" class="yui-skin-sam ldiv"> </div><span title="Bookmark this publication" class="ll" onclick="showLists('LENQA','')"><i class="fa fa-bookmark"></i> Bookmark<img src="/web/20221003150241im_/https://philpapers.org/philpapers/raw/subind.gif"></span>  <a href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/citations/LENQA"><i class="fa fa-share-alt"></i> 1 citation</a>   <span class="eMsg" id="msg-LENQA"></span></div></div></li> <li id="eLENQC" onclick="ee('click','LENQC')" onmouseover="ee('over','LENQC')" onmouseout="ee('out','LENQC')" class="entry"><div style="float:right" class="subtle"> <a href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/rec/LENQC#analytics"><span style="color:#109D49">55 <i class="fa fa-download"></i></span></a></div><span class="citation"><a href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/rec/LENQC"><span class="articleTitle recTitle">Quantificational Credences.</span></a><a class="discreet" title="View other works by Benjamin Lennertz" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/s/Benjamin%20Lennertz"><span class="name">Benjamin Lennertz</span></a> - <span class="pubYear">2015</span> - <span class="pubInfo"> <em class="pubName">Philosophers' Imprint</em> 15.</span></span><span class="toggle" style="display:none" data-target="extras">details</span><div class="extras"><div class="abstract">In addition to full beliefs, agents have attitudes of varying confidence, or credences. For instance, I do not believe that the Boston Red Sox will win the American League East this year, but I am at least a little bit confident that they will – i.e. I have a positive credence that they will. It is also common to think that agents have conditional credences. For instance, I am very confident – i.e. have a conditional credence of very-likely strength –<span id="LENQC-absexp"> (<span class="ll" onclick="$("LENQC-abstract2").show();$("LENQC-absexp").hide()">...</span>)</span><span id="LENQC-abstract2" style="display:none"> that the Red Sox will win the AL East this year given that their pitching staff stays healthy. There are good reasons to think that conditional credences are neither credences nor some combination of credences. In this paper, I show that similar reasons support thinking that agents have what we can call quantificational credences – attitudes like, thinking that each AL East team with a healthy pitching staff is at least a little bit likely to win the division – which are neither credences, conditional credences, nor some combination thereof. I provide a framework for assessing the rationality of credal states which involve quantificational credences. And I give a general picture of credal states that explains the similarities and differences between ordinary, conditional, and quantificational credences. (<span class="ll" onclick="$("LENQC-abstract2").hide();$("LENQC-absexp").show();">shrink</span>)</span></div><div class="catsCon" id="ecats-con-LENQC"><div><a class="catName" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/degrees-of-belief" rel="section">Degrees of Belief</a><span class="catIn"> in </span><a class="catArea" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-probability" rel="section">Philosophy of Probability</a></div> <div><a class="catName" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/formal-epistemology-misc" rel="section">Formal Epistemology, Misc</a><span class="catIn"> in </span><a class="catArea" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemology" rel="section">Epistemology</a></div> <div><a class="catName" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/subjective-probability" rel="section">Subjective Probability</a><span class="catIn"> in </span><a class="catArea" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-probability" rel="section">Philosophy of Probability</a></div> </div><div class="options"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/go.pl?id=LENQC&proxyId=&u=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fspo.3521354.0015.009"><i class="fa fa-download"></i> Direct download</a> <a href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/rec/LENQC">(2 more)</a>   <div id="la-LENQC" title="Export to another format" class="yui-skin-sam ldiv"> </div><span class="ll" onclick="showExports('LENQC')"><i class="fa fa-external-link"></i> Export citation<img src="/web/20221003150241im_/https://philpapers.org/philpapers/raw/subind.gif"></span>   <div id="ml-LENQC" class="yui-skin-sam ldiv"> </div><span title="Bookmark this publication" class="ll" onclick="showLists('LENQC','')"><i class="fa fa-bookmark"></i> Bookmark<img src="/web/20221003150241im_/https://philpapers.org/philpapers/raw/subind.gif"></span>  <a href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/citations/LENQC"><i class="fa fa-share-alt"></i> 7 citations</a>   <span class="eMsg" id="msg-LENQC"></span></div></div></li> <li id="eLENADB" onclick="ee('click','LENADB')" onmouseover="ee('over','LENADB')" onmouseout="ee('out','LENADB')" class="entry"><div style="float:right" class="subtle"> <a href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/rec/LENADB#analytics"><span style="color:#109D49">6659 <i class="fa fa-download"></i></span></a></div><span class="citation"><a href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/rec/LENADB"><span class="articleTitle recTitle">A Dutch Book Theorem for Quantificational Credences.