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id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-资料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#资料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>资料</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-资料-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关资料子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-资料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-韵书" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#韵书"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>韵书</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-韵书-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-韵图" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#韵图"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>韵图</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-韵图-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-现代方言和域外方音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#现代方言和域外方音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>现代方言和域外方音</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-现代方言和域外方音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-转写证据" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#转写证据"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>转写证据</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-转写证据-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-語音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#語音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>語音</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-語音-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关語音子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-語音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-语音的发展变化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#语音的发展变化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>语音的发展变化</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-语音的发展变化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-声母" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#声母"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>声母</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-声母-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-韵母" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#韵母"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>韵母</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-韵母-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-声调" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#声调"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>声调</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-声调-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-语法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#语法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>语法</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-语法-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关语法子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-语法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-词法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#词法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>词法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-词法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-名词" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#名词"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>名词</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-名词-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-代词" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#代词"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>代词</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-代词-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-動詞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#動詞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>動詞</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-動詞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-副詞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#副詞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>副詞</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-副詞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-語氣詞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#語氣詞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>語氣詞</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-語氣詞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-句法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#句法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>句法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-句法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-使成式" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#使成式"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>使成式</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-使成式-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-補充詞組" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#補充詞組"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>補充詞組</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-補充詞組-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-處置式" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#處置式"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>處置式</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-處置式-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-被動式" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#被動式"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>被動式</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-被動式-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-词汇" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#词汇"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>词汇</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-词汇-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-书写系统" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#书写系统"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>书写系统</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-书写系统-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文学作品" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文学作品"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>文学作品</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-文学作品-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关文学作品子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-文学作品-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-诗" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#诗"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>诗</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-诗-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-曲子词" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#曲子词"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>曲子词</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-曲子词-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-小说" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#小说"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>小说</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-小说-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-变文及佛典" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#变文及佛典"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>变文及佛典</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-变文及佛典-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>注释</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关参考文献子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>引用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-书目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#书目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>书目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-书目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">中古汉语</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。27种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinu_mediu" title="Chinu mediu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Chinu mediu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%B9%B3%CC%86ng-g%C5%AB_H%C3%A1ng-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Dṳ̆ng-gū Háng-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dṳ̆ng-gū Háng-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittelchinesisch" title="Mittelchinesisch – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mittelchinesisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Middle Chinese" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chino_medio" title="Chino medio – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chino medio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="چینی میانه – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چینی میانه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keskikiina" title="Keskikiina – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Keskikiina" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinois_m%C3%A9di%C3%A9val" title="Chinois médiéval – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chinois médiéval" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasni_srednjovjekovni_kineski_jezik" title="Kasni srednjovjekovni kineski jezik – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kasni srednjovjekovni kineski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tionghoa_Pertengahan" title="Bahasa Tionghoa Pertengahan – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Tionghoa Pertengahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_cinese_media" title="Lingua cinese media – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua cinese media" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E" title="中古中国語 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中古中国語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Cina_Tengahan" title="Basa Cina Tengahan – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Cina Tengahan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B3%A0_%ED%95%9C%EC%96%B4" title="중고 한어 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중고 한어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Cina_Pertengahan" title="Bahasa Cina Pertengahan – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Cina Pertengahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelalderkinesisk" title="Middelalderkinesisk – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Middelalderkinesisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_%C5%9Bredniochi%C5%84ski" title="Język średniochiński – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język średniochiński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Среднекитайский язык – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Среднекитайский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srednji_kineski_jezik" title="Srednji kineski jezik – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Srednji kineski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Middle Chinese" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%9A%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Средњи кинески језик – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Средњи кинески језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medeltidskinesiska" title="Medeltidskinesiska – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Medeltidskinesiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orta_%C3%87ince" title="Orta Çince – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Orta Çince" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Середньокитайська мова – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Середньокитайська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_H%C3%A1n_trung_c%E1%BB%95" title="Tiếng Hán trung cổ – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Hán trung cổ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="中古汉语 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="中古汉语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="中古漢語 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="中古漢語" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2016252#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div 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div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84078810">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="color: black; background-color: tomato;">中古汉语</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jizhiwengao_xqf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Jizhiwengao_xqf.jpg/175px-Jizhiwengao_xqf.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Jizhiwengao_xqf.jpg/263px-Jizhiwengao_xqf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Jizhiwengao_xqf.jpg/350px-Jizhiwengao_xqf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">母语国家和地区</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="中国">中国</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">年代</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="三國">三國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%99%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="魏晋">魏晋</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D" title="南北朝">南北朝</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="隋朝">隋朝</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D" title="唐朝">唐朝</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="宋朝">宋朝</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E7%B3%BB%E5%B1%9E%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="语言系属分类">語系</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%97%8F%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="汉藏语系">汉藏语系</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="汉语族">汉语族</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li><b>中古汉语</b></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">早期形式</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="上古汉语">上古汉语</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><b>中古汉语</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%AD%97" title="汉字">汉字</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: tomato;;">語言代碼</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ltc" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ltc">ltc</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8_(%E7%B6%B2%E7%AB%99)" title="語言學家列表 (網站)">语言学家列表</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://multitree.org/codes/ltc">ltc</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/midd1344">midd1344</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#ddddff;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>本条目包含<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="國際音標">国际音标</a>符号。</b>部分<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="操作系统">操作系统</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E9%A1%B5%E6%B5%8F%E8%A7%88%E5%99%A8" title="网页浏览器">浏览器</a>需要<a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E8%88%87%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="Help:特殊字母與符號">特殊字母与符号支持</a>才能正確显示，否则可能显示为<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%82%E7%A2%BC" title="亂碼">乱码</a>、问号、空格等其它符号。</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="25" data-mwtitle="與客飲西園花下-中古音試讀.flac" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:%E8%88%87%E5%AE%A2%E9%A3%B2%E8%A5%BF%E5%9C%92%E8%8A%B1%E4%B8%8B-%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E9%9F%B3%E8%A9%A6%E8%AE%80.flac"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/%E8%88%87%E5%AE%A2%E9%A3%B2%E8%A5%BF%E5%9C%92%E8%8A%B1%E4%B8%8B-%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E9%9F%B3%E8%A9%A6%E8%AE%80.flac/%E8%88%87%E5%AE%A2%E9%A3%B2%E8%A5%BF%E5%9C%92%E8%8A%B1%E4%B8%8B-%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E9%9F%B3%E8%A9%A6%E8%AE%80.flac.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f7/%E8%88%87%E5%AE%A2%E9%A3%B2%E8%A5%BF%E5%9C%92%E8%8A%B1%E4%B8%8B-%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E9%9F%B3%E8%A9%A6%E8%AE%80.flac/%E8%88%87%E5%AE%A2%E9%A3%B2%E8%A5%BF%E5%9C%92%E8%8A%B1%E4%B8%8B-%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E9%9F%B3%E8%A9%A6%E8%AE%80.flac.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/%E8%88%87%E5%AE%A2%E9%A3%B2%E8%A5%BF%E5%9C%92%E8%8A%B1%E4%B8%8B-%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E9%9F%B3%E8%A9%A6%E8%AE%80.flac" type="audio/flac" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>构拟中古音朗读<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%95%9F" title="高啟">高啟</a>诗作《与客饮西园花下》</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93" title="维基文库">维基文库</a>中的相关原始文献：<b><a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/中古汉语">中古汉语</a></b></div></div> </div> <p><b>中古汉语</b>使用於<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%99%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="魏晋">魏晋</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D" title="南北朝">南北朝</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="隋朝">隋朝</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D" title="唐朝">唐朝</a>时期，继承自<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="上古汉语">上古汉语</a>，后来发展为<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="近代汉语">近代汉语</a>。現代語言學家根據當時的文獻資料重建出其特徵。 </p><p>对于中古汉语和<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="近代汉语">近代汉语</a>（有材料稱爲近古汉语）的分界有很多不同意见，大多集中在<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90" class="mw-redirect" title="唐">唐</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="宋朝">宋</a>时期的归属上。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="资料"><span id=".E8.B5.84.E6.96.99"></span>资料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：资料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>对中古汉语音韵构拟很大程度取决于少数几类资料的详细记录。最重要的资料毫无疑问是《<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%87%E9%9F%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="切韵">切韵</a>》（601）及其修订本。《切韵》常常和《<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B5%E9%95%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="韵镜">韵镜</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E9%9F%B3%E7%95%A5" title="七音略">七音略</a>》、《切韵指掌图》、《四声等子》等<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="宋朝">宋朝</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B5%E5%9B%BE" title="韵图">韵图</a>的解释同用。这些材料可以与现代<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="汉语方言">汉语方言</a>互相印证，借到其他语言（特别是<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="日语">日语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="朝鲜语">朝鲜语</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD" title="越南语">越南语</a>）的汉语词汇读法、外国地名的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E8%AF%91%E5%90%8D" title="中文译名">中译名</a>、表音文字材料（如<a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E7%B1%B3%E6%96%87" title="婆罗米文">婆罗米文</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E6%96%87" title="藏文">藏文</a>和回鹘文）转写的汉语名词，以及中古时期<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E9%9F%B5%E6%96%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中文韵文（页面不存在）">中文韵文</a>的押韵、声调格式都能为我们所用。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:24–41</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="韵书"><span id=".E9.9F.B5.E4.B9.A6"></span>韵书</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：韵书"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85099211">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B5%E4%B9%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="韵书">韵书</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guangyun_Dong_Rhyme_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="two pages of a Chinese dictionary, comprising the end of the index and the start of the entries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Guangyun_Dong_Rhyme_1.jpg/390px-Guangyun_Dong_Rhyme_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="390" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Guangyun_Dong_Rhyme_1.jpg/585px-Guangyun_Dong_Rhyme_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Guangyun_Dong_Rhyme_1.jpg/780px-Guangyun_Dong_Rhyme_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1375" data-file-height="912" /></a><figcaption>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E9%9F%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="广韵">广韵</a>》第一个韵目“東”</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D" title="南北朝">南北朝</a>时期的学者就已经十分关注经典文献的音韵。不同学派编纂了不同的韵书以规范读音、规范押韵体例。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoblin2003_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoblin2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:379</sup>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%87%E9%9F%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="切韵">切韵</a>》（601）试图囊括六本更早韵书的对立，即“从分不从合”，使得《切韵》实际反映的语音在年代上要早得多。《切韵》在<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D" title="唐朝">唐朝</a>成为科举考试用韵标准，在接下来几个世纪经历数次扩充与改编。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:25</sup> </p><p>《切韵》是流傳下来最早的韵书，也是研究<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="早期中古汉语（页面不存在）">早期中古汉语</a>（EMC，<span lang="en">Early Middle Chinese</span>縮寫）的最主要材料。<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%9C%AC%E6%B1%89" title="高本汉">高本汉</a>在20世纪早期对中古汉语的开创性研究时，《切韵》仍只有残卷为人所知，学者仍依赖宋朝大幅增编的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E9%9F%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="广韵">广韵</a>》（1008），后来在敦煌藏经洞等处发现了《切韵》重要部分的残卷，1947年于故宫发现了王仁昫于706年所著《刊谬补缺切韵》是《切韵》现存影响最大的增订本。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:24–25</sup> </p><p>《切韵》共有193韵目。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1984_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1984-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:136</sup>一韵目可以包括多个韵母，它们只有介音差别，分别列在韵图三等和四等，也称<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E7%B4%90" title="重紐">重纽</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:27</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1984_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1984-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:78, 142–143</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="韵图"><span id=".E9.9F.B5.E5.9B.BE"></span>韵图</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：韵图"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85099211"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B5%E5%9B%BE" title="韵图">韵图</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yunjing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="table of 23 columns and 16 rows, with Chinese characters in some cells" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Yunjing.jpg/390px-Yunjing.jpg" decoding="async" width="390" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Yunjing.jpg/585px-Yunjing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Yunjing.jpg/780px-Yunjing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="1108" /></a><figcaption>《<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B5%E9%95%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="韵镜">韵镜</a>》第一表，涵盖《广韵》“東”“董”“送”“屋”四个韵目</figcaption></figure> <p>《<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B5%E9%95%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="韵镜">韵镜</a>》（约1150）是现存最早的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B5%E5%9B%BE" title="韵图">韵图</a>，它对《切韵》语音系统的分析细致得多，不过《韵镜》已是《切韵》后好几世纪的产物，《韵镜》作者已发现《切韵》的早期中古汉语和他们自己的晚期中古汉语显著不同，不过仍尝试通过对反切的分析尽可能还原《切韵》的音韵系统。他们的分析不可避免地受到了晚期中古汉语的影响，其中反映出唐宋汉语的几項重要转变。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:29–30</sup> </p><p>《韵镜》共有四十三张表，每张都涵盖一部分《切韵》韵目，内部还有分类：<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:31–32</sup> </p> <ul><li>十六摄的“内转”和“外转”具体含义仍有争议，可确定的是它很可能指主元音高度，“外转”是<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="开元音">开元音</a>（如<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209503">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode MS","IPAPANNEW","Chrysanthi Unicode","GentiumAlt","Bitstream Vera","Bitstream Cyberbit","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro","Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}</style><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɑ/</span>或<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/a～æ/</span>），“内转”则是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="中元音">中元音</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%AD%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="闭元音">闭元音</a>。</li> <li>开合口表示有否<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="唇化">唇化</a>；“合口”要么有圆唇元音（如<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/u/</span>）要么有圆唇介音。</li></ul> <p>每張表都有二十三行，每行对应一声母。不过《韵镜》实际区分三十六声母，他们将有互补关系的硬齶音、卷舌音和齿音一起放。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter1992_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter1992-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:43</sup> </p><p>每个声母还能接着分类为：<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:30–31</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%83%E9%9F%B3%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%8D" title="调音部位">调音部位</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%9F%B3" title="唇音">唇音</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E9%9F%B3" title="齿龈音">齿龈音</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E8%85%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="软腭音">软腭音</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="塞擦音">塞擦音</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%9D%E9%9F%B3" title="咝音">咝音</a>、喉音</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B0%83%E9%9F%B3%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="调音方式（页面不存在）">调音方式</a>：全清、次清、全浊、次浊（<a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-disambig" title="鼻音">鼻音</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E9%9F%B3" title="流音">流音</a>）</li></ul> <p>每張表都分十六列，依声调分为四大列，入声可视為<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/m/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/n/</span>或<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ŋ/</span>的变体。声调大列下又分四小列，如此分列的意义长期以来一直有争议。这几列一般依次称为一等、二等、三等、四等，一般认为是声母或介音的<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%AD%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="腭化">齶化</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="捲舌化">卷舌化</a>，也伴随相似主元音的音值差异（如<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɑ/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/a/</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɛ/</span>）。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:31–32</sup>其他学者认为它们不是语音能区分的类别，而是为了兼顾《切韵》和排版而调整。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranner2006a_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranner2006a-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:15, 32–34</sup> </p><p>如有的话，表中各方框都包括对应《切韵》小韵的字。这样，各小韵都可放在上述幾类中。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:28</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="现代方言和域外方音"><span id=".E7.8E.B0.E4.BB.A3.E6.96.B9.E8.A8.80.E5.92.8C.E5.9F.9F.E5.A4.96.E6.96.B9.E9.9F.B3"></span>现代方言和域外方音</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：现代方言和域外方音"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>韵书和韵图无法表示这些声韵类的实际发音。