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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-metal" title="Post-metal – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Post-metal" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Пост-метал – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пост-метал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BB" title="Пост-метъл – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пост-метъл" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-metal" title="Post-metal – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Post-metal" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-metal" title="Post-metal – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Post-metal" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Metal" title="Post-Metal – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Post-Metal" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-metal" title="Post-metal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Post-metal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="پست-متال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پست-متال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-metal" title="Post-metal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Post-metal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-metal" title="Post-metal – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Post-metal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-metal" title="Post-metal – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Post-metal" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-metal" title="Post-metal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Post-metal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-metal" title="Post-metal – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Post-metal" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2-%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="პოსტ-მეტალი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოსტ-მეტალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posztmetal" title="Posztmetal – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Posztmetal" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-metal" title="Post-metal – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Post-metal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-metal" title="Post-metal – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="Post-metal" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%A1%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB" title="ポストメタル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポストメタル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-metal" title="Post-metal – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Post-metal" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-metal" title="Post-metal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Post-metal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-metal" title="Post-metal – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Post-metal" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Постметал – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Постметал" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-metal" title="Post-metal – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Post-metal" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%86%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%B5" title="پۆست-مێتاڵ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پۆست-مێتاڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-metal" title="Post-metal – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Post-metal" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-metal" title="Post-metal – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Post-metal" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-metal" title="Post-metal – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Post-metal" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-metal" title="Post-metal – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Post-metal" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Post-metal</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"> <ul><li>Art metal</li> <li>metalgaze</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stylistic origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_metal" title="Extreme metal">Extreme metal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">experimental</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">post-rock</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Post-hardcore" title="Post-hardcore">post-hardcore</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultural origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">1990s, United States and England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Typical instruments</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">Electric guitar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">bass</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Drum_kit" title="Drum kit">drums</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Derivative forms</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/Blackgaze" title="Blackgaze">Blackgaze</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other topics</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_metal" title="Alternative metal">Alternative metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_metal" title="Avant-garde metal">avant-garde metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_metal" title="Black metal">black metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doom_metal" title="Doom metal">doom metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_metal" title="Drone metal">drone metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_metal" title="Industrial metal">industrial metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_metal" title="Progressive metal">progressive metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoegaze" title="Shoegaze">shoegaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sludge_metal" title="Sludge metal">sludge metal</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Post-metal</b> is a music genre rooted in <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a> but exploring approaches beyond metal conventions. It emerged in the 1990s with bands such as <a