</span></a><a class="discreet" title="View other works by Benjamin Lennertz" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/s/Benjamin%20Lennertz"><span class="name">Benjamin Lennertz</span></a> - <span class="pubYear">2017</span> - <span class="pubInfo"> <em class="pubName">Ergo: An Open Access Journal of Philosophy</em> 4.</span></span><span class="toggle" style="display:none" data-target="extras">details</span><div class="extras"><div class="abstract">In this paper, I present an argument for a rational norm involving a kind of credal attitude called a quantificational credence – the kind of attitude we can report by saying that Lucy thinks that each record in Schroeder’s collection is 5% likely to be scratched. I prove a result called a Dutch Book Theorem, which constitutes conditional support for the norm. Though Dutch Book Theorems exist for norms on ordinary and conditional credences, there is controversy about the epistemic significance<span id="LENADB-absexp"> (<span class="ll" onclick="$("LENADB-abstract2").show();$("LENADB-absexp").hide()">...</span>)</span><span id="LENADB-abstract2" style="display:none"> of these results. So, my conclusion is that if Dutch Book Theorems do, in general, support norms on credal states, then we have support for the suggested norm on quantificational credences. Providing conditional support for this norm gives us a fuller picture of the normative landscape of credal states. (<span class="ll" onclick="$("LENADB-abstract2").hide();$("LENADB-absexp").show();">shrink</span>)</span></div><div class="catsCon" id="ecats-con-LENADB"><div><a class="catName" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/betting-interpretations-and-dutch-books" rel="section">Betting Interpretations and Dutch Books</a><span class="catIn"> in </span><a class="catArea" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-probability" rel="section">Philosophy of Probability</a></div> <div><a class="catName" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/degrees-of-belief" rel="section">Degrees of Belief</a><span class="catIn"> in </span><a class="catArea" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-probability" rel="section">Philosophy of Probability</a></div> <div><a class="catName" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/formal-epistemology-misc" rel="section">Formal Epistemology, Misc</a><span class="catIn"> in </span><a class="catArea" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemology" rel="section">Epistemology</a></div> </div><div class="options"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/go.pl?id=LENADB&proxyId=&u=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Farchive%2FLENADB.pdf"><i class="fa fa-download"></i> Direct download</a> <a href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/rec/LENADB">(4 more)</a>   <div id="la-LENADB" title="Export to another format" class="yui-skin-sam ldiv"> </div><span class="ll" onclick="showExports('LENADB')"><i class="fa fa-external-link"></i> Export citation<img src="/web/20221003150241im_/https://philpapers.org/philpapers/raw/subind.gif"></span>   <div id="ml-LENADB" class="yui-skin-sam ldiv"> </div><span title="Bookmark this publication" class="ll" onclick="showLists('LENADB','')"><i class="fa fa-bookmark"></i> Bookmark<img src="/web/20221003150241im_/https://philpapers.org/philpapers/raw/subind.gif"></span>  <a href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/citations/LENADB"><i class="fa fa-share-alt"></i> 1 citation</a>   <span class="eMsg" id="msg-LENADB"></span></div></div></li> <li id="eLENSCA" onclick="ee('click','LENSCA')" onmouseover="ee('over','LENSCA')" onmouseout="ee('out','LENSCA')" class="entry"><div style="float:right" class="subtle"> <a href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/rec/LENSCA#analytics"><span style="color:#109D49">103 <i class="fa fa-download"></i></span></a></div><span class="citation"><a href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/rec/LENSCA"><span class="articleTitle recTitle">Simple Contextualism About Epistemic Modals Is Incorrect.</span></a><a class="discreet" title="View other works by Benjamin Lennertz" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/s/Benjamin%20Lennertz"><span class="name">Benjamin Lennertz</span></a> - <span class="pubYear">2014</span> - <span class="pubInfo"> <em class="pubName">Thought: A Journal of Philosophy</em> 3 (4):252-262.