现代<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="汉语方言">汉语方言</a>的不同读法可以权当参考，不过也有部分方言分化自晚期中古汉语<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%85%B1%E9%80%9A%E8%AA%9E" title="自然共通語">自然共通语</a>，不能用于构拟早期中古汉语的音值。 </p><p>早期中古汉语时期，大量汉语词汇有規律借到越南语、朝鲜语和日语（总称为<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E8%A9%9E" title="漢字詞">汉字词</a>），不过也有大量音韵信息在此过程丢失。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:34–37</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </td> <th colspan="6">现代汉语方言 </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%B6%8A%E8%AF%8D" title="汉越词">汉越词</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" title="朝鮮漢字">韩语音</a><br />（<small><a href="/wiki/Help:%E9%9F%93%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:韓語國際音標">國際音標</a></small>） </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="日语">日语</a>漢语<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1967_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1967-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:336</sup> </th> <th rowspan="2">中古音（白一平構擬） </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E8%AF%9D" title="北京话">北京话</a><br /><small>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="漢語拼音">現代漢語拼音</a>）</small> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="苏州话">苏州话</a><br /><small>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="國際音標">國際音標</a>）</small> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="广州话">广州话</a><br /><small>（<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%B9%BF%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87" title="Help:广州话国际音标">國際音標</a>）</small> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E5%8E%BF%E8%AF%9D" title="梅县话">梅县话</a><br /><small>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="國際音標">國際音標</a>）</small> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%B7%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="福州話">閩東語</a><br /><small>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E8%A9%B1%E5%AD%97" title="平話字">平話字</a>）</small><span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%89%E6%BC%B3%E7%89%87" title="泉漳片">閩南語</a><br /><small>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%A9%B1%E5%AD%97" title="白話字">白話字</a>）</small><span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E9%9F%B3" title="吳音">吴音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E9%9F%B3" title="漢音">汉音</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80" class="extiw" title="wikt:一">一</a></span> </td> <td>1</td> <td>yī</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iɤʔ</span><sup>7</sup></td> <td>jɐt<sup>7</sup></td> <td>yit<sup>5</sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[jɪt̚˨]</span></td> <td>ék</td> <td>it</td> <td>nhất</td> <td>il</td> <td>ichi</td> <td>itsu</td> <td>ʔjit </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C" class="extiw" title="wikt:二">二</a></span> </td> <td>2</td> <td>èr</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɲi</span><sup>6</sup></td> <td>jiː<sup>6</sup></td> <td>ngi<sup>4</sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ŋʲiː˥˧]</span></td> <td>nê</td> <td>jī（<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%B3%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="漳州话">漳</a>）<br /> lī（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%89%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="泉州话">泉</a>）</td> <td>nhị</td> <td>i</td> <td>ni</td> <td>ji</td> <td>nyij<sup>去</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89" class="extiw" title="wikt:三">三</a></span> </td> <td>3</td> <td>sān</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">sɛ</span><sup>1</sup></td> <td>saːm<sup>1</sup></td> <td>sam<sup>1</sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[sɑm˦]</span></td> <td>săng</td> <td>sam<br />（文）<hr />saⁿ<br />（白）</td> <td>tam</td> <td>sam</td> <td colspan="2">san</td> <td>sam </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B" class="extiw" title="wikt:四">四</a></span> </td> <td>4</td> <td>sì</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">sɨ</span><sup>5</sup></td> <td>sei<sup>3</sup></td> <td>si<sup>4</sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[siː˥˧]</span></td> <td>sé<br />（白）<hr />sé̤ṳ<br />（文）</td> <td>sù<br />（文）<hr />sì<br />（白）</td> <td>tứ</td> <td>sa</td> <td colspan="2">shi</td> <td>sij<sup>去</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%94" class="extiw" title="wikt:五">五</a></span> </td> <td>5</td> <td>wǔ</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ŋ</span><sup>6</sup></td> <td>ŋ̍<sup>5</sup></td> <td>ng<sup>3</sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ŋˌ˧˩]</span></td> <td>ngô<br />（白）<hr />ngū<br />（文）</td> <td>gō͘（<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%B3%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="漳州话">漳</a>）<br />gǒ͘（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%89%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="泉州话">泉</a>）<br />（白）<hr />ngóo<br />（文）</td> <td>ngũ</td> <td>o</td> <td colspan="2">go</td> <td>ŋu<sup>上</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:六">六</a></span> </td> <td>6</td> <td>liù</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">loʔ</span><sup>8</sup></td> <td>lʊk<sup>9</sup></td> <td>liuk<sup>5</sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ljʌk̚˨]</span></td> <td>lĕ̤k</td> <td>lio̍k<br />（文）<hr />la̍k<br />（白）</td> <td>lục</td> <td>yuk</td> <td>roku</td> <td>riku</td> <td>ljuwk </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%83" class="extiw" title="wikt:七">七</a></span> </td> <td>7</td> <td>qī</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">tsʰiɤʔ</span><sup>7</sup></td> <td>tsʰɐt<sup>7</sup></td> <td>cit<sup>5</sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[t͡sʰɪt̚˨]</span></td> <td>chék</td> <td>chhit</td> <td>thất</td> <td>chil</td> <td>shichi</td> <td>shitsu</td> <td>tshit </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%AB" class="extiw" title="wikt:八">八</a></span> </td> <td>8</td> <td>bā</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">poʔ</span><sup>7</sup></td> <td>paːt<sup>8</sup></td> <td>bat<sup>5</sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[pæt̚˨]</span></td> <td>báik</td> <td>poeh（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%89%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="泉州话">泉</a>）<br />peh（<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%B3%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="漳州话">漳</a>）<br />（白）<hr />pat<br />（文）</td> <td>bát</td> <td>phal</td> <td>hachi</td> <td>hatsu</td> <td>pɛt </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B9%9D" class="extiw" title="wikt:九">九</a></span> </td> <td>9</td> <td>jiǔ</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">tɕiøy</span><sup>3</sup></td> <td>kɐu<sup>2</sup></td> <td>giu<sup>3</sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[kjuː˧˩]</span></td> <td>gāu<br />（文）<hr />giū<br />（白）</td> <td>kiú<br />（文）<hr />káu<br />（白）</td> <td>cửu</td> <td>kwu</td> <td>ku</td> <td>kyū</td> <td>kjuw<sup>上</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:十">十</a></span> </td> <td>10</td> <td>shí</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">zɤʔ</span><sup>8</sup></td> <td>sɐp<sup>9</sup></td> <td>sip<sup>6</sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[sɪp̚˥]</span></td> <td>sĕk</td> <td>si̍p<br />（文）<hr />cha̍p<br />（白）</td> <td>thập</td> <td>sip</td> <td colspan="2">jū < jiɸu</td> <td>dʑip </td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="references-NoteFoot"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">有<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%B7%9E%E8%A9%B1#文白差異" title="福州話">文白差異</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">有<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%A9%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E#文白異讀" class="mw-redirect" title="閩南語">文白異讀</a>，及泉漳差異</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="转写证据"><span id=".E8.BD.AC.E5.86.99.E8.AF.81.E6.8D.AE"></span>转写证据</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：转写证据"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>尽管用汉字音译外语时会受到外语本身的限制，它仍是了解中古汉语音值的重要手段，因为译方的语言，特别是<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD" title="梵语">梵语</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%8D%E9%99%80%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="犍陀罗语">犍陀罗语</a>的细节已经了解得十分透彻，<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1984_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1984-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:147</sup>例如鼻声母<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/m、n、ŋ/</span>在初唐对应梵语鼻音，但中晚唐则对应梵语不送气浊音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/b、d、ɡ/</span>，说明它们在西北方言演变为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%8D%E9%BC%BB%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="前鼻化（页面不存在）">前鼻化</a>塞音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ᵐb]、[ⁿd]、[ᵑɡ]</span>。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalmqvist2010_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalmqvist2010-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:300</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1984_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1984-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:163</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="語音"><span id=".E8.AA.9E.E9.9F.B3"></span>語音</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：語音"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85099211"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E9%9F%B3" title="中古音">中古音</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%87%E9%9F%B5%E9%9F%B3" title="切韵音">切韻音</a></div> <p>很多<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="现代汉语">现代汉语</a>的特点在中古汉语就已经奠定，如一字一音、没有<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="上古汉语">上古汉语</a>可能有的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3%E4%B8%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="辅音丛">辅音丛</a>、有<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%B2%E5%88%A5%E7%BE%A9" title="四聲別義">辨义</a>作用的<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" title="聲調">声调</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E8%8A%82" title="音节">音節</a>結構等等。一个字的字音，也就是一節音節，可以分析成声母、韵母和声调。声母是开头辅音，韵母必须包含一个韵腹（主元音），韵腹前面也可以有一个韵头（又稱介音），韵腹后面可以有一个韵尾（元音或辅音）。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="语音的发展变化"><span id=".E8.AF.AD.E9.9F.B3.E7.9A.84.E5.8F.91.E5.B1.95.E5.8F.98.E5.8C.96"></span>语音的发展变化</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：语音的发展变化"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>对中古汉语语音的研究，主要是围绕<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%87%E9%9F%B5%E9%9F%B3" title="切韵音">切韵音</a>展开，但即使在《切韵》产生的年代，各地的口音也不统一。《颜氏家训》说：“南人以钱为涎，以石为射，以贱为羡，以是为舐；北人以庶为戍，以如为儒，以紫为姊，以洽为狎。”证明<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D" title="南北朝">南北朝</a>时期的南方和北方口音不一样。《切韵》代表的语音系统到中古后期又发生了若干变化。声母方面，幫、滂、並、明分化出非（<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">f</span>）、敷（可能类似<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">fʰ</span>）、奉（<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">v</span>）、微（<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɱ</span>），已如前述。另外唐朝后期的译经师用鼻音对译梵语的不送气浊塞音，日本<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E9%9F%B3" title="漢音">汉音</a>用清音p来读《切韵》的b，而用浊音b来读《切韵》的m，有些学者认为部分汉语方言的鼻音變成了口部音（如今也出现在<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%BD%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD" title="闽南语">闽南语</a>）。 </p><p>韵母系统也发生了变化，总的来说，是相近韵母合并了。《广韵》有些韵注明与其他韵同用，韵图把不同的韵放在同摄同等，都反映了实际语音变化。也有小部分字归类改变，例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%B1%85%E6%98%93" title="白居易">白居易</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%B5%E7%90%B6%E8%A1%8C" title="琵琶行">琵琶行</a>》：“弟走从军阿姨死，暮去朝来颜色故。门前冷落鞍马稀，老大嫁作商人妇。”拿有韵的“妇”字押暮韵的“故”字，可见“妇”一类字已经转到暮韵去了。 </p><p>声调方面，原本<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E6%BF%81" class="mw-redirect" title="全濁">全浊</a>音（浊塞音、浊塞擦音和浊擦音）开头的上声字变了去声。<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%A9%E6%84%88" title="韩愈">韩愈</a>《讳辨》说：“汉之时有杜度，此其子宜如何讳？将讳其嫌遂讳其姓乎？将不讳其嫌者乎？”即是說，韩愈认为“杜”（《切韵》上声）和“度”（《切韵》去声）同音，因为他把“杜”也读成去声。其次是四声根据声母是清辅音还是浊辅音，各分成了两部分。<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>安然《悉昙藏》说：“承和之末，正法师来，初习洛阳，中听太原，终学长安。声势大奇，四声之中，各有轻重。” </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="声母"><span id=".E5.A3.B0.E6.AF.8D"></span>声母</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：声母"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85099211"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%81%B2%E6%AF%8D" title="中古聲母">中古声母</a></div> <p>相传唐末<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E9%97%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="沙门">沙门</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%88%E6%B8%A9" title="守温">守温</a>创制三十字母<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，来代表中古汉语後期的声母，后来衍生为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="三十六字母">三十六字母</a>。 </p><p>晚清<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%88%E6%BE%A7" title="陈澧">陈澧</a>写了《切韵考》介绍分析《切韵》体系的新方法。当时《刊谬补缺切韵》尚未见世，因此他研究的其实是《广韵》。他用<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E8%81%94%E6%B3%95" title="系联法">系联法</a>分析<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%88%87" title="反切">反切</a>上字发现<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="三十六字母">三十六字母</a>与《广韵》声母系统的差异，如正齿音“照、穿、床、审”在《广韵》各分两类。 </p><p>结合系联法和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E6%B1%89%E5%AF%B9%E9%9F%B3" title="梵汉对音">梵汉对音</a>、方言材料，就可以拟测《切韵》时代的声母发音。 </p> <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <caption>中古早期漢語（<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%87%E9%9F%B5%E9%9F%B3" title="切韵音">切韻音</a>）聲母 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E6%B8%85" class="mw-redirect" title="全清">全清</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E6%B8%85" class="mw-redirect" title="次清">次清</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E6%BF%81" class="mw-redirect" title="全濁">全濁</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E6%BF%81" class="mw-redirect" title="次濁">次濁</a></th> <th>全清</th> <th>全濁 </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%9F%B3" title="唇音">唇音</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%AB%E6%AF%8D" title="幫母">幫</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%82%E6%AF%8D" title="滂母">滂</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A6%E6%AF%8D" title="並母">並</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%AF%8D" title="明母">明</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8C%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-disambig" title="舌音">舌音</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%AF%E6%AF%8D" title="端母">端</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%8F%E6%AF%8D" title="透母">透</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E6%AF%8D" title="定母">定</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E6%AF%8D" title="泥母">泥</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E6%AF%8D_(%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BB)" title="知母 (音韻)">知</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B9%E6%AF%8D" title="徹母">徹</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%84%E6%AF%8D" title="澄母">澄</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%98%E6%AF%8D" title="娘母">娘</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%86%E6%AF%8D" title="來母">來</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%9F%B3" title="齿音">齿音</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E6%AF%8D" title="精母">精</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%AF%8D" title="清母">清</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%9E%E6%AF%8D" title="從母">從</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E6%AF%8D" title="心母">心</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%AA%E6%AF%8D" title="邪母">邪</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8A%E6%AF%8D" title="莊母">莊</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E6%AF%8D" title="初母">初</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B4%87%E6%AF%8D" title="崇母">崇</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%AF%8D" title="生母">生</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9F%E6%AF%8D" title="俟母">俟</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%A0%E6%AF%8D" title="章母">章</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8C%E6%AF%8D" title="昌母">昌</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E6%AF%8D" title="常母">常</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%AF%8D" title="日母">日</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B8%E6%AF%8D" title="書母">書</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%B9%E6%AF%8D" title="船母">船</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E8%85%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="软腭音">牙音</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8B%E6%AF%8D" title="見母">見</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AA%E6%AF%8D" title="溪母">溪</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A3%E6%AF%8D" title="羣母">羣</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%91%E6%AF%8D" title="疑母">疑</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%89%E9%9F%B3" title="喉音">喉音</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%B1%E6%AF%8D" title="影母">影</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91%E6%AF%8D_(%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BB)" title="云母 (音韻)">云</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E6%AF%8D" title="以母">以</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%89%E6%AF%8D" title="曉母">曉</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%A3%E6%AF%8D" title="匣母">匣</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>这声母系统的突出特点是有浊的塞音和塞擦音，和其余两套（送气和不送气）清的塞音或塞擦音构成三组对立的格局。（如幫<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">p</span>、滂<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">pʰ</span>、並<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">b</span>）其次是只有双唇音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">p</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">pʰ</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">b</span>，没有唇齿擦音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">f</span>。有<mark class="template-facttext"><span title="非常模棱两可或者十分空泛的语句">学者</span></mark><sup class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8A/%E4%B8%8D%E8%A6%81%E6%A8%A1%E7%A8%9C%E5%85%A9%E5%8F%AF" title="Wikipedia:格式手冊/不要模稜兩可"><span title="缺少主语或者主语不够具体的语句修正请求开始于2012年7月16日。"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[谁？]</span></span></a></sup>认为<b>知徹澄娘</b>可以并入<b>端透定泥</b>，<b>云</b>可以并入<b>匣</b>；有<mark class="template-facttext"><span title="非常模棱两可或者十分空泛的语句">学者</span></mark><sup class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8A/%E4%B8%8D%E8%A6%81%E6%A8%A1%E7%A8%9C%E5%85%A9%E5%8F%AF" title="Wikipedia:格式手冊/不要模稜兩可"><span title="缺少主语或者主语不够具体的语句修正请求开始于2009年3月20日。"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[谁？]</span></span></a></sup>认为洛阳方言有俟母，而其他方言沒有。 </p><p>《切韵》音系到韵图音系的变化有： </p> <ul><li>硬齶咝音与卷舌咝音合流。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter1992_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter1992-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:53</sup></li> <li>俟母<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ʐ/</span>与崇母<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɖʐ/</span>合流。</li> <li>硬齶鼻音日母<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɲ/</span>也变成卷舌音，但不与任何音合流，而是变成<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/r/</span>。</li> <li>云母<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɣ/</span>的硬齶变体与以母<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/j/</span>合流为喻母<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/j/</span>。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter1992_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter1992-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:55–56, 59</sup></li> <li>重唇音分化出轻唇音，尤其是有前且圆唇的元音时容易轻唇化（如<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/j/</span>＋后元音，或<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%8D%E5%9C%86%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="前圆唇元音（页面不存在）">前圆唇元音</a>）。不过现代<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%BD%E8%AF%AD" title="闽语">闽语</a>保留了重唇音读法，现代<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E8%AF%9D" title="客家话">客家话</a>部分常用词仍保留重唇音。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter1992_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter1992-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:46–48</sup></li> <li>浊<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BB%E7%A4%99%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="阻礙音">阻碍音</a>产生<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E5%A3%B0" title="气声">气声</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E8%AF%AD" title="吴语">吴语</a>保留）。</li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <caption>晚期中古汉语声母（蒲立本擬音）<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1991_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1991-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:10</sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音">塞音</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="塞擦音">塞擦音</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%8D%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="响音">响音</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="擦音">擦音</a> </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="近音">近音</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E6%B8%85" class="mw-redirect" title="全清">全清</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E6%B8%85" class="mw-redirect" title="次清">次清</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E5%A3%B0" title="气声">气声</a> </th> <th>全清</th> <th>气声 </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%9F%B3" title="唇音">唇塞音</a> </th> <td>幫<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">p</span></td> <td>滂<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">pʰ</span></td> <td>並<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">pɦ</span></td> <td>明<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">m</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>唇塞擦音 </th> <td>非<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">f</span></td> <td>敷<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">f</span><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>奉<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">fɦ</span></td> <td>微<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʋ</span><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8C%E5%86%A0%E9%9F%B3" title="舌冠音">舌冠音</a> </th> <td>端<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">t</span></td> <td>透<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">tʰ</span></td> <td>定<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">tɦ</span></td> <td>泥<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">n</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B7%E8%88%8C%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="卷舌音">卷舌</a>塞音 </th> <td>知<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʈ</span></td> <td>徹<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʈʰ</span></td> <td>澄<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʈɦ</span></td> <td>娘<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɳ</span><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B9%E9%9F%B3" title="边音">边音</a> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td align="center"><span lang="zh-hant"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="lái">來</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">l</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>齿<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="塞擦音">咝音</a> </th> <td>精<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ts</span></td> <td>清<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">tsʰ</span></td> <td>從<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">tsɦ</span></td> <td></td> <td>心<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">s</span></td> <td>邪<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">sɦ</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>卷舌咝音 </th> <td>照<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʈʂ</span></td> <td>穿<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʈʂʰ</span></td> <td>牀<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">(ʈ)ʂɦ</span><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>日<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɻ</span><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>審<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʂ</span></td> <td>禪<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʂɦ</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E8%85%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="软腭音">软腭音</a> </th> <td>見<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">k</span></td> <td>溪<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">kʰ</span></td> <td>群<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">kɦ</span></td> <td>疑<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ŋ</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E9%97%A8%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="声门音">喉音</a> </th> <td>影<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʔ</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>曉<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">x</span></td> <td>匣<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">xɦ</span></td> <td align="center">喻<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">j</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>只有<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E8%AF%AD" title="吴语">吴语</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%B9%98%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="老湘语（页面不存在）">老湘语</a>保留清浊对立。闽语知组仍读作齿音，其他地方方言的都基本与照组合流。南方方言中它们还和精组合流。现代官话的齶音来自精组和见组的齶化变体，是相当晚近的变化，和早时的硬齶音无关。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter1992_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter1992-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:45–46, 49–55</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="韵母"><span id=".E9.9F.B5.E6.AF.8D"></span>韵母</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：韵母"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85099211"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E5%91%BC" title="等呼">等呼</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A5%E8%81%B2" title="入聲">入聲</a></div> <p>研究中古汉语韵母最基本的材料是《切韵》，其次是韵图，由于对《切韵》是否反映实际语音、是否反映一时一地的语音，韵图的等多大程度反映了主元音的差别、多大程度反映了介音的差别等基本问题的理解有分歧，学者对中古汉语的拟音不完全一致，有时韵母归类也有细微差别。