href="/wiki/Neurosis_(band)" title="Neurosis (band)">Neurosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Godflesh" title="Godflesh">Godflesh</a>, who transformed metal <a href="/wiki/Texture_(music)" title="Texture (music)">texture</a> through <a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">experimental</a> composition. In a way similar to the predecessor genres <a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">post-rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-hardcore" title="Post-hardcore">post-hardcore</a>, post-metal offsets the darkness and intensity of <a href="/wiki/Extreme_metal" title="Extreme metal">extreme metal</a> with an emphasis on atmosphere, emotion, and even "<a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revelation</a>", developing an expansive but introspective sound variously imbued with elements of <a href="/wiki/Ambient_music" title="Ambient music">ambient</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noise_music" title="Noise music">noise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">psychedelic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progressive_music" title="Progressive music">progressive</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a>, and often <a href="/wiki/Shoegaze" title="Shoegaze">shoegaze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Art_rock" title="Art rock">art rock</a>. Songs are typically long, with loose and layered structures that discard the <a href="/wiki/Verse%E2%80%93chorus_form" title="Verse–chorus form">verse–chorus form</a> in favor of <a href="/wiki/Crescendo" class="mw-redirect" title="Crescendo">crescendos</a> and repeating <a href="/wiki/Theme_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme (music)">themes</a>. The sound centres on guitars (subjected to various <a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">effects</a>) and drums, while any vocals are often but not always <a href="/wiki/Screaming_(music)" title="Screaming (music)">screamed</a> or <a href="/wiki/Death_growl" title="Death growl">growled</a> and resemble an additional instrument. </p><p>Post-metal is related to other experimental styles of metal: <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_metal" title="Avant-garde metal">avant-garde metal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drone_metal" title="Drone metal">drone metal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progressive_metal" title="Progressive metal">progressive metal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_metal" title="Industrial metal">industrial metal</a>. It has also been called <b>metalgaze</b><sup id="cite_ref-earles_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earles-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <b>art metal</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> highlighting its connection to <a href="/wiki/Shoegaze" title="Shoegaze">shoegaze</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Indie_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Indie music">indie music</a> style related to post-rock) and <a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">art music</a>, respectively. Contemporary post-metal, pioneered by diverse groups such as <a href="/wiki/Isis_(band)" title="Isis (band)">Isis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agalloch" title="Agalloch">Agalloch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boris_(band)" title="Boris (band)">Boris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pelican_(band)" title="Pelican (band)">Pelican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesu_(band)" title="Jesu (band)">Jesu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolves_in_the_Throne_Room" title="Wolves in the Throne Room">Wolves in the Throne Room</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Circles" title="Russian Circles">Russian Circles</a>, typically employs the deep heaviness of <a href="/wiki/Doom_metal" title="Doom metal">doom metal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sludge_metal" title="Sludge metal">sludge metal</a> and/or the dark ferocity of <a href="/wiki/Black_metal" title="Black metal">black metal</a>. The widespread acclaim of <a href="/wiki/Deafheaven" title="Deafheaven">Deafheaven</a>, who succeeded <a href="/wiki/Alcest" title="Alcest">Alcest</a> in combining black metal and shoegaze (a fusion nicknamed <a href="/wiki/Blackgaze" title="Blackgaze">blackgaze</a>), made this global post-metal underground more visible. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-metal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predecessors">Predecessors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-metal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Predecessors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buzz_Osborne_of_The_Melvins_Live_@_Slim%27s_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Buzz_Osborne_of_The_Melvins_Live_%40_Slim%27s_01.jpg/220px-Buzz_Osborne_of_The_Melvins_Live_%40_Slim%27s_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Buzz_Osborne_of_The_Melvins_Live_%40_Slim%27s_01.jpg/330px-Buzz_Osborne_of_The_Melvins_Live_%40_Slim%27s_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Buzz_Osborne_of_The_Melvins_Live_%40_Slim%27s_01.jpg/440px-Buzz_Osborne_of_The_Melvins_Live_%40_Slim%27s_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Melvins" title="Melvins">Melvins</a>' combination of <a href="/wiki/Doom_metal" title="Doom metal">doom metal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore punk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_music" title="Avant-garde music">avant-garde</a> approaches has been a key influence on post-metal bands.