</span></span><span class="toggle" style="display:none" data-target="extras">details</span><div class="extras"><div class="abstract">I argue against a simple contextualist account of epistemic modals. My argument, like the argument on which it is based , charges that simple contextualism cannot explain all of the conversational data about uses of epistemic modals. My argument improves on its predecessor by insulating itself from recent contextualist attempts by Janice Dowell and Igor Yanovich to get around that argument. In particular, I use linguistic data to show that an utterance of an epistemic modal sentence can be warranted, while<span id="LENSCA-absexp"> (<span class="ll" onclick="$("LENSCA-abstract2").show();$("LENSCA-absexp").hide()">...</span>)</span><span id="LENSCA-abstract2" style="display:none"> an utterance of its suggested simple contextualist paraphrase is not. (<span class="ll" onclick="$("LENSCA-abstract2").hide();$("LENSCA-absexp").show();">shrink</span>)</span></div><div class="catsCon" id="ecats-con-LENSCA"><div><a class="catName" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemic-modals" rel="section">Epistemic Modals</a><span class="catIn"> in </span><a class="catArea" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-language" rel="section">Philosophy of Language</a></div> </div><div class="options"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/go.pl?id=LENSCA&proxyId=&u=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%2Ftht3.140"><i class="fa fa-download"></i> Direct download</a> <a href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/rec/LENSCA">(4 more)</a>   <div id="la-LENSCA" title="Export to another format" class="yui-skin-sam ldiv"> </div><span class="ll" onclick="showExports('LENSCA')"><i class="fa fa-external-link"></i> Export citation<img src="/web/20221003150241im_/https://philpapers.org/philpapers/raw/subind.gif"></span>   <div id="ml-LENSCA" class="yui-skin-sam ldiv"> </div><span title="Bookmark this publication" class="ll" onclick="showLists('LENSCA','')"><i class="fa fa-bookmark"></i> Bookmark<img src="/web/20221003150241im_/https://philpapers.org/philpapers/raw/subind.gif"></span>  <a href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/citations/LENSCA"><i class="fa fa-share-alt"></i> 4 citations</a>   <span class="eMsg" id="msg-LENSCA"></span></div></div></li> <li id="eLENTMS" onclick="ee('click','LENTMS')" onmouseover="ee('over','LENTMS')" onmouseout="ee('out','LENTMS')" class="entry"><div style="float:right" class="subtle"> <a href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/rec/LENTMS#analytics"><span style="color:#109D49">76 <i class="fa fa-download"></i></span></a></div><span class="citation"><a href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/rec/LENTMS"><span class="articleTitle recTitle">Taking 'Might'‐Communication Seriously.</span></a><a class="discreet" title="View other works by Benjamin Lennertz" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/s/Benjamin%20Lennertz"><span class="name">Benjamin Lennertz</span></a> - <span class="pubYear">2014</span> - <span class="pubInfo"> <em class="pubName">Analytic Philosophy</em> 55 (2):176-198.</span></span><span class="toggle" style="display:none" data-target="extras">details</span><div class="extras"><div class="abstract">In this paper, I show that, given seemingly plausible assumptions about the epistemic ‘might’ and conditionals, we cannot explain why in some circumstances it is appropriate to utter conditional ‘might’-sentences, like “If Angelica has crumbs in her pocket, then she might be the thief” and not the corresponding simple ones, like “Angelica might be the thief.” So, one of our assumptions must be incorrect. I argue that the root of the problem is an umbrella thesis about the pragmatics of ‘might’-communication<span id="LENTMS-absexp"> (<span class="ll" onclick="$("LENTMS-abstract2").show();$("LENTMS-absexp").hide()">...</span>)</span><span id="LENTMS-abstract2" style="display:none"> - one that says that the communicative impact of an utterance of a ‘might’-sentence is the performance of a consistency check on the information of the context. I conclude that we must reject this thesis. And I close the paper by sketching an alternative view about what assertive uses of ‘might’-sentences typically do - one which avoids the problem. Such uses typically present a possibility as a serious option in reasoning and deliberation. (<span class="ll" onclick="$("LENTMS-abstract2").hide();$("LENTMS-absexp").show();">shrink</span>)</span></div><div class="catsCon" id="ecats-con-LENTMS"><div><a class="catName" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemic-modals" rel="section">Epistemic Modals</a><span class="catIn"> in </span><a class="catArea" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-language" rel="section">Philosophy