普遍认为韵图的合口字有类似u的介音。又由于《切韵》三等字的反切上字自成一套，和其他等不同，因此普遍认为三等字有类似i的介音。有些学者（如高本汉、王力）认为四等字也有介音，有些学者（如潘悟云、<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%91%E5%BC%A0%E5%B0%9A%E8%8A%B3" title="郑张尚芳">郑张尚芳</a>）认为二等字也有介音。 </p><p>中古汉语的韵尾也没有<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="上古汉语">上古汉语</a>可能有的辅音丛和浊塞音，但仍比现代<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%AF%9D" title="普通话">普通话</a>丰富，有-i、-u、-m、-n、-ŋ、-p、-t、-k等八个。其中-t在一些方言是-r，而-k在一些方言弱化为-ɣ。 </p><p>过去认为中古汉语有十幾个元音，现在一些研究则认为有6至7个，分歧在于来自<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="上古汉语">上古汉语</a>相同韵部的不同等的元音是否相同。但即使认为这类元音不同的学者也承认这类元音非常接近，诗歌中也常通押。 </p><p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83946278">.mw-parser-output .template-facttext{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:inherit;margin:-.3em 0;padding:.3em 0}</style><mark class="template-facttext" title="需要提供文献来源">以下以中古汉语6个元音的系统来说明问题： </mark></p> <ul><li>元音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/a/</span>出现在一等韵、二等韵、三等韵。出现在一等韵时，<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/a/</span>同一等重韵的元音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ə/</span>（或写作<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɐ/</span>）对立，出现在二等韵时同二等重韵的元音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/e/</span>对立，出现在三等韵时则等同于元音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ə</span>，与三等重韵的元音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/e/</span>对立。</li> <li>元音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/o/</span>主要出现在模韵、虞韵、冬韵、钟韵、江韵。江韵是唯一以<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/o/</span>为主元音的二等韵，其他二等韵都由主元音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/a/</span>和<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/e/</span>构成一对二等重韵。虞韵时常被认为有个很接近<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/u/</span>的<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/o/</span>，因为虞韵在梵汉对音、日本、朝鲜、越南的汉字音裡经常念<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/u/</span>而不是<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/o/</span>。</li> <li>元音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/u/</span>出现在流摄、东韵中。</li> <li>元音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ə/</span>，参见元音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/a/</span>。元音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ə/</span>同元音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/a/</span>构成一对一等重韵，也同元音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/e/</span>构成一对三等重韵。例外的地方是鱼韵，此外由庄组三等真韵发展而来的二等臻韵的主要元音也是<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ə/</span>。</li> <li>元音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɨ/</span>用于之韵、殷韵、蒸韵。当这音素不成音节的时候，表示重钮三等。</li> <li>元音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/e/</span>出现在二等韵、三等韵、四等韵，这个一个有重纽的元音。参见元音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/a/</span>。</li> <li>元音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/i/</span>只出现在三等韵，有重纽。<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求开始于2009年4月12日。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" align="center"> <caption>各家中古汉语韵母拟音对照表<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">單母音<br />韻母數→<br />韻母↓ </th> <th>3：<br />a、<br />ɑ、i </th> <th>6：<br />a、ɑ、<br />ɛ、o、<br />i／ji、u </th> <th>4：<br />a、ɑ、<br />i、u </th> <th>5：<br />a、ɔ、<br />i／ji、ɨ、uw </th> <th>4／6：<br />a、æ、i、<br />ij／jij、u、<br />uw </th> <th>4：<br />ɑ、<br />ɻi／i、ɨ、<br />u </th> <th>1：<br />ɑ </th> <th>5：<br />a、ɑ、<br />æ、i、u </th> <th>（無法計算） </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%9D" title="攝">攝</a></th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%BB%E7%9B%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="韻目（页面不存在）">韻目</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%9C%AC%E6%BC%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="高本漢">高本漢</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%A6%AE_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6)" title="李榮 (語言學家)">李榮</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%8A%9B_(%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)" title="王力 (语言学家)">王力</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B2%E7%AB%8B%E6%9C%AC" title="蒲立本">蒲立本</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%B8%80%E5%B9%B3" title="白一平">白一平</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%98%E6%82%9F%E4%BA%91" title="潘悟云">潘悟雲</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%84%AD%E5%BC%B5%E5%B0%9A%E8%8A%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="鄭張尚芳">鄭張尚芳</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%BA%E5%AE%B6%E5%AF%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="竺家寧">竺家寧</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%B3%95%E9%AB%98" title="周法高">周法高</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E6%94%9D" title="果攝">果</a> </th> <td><b>歌一開</b></td> <td style="background-color:#00ff00;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɑ</span></td> <td style="background-color:#00ff00;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɑ</span></td> <td style="background-color:#00ff00;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɑ</span></td> <td style="background-color:#00ff00;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">a</span></td> <td style="background-color:#00ff00;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">a</span></td> <td style="background-color:#00ff00;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɑ</span></td> <td style="background-color:#00ff00;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɑ</span></td> <td style="background-color:#00ff00;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɑ</span></td> <td style="background-color:#00ff00;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɑ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>戈三開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">i̯ɑ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iɑ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ĭɑ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɨa</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ja</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">i̯ɑ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɨɑ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jɑ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iɑ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>戈一合</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uɑ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uɑ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uɑ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wa</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wa</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʷɑ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uɑ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uɑ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uɑ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>戈三合</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">i̯wɑ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuɑ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ĭuɑ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ua</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jwa</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʷi̯ɑ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɨuɑ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">juɑ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuɑ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E6%94%9D" title="假攝">假</a> </th> <td><b>麻二開</b></td> <td style="background-color:#00ff00;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">a</span></td> <td style="background-color:#00ff00;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">a</span></td> <td style="background-color:#00ff00;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">a</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">aɨ</span></td> <td style="background-color:#00ff00;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">æ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɰæ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɣa</span></td> <td style="background-color:#00ff00;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">a</span></td> <td style="background-color:#00ff00;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">a</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>麻三開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">i̯a</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ia</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ĭa</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ia</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jæ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iæ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ia</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ja</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ia</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>麻二合</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wa</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ua</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ĭwa</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">waɨ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wæ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʷɰæ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɣua</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ua</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ua</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%87%E6%94%9D" title="遇攝">遇</a> </th> <td><b>模一合</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uo</span></td> <td style="background-color:#00ff00;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">o</span></td> <td style="background-color:#00ff00;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">u</span></td> <td style="background-color:#00ff00;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɔ</span></td> <td style="background-color:#00ff00;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">u</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">u̯o</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uo</span></td> <td style="background-color:#00ff00;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">u</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uo</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>魚三合</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">i̯wo</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iɔ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ĭo</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɨə̆</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jo</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iɤ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɨʌ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jo</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">io</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>虞三合</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">i̯u</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">io</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ĭu</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uə̆</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ju</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iu̯o̝</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɨo</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ju</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuo</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="16"><a href="/wiki/%E8%9F%B9%E6%94%9D" title="蟹攝">蟹</a> </th> <td><b>咍一開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ăi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɒi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɒi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">əj</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">oj</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">o̝i</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʌi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɒi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">əi</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>泰一開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɑi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɑi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɑi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">aj</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">aj</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɑi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɑi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɒi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɑi</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>皆二開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ăi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɛi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɐi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">əɨj</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɛj</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɰɛi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɣɛi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ai</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɛi</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>佳二開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ai</span></td> <td style="background-color:#00ff00;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɛ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ai</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">aɨj</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɛɨ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɰɛ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɣɛ</span></td> <td style="background-color:#00ff00;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">æ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">æi</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>夬二開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ai</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ai</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">æi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">aɨj (s)</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">æj</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɰæi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɣai</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɐi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ai</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>祭三開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">i̯ɛi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iɛi</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jɛi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ĭɛi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iaj</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jiaj</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jej</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jiej</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɻiᴇi</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iᴇi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɣiᴇi</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iᴇi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jæi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iai</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iæi</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>廢三開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">i̯æi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iɐi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ĭɐi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɨaj</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">joj</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iai</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɨɐi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jɐi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iɑi</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>齊四開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iei</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ei</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iei</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɛj</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ej</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ei</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ei</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iei</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iɛi</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>灰一合</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uăi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uɒi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uɒi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wəj</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">oi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">u̯oi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uʌi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uɒi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uəi</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>泰一合</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wɑi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uɑi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uɑi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">waj</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">waj</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʷɑi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uɑi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uɒi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uɑi</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>皆二合</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wăi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uɛi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wɐi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wəɨj</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wɛj</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʷɰɛi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɣuɛi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uai</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uɛi</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>佳二合</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wai</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uɛ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wai</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">waɨj</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wɛɨ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʷɰɛ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɣuɛ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uæ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uæi</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>夬二合</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wai</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uai</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wæi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">waɨj (s)</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wæj</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʷɰæi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɣuai</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uɐi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uai</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>祭三合</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">i̯wɛi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuɛi</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">juɛi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ĭwɛi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wiaj</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jwiaj</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jwej</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jwiej</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʷɻiᴇi</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʷiᴇi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɣiuᴇi</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuᴇi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">juæi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuai</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuæi</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>廢三合</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">i̯wæi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuɐi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ĭwɐi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uaj</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jwoj</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʷiai</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʉɐi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">juɐi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuɑi</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>齊四合</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iwei</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uei</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iwei</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wɛj</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wej</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʷei</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wei</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuei</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuɛi</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A2%E6%94%9D" title="止攝">止</a> </th> <td><b>支三開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iĕ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ie</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">je</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ĭe</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iə̆</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jiə̆</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">je</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jie</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɻiᴇ</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iᴇ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">je</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ie</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iɪ</span></td> <td rowspan="65" style="text-align:center; background-color:#bfbfbf;">（無）<br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>脂三開</b></td> <td style="background-color:#00ff00;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">i</span></td> <td style="background-color:#bfffbf;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">i</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ji</span></td> <td style="background-color:#00ff00;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">i</span></td> <td style="background-color:#bfffbf;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">i</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ji</span></td> <td style="background-color:#bfffbf;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ij</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jij</span></td> <td style="background-color:#bfffbf;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɻi</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">i</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jei</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iei</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iɪi</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>之三開</b></td> <td style="background-color:#00ff00;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">i</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iə</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ĭə</span></td> <td style="background-color:#00ff00;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɨ</span></td> <td style="background-color:#00ff00;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">i</span></td> <td style="background-color:#00ff00;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɨ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jə</span></td> <td