</figcaption></figure> <p>The groundwork for post-metal was laid in the 1980s and early 1990s by various artists (mostly in the US) combining <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a> sounds with an "<a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_music" title="Avant-garde music">avant-garde</a> sensibility", such as the <a href="/wiki/Melvins" title="Melvins">Melvins</a> (particularly on 1991's <a href="/wiki/Bullhead_(album)" title="Bullhead (album)"><i>Bullhead</i></a>),<sup id="cite_ref-bandcamp_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bandcamp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Flying_Luttenbachers" title="The Flying Luttenbachers">The Flying Luttenbachers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justin_Broadrick" title="Justin Broadrick">Justin Broadrick</a> of <a href="/wiki/Napalm_Death" title="Napalm Death">Napalm Death</a> and <a href="/wiki/Godflesh" title="Godflesh">Godflesh</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Swans_(band)" title="Swans (band)">Swans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gore_(band)" title="Gore (band)">Gore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Last_Exit_(free_jazz_band)" title="Last Exit (free jazz band)">Last Exit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Branca" title="Glenn Branca">Glenn Branca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rollins_Band" title="Rollins Band">Rollins Band</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fugazi" title="Fugazi">Fugazi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fact_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fact-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Helmet_(band)" title="Helmet (band)">Helmet</a>'s albums <a href="/wiki/Meantime_(album)" title="Meantime (album)"><i>Meantime</i></a> (1992) and <a href="/wiki/Betty_(Helmet_album)" title="Betty (Helmet album)"><i>Betty</i></a> (1994) were also significant,<sup id="cite_ref-earles_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earles-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Tool_(band)" title="Tool (band)">Tool</a>'s music was described as post-metal as early as 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-santiago_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-santiago-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these artists emerged from <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore punk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">post-punk</a> circles but their combination of sonic violence with experimentation and <a href="/wiki/Eclecticism" title="Eclecticism">eclecticism</a> made them difficult to categorize under any one genre.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence_in_the_1990s">Emergence in the 1990s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-metal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Emergence in the 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">post-rock</a> was coined in 1994 and soon used to describe a diverse group of bands that shared "a penchant for drifting melodies and the desire to expand beyond established <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a> boundaries".<sup id="cite_ref-bandcamp_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bandcamp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As this movement swelled, bands from <a href="/wiki/Post-hardcore" title="Post-hardcore">post-hardcore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">experimental</a> backgrounds began to incorporate its tendencies of "<a href="/wiki/Ambient_music" title="Ambient music">ambience</a>, offbeat experimentation, downcast melodies and <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">psychedelia</a>" into metal.<sup id="cite_ref-bandcamp_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bandcamp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two genres further converged through the influence of post-rock bands such as <a href="/wiki/Mogwai" title="Mogwai">Mogwai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Godspeed_You!_Black_Emperor" title="Godspeed You! Black Emperor">Godspeed You! Black Emperor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lift_to_Experience" title="Lift to Experience">Lift to Experience</a> who shared metal's emphasis on loudness.<sup id="cite_ref-fact_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fact-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neurosis_038.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Neurosis_038.jpg/220px-Neurosis_038.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Neurosis_038.jpg/330px-Neurosis_038.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Neurosis_038.jpg/440px-Neurosis_038.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Neurosis_(band)" title="Neurosis (band)">Neurosis</a> have been credited with inventing the genre through their <a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">experimental</a>, spiritually intense work.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Neurosis_(band)" title="Neurosis (band)">Neurosis</a>' third album <i><a href="/wiki/Souls_at_Zero" title="Souls at Zero">Souls at Zero</a></i> and Godflesh's second album <a href="/wiki/Pure_(Godflesh_album)" title="Pure (Godflesh album)"><i>Pure</i></a>, both released in 1992, are often retrospectively considered the first post-metal records.<sup id="cite_ref-bandcamp_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bandcamp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Godflesh had already pioneered "sluggish and tortured" <a href="/wiki/Industrial_metal" title="Industrial metal">industrial metal</a> of their 1989 debut <a href="/wiki/Streetcleaner_(album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Streetcleaner (album)"><i>Streetcleaner</i></a>, but <i>Pure</i> showcased "more expansive structures and long stretches of billowing <a href="/wiki/Noise_music" title="Noise music">noise</a>", inspiring a number of subsequent bands to combine metal with "layered washes of sound".<sup id="cite_ref-bandcamp_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bandcamp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neurosis on the other hand were a hardcore band who embraced <a href="/wiki/Doom_metal" title="Doom metal">doom metal</a>, post-punk and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_music" title="Industrial music">industrial</a> influences, experimenting with <a href="/wiki/Texture_(music)" title="Texture (music)">texture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(music)" title="Dynamics (music)">dynamics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bandcamp_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bandcamp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have since become recognized "for their pioneering post-metal efforts and unwavering dedication to expanding their artistic boundaries."