of Language</a></div> </div><div class="options"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/go.pl?id=LENTMS&proxyId=&u=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%2Fphib.12032"><i class="fa fa-download"></i> Direct download</a> <a href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/rec/LENTMS">(2 more)</a>   <div id="la-LENTMS" title="Export to another format" class="yui-skin-sam ldiv"> </div><span class="ll" onclick="showExports('LENTMS')"><i class="fa fa-external-link"></i> Export citation<img src="/web/20221003150241im_/https://philpapers.org/philpapers/raw/subind.gif"></span>   <div id="ml-LENTMS" class="yui-skin-sam ldiv"> </div><span title="Bookmark this publication" class="ll" onclick="showLists('LENTMS','')"><i class="fa fa-bookmark"></i> Bookmark<img src="/web/20221003150241im_/https://philpapers.org/philpapers/raw/subind.gif"></span>  <a href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/citations/LENTMS"><i class="fa fa-share-alt"></i> 4 citations</a>   <span class="eMsg" id="msg-LENTMS"></span></div></div></li> <li id="eLENPCN" onclick="ee('click','LENPCN')" onmouseover="ee('over','LENPCN')" onmouseout="ee('out','LENPCN')" class="entry"><div style="float:right" class="subtle"> <a href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/rec/LENPCN#analytics"><span style="color:#109D49">36 <i class="fa fa-download"></i></span></a></div><span class="citation"><a href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/rec/LENPCN"><span class="articleTitle recTitle">Probabilistic Consistency Norms and Quantificational Credences.</span></a><a class="discreet" title="View other works by Benjamin Lennertz" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/s/Benjamin%20Lennertz"><span class="name">Benjamin Lennertz</span></a> - <span class="pubYear">2017</span> - <span class="pubInfo"> <em class="pubName">Synthese</em> 194 (6).</span></span><span class="toggle" style="display:none" data-target="extras">details</span><div class="extras"><div class="abstract">In addition to beliefs, people have attitudes of confidence called credences. Combinations of credences, like combinations of beliefs, can be inconsistent. It is common to use tools from probability theory to understand the normative relationships between a person’s credences. More precisely, it is common to think that something is a consistency norm on a person’s credal state if and only if it is a simple transformation of a truth of probability. Though it is common to challenge the right-to-left direction of<span id="LENPCN-absexp"> (<span class="ll" onclick="$("LENPCN-abstract2").show();$("LENPCN-absexp").hide()">...</span>)</span><span id="LENPCN-abstract2" style="display:none"> this biconditional, I argue in this paper that the left-to-right direction is false for standard versions of probability theory. That is, I make the case that there are consistency constraints on credal states that are not simple transformations of truths of standard versions of probability theory. I do so by drawing on a newly discovered type of credal attitude, a quantificational credence, and by showing how the consistency norms on this attitude can’t be represented as simple transformations of truths of standard versions of probability theory. I conclude by showing that a probability theory that could avoid the result would have to be strikingly different from the standard versions—so different that I suspect many would hesitate to call it a theory of probability at all. 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In this paper, I give an example of and develop a framework for understanding this phenomenon. One pivotal feature of my example is that one of the agents in the scenario has a belief about what might be the case—a might-belief. I show that a traditional account of might-beliefs and disagreement cannot explain the initially surprising phenomenon of asymmetric disagreement. In order to<span id="LENMAA-2-absexp"> (<span class="ll" onclick="$("LENMAA-2-abstract2").show();$("LENMAA-2-absexp").hide()">...</span>)</span><span id="LENMAA-2-abstract2" style="display:none"> provide an explanation, I develop a dynamic account of might-beliefs and a corresponding account of disagreement. I close by exploring a choice point for our account—showing that the simple dynamic account has some controversial (though, perhaps, true) consequences. I explore how revisionary notions of validity, inconsistency, and disagreement can allow us to avoid these consequences if we wish. 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One is the ordinary inquiry into conditional attitudes. The other topic is the inquiry into the attitude of thinking that a proposition is likely, or having a high credence in a proposition. For instance, what is it to intend to go to the game if it is likely that Kershaw pitches? Being likely that Kershaw pitches is the condition of the attitude. Given a natural position<span id="LENPAA-5-absexp"> (<span class="ll" onclick="$("LENPAA-5-abstract2").show();$("LENPAA-5-absexp").hide()">...