style="background-color:#00ff00;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">i</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>微三開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ĕi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iəi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ĭəi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɨj</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jɨj</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iɤi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jəi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iəi</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>支三合</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wiĕ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iue</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jue</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ĭwe</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wiə̆</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jwiə̆</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jwe</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jwie</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʷɻiᴇ</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʷiᴇ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jue</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iue</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuɪ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>脂三合</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ui</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jui</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wi</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jwi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wij</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jwij</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʷɻi</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʷi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">juei</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuei</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuɪi</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>微三合</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wĕi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuəi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ĭwəi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uj</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jwɨj</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʷiɤi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">juəi</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuəi</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%88%E6%94%9D" title="效攝">效</a> </th> <td><b>豪一開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɑu</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɑu</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɑu</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">aw</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">aw</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɑu</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɑu</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɑu</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>肴二開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">au</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">au</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">au</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">aɨw</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">æw</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɰæu</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">au</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">au</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>宵三開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">i̯wɛu</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iɛu</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jɛu</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ĭɛu</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iaw</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jew</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jiew</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɻiᴇu</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iᴇu</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jæu</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iau</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iæu</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>蕭四開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ieu</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">eu</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ieu</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɛw</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ew</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">eu</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ieu</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iɛu</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E6%94%9D" title="流攝">流</a> </th> <td><b>侯一開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ə̆u</span></td> <td style="background-color:#00ff00;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">u</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">əu</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">əw</span></td> <td style="background-color:#bfffbf;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uw</span></td> <td style="background-color:#00ff00;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">u</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">əu</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">əu</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>尤三開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iə̆u</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iu</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ĭəu</span></td> <td style="background-color:#bfffbf;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uw</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">juw</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iu</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jəu</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iəu</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>幽三開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">i̯ĕu</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iĕu</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iəu</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jiw</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jiw</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɨu</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jou</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ieu</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iɪu</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="8"><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%B8%E6%94%9D" title="咸攝">咸</a> </th> <td><b>覃一開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ăm</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɒm</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɒm</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">əm</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">om</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">əm</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɑm</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">əm</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>談一開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɑm</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɑm</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɑm</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">am</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">am</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɑm</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɒm</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɑm</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>咸二開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ăm</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɐm</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɐm</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">əɨm</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɛm</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɰɛm</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">am</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">æm</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>銜二開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">am</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">am</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">am</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">aɨm</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">æm</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɰæm</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɐm</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">am</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>鹽三開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">i̯ɛm</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iɛm</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jɛm</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ĭɛm</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iam</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jem</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɻiᴇm</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iᴇm</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jæm</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iam</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iæm</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>嚴三開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">i̯æm</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iɐm</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ĭɐm</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɨam</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jæm</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iam</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jɐm</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iɑm</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>添四開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iem</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">em</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iem</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɛm</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">em</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">em</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iem</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iɛm</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>凡三合</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">i̯wæm</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuɐm</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ĭwɐm</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uam</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jwom</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iu̯am</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">juɐm</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuam</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E6%94%9D" title="深攝">深</a> </th> <td><b>侵三開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">i̯əm</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iəm</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jəm</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ĭĕm</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">im</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jim</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">im</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jim</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɻim</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">im</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jəm</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iem</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iɪm</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="12"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%94%9D" title="山攝">山</a> </th> <td><b>寒一開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɑn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɑn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɑn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">an</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">an</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɑn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɑn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɑn</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>山二開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ăn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɛn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">æn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">əɨn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɛn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɰɛn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɐn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">an</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>刪二開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">an</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">an</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">an</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">aɨn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">æn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɰæn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">an</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">æn</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>仙三開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">i̯ɛn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iɛn</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jɛn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ĭɛn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ian</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jen</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jien</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɻiᴇn</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iᴇn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jæn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ian</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iæn</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>元三開</b><sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">i̯æn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iɐn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ĭɐn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɨan</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jon</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iɤn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jɐn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iɑn</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>先四開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ien</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">en</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ien</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɛn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">en</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">en</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ien</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iɛn</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>桓一合</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uɑn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uɑn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uɑn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wan</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wan</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʷɑn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uɑn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uɑn</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>山二合</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wăn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uɛn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wæn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wəɨn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wɛn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʷɰɛn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uɐn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uan</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>刪二合</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wan</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uan</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wan</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">waɨn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wæn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʷɰæn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uan</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uæn</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>仙三合</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">i̯wɛn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuɛn</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">juɛn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ĭwɛn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wian</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jwen</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jwien</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʷɻiᴇn</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʷiᴇn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">juæn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuan</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuæn</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>元三合</b><sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">i̯wæn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuɐn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ĭwɐn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uan</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jwon</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʷiɤn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">juɐn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuɑn</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>先四合</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iwen</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uen</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iwen</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wɛn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wen</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʷen</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuen</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuɛn</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BB%E6%94%9D" title="臻攝">臻</a> </th> <td><b>痕一開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ən</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ən</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ən</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ən</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">on</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ən</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ən</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ən</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>眞三開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">i̯ĕn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iĕn</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jĕn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ĭĕn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">in</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jin</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">in</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jin</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɻin</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɪn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jen</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ien</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iɪn</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>欣三開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">i̯ən</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iən</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ĭən</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɨn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jɨn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɨn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jən</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iən</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>魂一合</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">u̯ən</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uən</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uən</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wən</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">won</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">u̯on</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uən</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uən</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>眞三合</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">i̯ĕn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuĕn</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jĕn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ĭĕn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">in</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jin</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">in</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jin</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʷɻin</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">－</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jen</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuen</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>諄三合</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">i̯wĕn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuĕn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ĭwĕn</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">win</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">win</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʷin</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">juen</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuɪn</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>文三合</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">i̯uən</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuən</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ĭuən</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">un</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jun</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iun</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">juən</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuən</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%95%E6%94%9D" title="宕攝">宕</a> </th> <td><b>唐一開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɑŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɑŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɑŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">aŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">aŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɑŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɑŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɑŋ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>陽三開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">i̯aŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iaŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ĭaŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɨaŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jaŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iaŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jɑŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iɑŋ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>唐一合</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wɑŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uɑŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uɑŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">waŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">waŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʷɑŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uɑŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uɑŋ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>陽三合</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">i̯waŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuaŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ĭwaŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uaŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jwaŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʷiaŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">juaŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuaŋ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E6%94%9D" title="江攝">江</a> </th> <td><b>江二開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɔŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɔŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɔŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">aɨwŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">æwŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɰɔŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">oŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">oŋ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BE%E6%94%9D" title="曾攝">曾</a> </th> <td><b>登一開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">əŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">əŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">əŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">əŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">oŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">əŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">əŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">əŋ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>蒸三開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">i̯əŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iəŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ĭəŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɨŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jəŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iəŋ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>登一合</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wəŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uəŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uəŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wəŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">woŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʷəŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uəŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uəŋ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>蒸三合</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">i̯wəŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuəŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ĭwəŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wiŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wiŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʷɨŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jəŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuəŋ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="10"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%97%E6%94%9D" title="梗攝">梗</a> </th> <td><b>庚二開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">æŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɐŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɐŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">aɨjŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">æŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɰæŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɐŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">aŋ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>耕二開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɛŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɛŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">æŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">əɨjŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɛŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɰɛŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">aŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">æŋ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>庚三開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">i̯æŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iɐŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ĭɐŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iajŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jæŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɰiæŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jɐŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iaŋ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>清三開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">i̯ɛŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iɛŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ĭɛŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iajŋ</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jiajŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jeŋ</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jieŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">－</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iᴇŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jæŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iæŋ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>青四開</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ieŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">eŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ieŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɛjŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">eŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">eŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ieŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iɛŋ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>庚二合</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wæŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uɐŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wɐŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">waɨjŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wæŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʷɰæŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uɐŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uaŋ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>耕二合</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wɛŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uɛŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wæŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wəɨjŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wɛŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʷɯɛŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uaŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uæŋ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>庚三合</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">i̯wæŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuɐŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ĭwɐŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wiajŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jwæŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʷɰiæŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">juɐŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuaŋ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>清三合</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">i̯wɛŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuɛŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ĭwɛŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wiajŋ</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jwiajŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jweŋ</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jwieŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">－</span>／<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʷiᴇŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">juæŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuæŋ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>青四合</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iweŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ueŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iweŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">wɛjŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">weŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʷeŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iueŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuɛŋ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E6%94%9D" title="通攝">通</a> </th> <td><b>東一合</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">əwŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uwŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uŋ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>冬一合</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uoŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">oŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uoŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">awŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">owŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">u̯oŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uoŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uoŋ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>東三合</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ĭuŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uwŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">juwŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">juŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuŋ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>鍾三合</b></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">i̯woŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ioŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ĭwoŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uawŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">jowŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">io̝ŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">juoŋ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iuoŋ</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="声调"><span id=".E5.A3.B0.E8.B0.83"></span>声调</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：声调"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85099211"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%A3%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="四声">四声</a></div> <p>中古汉语四声最早在约公元500年由<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%88%E7%BA%A6" title="沈约">沈约</a>提出。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter1992_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter1992-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:303</sup>《切韵》用四声调来编排汉字，分别称作平声、上声、去声和入声。其中入声就是韵尾收-p、-t、-k的字，部位与鼻音韵尾相对应，但其他声调由于缺乏资料，很难重构出准确调值。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:52</sup> </p><p>平声字数最多，《切韵》平声分上下两卷，其他三声都只有一卷。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey1987_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey1987-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:118</sup> </p><p>汉语文献已知最早对声调的描述来自宋朝所引9世纪初的唐末《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%83%E5%92%8C%E9%9F%B5%E8%B0%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="元和韵谱（页面不存在）">元和韵谱</a>》：“平声哀而安，上声厉而举，去声清而远，入声直而促。”也有学者据此认为平声是平调，上声是高调或升调。 </p><p>现代汉语方言的四声之间差异极大，以至于根本不可能构拟中古声调。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:53</sup> </p><p>中古汉语的声调系统和相邻的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="东南亚语言联盟">东南亚语言联盟</a>语言—<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E8%8B%97%E7%91%B6%E8%AF%AD" title="原始苗瑶语">原始苗瑶语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8F%B0%E8%AA%9E" title="原始台語">原始壯傣語</a>和古<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD" title="越南语">越南语</a>—很像，它们没有一个和汉语有亲缘关系。而且，早期借词展示不同语言间调类的对应相当严密。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:54–55</sup>1954年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="奥德里库尔">奥德里库尔</a>发现越南语的上声和去声对应其他无声调<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="南亚语系">南亚语系</a>语言的<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ʔ/</span>和<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/s/</span>韵尾。因此他认为原始南亚语没有声调，越南语后来出現的声调因这些辅音脱落而形成，过程称为<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" class="mw-redirect" title="聲調形成">声调形成</a>（Tonogenesis）。他藉此假设中古汉语等其他语言的声调也有相似起源。其他学者也根据转写和借词证据得出相似结论，并据此认为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="上古汉语">上古汉语</a>无声调。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:54–57</sup> </p><p>在公元后第一个千年结束时，中古汉语和东南亚语言调类<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E5%9F%9F" title="音域">音域</a>分裂。全浊声母上声变得与去声相似，晚唐时各调都依声母清浊分裂为阴调和阳调，形成“四声八调”格局。之後大多数方言（除<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E8%AF%AD" title="吴语">吴语</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%B9%98%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="老湘语（页面不存在）">老湘语</a>和部分<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%A3%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="赣语">赣语</a>）全浊声母消失，这区别就成了音位，使声调由4种变8种；<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%A4%E8%AF%AD" title="粤语">粤语</a>全數保留了，还分化出上下陰入，不过其他大多数方言都沒這麼多声调，例如官话方言中阳上声变入去声。接着，绝大多数官话方言中塞音韵尾消失，入声并入其余三声。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:52–54</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="语法"><span id=".E8.AF.AD.E6.B3.95"></span>语法</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：语法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>中古汉语的语法材料有非常丰富的文学作品，但其中多数是按照<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="上古汉语">上古汉语</a>的经典著作的语法来写，不能直接反映当时的口语。另一方面，流传或出土的大众题材的作品，例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%AD%8C" class="mw-disambig" title="民歌">民歌</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%AF%B4" title="小说">小说</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%98%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="变文">变文</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B2%E5%AD%90%E8%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="曲子词">曲子词</a>等为研究口语语法提供了材料。中古汉语语法上承上古汉语而有所变革，开了近代汉语语法的先河，如新的被动式、完善的使成式等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="词法"><span id=".E8.AF.8D.E6.B3.95"></span>词法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：词法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="名词"><span id=".E5.90.8D.E8.AF.8D"></span>名词</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：名词"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>中古汉语仍然是单音节词占优势，中古汉语的名词和上古汉语比起来，除了词义的变迁，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="上古汉语">上古汉语</a>的词头废弃了（如<b>有</b>），取而代之一套新的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%8D%E5%A4%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="词头（页面不存在）">词头</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%B0%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="詞尾">词尾</a>。最普遍的词头是<b>阿</b>，其次是<b>老</b>；最普遍的词尾是<b>子</b>，其次是<b>兒</b>、<b>頭</b>。<b>阿</b>可以加在疑问代词<b>誰</b>、人名、亲属称谓、排行、人称代词的前面；<b>老</b>出现比<b>阿</b>晚得多，唐代之前，只有加在姓前的例子。 </p> <ul><li>向者之論，<b>阿誰</b>爲失？——《三國志·蜀志·龐統傳》<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>忽出喚曰：“<b>阿鼠</b>！”子文不覺應曰：“諾！”——《法苑珠林》（人名）</li> <li>孝琬呼<b>阿叔</b>。帝怒曰：“誰是爾叔？”——《北史·河間王孝琬傳》（亲属）</li> <li><b>阿六</b>，汝生活大可。——《南史·臨川王傳》（排行）</li> <li><b>阿你</b>酒能昏亂，喫了多饒啾唧。——王敷《茶酒論》（人称代词）</li> <li>每被<b>老元</b>偷格律，苦交短李伏歌行。——白居易《戲贈元九李十二》（姓）</li></ul> <p><b>子</b>和<b>兒</b>起初都是实词，后来发展成小称，再后来发展成词尾。<b>子</b>的应用很广泛，人、动植物、无生物都可以用；<b>兒</b>起初只用在小名，后来又可以用在鸟兽名之后。 </p> <ul><li>在馬坊教諸<b>奴子</b>書。——《魏書·温子昇傳》</li> <li>可憐<b>青雀子</b>，飛來鄴城裏。——《北齊書·神武帝本紀下》</li> <li>俗謂之嫁<b>茄子</b>。——段成式《酉陽雜俎》</li> <li>道士脱衣，以<b>刀子</b>削之。——《續玄怪錄·杜子春》</li> <li>世祖武皇帝……小字<b>龍兒</b>。——《南齊書·武帝紀》</li> <li>細雨<b>魚兒</b>出，微風燕子斜。——杜甫《水檻遣興》</li> <li>沔水有物如三四歲小兒……常沒水中，出<b>膝頭</b>，小兒不知，欲取弄戲，便殺人。——《水經注》</li> <li><b>前頭</b>看<b>後頭</b>，齊著鐵（金互）鉾。——《梁企喻歌辭》</li> <li>兩邊角子羊門裏，猶學容兒弄<b>鉢頭</b>。——張祜《容兒鉢頭》</li></ul> <p>词头和词尾在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="汉语方言">汉语方言</a>裡发展不平衡，现代南方方言使用词头<b>阿</b>明显多于北方方言；北方方言的词尾<b>兒</b>很发达，<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E8%AF%AD" title="吴语">吴语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="粵語">粵語</a>大多只用词尾<b>子</b>，不用<b>兒</b>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E8%AF%9D" title="客家话">客家话</a>方言则只用词尾<b>兒</b>，不用<b>子</b>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="代词"><span id=".E4.BB.A3.E8.AF.8D"></span>代词</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：代词"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>中古的人称代词比上古汉语有很大的变化，第一人称除了继承自上古的<b>我</b>，还有<b>儂</b>；第二人称是由<b>爾</b>发展成的<b>你</b>；第三人称南北朝多用<b>伊</b>，后来又用<b>渠</b>，到了唐朝，又出现了<b>他</b>。 </p><p>指示代词南北朝出现了一个<b>爾</b>字，通常用于远指。<b>爾</b>还可以解作“这样”的意思，一直沿用到唐代。 </p> <ul><li><b>爾時</b>話已神悟，自參上流。——《世說新語·言語》</li> <li>汝等不應<b>爾</b>。——《南史·裴邃傳》</li></ul> <p>到了唐朝，用于近指的<b>這</b>代替了上古的<b>此</b>，字又作<b>者</b>、<b>遮</b>。 </p> <ul><li>牟尼<b>這日</b>發慈言。——《維摩詰經菩薩品變文》</li> <li>細想從來，斷腸多處，不與<b>者番</b>同。——晏幾道《少年遊》</li> <li>待我<b>遮裏</b>兵纔動，先使人將文字與番人。——《揮塵錄餘話》</li></ul> <p>疑问代词方面，问物的南北朝有<b>底</b>字，到了唐朝，又出现了<b>什麽</b>，又合音作<b>甚</b>。问情状唐和五代只用<b>爭</b>字。问人用<b>誰</b>，问地点用<b>何處</b>，反诘、反問用<b>那</b>。<b>那</b>是“奈何”的合音，东汉已经出现了，唐代用得更普遍。 </p> <ul><li>陶冶性靈有<b>底</b>物？新詩改罷自長吟。——杜甫《解悶之七》</li> <li>韓愈問牛僧孺：“且以拍板爲<b>什麼</b>？”——《唐摭言》</li> <li>耶孃<b>甚</b>處傳書覓？——《敦煌零拾·雀踏枝》</li> <li>老去<b>爭</b>由我？愁來欲泥誰？——白居易《新秋》</li> <li>在下<b>那</b>得有此才？——《北史·高聰傳》</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="動詞"><span id=".E5.8B.95.E8.A9.9E"></span>動詞</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：動詞"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>動詞的形尾<b>著</b>、<b>了</b>已經虛化，在唐代，<b>著</b>字附著在動詞後面表示靜止的狀態，如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%8B%E5%BB%BA(%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="王建(唐朝)（页面不存在）">王建</a>《北邙詩》：“<b>堆著</b>黃金無處買。”<b>了</b>字附著在動詞短語後面表示“完畢”的意思，這在晉代就出現了。 </p> <ul><li>珍又每見根<b>書符了</b>。——葛洪《神仙傳·劉根》</li> <li>但得<b>上馬了</b>，一去頭不回。——曹鄴《去不返》</li></ul> <p>到了五代，<b>了</b>就可以作為真正的形尾，表示完成了。 </p> <ul><li>林花<b>謝了</b>春紅，太匆匆。——李煜《烏夜啼》</li></ul> <p>上古漢語的判斷句不需要繫詞，到了<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="漢朝">漢朝</a>，指示代詞<b>是</b>發展成繫詞，到了中古漢語，繫詞<b>是</b>普遍使用，取代了上古漢語的判斷句式。 </p> <ul><li>張玄中、顧較<b>是</b>顧和中外孫。——《世說新語·言語》</li> <li>孔老釋迦，<b>皆是</b>至聖。——唐《原人論》</li> <li>余亦<b>不是</b>仵加之子，亦<b>不是</b>避難之人。——《伍子胥變文》</li></ul> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E6%84%BF%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%8D" title="能愿动词">能愿動詞</a>方面，產生了附著在動詞後面表示可能性的<b>得</b>。 </p> <ul><li>無雙若<b>認得</b>，必開簾子。——薛調《無雙傳》</li> <li>我兒若<b>修得</b>倉全，豈不是于家了事？——《舜子變文》</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="副詞"><span id=".E5.89.AF.E8.A9.9E"></span>副詞</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：副詞"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>中古漢語表示勸阻時，除了用上古漢語的<b>毋</b>（<b>無</b>）、<b>勿</b>外，也用由代詞變來的<b>莫</b>，<b>莫</b>在唐詩最為常見。 </p> <ul><li>今日樂相樂，別後<b>莫</b>相忘。——曹植《怨歌行》</li> <li>當杯已入手，歌妓<b>莫</b>停聲。——孟浩然《晚春》</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="語氣詞"><span id=".E8.AA.9E.E6.B0.A3.E8.A9.9E"></span>語氣詞</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：語氣詞"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>中古漢語可用<b>來</b>字煞尾表示過去，如 </p> <ul><li>天錫心甚悔<b>來</b>。——《世說新語·賞譽下》</li> <li>君卿指賊而罵曰：“老賊吃虎膽<b>來</b>，敢偷我物！”——張鷟《朝野僉載·堯君卿》</li></ul> <p>又是非問不用上古漢語的<b>乎</b>、<b>與</b>，而用否定詞變來的<b>無</b>，<b>無</b>後來又寫作<b>麼</b>，<b>麼</b>即是<b>嗎</b>的前身。 </p> <ul><li>晚來天欲雪，能飲一杯<b>無</b>？——白居易《問劉十九》</li> <li>更作三年計，三年身健<b>無</b>？——白居易《歸來二周歲》</li> <li>眾中遺卻金釵子，拾得從他要贖<b>麼</b>？——王建《宮詞》</li> <li>不知陶靖節，還動此心<b>麼</b>？——李中《聽蟬寄朐山孫明府》</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="句法"><span id=".E5.8F.A5.E6.B3.95"></span>句法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：句法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>中古漢語的句法基本上繼承自上古漢語，基本語序和基本原則都和上古漢語相同，例如主謂賓的順序，修飾語在中心語前，連動式和遞繫式（兼語式）不需要特別的標記等等。但是，在一些具體的句式上，又比上古漢語複雜而豐富了，這些句式有使成式、處置式、新的被動式等等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="使成式"><span id=".E4.BD.BF.E6.88.90.E5.BC.8F"></span>使成式</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：使成式"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>上古漢語表達使成的意義往往只用動詞或形容詞的活用實現，如《孟子·梁惠王下》：“匠人斫而<b>小</b>之。”中古漢語在此基礎上，通過在動詞后面附加動詞或形容詞來表達使成。如果動詞帶賓語，賓語可緊跟在主要動詞的后面，也可跟在次要動詞或形容詞的后面。 </p> <ul><li>復於地取內口中，<b>齧破</b>即吐之。——《世說新語·忿狷》</li> <li>檢書<b>燒</b>燭<b>短</b>，看劍<b>引</b>杯<b>長</b>。——杜甫《夜宴左氏莊》</li> <li>誰能<b>拆</b>籠破，從放快飛鳴。——白居易《鸚鵡》</li> <li>無令長相隨，<b>折斷</b>楊柳枝。——李白《宣城送劉副使入秦》</li> <li>結珠爲簾，雜寶異香爲屑，使數百人於樓上<b>吹散</b>之。——《拾遺記》</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="補充詞組"><span id=".E8.A3.9C.E5.85.85.E8.A9.9E.E7.B5.84"></span>補充詞組</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：補充詞組"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>有時候，中古漢語連動句式的兩個連續動詞的後者詞義虛化了，只起補充前面動詞的作用。類似的動詞有表得到義的<b>取</b>、<b>得</b>，表動作趨向的<b>來</b>、<b>去</b>、<b>出</b>、<b>入</b>等。 </p> <ul><li>庾時頹然已醉，績墮几上，就以頭<b>穿取</b>。——《世說新語·雅量》</li> <li>蒼天變化誰<b>料得</b>？萬事反覆何所無？——杜甫《杜鵑行》</li> <li>見人<b>入來</b>，即語曰：“有人<b>入來</b>。”——唐《霍小玉傳》</li> <li>車<b>出去</b>，南壁開，後車過，壁復如故。——《神仙傳·劉根》</li> <li>最憐雙翡翠，<b>飛入</b>小梅叢。——元稹《生春》</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="處置式"><span id=".E8.99.95.E7.BD.AE.E5.BC.8F"></span>處置式</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：處置式"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>上古漢語表示“秉持”義的<b>把</b>、<b>將</b>在中古漸漸虛化，有了處置的意義，后面可接處置的對象（正常情況下的動詞賓語），從而構成了處置句式。 </p> <ul><li>已用當時法，誰<b>將</b>此義陳？——杜甫《寄李十二白》</li> <li>悠然散吾興，欲<b>把</b>青天摸。——皮日休《初夏遊楞伽精舍》</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="被動式"><span id=".E8.A2.AB.E5.8B.95.E5.BC.8F"></span>被動式</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：被動式"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>中古漢語除了繼承上古的“爲……所……”句式之外，還可以使用被字句式。<b>被</b>字從“蒙受（不幸）”的意義衍化出了被動的意義。這種句式的動作遭受者變成句子主語，如果出現了動作的施行者，則要由<b>被</b>字引出。 </p> <ul><li>莫愁劍閣終堪據，聞道松州已<b>被圍</b>。——杜甫《黃草》</li> <li>禰衡<b>被魏武</b>謫爲鼓吏。——《世說新語·言語》</li></ul> <p>有時候，在表示遭遇的前提下，主語可以是動作的遭受者（間接受事），而動詞還可以帶一個直接受事作為賓語。有時候，甚至原本作為主語的間接受事也省略了。 </p> <ul><li>娘子<b>被</b>王郎<b>道着醜貌</b>。——《醜女緣起》</li> <li>每<b>被</b>老元<b>偷格律</b>，苦教短李伏歌行。——白居易《戲贈元九李十二》</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="词汇"><span id=".E8.AF.8D.E6.B1.87"></span>词汇</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：词汇"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>中古汉语词汇大部分继承或派生自上古汉语，同时吸收了少量周边民族语言的词汇。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="书写系统"><span id=".E4.B9.A6.E5.86.99.E7.B3.BB.E7.BB.9F"></span>书写系统</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：书写系统"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jingangjing.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Jingangjing.png/220px-Jingangjing.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Jingangjing.png/330px-Jingangjing.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Jingangjing.png 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="221" /></a><figcaption>印刷体汉字，唐刊本《<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%88%9A%E7%BB%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="金刚经">金刚经</a>》</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jizhiwengao1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Jizhiwengao1.jpg/220px-Jizhiwengao1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="406" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Jizhiwengao1.jpg/330px-Jizhiwengao1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Jizhiwengao1.jpg/440px-Jizhiwengao1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1292" /></a><figcaption>手写体汉字，唐<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%9C%E7%9C%9F%E5%8D%BF" title="颜真卿">颜真卿</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%AD%E5%A7%AA%E6%96%87%E7%A8%BF" title="祭姪文稿">祭姪文稿</a>》局部</figcaption></figure> <p>中古汉语以<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%B7%E4%B9%A6" title="楷书">楷书</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%AD%97" title="汉字">汉字</a>书写，也使用<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%B7%E4%B9%A6" title="楷书">楷书</a>的手写变体<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E4%B9%A6" title="行书">行书</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E4%B9%A6" title="草书">草书</a>。书写时竖排从上到下，换行时到左首另起一排，有时也横排从右到左书写。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文学作品"><span id=".E6.96.87.E5.AD.A6.E4.BD.9C.E5.93.81"></span>文学作品</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：文学作品"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>中古时期的口语和书面语已有一定差距，书面语采用<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="上古汉语">上古汉语</a>经典作品的语法和词汇，用来创作大量文集、小说和史学作品。但是也有一些韵文<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%97" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="诗">诗</a>词采用平实语言创作，例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%B1%85%E6%98%93" title="白居易">白居易</a>的诗作就以语言平实著称。同时也存在贴近生活的散文如<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%97%E4%BA%BA%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="志人小說">志人</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%97%E6%80%AA%E5%B0%8F%E8%AF%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="志怪小说">志怪小说</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%98%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="变文">变文</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="佛典">佛典</a>等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="诗"><span id=".E8.AF.97"></span>诗</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：诗"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%B1%85%E6%98%93" title="白居易">白居易</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E6%B0%8F%E9%95%B7%E6%85%B6%E9%9B%86" class="mw-redirect" title="白氏長慶集">白氏长庆集</a>》</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="曲子词"><span id=".E6.9B.B2.E5.AD.90.E8.AF.8D"></span>曲子词</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：曲子词"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%A6%E7%85%8C%E6%9B%B2%E5%AD%90%E8%AF%8D%E9%9B%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="敦煌曲子词集（页面不存在）">敦煌曲子词集</a>》</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="小说"><span id=".E5.B0.8F.E8.AF.B4"></span>小说</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节：小说"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E7%BE%A9%E6%85%B6" title="劉義慶">刘义庆</a>《世说新语》</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B2%E5%AE%9D" title="干宝">干宝</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%90%9C%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%B0" title="搜神记">搜神记</a>》</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="变文及佛典"><span id=".E5.8F.98.E6.96.87.E5.8F.8A.E4.BD.9B.E5.85.B8"></span>变文及佛典</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节：变文及佛典"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A6%E7%85%8C%E5%8F%98%E6%96%87%E9%9B%86" title="敦煌变文集">敦煌变文集</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E5%A0%82%E9%9B%86" title="祖堂集">祖堂集</a>》</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注释"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.8A"></span>注释</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=30" title="编辑章节：注释"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="notelist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">守温三十字母是：不、芳、並、明、端、透、定、泥、知、徹、澄、日、見、溪、群、來、疑、精、清、從、審、穿、禅、照、心、邪、曉、匣、喻、影。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">晚期中古汉语时敷母与非母很可能尚未合流，各种材料中都说明它们来自不同的《切韵》声母。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1984_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1984-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:69</sup>擦音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[f]</span>和<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[fʰ]</span>的对立显然比塞擦音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[pf]</span>和<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[pfʰ]</span>的对立更不自然。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter1992_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter1992-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:48</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">微母在官话中变为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[w]</span>，一些南方方言中变为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[v]</span>或<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[m]</span>。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman2006_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman2006-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:234</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">敦煌残卷并没有娘母，且后来也与泥母<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">n</span>合流。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1984_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1984-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:69</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">敦煌残卷并没有床母，很可能和禪母<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʂɦ</span>无别。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1970_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1970-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:222–223</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">北方方言中变为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ʐ]</span>(或<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɻ]</span>)南方方言则有<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[j]</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[z]</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɲ]</span>或<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[n]</span>等反映<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman2006_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman2006-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:236–237</sup></span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=31" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="引用"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E7.94.A8"></span>引用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=32" title="编辑章节：引用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman1988-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988_1-0"><sup><b>1.00</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988_1-1"><sup><b>1.01</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988_1-2"><sup><b>1.02</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988_1-3"><sup><b>1.03</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988_1-4"><sup><b>1.04</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988_1-5"><sup><b>1.05</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988_1-6"><sup><b>1.06</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988_1-7"><sup><b>1.07</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988_1-8"><sup><b>1.08</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988_1-9"><sup><b>1.09</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988_1-10"><sup><b>1.10</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988_1-11"><sup><b>1.11</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988_1-12"><sup><b>1.12</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988_1-13"><sup><b>1.13</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman1988_1-14"><sup><b>1.14</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman1988">Norman (1988)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoblin2003-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoblin2003_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoblin2003">Coblin (2003)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1984-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1984_3-0"><sup><b>3.