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, guitarist <a href="/wiki/Steve_Von_Till" title="Steve Von Till">Steve Von Till</a> stated:<sup id="cite_ref-gn_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gn-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We always knew there was something deep to Neurosis's music, but ... I think <i>Souls at Zero</i> was when the music became something else. It was taking that material out on the road and losing ourself in the <a href="/wiki/Trance" title="Trance">trance</a> states induced by playing <a href="/wiki/Hypnotic" title="Hypnotic">hypnotic</a>, super-heavy loud music that we really figured out how to surrender to it. Then we said, OK – this is going to take us to where we wanna go: somewhere deeper, somewhere more emotional, somewhere <a href="/wiki/Classical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical elements">elemental</a>.</p></blockquote> <p>The band's 1996 fifth album <i><a href="/wiki/Through_Silver_in_Blood" title="Through Silver in Blood">Through Silver in Blood</a></i> was credited by <i><a href="/wiki/Terrorizer_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorizer Magazine">Terrorizer</a></i> with "effectively invent[ing] the post-metal genre"<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and named the best post-metal album of all time by <a href="/wiki/Fact_(UK_magazine)" title="Fact (UK magazine)"><i>Fact</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fact_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fact-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fluctuating 12-minute song "Purify" has been described as the album's "signature track".<sup id="cite_ref-bandcamp_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bandcamp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neurosis' work has also contributed the development of doom metal, <a href="/wiki/Sludge_metal" title="Sludge metal">sludge metal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drone_metal" title="Drone metal">drone metal</a>, and these genres have been associated with post-metal since.<sup id="cite_ref-steff_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steff-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, drone metal pioneers <a href="/wiki/Earth_(American_band)" title="Earth (American band)">Earth</a> have been significant to post-metal ever since their 1991 debut release <i><a href="/wiki/Extra-Capsular_Extraction" title="Extra-Capsular Extraction">Extra-Capsular Extraction</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-bandcamp_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bandcamp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aaron_T_(4775767148).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Aaron_T_%284775767148%29.jpg/170px-Aaron_T_%284775767148%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Aaron_T_%284775767148%29.jpg/255px-Aaron_T_%284775767148%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Aaron_T_%284775767148%29.jpg/340px-Aaron_T_%284775767148%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Turner" title="Aaron Turner">Aaron Turner</a> of <a href="/wiki/Isis_(band)" title="Isis (band)">Isis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydra_Head_Records" title="Hydra Head Records">Hydra Head Records</a> has been a major figure.</figcaption></figure> <p>Furthermore, <i>Fact</i> writer Robin Jahdi highlights the late 1990s US <a href="/wiki/Noisecore" class="mw-redirect" title="Noisecore">noisecore</a> of bands such as <a href="/wiki/Botch_(band)" title="Botch (band)">Botch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiss_It_Goodbye" title="Kiss It Goodbye">Kiss It Goodbye</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Dillinger_Escape_Plan" title="The Dillinger Escape Plan">the Dillinger Escape Plan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coalesce_(band)" title="Coalesce (band)">Coalesce</a>, who merged brutal <a href="/wiki/Metallic_hardcore" class="mw-redirect" title="Metallic hardcore">metallic hardcore</a> with <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> into fast-and-complex compositions, as a fundamental influence on post-metal.<sup id="cite_ref-fact_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fact-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing for <i><a href="/wiki/Bandcamp_Daily" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandcamp Daily">Bandcamp Daily</a></i>, Jon Wiederhorn also noted the significance of Botch and <a href="/wiki/Cave_In" title="Cave In">Cave In</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bandcamp_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bandcamp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Converge_(band)" title="Converge (band)">Converge</a> have been connected to post-metal through their longer songs since the closing track of their seminal 2001 album <i><a href="/wiki/Jane_Doe_(album)" title="Jane Doe (album)">Jane Doe</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-convergesucks_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-convergesucks-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Jahdi, the genre emerged as "those young intellectuals decided to slow it down" and labels such as <a href="/wiki/Relapse_Records" title="Relapse Records">Relapse Records</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydra_Head_Records" title="Hydra Head Records">Hydra Head Records</a> began releasing "slower, more bass-heavy and abstract" music more akin to post-rock.<sup id="cite_ref-fact_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fact-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_in_the_2000s">Development in the 2000s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-metal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Development in the 2000s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hydra Head Records had been established in 1993 by <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Turner" title="Aaron Turner">Aaron Turner</a>. In 1997, Turner co-founded <a href="/wiki/Isis_(band)" title="Isis (band)">Isis</a>, a band which became central to an increasingly recognizable post-metal movement. In particular, their 2002 album <i><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_(Isis_album)" title="Oceanic (Isis album)">Oceanic</a></i> – which showcased "buzzing washes of multilayered sound that ebbed and flowed in intensity", combining the "barbed guitars" and "<a href="/wiki/Shouted_vocals" class="mw-redirect" title="Shouted vocals">shouted vocals</a>" of post-hardcore with "meandering, psychedelic progressions"<sup id="cite_ref-bandcamp_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bandcamp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – has become regarded as a classic of the genre.