</span>)</span><span id="LENPAA-5-abstract2" style="display:none"> about statements like “It is likely that Kershaw pitches,” the target attitude looks different from ordinary conditional attitudes. (<span class="ll" onclick="$("LENPAA-5-abstract2").hide();$("LENPAA-5-absexp").show();">shrink</span>)</span></div><div class="catsCon" id="ecats-con-LENPAA-5"><div><a class="catName" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/attitude-ascriptions-misc" rel="section">Attitude Ascriptions, Misc</a><span class="catIn"> in </span><a class="catArea" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-language" rel="section">Philosophy of Language</a></div> <div><a class="catName" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/conditional-probability" rel="section">Conditional Probability</a><span class="catIn"> in </span><a class="catArea" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-probability" rel="section">Philosophy of Probability</a></div> <div><a class="catName" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemic-accounts-of-indicative-conditionals" rel="section">Epistemic Accounts of Indicative Conditionals</a><span class="catIn"> in </span><a class="catArea" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-language" rel="section">Philosophy of Language</a></div> <div><a class="catName" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/indicative-conditionals-misc" rel="section">Indicative Conditionals, Misc</a><span class="catIn"> in </span><a class="catArea" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-language" rel="section">Philosophy of Language</a></div> <div><a class="catName" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/subjective-probability-misc" rel="section">Subjective Probability, Misc</a><span class="catIn"> in </span><a class="catArea" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-probability" rel="section">Philosophy of Probability</a></div> </div><div class="options"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/go.pl?id=LENPAA-5&proxyId=&u=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1017%2Fcan.2020.53"><i class="fa fa-download"></i> Direct download</a> <a href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/rec/LENPAA-5">(2 more)</a>   <div id="la-LENPAA-5" title="Export to another format" class="yui-skin-sam ldiv"> </div><span class="ll" onclick="showExports('LENPAA-5')"><i class="fa fa-external-link"></i> Export citation<img src="/web/20221003150241im_/https://philpapers.org/philpapers/raw/subind.gif"></span>   <div id="ml-LENPAA-5" class="yui-skin-sam ldiv"> </div><span title="Bookmark this publication" class="ll" onclick="showLists('LENPAA-5','')"><i class="fa fa-bookmark"></i> Bookmark<img src="/web/20221003150241im_/https://philpapers.org/philpapers/raw/subind.gif"></span>  <span class="eMsg" id="msg-LENPAA-5"></span></div></div></li> <li id="eFINWMB" onclick="ee('click','FINWMB')" onmouseover="ee('over','FINWMB')" onmouseout="ee('out','FINWMB')" class="entry"><div style="float:right" class="subtle"> <a href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/rec/FINWMB#analytics"><span style="color:#109D49">66 <i class="fa fa-download"></i></span></a></div><span class="citation"><a href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/rec/FINWMB"><span class="articleTitle recTitle">What Might but Must Not Be.</span></a><a class="discreet" title="View other works by Stephen Finlay" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/s/Stephen%20Finlay"><span class="name">Stephen Finlay</span></a> & <a class="discreet" title="View other works by Benjamin Lennertz" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/s/Benjamin%20Lennertz"><span class="name">Benjamin Lennertz</span></a> - <span class="pubYear">2020</span> - <span class="pubInfo"> <em class="pubName">Analysis</em> 80 (4):647-656.</span></span><span class="toggle" style="display:none" data-target="extras">details</span><div class="extras"><div class="abstract">We examine an objection to analysing the epistemic ‘might’ and ‘may’ as existential quantifiers over possibilities. Some claims that a proposition “might” be the case appear felicitous although, according to the quantifier analysis, they are necessarily false, since there are no possibilities in which the proposition is true. We explain such cases pragmatically, relying on the fact that ‘might’-sentences are standardly used to convey that the speaker takes a proposition as a serious option in reasoning. Our account explains why it<span id="FINWMB-absexp"> (<span class="ll" onclick="$("FINWMB-abstract2").show();$("FINWMB-absexp").hide()">...