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1984_3-1"><sup><b>3.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1984_3-2"><sup><b>3.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1984_3-3"><sup><b>3.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1984_3-4"><sup><b>3.4</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1984_3-5"><sup><b>3.5</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPulleyblank1984">Pulleyblank (1984)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter1992-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter1992_4-0"><sup><b>4.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter1992_4-1"><sup><b>4.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter1992_4-2"><sup><b>4.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter1992_4-3"><sup><b>4.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter1992_4-4"><sup><b>4.4</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter1992_4-5"><sup><b>4.5</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter1992_4-6"><sup><b>4.6</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaxter1992">Baxter (1992)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranner2006a-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranner2006a_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBranner2006a">Branner (2006a)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1967-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1967_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1967">Miller (1967)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalmqvist2010-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalmqvist2010_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalmqvist2010">Malmqvist (2010)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1991-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1991_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPulleyblank1991">Pulleyblank (1991)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman2006-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman2006_13-0"><sup><b>9.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman2006_13-1"><sup><b>9.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorman2006">Norman (2006)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1970-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1970_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPulleyblank1970">Pulleyblank (1970)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">單母音韻母用底色顯示。高本汉、蒲立本、白一平拟音根据Guillaume Jacques <i>Introduction to Chinese Historical Phonology</i>，李荣拟音根据《切韵音系》，王力拟音根据《汉语史稿》，竺家宁拟音根据《声韵学》，周法高拟音根据《论切韵音》。高、王、竺拟音不区分重纽三四等，其余各家重纽三四等同一格中用斜杠分开。高、李原本使用类似国际音标的符号，今根据《切韵音系》和潘悟云《汉语中古音》的描述改写成对应国际音标。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-0"><sup><b>12.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-1"><sup><b>12.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">廣韻沒分攝，此表的攝是後人所分，兩者屬不同音系，元韻到分攝時已不適用，歸山攝或臻攝都不準確；見<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.zhihu.com/question/38152231">https://www.zhihu.com/question/38152231</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamsey1987-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamsey1987_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamsey1987">Ramsey (1987)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">本条目“<a href="#语法">语法</a>”段落中的例句均转引自王力《汉语语法史》。</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="书目"><span id=".E4.B9.A6.E7.9B.AE"></span>书目</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=33" title="编辑章节：书目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>王力《汉语语法史》，<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E5%8A%A1%E5%8D%B0%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86" title="商务印书馆">商务印书馆</a>，1989年。</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBaxter1992" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/William_H._Baxter" class="mw-redirect" title="William H. Baxter">Baxter, William H.</a>, A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1992, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-11-012324-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-11-012324-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-3-11-012324-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Old+Chinese+Phonology&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-3-11-012324-1&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBaxterSagart2014" class="citation">Baxter, William H.; Sagart, Laurent, Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction, Oxford University Press, 2014, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-994537-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-994537-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-19-994537-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&rft.au=Sagart%2C+Laurent&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.btitle=Old+Chinese%3A+A+New+Reconstruction&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-994537-5&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBranner2006a" class="citation">Branner, David Prager, What are rime tables and what do they mean?, Branner, David Prager (编), The Chinese Rime Tables: Linguistic Philosophy and Historical-Comparative Phonology, Amsterdam: John Benjamins: 1–34, 2006a, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-90-272-4785-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-90-272-4785-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-90-272-4785-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=What+are+rime+tables+and+what+do+they+mean%3F&rft.aufirst=David+Prager&rft.aulast=Branner&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Rime+Tables%3A+Linguistic+Philosophy+and+Historical-Comparative+Phonology&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-90-272-4785-8&rft.pages=1-34&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brannerchinese.com/publications/Branner_Corrigenda_Rime_Tables.pdf">List of Corrigenda</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20171201043631/https://brannerchinese.com/publications/Branner_Corrigenda_Rime_Tables.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBranner2006b" class="citation">———, Appendix II: Comparative transcriptions of rime rable phonology, Branner, David Prager (编), The Chinese Rime Tables: Linguistic Philosophy and Historical-Comparative Phonology, Amsterdam: John Benjamins: 265–302, 2006b, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-90-272-4785-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-90-272-4785-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-90-272-4785-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=Appendix+II%3A+Comparative+transcriptions+of+rime+rable+phonology&rft.aufirst=David+Prager&rft.aulast=Branner&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Rime+Tables%3A+Linguistic+Philosophy+and+Historical-Comparative+Phonology&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-90-272-4785-8&rft.pages=265-302&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFChan2004" class="citation">Chan, Abraham, Early Middle Chinese: towards a new paradigm, T'oung Pao, 2004, <b>90</b> (1/3): 122–162, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/4528958"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 4528958</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1568532042523149"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1163/1568532042523149</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=Early+Middle+Chinese%3A+towards+a+new+paradigm&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1%2F3&rft.jtitle=T%27oung+Pao&rft.pages=122-162&rft.volume=90&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4528958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1568532042523149&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFCoblin2003" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weldon_South_Coblin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weldon South Coblin（页面不存在）">Coblin, W. South</a>, The <i>Chiehyunn</i> system and the current state of Chinese historical phonology, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 2003, <b>123</b> (2): 377–383, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3217690"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 3217690</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3217690"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2307/3217690</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=The+Chiehyunn+system+and+the+current+state+of+Chinese+historical+phonology&rft.aufirst=W.+South&rft.aulast=Coblin&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.pages=377-383&rft.volume=123&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3217690&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3217690&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLi1974–1975" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Fang-Kuei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Fang-Kuei（页面不存在）">Li, Fang-Kuei</a>, Gilbert L. Mattos (trans.), Studies on Archaic Chinese, Monumenta Serica, 1974–1975, <b>31</b>: 219–287, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/40726172"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 40726172</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02549948.1974.11731100"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1080/02549948.1974.11731100</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=Studies+on+Archaic+Chinese&rft.aufirst=Fang-Kuei&rft.aulast=Li&rft.date=1974%2F1975&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monumenta+Serica&rft.pages=219-287&rft.volume=31&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40726172&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02549948.1974.11731100&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMalmqvist2010" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6ran_Malmqvist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Göran Malmqvist（页面不存在）">Malmqvist, Göran</a>, Bernhard Karlgren: Portrait of a Scholar, Rowman & Littlefield, 2010, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-61146-001-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-61146-001-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-61146-001-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=G%C3%B6ran&rft.aulast=Malmqvist&rft.btitle=Bernhard+Karlgren%3A+Portrait+of+a+Scholar&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-61146-001-8&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMei1970" class="citation">Mei, Tsu-lin, Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 1970, <b>30</b>: 86–110, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2718766"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 2718766</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2718766"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2307/2718766</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=Tones+and+prosody+in+Middle+Chinese+and+the+origin+of+the+rising+tone&rft.aufirst=Tsu-lin&rft.aulast=Mei&rft.date=1970&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Journal+of+Asiatic+Studies&rft.pages=86-110&rft.volume=30&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2718766&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2718766&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMiller1967" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roy_Andrew_Miller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roy Andrew Miller（页面不存在）">Miller, Roy Andrew</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/japaneselanguage0000mill_o3y1">The Japanese Language</a><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="需要免费注册"><img alt="需要免费注册" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span>, University of Chicago Press, 1967, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-226-52717-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-226-52717-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-226-52717-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Roy+Andrew&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+Language&rft.date=1967&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-226-52717-8&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjapaneselanguage0000mill_o3y1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E9%9C%80%E7%99%BB%E5%85%A5%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有內容需登入查看的頁面">link</a>)</span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNorman1988" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerry_Norman_(sinologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerry Norman (sinologist)（页面不存在）">Norman, Jerry</a>, Chinese, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-29653-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-521-29653-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-521-29653-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.btitle=Chinese&rft.date=1988&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29653-3&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNorman2006" class="citation">———, Common Dialectal Chinese, Branner, David Prager (编), The Chinese Rime Tables: Linguistic Philosophy and Historical-Comparative Phonology, Amsterdam: John Benjamins: 233–254, 2006, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-90-272-4785-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-90-272-4785-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-90-272-4785-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=Common+Dialectal+Chinese&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Rime+Tables%3A+Linguistic+Philosophy+and+Historical-Comparative+Phonology&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-90-272-4785-8&rft.pages=233-254&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNormanCoblin1995" class="citation">Norman, Jerry L.; Coblin, W. South, A New Approach to Chinese Historical Linguistics, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 1995, <b>115</b> (4): 576–584, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/604728"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 604728</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F604728"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2307/604728</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=A+New+Approach+to+Chinese+Historical+Linguistics&rft.au=Coblin%2C+W.+South&rft.aufirst=Jerry+L.&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.pages=576-584&rft.volume=115&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F604728&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F604728&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPulleyblank1970" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Pulleyblank" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin G. Pulleyblank">Pulleyblank, Edwin George</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/file/1791fTLnTeT.pdf">Late Middle Chinese, Part I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>, Asia Major, 1970, <b>15</b>: 197–239 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-07-02</span>]</span>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025459/http://www2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/file/1791fTLnTeT.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2016-03-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=Late+Middle+Chinese%2C+Part+I&rft.aufirst=Edwin+George&rft.aulast=Pulleyblank&rft.date=1970&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Major&rft.pages=197-239&rft.volume=15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw%2Ffile%2F1791fTLnTeT.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPulleyblank1971" class="citation">———, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/file/1756PYbzTVX.pdf">Late Middle Chinese, Part II</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>, Asia Major, 1971, <b>16</b>: 121–166 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-07-02</span>]</span>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211218035420/http://www2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/file/1756PYbzTVX.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2021-12-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=Late+Middle+Chinese%2C+Part+II&rft.aufirst=Edwin+George&rft.aulast=Pulleyblank&rft.date=1971&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Major&rft.pages=121-166&rft.volume=16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw%2Ffile%2F1756PYbzTVX.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPulleyblank1984" class="citation">———, Middle Chinese: a study in historical phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1984, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7748-0192-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7748-0192-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-7748-0192-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Edwin+G.&rft.aulast=Pulleyblank&rft.btitle=Middle+Chinese%3A+a+study+in+historical+phonology&rft.date=1984&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-0192-8&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPulleyblank1991" class="citation">———, Lexicon of reconstructed pronunciation in early Middle Chinese, late Middle Chinese, and early Mandarin, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1991, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7748-0366-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7748-0366-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-7748-0366-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Edwin+G.&rft.aulast=Pulleyblank&rft.btitle=Lexicon+of+reconstructed+pronunciation+in+early+Middle+Chinese%2C+late+Middle+Chinese%2C+and+early+Mandarin&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-0366-3&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRamsey1987" class="citation">Ramsey, S. Robert, The Languages of China, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-691-01468-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-691-01468-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-691-01468-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=S.+Robert&rft.aulast=Ramsey&rft.btitle=The+Languages+of+China&rft.date=1987&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-691-01468-5&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFStimson1976" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugh_McBirney_Stimson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugh McBirney Stimson（页面不存在）">Stimson, Hugh M.</a>, Fifty-five T'ang Poems, Yale University, 1976, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-88710-026-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-88710-026-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-88710-026-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Hugh+M.&rft.aulast=Stimson&rft.btitle=Fifty-five+T%27ang+Poems&rft.date=1976&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-88710-026-0&rft.pub=Yale+University&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTing1996" class="citation">Ting, Pang-Hsin, Tonal evolution and tonal reconstruction in Chinese, Huang, Cheng-Teh James; Li, Yen-Hui Audrey (编), New Horizons in Chinese Linguistics, Kluwer: 141–159, 1996, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7923-3867-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7923-3867-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-7923-3867-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=Tonal+evolution+and+tonal+reconstruction+in+Chinese&rft.aufirst=Pang-Hsin&rft.aulast=Ting&rft.btitle=New+Horizons+in+Chinese+Linguistics&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-3867-3&rft.pages=141-159&rft.pub=Kluwer&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=34" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79074265">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-count:2; column-width:auto;"> <dl><dt>中古汉语相关</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%87%E9%9F%B5%E9%9F%B3" title="切韵音">切韵音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E9%9F%BB" title="廣韻">廣韻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%BB%E5%9C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="韻圖">韻圖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="三十六字母">三十六字母</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E8%81%B2%E6%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="中古漢語聲母">中古漢語聲母</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%A3%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="四声">四声</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A5%E5%A3%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="入声">入声</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>另见</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%BC%A2%E8%97%8F%E8%AA%9E" title="原始漢藏語">原始汉藏语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E5%8F%B2" title="漢語史">漢語史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%B5%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="汉语音韵史">漢語音韻史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="原始汉语">原始汉语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%A4%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="上古漢語">上古漢語</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=35" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%91%E5%BC%80%E7%89%87" title="郑开片">鄭開片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%91%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="郑州话">鄭州話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%81%E8%AF%9D" title="开封话">開封話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E5%B5%A9%E7%89%87" title="洛嵩片">洛嵩片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E9%99%BD%E8%A9%B1" title="洛陽話">洛陽話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%AD%AF%E7%89%87" title="南魯片">南魯片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%98%B3%E8%AF%9D" title="南阳话">南陽話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%AF%E9%A0%85%E7%89%87" title="漯項片">漯項片</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E9%98%9C%E7%89%87" title="商阜片">商阜片</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E8%9A%8C%E7%89%87" title="信蚌片">信蚌片</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%96%E8%8F%8F%E7%89%87" title="兖菏片">兖菏片</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E6%B7%AE%E7%89%87" title="徐淮片">徐淮片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="徐州话">徐州話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BE%E6%B2%B3%E7%89%87" title="汾河片">汾河片</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%B3%E9%98%B3%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="平阳小片（页面不存在）">平阳小片</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%9B%E5%B7%9E%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="绛州小片（页面不存在）">绛州小片</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A7%A3%E5%B7%9E%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="解州小片（页面不存在）">解州小片</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B3%E4%B8%AD%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="关中片">關中片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="西安話">西安話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E9%99%87%E7%89%87" title="秦陇片">秦隴片</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%87%E4%B8%AD%E7%89%87" title="陇中片">隴中片</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%B7%9E%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="河州片">河州片</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E7%96%86%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南疆片（页面不存在）">南疆片</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%B9%B2%E8%AF%AD" title="东干语">东干语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E9%93%B6%E5%AE%98%E8%AF%9D" title="兰银官话">兰银官话</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%91%E5%9F%8E%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="金城片（页面不存在）">金城片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="兰州话">蘭州話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%B3%E8%A5%BF%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="河西片（页面不存在）">河西片</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%8A%80%E5%90%B3%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="銀吳片（页面不存在）">銀吳片</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%96%86%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="北疆片">北疆片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E9%B2%81%E6%9C%A8%E9%BD%90%E8%AF%9D" title="乌鲁木齐话">烏魯木齊話</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E6%B7%AE%E5%AE%98%E8%AF%9D" title="江淮官话">江淮官话</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E6%B3%B0%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="通泰方言">泰如片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%80%9A%E8%AF%9D" title="南通话">南通話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%B7%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="泰州話">泰州話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%AA%E5%B7%A2%E7%89%87" title="洪巢片">洪巢片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%AC%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="扬州话">揚州話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E8%A9%B1" title="南京話">南京話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E8%82%A5%E8%AF%9D" title="合肥话">合肥話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E5%AD%9D%E7%89%87" title="黄孝片">黃孝片</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%B9%B3%E8%AF%9D" title="南平话">南平话</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%98%E8%AF%9D" title="西南官话">西南官话</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%9D%E9%BB%94%E7%89%87" title="川黔片">川黔片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E6%B8%9D%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87" title="成渝小片">成渝小片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E9%83%BD%E8%AF%9D" title="成都话">成都话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%BA%86%E8%AF%9D" title="重庆话">重庆话</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%94%E4%B8%AD%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87" title="黔中小片">黔中小片</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%99%95%E5%8D%97%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="陕南小片（页面不存在）">陕南小片</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%9C%80%E7%89%87" title="西蜀片">西蜀片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%B7%E6%B1%9F%E8%AF%9D" title="岷江话">岷赤小片</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E7%94