<sup id="cite_ref-fact_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fact-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Hydra Head signed further prominent bands, releasing the early records of <a href="/wiki/Pelican_(band)" title="Pelican (band)">Pelican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesu_(band)" title="Jesu (band)">Jesu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Pelican are an <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental music">instrumental</a> quartet inspired as much by Neurosis and Godflesh as by Mogwai, Jesu was formed by Justin Broadrick after the breakup of Godflesh to explore "ambient guitar compositions", embracing <a href="/wiki/Shoegaze" title="Shoegaze">shoegaze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slowcore" title="Slowcore">slowcore</a> influences.<sup id="cite_ref-bandcamp_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bandcamp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As <a href="/wiki/Black_metal" title="Black metal">black metal</a> "spread beyond Scandinavia to infect the global underground", it joined shoegaze as a major factor in the evolution of post-metal.<sup id="cite_ref-bandcamp_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bandcamp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many bands employ the "speed and ferocity" of black metal in "contrast to slower, more ethereal compositions". This approach was pioneered by <a href="/wiki/Agalloch" title="Agalloch">Agalloch</a>, who formed in 1995 and also employed elements of doom metal, <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a>, and post-hardcore.<sup id="cite_ref-bandcamp_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bandcamp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wolves_in_the_Throne_Room" title="Wolves in the Throne Room">Wolves in the Throne Room</a>, who became a significant act for American black metal by the release of their 2007 album <i><a href="/wiki/Two_Hunters" title="Two Hunters">Two Hunters</a></i>, were also inspired by Neurosis in combining "ambience and violence" to craft deeply melancholic music.<sup id="cite_ref-bandcamp_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bandcamp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While all aforementioned post-metal pioneers are either from the US (Neurosis, Isis, Pelican, Agalloch, and Wolves in the Throne Room) or the UK (Broadrick's Godflesh and Jesu), the genre soon spread internationally. The Japanese band <a href="/wiki/Boris_(band)" title="Boris (band)">Boris</a>, formed in 1992, "have always embraced the spirit and vitality of the vibrant movement" and some of their works, such as the 2005 albums <i><a href="/wiki/Dronevil" title="Dronevil">Dronevil</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pink_(Boris_album)" title="Pink (Boris album)">Pink</a></i>, have become influential to it.<sup id="cite_ref-bandcamp_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bandcamp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boris often employ elements of <a href="/wiki/Drone_music" title="Drone music">drone music</a> and have collaborated with prominent <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> drone metal band <a href="/wiki/Sunn_O)))" title="Sunn O)))">Sunn O)))</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bandcamp_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bandcamp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who have also been associated with post-metal.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several European bands also gained prominence within the genre, including: <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Luna" title="Cult of Luna">Cult of Luna</a> from Sweden, whose sound is indebted to Isis' <i>Oceanic</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-steff_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steff-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amenra" title="Amenra">Amenra</a> from Belgium, who signed to Neurosis' label <a href="/wiki/Neurot_Recordings" title="Neurot Recordings">Neurot Recordings</a> and rival their predecessors in sheer spiritual intensity;<sup id="cite_ref-amenra_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amenra-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Year_of_No_Light" title="Year of No Light">Year of No Light</a> from France, who have transitioned from a sludge-oriented sound to monumental instrumental compositions, "beautifully layered, but still dark and heavy".<sup id="cite_ref-bandcamp_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bandcamp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Back in the US, another instrumental band rose to prominence: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Circles" title="Russian Circles">Russian Circles</a>, also strongly influenced by <i>Oceanic</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-steff_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steff-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, <a href="/wiki/True_Widow" title="True Widow">True Widow</a>, whose sound is rooted as much in 1990s <a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">indie rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">psychedelic rock</a> as in doom metal, offer a distinctive take, most impactfully on the 2013's <i><a href="/wiki/Circumambulation_(album)" title="Circumambulation (album)">Circumambulation</a></i>, by employing "male/female vocal interplay" and showcasing "vulnerability and restraint".<sup id="cite_ref-bandcamp_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bandcamp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the Melvins returned to the sound they themselves helped inspire, impacting it with the 2004 album <i><a href="/wiki/Pigs_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Pigs of the Roman Empire">Pigs of the Roman Empire</a></i>, a collaboration with Welsh <a href="/wiki/Dark_ambient" title="Dark ambient">dark ambient</a> composer <a href="/wiki/Lustmord" title="Lustmord">Lustmord</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bandcamp_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bandcamp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deafheaven_@_A_Colossal_Weekend_2017_46.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Deafheaven_%40_A_Colossal_Weekend_2017_46.jpg/220px-Deafheaven_%40_A_Colossal_Weekend_2017_46.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Deafheaven_%40_A_Colossal_Weekend_2017_46.jpg/330px-Deafheaven_%40_A_Colossal_Weekend_2017_46.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Deafheaven_%40_A_Colossal_Weekend_2017_46.jpg/440px-Deafheaven_%40_A_Colossal_Weekend_2017_46.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4495" data-file-height="2997" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Deafheaven" title="Deafheaven">Deafheaven</a> have brought the genre widespread critical acclaim in their fusion of <a href="/wiki/Black_metal" title="Black metal">black metal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shoegaze" title="Shoegaze">shoegaze</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Gradually, post-metal as a genre has achieved major critical acclaim.<sup id="cite_ref-steff_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steff-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was reinforced by the "widely publicized" success of California band <a href="/wiki/Deafheaven" title="Deafheaven">Deafheaven</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bandcamp_3-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bandcamp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose second album <i><a href="/wiki/Sunbather_(album)" title="Sunbather (album)">Sunbather</a></i> became one of the most celebrated releases of 2013. The band's successful fusion of caustic black metal with blissfull shoegaze in the vein of <a href="/wiki/My_Bloody_Valentine_(band)" title="My Bloody Valentine (band)">My Bloody Valentine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slowdive" title="Slowdive">Slowdive</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bandcamp_3-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bandcamp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although preceded by the French musician <a href="/wiki/Neige_(musician)" title="Neige (musician)">Neige</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alcest" title="Alcest">Alcest</a>, was nicknamed <a href="/wiki/Blackgaze" title="Blackgaze">blackgaze</a> and met with controversy among fans of conventional <a href="/wiki/Extreme_metal" title="Extreme metal">extreme metal</a>. It has also inspired a new wave of bands such as: <a href="/wiki/Ghost_Bath" title="Ghost Bath">Ghost Bath</a> from North Dakota, who use undistorted guitar melodies to develop unsettling atmospheres; Austria's <a href="/wiki/Harakiri_for_the_Sky" title="Harakiri for the Sky">Harakiri for the Sky</a>, whose despairing sound melds black metal and post-hardcore;<sup id="cite_ref-bandcamp_3-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bandcamp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the recent work of <a href="/wiki/Oathbreaker_(band)" title="Oathbreaker (band)">Oathbreaker</a>, who are rooted in the Belgian dark hardcore scene of Amenra. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-metal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Post-metal is generally heavy, aggressive, and dark, but explores a variety of musical approaches alien to conventional <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extreme_metal" title="Extreme metal">extreme metal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bandcamp_3-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bandcamp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It mirrors <a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">post-rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-hardcore" title="Post-hardcore">post-hardcore</a> in its emphasis on atmosphere and deep emotion and may be considered abstract,<sup id="cite_ref-fact_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fact-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> introspective,<sup id="cite_ref-steff_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steff-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> expansive,<sup id="cite_ref-bbc1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hypnotic" title="Hypnotic">hypnotic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-gn_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gn-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Progressive_music" title="Progressive music">progressive</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bbc1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> layered,<sup id="cite_ref-bandcamp_3-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bandcamp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or even <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">apocalyptic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc1_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jon Wiederhorn writes that though some post-metal bands "sought to break away from their raging roots by exploring less bombastic and more dynamic musical techniques" and others "sought to remain raw and corrosive", their music shares a "heavy-lidded yet eye-opening" effect.<sup id="cite_ref-bandcamp_3-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bandcamp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> associated the term with a "wave of bands using metal as a jumping-off point for a range of <a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">experimental</a> styles, dabbling in <a href="/wiki/Free_jazz" title="Free jazz">free jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minimal_music" title="Minimal music">minimalist</a> post-rock, <a href="/wiki/Noise_music" title="Noise music">noise</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Modern_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern classical music">modern classical music</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary post-metal bands incorporate influences ranging through <a href="/wiki/Doom_metal" title="Doom metal">doom metal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_metal" title="Black metal">black metal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shoegaze" title="Shoegaze">shoegaze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bandcamp_3-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bandcamp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writing for <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)"><i>Slate</i></a> in 2009, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Reynolds" title="Simon