</span>)</span><span id="FINWMB-abstract2" style="display:none"> makes sense to utter these sentences despite their being literally false and why their falsity is easily missed. (<span class="ll" onclick="$("FINWMB-abstract2").hide();$("FINWMB-absexp").show();">shrink</span>)</span></div><div class="catsCon" id="ecats-con-FINWMB"><div><a class="catName" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/context-and-context-dependence-misc" rel="section">Context and Context-Dependence, Misc</a><span class="catIn"> in </span><a class="catArea" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-language" rel="section">Philosophy of Language</a></div> <div><a class="catName" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/conversational-implicature" rel="section">Conversational Implicature</a><span class="catIn"> in </span><a class="catArea" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-language" rel="section">Philosophy of Language</a></div> <div><a class="catName" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/epistemic-modals" rel="section">Epistemic Modals</a><span class="catIn"> in </span><a class="catArea" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-language" rel="section">Philosophy of Language</a></div> <div><a class="catName" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/possible-world-semantics" rel="section">Possible World Semantics</a><span class="catIn"> in </span><a class="catArea" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-language" rel="section">Philosophy of Language</a></div> <div><a class="catName" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/quantifiers-misc" rel="section">Quantifiers, Misc</a><span class="catIn"> in </span><a class="catArea" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/browse/philosophy-of-language" rel="section">Philosophy of Language</a></div> </div><div class="options"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/go.pl?id=FINWMB&proxyId=&u=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%2Fanalys%2Fanaa022"><i class="fa fa-download"></i> Direct download</a> <a href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/rec/FINWMB">(3 more)</a>   <div id="la-FINWMB" title="Export to another format" class="yui-skin-sam ldiv"> </div><span class="ll" onclick="showExports('FINWMB')"><i class="fa fa-external-link"></i> Export citation<img src="/web/20221003150241im_/https://philpapers.org/philpapers/raw/subind.gif"></span>   <div id="ml-FINWMB" class="yui-skin-sam ldiv"> </div><span title="Bookmark this publication" class="ll" onclick="showLists('FINWMB','')"><i class="fa fa-bookmark"></i> Bookmark<img src="/web/20221003150241im_/https://philpapers.org/philpapers/raw/subind.gif"></span>  <span class="eMsg" id="msg-FINWMB"></span></div></div></li> <li id="eLENETM" onclick="ee('click','LENETM')" onmouseover="ee('over','LENETM')" onmouseout="ee('out','LENETM')" class="entry"><div style="float:right" class="subtle"> <a href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/rec/LENETM#analytics"><span style="color:#109D49">17 <i class="fa fa-download"></i></span></a></div><span class="citation"><a href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/rec/LENETM"><span class="articleTitle recTitle">Evaluating the Multiple Proposition Strategy.</span></a><a class="discreet" title="View other works by Benjamin Lennertz" href="/web/20221003150241/https://philpapers.org/s/Benjamin%20Lennertz"><span class="name">Benjamin Lennertz</span></a> - <span class="pubYear">2020</span> - <span class="pubInfo"> <em class="pubName">Ratio</em> 33 (3):163-172.</span></span><span class="toggle" style="display:none" data-target="extras">details</span><div class="extras"><div class="abstract">Contextualism about many expressions faces a common objection: in some discourses it appears that there is no single interpretation which can explain how a speaker is justified in making her assertion and how a hearer with different information or standards is justified in negatively evaluating what the speaker said. According to the Multiple Proposition Strategy , contextualists may attempt to explain these competing features pragmatically in terms of different propositions in play. In this paper I argue against the Multiple Proposition<span id="LENETM-absexp"> (<span class="ll" onclick="$("LENETM-abstract2").show();$("LENETM-absexp").hide()">...</span>)</span><span id="LENETM-abstract2" style="display:none"> Strategy, first focusing on epistemic modals and then generalising the results to other expressions. I show how when purportedly contextualist terms are embedded in belief reports, we get similar problems but that the Multiple Proposition Strategy does not provide a satisfactory explanation of such cases. I suggest, therefore, that we reject the Multiple Proposition Strategy in favour of a theory that explains the unembedded and embedded cases in similar ways. 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