%98%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87" title="雅甘小片">雅甘小片</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E8%B4%A1%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87" title="江贡小片">江贡小片</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%9D%E8%A5%BF%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="川西片（页面不存在）">川西片</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%B7%E8%97%8F%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="康藏小片（页面不存在）">康藏小片</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%87%89%E5%B1%B1%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="凉山小片（页面不存在）">凉山小片</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%9D" title="云南话">雲南片</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%87%E4%B8%AD%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="滇中小片（页面不存在）">滇中小片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%86%E6%98%8E%E8%A9%B1" title="昆明話">昆明話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%87%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="滇西小片（页面不存在）">滇西小片</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%87%E5%8D%97%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="滇南小片（页面不存在）">滇南小片</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B9%96%E5%BB%A3%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="湖廣片（页面不存在）">湖廣片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%84%82%E5%8C%97%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87" title="鄂北小片">鄂北小片</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%84%82%E4%B8%AD%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鄂中小片（页面不存在）">鄂中小片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%9D" title="武汉话">武漢話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B9%98%E5%8C%97%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="湘北小片（页面不存在）">湘北小片</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B9%98%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="湘西小片（页面不存在）">湘西小片</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%80%E7%8E%89%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="怀玉小片（页面不存在）">怀玉小片</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%94%E4%B8%9C%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黔东小片（页面不存在）">黔东小片</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%8E%E9%9D%96%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黎靖小片（页面不存在）">黎靖小片</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%82%E6%9F%B3%E8%AF%9D" title="桂柳话">桂柳片</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B9%98%E5%8D%97%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="湘南小片（页面不存在）">湘南小片</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A1%82%E5%8C%97%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="桂北小片（页面不存在）">桂北小片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%82%E6%9E%97%E8%AF%9D" title="桂林话">桂林話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%B3%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="柳州话">柳州話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%94%E5%8D%97%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黔南小片（页面不存在）">黔南小片</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%85%B9%E8%AF%AD" title="塔兹语">塔茲語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E5%AE%B6%E8%AF%9D" title="军家话">军家话</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%8D%97%E5%86%9B%E8%AF%9D" title="海南军话">海南军话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E4%B8%9C%E5%86%9B%E8%AF%9D" title="广东军话">广东军话</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%A6%AC%E8%8F%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="新馬華語">新馬華語</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1%E5%BC%8F%E8%8F%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="新加坡式華語">新加坡式華語</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%89%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="晉語">晉语</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B6%E5%B7%9E%E7%89%87" title="并州片">并州片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%8E%9F%E8%AF%9D" title="太原话">太原話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%82%E6%A2%81%E7%89%87" title="呂梁片">呂梁片</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E9%BB%A8%E7%89%87" title="上黨片">上黨片</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%87%BA%E7%89%87" title="五臺片">五臺片</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%AF%E6%96%B0%E7%89%87" title="邯新片">邯新片</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%85%E7%89%87" title="大包片">大包片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%90%8C%E8%A9%B1" title="大同話">大同話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E5%91%BC%E7%89%87" title="張呼片">張呼片</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%97%E5%BB%B6%E7%89%87" title="志延片">志延片</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%A4%E8%AF%AD" title="粤语">粤语</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="粵語方言" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="粵語方言">粵語方言</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E6%B5%B7%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="粵海片">粵海片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="广州话">广州话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="香港話">香港話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%91%E5%AE%B6%E8%A9%B1" title="蜑家話">蜑家話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%9E%E5%AF%B6%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="莞寶片">莞寶片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8D%E9%A0%AD%E8%A9%B1" title="圍頭話">圍頭話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%95%E6%BD%AF%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="邕潯片">邕潯片</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%BE%E6%BC%8F%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="勾漏片">勾漏片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B5%E6%B8%AF%E8%AF%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="贵港话">貴港話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E5%BB%A3%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="羅廣片">羅廣片</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E9%82%91%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="四邑方言">四邑片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E5%B1%B1%E8%A9%B1" title="台山話">台山話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E9%99%BD%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="高陽片">高陽片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%BD%E6%B1%9F%E8%A9%B1" title="陽江話">陽江話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%82%E5%90%8D%E7%99%BD%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="茂名白話">茂名白話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A6%E5%BB%89%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="钦廉片">钦廉片</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E5%8C%96%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="吳化片">吳化片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="化州话">化州話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%8B%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="儋州话">儋州話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E7%99%BD%E8%AF%9D" title="越南白话">越南白话</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E8%AF%9D" title="客家话">客家語</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="客家话方言" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E8%AF%9D%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80#中國大陸之劃分" title="客家话方言">客家话方言</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E5%8F%B0%E5%AE%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="粵台客語">粵台片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E5%8E%BF%E8%AF%9D" title="梅县话">梅州話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%8E%BF%E8%AF%9D" title="四县话">四县话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E8%AA%9E" title="香港客家語">香港客家语</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E4%B8%AD%E5%AE%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="粵中客語">粵中片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E6%BA%90%E8%A9%B1" title="河源話">河源話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="粵北客語">粵北片</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A0%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="惠州话">惠州片</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%80%E5%B7%9E%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="汀州片">汀州片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%B1%80%E8%A9%B1" title="長汀話">長汀話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A7%E9%BE%8D%E5%AE%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="寧龍客語">寧龍片</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8E%E6%A1%82%E5%AE%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="于桂客語">于桂片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8E%E9%83%BD%E8%A9%B1" title="于都話">于都話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%85%E9%BC%93%E5%AE%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="銅鼓客語">銅鼓片</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E8%A9%B1" title="四川客家話">四川客家語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B2%E8%AF%9D" title="畲话">畲话</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%98%E8%AF%AD" title="湘语">湘语</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E7%9B%8A%E7%89%87" title="长益片">长益片</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%BF%E6%A0%AA%E6%BD%AD%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="长株潭小片（页面不存在）">长株潭小片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E6%B2%99%E8%AF%9D" title="长沙话">長沙話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%98%E6%BD%AD%E8%AF%9D" title="湘潭话">湘潭話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%81%E4%B9%A1%E8%AF%9D" title="宁乡话">宁乡话</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%8A%E6%B2%85%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="益沅小片（页面不存在）">益沅小片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%8A%E9%98%B3%E8%AF%9D" title="益阳话">益阳话</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B2%B3%E9%98%B3%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="岳阳小片（页面不存在）">岳阳小片</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%84%E9%82%B5%E7%89%87" title="娄邵片">婁邵片</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B9%98%E5%8F%8C%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="湘双小片（页面不存在）">湘双小片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%98%E4%B9%A1%E8%AF%9D" title="湘乡话">湘乡话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E5%B3%B0%E8%AF%9D" title="双峰话">双峰话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B6%E5%B1%B1%E8%AF%9D" title="韶山话">韶山话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%84%E5%BA%95%E8%AF%9D" title="娄底话">婁底話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B6%9F%E6%A2%85%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="涟梅小片（页面不存在）">涟梅小片</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%96%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新化小片（页面不存在）">新化小片</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A6%E9%82%B5%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="武邵小片（页面不存在）">武邵小片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%87%E5%8F%AD%E8%8B%97%E8%AF%9D" title="喇叭苗话">喇叭苗话</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%A5%E4%BC%9A%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="绥会小片（页面不存在）">绥会小片</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%A1%E5%B7%9E%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="衡州片（页面不存在）">衡州片</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%A1%E9%98%B3%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="衡阳小片（页面不存在）">衡阳小片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A1%E9%99%BD%E8%A9%B1" title="衡陽話">衡陽話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%A1%E5%B1%B1%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="衡山小片（页面不存在）">衡山小片</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B0%E6%BA%86%E7%89%87" title="辰溆片">辰漵片</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E5%85%A8%E7%89%87" title="永全片">永全片</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%9C%E7%A5%81%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="东祁小片（页面不存在）">东祁小片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="永州话">永州话</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%93%E6%B1%9F%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="道江小片（页面不存在）">道江小片</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A8%E8%B5%84%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="全资小片（页面不存在）">全资小片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="全州话">全州话</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9B%E8%AA%9E" title="贛語">贛語</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="贛語方言" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9B%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="贛語方言">贛語方言</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8C%E9%83%BD%E7%89%87" title="昌都片">昌都片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%98%8C%E8%AF%9D" title="南昌话">南昌話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9C%E7%80%8F%E7%89%87" title="宜瀏片">宜瀏片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9C%E6%98%A5%E8%AF%9D" title="宜春话">宜春話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E8%8C%B6%E7%89%87" title="吉茶片">吉茶片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%AE%89%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="吉安話">吉安話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%92%AB%E5%BB%A3%E7%89%87" title="撫廣片">撫廣片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%9A%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="抚州话">撫州話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B7%B9%E5%BC%8B%E7%89%87" title="鷹弋片">鷹弋片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B7%B9%E6%BD%AD%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="鷹潭話">鷹潭話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%80%9A%E7%89%87" title="大通片">大通片</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%87%B7%E5%B6%BD%E7%89%87" title="懷嶽片">懷嶽片</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%92%E8%B3%87%E7%89%87" title="耒資片">耒資片</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9E%E7%B6%8F%E7%89%87" title="洞綏片">洞綏片</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E8%AF%AD" title="吴语">吴语</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="吳語方言" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="吳語方言">吳語方言</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E6%B9%96%E7%89%87" title="太湖片">太湖片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="上海小片">上海小片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="上海話">上海話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E5%98%89%E6%B9%96%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87" title="蘇嘉湖小片">蘇嘉湖小片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E5%B7%9E%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇州話">蘇州話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E9%94%A1%E8%AF%9D" title="无锡话">無錫話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E5%B7%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="湖州話">湖州話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%98%89%E5%85%B4%E8%AF%9D" title="嘉兴话">嘉興話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%97%E9%99%B5%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="毗陵小片">毗陵小片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="常州话">常州話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B4%E7%BB%8D%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="临绍小片">臨紹小片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B9%E8%88%88%E8%A9%B1" title="紹興話">紹興話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%AC%E6%B1%9F%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87" title="甬江小片">甬江小片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A7%E6%B3%A2%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="寧波話">寧波話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%AD%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="杭州话">杭州話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="台州话">台州片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="台州话">台州話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E8%A1%A2%E7%89%87" title="金衢片">金衢片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E8%8F%AF%E8%A9%B1" title="金華話">金華話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A2%E5%B7%9E%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="衢州話">衢州話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E9%BA%97%E7%89%87" title="上麗片">上麗片</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8A%E5%B1%B1%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="上山小片（页面不存在）">上山小片</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BA%97%E6%B0%B4%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="麗水小片（页面不存在）">麗水小片</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%AF%E6%B1%9F%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="瓯江片">甌江片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="温州话">溫州話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A3%E5%B7%9E%E7%89%87" title="宣州片">宣州片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9C%E6%B3%BE%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87" title="铜泾小片">銅涇小片</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%AB%98%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="太高小片">太高小片</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E9%99%B5%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87" title="石陵小片">石陵小片</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%BD%E8%AF%AD" title="闽语">闽语</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%BF%E5%B1%B1%E9%96%A9%E8%AA%9E" title="沿山閩語">沿山閩語</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%B5%E5%B0%86%E8%AF%AD" title="邵将语">邵将语</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%B5%E6%AD%A6%E8%AF%9D" title="邵武话">邵武話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%86%E4%B9%90%E8%AF%9D" title="将乐话">將樂話</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%BD%E5%8C%97%E8%AF%AD" title="闽北语">闽北语</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E9%98%B3%E8%AF%9D" title="建阳话">西溪片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E9%98%B3%E8%AF%9D" title="建阳话">建陽話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%93%AF%E8%AF%9D" title="建瓯话">東溪片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%93%AF%E8%AF%9D" title="建瓯话">建甌話</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%BD%E4%B8%AD%E8%AF%AD" title="闽中语">闽中语</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E5%AE%89%E8%AF%9D" title="永安话">永安話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%98%8E%E8%AF%9D" title="三明话">三明話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%8E%BF%E8%AF%9D" title="沙县话">沙縣話</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%BF%E6%B5%B7%E9%96%A9%E8%AA%9E" title="沿海閩語">沿海閩語</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%A9%E6%9D%B1%E8%AA%9E" title="閩東語">閩東語</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%AF%E5%AE%98%E7%89%87" title="侯官片">侯官片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%B7%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="福州話">福州話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%AE%81%E7%89%87" title="福宁片">福宁片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%AE%89%E8%A9%B1" title="福安話">福安話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%AE%E8%AE%B2" title="蛮讲">蛮讲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%87%95%E8%AF%9D" title="燕话">燕話</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%86%E4%BB%99%E8%AA%9E" title="莆仙語">興化語</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%86%E7%94%B0%E8%A9%B1" title="莆田話">莆田話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%99%E9%81%8A%E8%A9%B1" title="仙遊話">仙遊話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E5%9D%B5%E8%A9%B1" title="烏坵話">烏坵話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E8%85%B0%E8%AF%9D" title="澳腰话">澳腰话</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%BD%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD" title="闽南语">闽南语</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%89%E6%BC%B3%E7%89%87" title="泉漳片">泉漳片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%89%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="泉州话">泉州話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%88%E9%96%80%E8%A9%B1" title="廈門話">廈門話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%B3%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="漳州话">漳州話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%99%E5%B2%A9%E8%AF%9D" title="龙岩话">龍巖話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E8%A9%B1" title="臺灣話">臺灣話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%B0%E8%AF%9D" title="海丰话">海陸豐話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E7%A6%8F%E5%BB%BA%E8%AF%9D" title="东南亚福建话">東南亞福建話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%AE%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="潮州话">潮汕片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%AE%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="潮州话">潮州话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%95%E9%A0%AD%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="汕頭話">汕頭話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%AE%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="潮州话">揭陽話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%99%E5%8D%97%E9%96%A9%E8%AA%9E" title="浙南閩語">浙南片</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E8%B7%AF%E8%AF%9D" title="前路话">大田片</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E9%96%A9%E8%AA%9E" title="中山閩語">中山片</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%8A%E9%9B%B7%E8%A9%B1" title="瓊雷話">瓊雷語</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="雷州话">雷州话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%9D" title="海南话">海南话</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%9D#方言片区" title="海南话">分區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%8F%A3%E8%AF%9D" title="海口话">海口話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%98%8C%E8%A9%B1" title="文昌話">文昌話</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%BD%E8%AF%AD" title="徽语">徽语</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%A9%E6%AD%99%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="绩歙片">績歙片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%A9%E6%BA%AA%E8%AF%9D" title="绩溪话">績溪話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E9%BB%9F%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="休黟片">休黟片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%AF%E6%BA%AA%E8%AF%9D" title="屯溪话">屯溪話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%81%E5%A9%BA%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="祁婺片">祁婺片</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%8C%E5%8D%A0%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="旌占片">旌占片</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A5%E5%B7%9E%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="严州片">嚴州片</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E8%AF%9D%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%9F%E8%AF%9D" title="平话和土话">平话和土话</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E8%A5%BF%E5%B9%B3%E8%A9%B1" title="廣西平話">平话</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E8%A5%BF%E5%B9%B3%E8%A9%B1#桂南平话" title="廣西平話">桂南片</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E8%A5%BF%E5%B9%B3%E8%A9%B1#桂北平话" title="廣西平話">桂北片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%98%E5%BF%B5%E8%AF%9D" title="优念话">优念话</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%AF%9D" title="土话">土话</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%98%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%9F%E8%AF%9D" title="湘南土话">湘南片</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%A4%E5%8C%97%E5%9C%9F%E8%AF%9D" title="粤北土话">粤北片</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E4%B9%A1%E8%AF%9D" title="瓦乡话">瓦乡话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BF%E9%9D%92%E4%BA%BA#语言" title="穿青人">老辈子话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%A4%AB%E8%AF%9D" title="孔夫话">孔夫话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E8%AF%9D" title="迈话">迈话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%8C%E9%A6%AC%E8%A9%B1" title="富馬話">富馬話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="白语">白语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%94%A1%E9%BE%99%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="蔡龙语支">蔡龙语</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%94%A1%E5%AE%B6%E8%A9%B1" title="蔡家話">蔡家话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%99%E5%AE%B6%E8%AF%AD" title="龙家语">龙家语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E4%BA%BA%E8%AF%AD" title="卢人语">卢人语</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%B1%9F%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%B0%E8%A9%B1" title="東江本地話">東江本地話</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A0%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="惠州话">惠州话</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%98%89%E7%B1%B3%E8%AF%9D" title="嘉米话">嘉米話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%98%E5%BF%B5%E8%AF%9D" title="优念话">優念話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%B1%AA%E8%AF%9D" title="唐汪话">唐汪話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%80%92%E8%AF%9D" title="倒话">倒話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E8%95%89%E7%99%BD%E8%A9%B1" title="香蕉白話">香蕉白話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E5%A7%93%E6%BC%81%E6%B0%91%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="九姓漁民方言">九姓漁民方言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%B1%AF%E8%A9%B1" title="五屯話">五屯話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8F%E5%92%8C%E8%AF%AD" title="协和语">協和語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%89%B2%E8%AF%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="五色话">五色話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="新加坡漢語">新加坡汉語方言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="马来西亚汉语方言">马来西亚汉語方言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B3%87%E5%B3%87%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="峇峇話">峇峇話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%B3%92%E7%91%B6%E8%AF%AD" title="八峒瑶语">八峒瑶语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%9C%B0%E7%91%B6%E8%AF%9D" title="平地瑶话">平地瑶话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E8%95%89%E7%99%BD%E8%A9%B1" title="香蕉白話">香蕉白话</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%">古代方言</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%80%E8%AA%9E" title="蜀語">蜀語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9A%E8%AA%9E" title="楚語">楚語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8E%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E5%88%B0%E5%AE%98%E8%AF%9D%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E6%BC%94%E5%8F%98" title="从中古汉语到官话的语音演变">从中古汉语到官话的语音演变</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%90%E8%AF%AD_(%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80)" title="齐语 (语言)">齐语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%90%B3%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="古吳語">古吳語</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8E%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E5%88%B0%E5%90%B4%E8%AF%AD%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E6%BC%94%E5%8F%98" title="从中古汉语到吴语的语音演变">从中古汉语到吴语的语音演变</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E9%96%A9%E8%AA%9E" title="原始閩語">原始闽语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9B%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="贛語的歷史">贛語歷史</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%A4%E8%B4%9B%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="上古贛語（页面不存在）">上古</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E8%B4%9B%E8%AA%9E" title="中古贛語">中古</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E8%B4%9B%E8%AA%9E" title="中世贛語">中世</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%B8%96%E8%B4%9B%E8%AA%9E" title="近世贛語">近世</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E8%B4%9B%E8%AA%9E" title="近代贛語">近代</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="粵語歷史">粵語歷史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%87%E9%9F%B5%E9%9F%B3" title="切韵音">切韵音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%B4%9B%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="粵贛方言">粤客赣方言</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9B%E5%AE%A2%E8%AA%9E%E6%94%AF" title="贛客語支">客赣方言</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E9%96%A9%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="吳閩方言">吳閩方言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E9%80%9A%E9%9F%B3" title="漢語方言通音">汉语方言通音</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E8%A9%9E" title="漢字詞">漢語影響</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC-%E7%90%89%E7%90%83%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="日本-琉球语系">日琉語系</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="日语">日语</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="日语漢字音">日语漢字音</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E9%9F%B3%E7%9A%84%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" title="日本漢字音的聲調">声调</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%9F%B3_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E9%9F%B3)" title="古音 (日本漢字音)">古音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E9%9F%B3" title="吳音">吳音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E9%9F%B3" title="漢音">漢音</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%BC%A2%E9%9F%B3" title="新漢音">新汉音</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E9%9F%B3" title="唐音">唐音</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E9%9F%B3" title="宋音">宋音</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%A3%E7%94%A8%E9%9F%B3" title="慣用音">惯用音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E5%9C%B0%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="現地音">现地音</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E5%80%9F%E8%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="日语中的现代汉语借词">借词</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%89%E7%90%83%E8%AA%9E" title="琉球語">琉球語</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%89%E7%90%83%E6%B1%89%E5%AD%97%E9%9F%B3" title="琉球汉字音">琉球汉字音</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="朝鲜语系">朝鮮語系</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="朝鲜语">朝鲜语</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E8%AA%9E%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="朝鮮語漢字音">朝鲜语汉字音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E8%AA%9E" title="漢字語">汉字语</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="南亚语系">南亚语系</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="越南語">越南語</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%B6%8A%E9%9F%B3" title="漢越音">汉越音</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%83%E9%9F%B3" title="喃音">喃音</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%83%E9%9F%B3#喃字的喃音" title="喃音">喃喃音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%83%E9%9F%B3#純喃音" title="喃音">纯喃音</a></li> <li>汉喃音 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%BC%A2%E8%B6%8A%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="古漢越音">古汉越音</a></li> <li>越化汉越音</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%B6%8A%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="漢越語">汉越语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E5%9C%B0%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="現地音">现地音</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%">其他語言</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E5%80%9F%E8%A9%9E%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="英語中的漢語借詞列表">英語</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西班牙语中的汉语借词列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of Spanish words of Chinese origin"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E5%80%9F%E8%AF%8D%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西班牙语中的汉语借词列表（页面不存在）">西班牙語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Spanish_words_of_Chinese_origin" class="extiw" title="en:List of Spanish words of Chinese origin"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of Spanish words of Chinese origin</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #e0e0b0;;"><div id="書寫系統" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%9B%B8%E9%9D%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="中文書面語">書寫系統</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%9B%B8%E9%9D%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="中文書面語">書寫類型</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E7%B4%A0%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="语素文字">语素文字</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%">字形</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%">類型</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%AD%97" title="汉字">汉字</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%81%E4%BD%93%E5%AD%97" title="繁体字">繁体字</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E4%BD%93%E5%AD%97" title="正体字">正体字</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%80%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%97" title="简化字">简化字</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E7%AE%80%E5%AD%97" title="二简字">二简字</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%97" title="方言字">方言字</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%97" title="四川方言字">四川</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%97" title="南京方言字">南京</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E8%AA%9E%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="吳語字">吳語</a></li> <li>閩語 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%A9%E8%AA%9E%E5%AD%97" title="閩語字">閩東語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E9%96%A9%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="台閩字">閩南語</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E9%96%A9%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E%E6%8E%A8%E8%96%A6%E7%94%A8%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="台灣閩南語推薦用字">台灣閩南語推薦用字</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E%E5%AD%97" title="粵語字">粵語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E8%AA%9E%E6%9B%B8%E5%AF%AB%E6%8E%A8%E8%96%A6%E7%94%A8%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="台灣客家語書寫推薦用字">客語</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%">文體</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%A8%80%E6%96%87" title="文言文">文言文</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%87_(%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8)" title="古文 (文學)">古文</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%">文白相夾</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8F%8A%E7%AC%AC" title="三及第">三及第</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%A9%B1%E6%96%87" title="白話文">白話文</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1%E7%99%BD%E8%A9%B1%E6%96%87" title="官話白話文">官話白話文</a>（京白）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%B7%9E%E9%9F%BB%E7%99%BD%E8%A9%B1%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="中州韻白話文">中州韻白話文</a>（韻白）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E8%AA%9E%E7%99%BD%E8%A9%B1%E6%96%87" title="吳語白話文">吳語白話文</a>（蘇白）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E%E7%99%BD%E8%A9%B1%E6%96%87" title="粵語白話文">粵語白話文</a>（廣白）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%A9%E8%AA%9E%E7%99%BD%E8%A9%B1%E6%96%87" title="閩語白話文">閩東語白話文</a>（閩白）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%A9%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E%E7%99%BD%E8%A9%B1%E6%96%87" title="閩南語白話文">閩南語白話文</a>（廈白）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E8%AF%9D" title="客家话">客家话白話文</a>（客白）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E9%9F%B3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="表音文字">表音文字</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%">字母</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%AD%97%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%8C%96" title="汉字拉丁化">拉丁</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E6%B3%A8%E9%9F%B3%E5%8F%B2" title="漢字注音史">拼音史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E5%AD%97%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88" title="通字方案">通字</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%">官</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="官話拼音史">拼音史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="標準官話拼音對照表">北京</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%A6%A5%E7%91%AA%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="威妥瑪拼音">威妥瑪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%B5%E6%94%BF%E5%BC%8F%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="郵政式拼音">郵政式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97" title="國語羅馬字">國語羅馬字</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9%E8%A9%B1%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%8C%96%E6%96%B0%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="北方話拉丁化新文字">北方話拉丁化新文字</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="漢語拼音">漢語拼音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%A8%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%BC%8F" title="國語注音符號第二式">國音二式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="通用拼音">通用</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E9%AD%AF%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="耶魯拼音">耶魯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E9%81%A0%E6%9D%B1%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="法國遠東學院拼音">EFEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E5%BC%8F%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="德國式拼音">德國式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%BC%8F%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="捷克式拼音">捷克式</a></li></ul></li> <li>西南 <ul><li>川渝 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D%E8%AF%9D%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%8C%96%E6%96%B0%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="四川话拉丁化新文字">四川話拉丁化新文字</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D%E8%AF%9D%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="四川话拼音">四川話拼音</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%B3%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="柳州">柳州</a></li></ul></li> <li>江淮 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E8%A9%B1%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%8C%96%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88" title="南京話拉丁化方案">南京</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%AC%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E8%A1%A8" title="扬州话拉丁化字母表">揚州</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%">粵</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="粵語的拼音歷史">拼音史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7%E8%A1%A8" title="粵語拼音對照表">廣州</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E6%8B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="粵拼">粵拼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88" title="教育學院拼音方案">教院式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E%E5%AF%AC%E5%BC%8F%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="粵語寬式國際音標">寬式國際音標</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E9%8C%AB%E5%87%8C%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="黃錫凌羅馬拼音">黃錫凌</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E9%8C%AB%E7%A5%A5%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="劉錫祥拼音">劉式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E9%AD%AF%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="耶魯拼音">耶魯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E5%B7%9E%E8%A9%B1%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88" class="mw-redirect" title="廣州話拼音方案">廣州拼音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="香港政府粵語拼音">港府方案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="澳門政府粵語拼音">澳門方案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyer%E2%80%93Wempe" title="Meyer–Wempe">Meyer–Wempe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97" title="粵語標準羅馬字">標準羅馬字</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%A4%E8%AF%AD%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%AD%97" title="粤语罗马字">粵語羅馬字</a></li></ul></li> <li>四邑 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E5%B1%B1%E8%AF%9D%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88" title="台山话拼音方案">台山</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B9%B3%E8%AF%9D%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88" title="开平话拼音方案">開平</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%BD%E6%B1%9F%E8%A9%B1%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88" title="陽江話拼音方案">陽江</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%">客</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E7%99%BD%E8%A9%B1%E5%AD%97" title="客家白話字">白話字</a></li> <li>粵東 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E8%A9%B1%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88" title="客家話拼音方案">客家話拼音方案</a></li></ul></li> <li>臺灣 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88" title="臺灣語言音標方案">TLPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E8%AA%9E%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="客語通用拼音">通用</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E8%AA%9E%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88" title="客家語拼音方案">臺灣客語拼音方案</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%">贛</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="贛語拼音" data-lang-code="gan" data-lang-name="赣语" data-foreign-title="贛語拼音"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%9B%E8%AA%9E%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="贛語拼音（页面不存在）">贛語拼音</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">赣语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%9B%E8%AA%9E%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" class="extiw" title="gan:贛語拼音"><span lang="gan" dir="auto">贛語拼音</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%">吳</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>通用 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E8%AF%AD%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%8C%96%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88" title="吴语拉丁化方案">吳語拉丁化方案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%B5%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%AD%97" title="吴语音韵罗马字">吳語音韻羅馬字</a></li></ul></li> <li>北吳 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E8%A9%B1%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%8C%96%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88" class="mw-redirect" title="上海話拉丁化方案">上海</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E8%AA%9E%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%BC%8F%E6%B3%A8%E9%9F%B3%E6%B3%95" title="吳語拉丁式注音法">法吳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E8%AF%9D%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%AD%97" title="上海话教会罗马字">教會羅馬字</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%8C%96%E6%96%B0%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="拉丁化新文字">江南話新文字</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B1%E4%B9%83%E8%8D%A3%E5%BC%8F%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E8%AF%9D%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88" title="钱乃荣式上海话拼音方案">錢式</a></li></ul></li> <li>蘇州 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%AD%97" title="苏州话教会罗马字">教會羅馬字</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88" title="苏州话拼音方案">蘇州話拼音方案</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A%E6%9D%AD%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%AD%97" title="教会杭州话罗马字">杭州</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%81%E6%B3%A2%E8%AF%9D%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%AD%97" title="宁波话教会罗马字">寧波</a></li></ul></li> <li>台州 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E5%B7%9E%E8%A9%B1%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97" title="台州話羅馬字">台州話羅馬字</a></li></ul></li> <li>溫州 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%B7%9E%E8%A9%B1%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97" title="溫州話羅馬字">溫州話羅馬字</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%8C%96%E6%96%B0%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="拉丁化新文字">甌嘉新文字</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%">閩</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>閩都 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E8%A9%B1%E5%AD%97" title="平話字">平話字</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88" title="福州话拼音方案">福州話拼音方案</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E5%AF%A7%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97" title="建寧羅馬字">建寧羅馬字</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%88%E5%8C%96%E5%B9%B3%E8%A9%B1%E5%AD%97" title="興化平話字">興化平話字</a></li> <li>海南 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%8D%97%E8%A9%B1%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88" class="mw-redirect" title="海南話拼音方案">海南話拼音方案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%8D%97%E7%99%BD%E8%A9%B1%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="海南白話字">海南白話字</a></li></ul></li> <li>潮汕 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%AE%E5%B7%9E%E8%A9%B1%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88" title="潮州話拼音方案">潮州話拼音方案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%AE%E5%B7%9E%E7%99%BD%E8%A9%B1%E5%AD%97" title="潮州白話字">潮州白話字</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%A9%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%8C%96%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="閩南語拉丁化歷史">泉漳</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/%E9%96%A9%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7%E8%A1%A8" class="extiw" title="v:閩南語拼音對照表">對照表</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%A9%B1%E5%AD%97" title="白話字">POJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E8%AA%9E%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="臺語現代文">MLT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B0%A1%E5%BC%8F%E5%8F%B0%E8%AA%9E%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%96%87" title="簡式台語現代文">SMLT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E5%AF%A6%E5%8F%B0%E6%96%87" title="普實台文">PSDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88" title="臺灣語言音標方案">TLPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E8%AA%9E%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="臺語通用拼音">通用</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E9%96%A9%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88" class="mw-redirect" title="臺灣閩南語羅馬字拼音方案">臺羅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%88%E9%96%80%E8%A9%B1%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%8C%96%E6%96%B0%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="廈門話拉丁化新文字">廈門話拉丁化新文字</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%A9%E5%8D%97%E8%A9%B1%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88" title="閩南話拼音方案">閩拼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E7%A6%8F%E5%BB%BA%E8%A9%B1%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="東南亞福建話拼音">東南亞</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="注音符號">注音</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="注音符號">北京</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%A8%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="粵語注音符號">廣府</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%96%B9%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="臺灣方音符號">泉漳客家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%A5%96%E9%96%A9%E6%9D%B1%EF%BC%88%E7%A6%8F%E5%B7%9E%EF%BC%89%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%A8%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="馬祖閩東（福州）語注音符號">馬祖</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%B0%94%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E8%BD%AC%E5%86%99%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="汉语西里尔字母转写系统">西里爾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E7%9A%84%E9%9F%A9%E6%96%87%E8%BD%AC%E5%86%99" title="中文的韩文转写">韓文</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%AD%97%E7%9A%84%E8%92%99%E6%96%87%E8%BD%AC%E5%86%99" title="汉字的蒙文转写">蒙文</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%84%BF%E7%BB%8F" title="小儿经">阿拉伯</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%">文體</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97" title="教會羅馬字">教會羅馬字</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%B9%B2%E8%AF%AD" title="东干语">東干文</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%84%BF%E7%BB%8F" title="小儿经">小儿经</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%">半音節文字</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B2%E6%96%87" title="盲文">盲文/點字</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E%E9%BB%9E%E5%AD%97" title="粵語點字">粵語</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%8E%A8%E6%88%90%E5%AD%97%E6%B3%95" title="三推成字法">三推成字法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%88%87%E9%9F%B3%E6%96%B0%E5%AD%97" title="中国切音新字">中国切音新字</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" class="mw-disambig" title="假名">假名</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E6%9D%B1%E8%AA%9E%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="廣東語假名">客語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E8%AA%9E%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="臺灣語假名">閩南語</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E8%AA%9E%E8%AB%BA%E6%96%87" class="extiw" title="v:臺語諺文">臺語諺文</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E4%B9%A6" title="女书">女书</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%8F%B0%E6%96%87" title="漢羅台文">漢羅台文</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E8%AF%9D%E5%90%88%E5%A3%B0%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="官话合声字母">官話合聲字母</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%">外语文字</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%">外语汉字</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%B1%89%E5%AD%97" title="日本汉字">日本汉字</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6%E6%B1%89%E5%AD%97" title="和制汉字">和制汉字</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%89%E7%90%83%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" title="琉球漢字">琉球汉字</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E6%B1%89%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="朝鲜汉字">朝鲜汉字</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%A9%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AD%97" title="韩国国字">韩国国字</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AD%97" title="儒字">儒字</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%">汉字衍生</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%83%B0%E6%96%87" title="僰文">僰文</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E4%BE%9D%E6%97%8F%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="布依族古文字">布依族古文字</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E5%9D%97%E5%A3%AE%E5%AD%97" title="方块壮字">方块壮字</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E5%9D%97%E4%BE%97%E5%AD%97" title="方块侗字">方块侗字</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%8F%E6%96%87" title="西夏文">西夏文</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E6%96%87" title="契丹文">契丹文</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%97" title="契丹大字">契丹大字</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%97" title="契丹小字">契丹小字</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%9F%E6%96%87" title="女真文">女真文</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D_(%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97)" title="假名 (文字)">假名</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="平假名">平假名</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%87%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="片假名">片假名</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%89%E7%90%83%E6%96%87" title="琉球文">琉球文</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%83%E5%AD%97" title="喃字">喃字</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%B1%E5%96%83%E5%AD%97" title="岱喃字">岱喃字</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%9A%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="谚文">谚文</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #e0e0b0;;"><div id="語言研究" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="语文学">語言研究</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD#歷史" title="汉语">漢語歷史</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%BC%A2%E8%97%8F%E8%AA%9E" title="原始漢藏語">原始漢藏語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="原始汉语">原始汉语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="古代汉语">古代汉语</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="上古汉语">上古</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">中古</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E5%AE%98%E8%AF%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="早期官话">近代</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%B8%85%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1" title="明清官話">明清官話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%9B%BD%E9%9F%B3" title="老国音">老国音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="現代標準漢語">現代標準漢語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="華語">華語</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%B5%E5%AD%A6" title="汉语音韵学">汉语音韵学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" 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