Reynolds">Simon Reynolds</a> reflected: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Post-rock doesn't have the same temporal aspect that <a href="/wiki/Post-disco" title="Post-disco">post-disco</a> or <a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">post-punk</a> have; it's not about the ripples set in motion by a galvanizing "event." Rather, it evokes a sense of "going beyond" the structures of a genre of music without completely abandoning its legacy of attitudes and assumptions. For similar reasons, the term post-metal seems increasingly useful to describe the vast and variegated swath of genres (the thousand flavors of doom/black/<a href="/wiki/Death_metal" title="Death metal">death</a>/<a href="/wiki/Grindcore" title="Grindcore">grind</a>/<a href="/wiki/Drone_metal" title="Drone metal">drone</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sludge_metal" title="Sludge metal">sludge</a>/etc., ad infinitum) that emerged from the early '90s onward. Sometimes beat-free and <a href="/wiki/Ambient_music" title="Ambient music">ambient</a>, increasingly the work of home-studio loners rather than performing bands, post-metal of the kind released by US labels like <a href="/wiki/Hydra_Head_Records" title="Hydra Head Records">Hydra Head</a> often seems to have barely any connection to metal as understood by, say, <a href="/wiki/VH1_Classic" class="mw-redirect" title="VH1 Classic">VH1 Classic</a> doc-makers. The continuity is less sonic but attitudinal: the penchant for <a href="/wiki/Fascination_with_death" title="Fascination with death">morbidity</a> and darkness taken to a sometimes hokey degree; the somber clothing and the long hair; the harrowed, indecipherably <a href="/wiki/Growled_vocals" class="mw-redirect" title="Growled vocals">growled vocals</a>; the bombastically verbose lyrics/song titles/band names. It's that aesthetic rather than a way of riffing or a palette of guitar sounds that ties post-metal back to <a href="/wiki/Judas_Priest" title="Judas Priest">Judas Priest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Sabbath" title="Black Sabbath">Black Sabbath</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_Circles_-_Madrid_-_15_abril_2015_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Russian_Circles_-_Madrid_-_15_abril_2015_2.JPG/220px-Russian_Circles_-_Madrid_-_15_abril_2015_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Russian_Circles_-_Madrid_-_15_abril_2015_2.JPG/330px-Russian_Circles_-_Madrid_-_15_abril_2015_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Russian_Circles_-_Madrid_-_15_abril_2015_2.JPG/440px-Russian_Circles_-_Madrid_-_15_abril_2015_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>Many groups, including <a href="/wiki/Russian_Circles" title="Russian Circles">Russian Circles</a>, are mostly <a href="/wiki/Instrumental" title="Instrumental">instrumental</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Fact_(UK_magazine)" title="Fact (UK magazine)">Fact</a></i> writer Robin Jahdi notes that "the best <a href="/wiki/Neurosis_(band)" title="Neurosis (band)">Neurosis</a> albums don't sound anything like the best offerings from <a href="/wiki/Isis_(band)" title="Isis (band)">Isis</a>" and that the genre cannot be readily distinguished from doom metal, modern black metal, and <a href="/wiki/Progressive_metal" title="Progressive metal">progressive metal</a>, "taking in all of these elements without being entirely any one of them".<sup id="cite_ref-fact_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fact-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary post-metal is often seen as combining "elements of doom metal, sludge, and/or black metal with elements of post-rock and shoegaze", being more "peaceful" than metal but retaining its dark theming and <a href="/wiki/Screaming_(music)" title="Screaming (music)">harsh vocal style</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-steff_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steff-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with post-rock, however, many bands are <a href="/wiki/Instrumental" title="Instrumental">instrumental</a> and when vocals are used, they often "resemble another accompanying instrument" rather than actual words.<sup id="cite_ref-steff_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steff-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Songs are typically long and employ <a href="/wiki/Crescendo" class="mw-redirect" title="Crescendo">crescendos</a>, gradually building upon repeated <a href="/wiki/Theme_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme (music)">themes</a>; <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Turner" title="Aaron Turner">Aaron Turner</a> of Isis stated that "the standard song format of <a href="/wiki/Verse%E2%80%93chorus_form" title="Verse–chorus form">verse-chorus-verse-chorus</a> is something that has been done and redone, and it seems pointless to adhere to that structure when there are so many other avenues to explore".<sup id="cite_ref-isisguitar_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isisguitar-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aesthetic_and_culture">Aesthetic and culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-metal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aesthetic and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pelican_performing_at_Sant_Feliu_Fest_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Pelican_performing_at_Sant_Feliu_Fest_2004.jpg/220px-Pelican_performing_at_Sant_Feliu_Fest_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Pelican_performing_at_Sant_Feliu_Fest_2004.jpg/330px-Pelican_performing_at_Sant_Feliu_Fest_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Pelican_performing_at_Sant_Feliu_Fest_2004.jpg/440px-Pelican_performing_at_Sant_Feliu_Fest_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pelican_(band)" title="Pelican (band)">Pelican</a>, also instrumental, diverge from <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a> conventions in all aspects of their style and approach.</figcaption></figure><p> Noting the divergence from typical <a href="/wiki/Metal_fashion" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal fashion">metal fashion</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> described a 2005 <a href="/wiki/Pelican_(band)" title="Pelican (band)">Pelican</a> show at the <a href="/wiki/Knitting_Factory" title="Knitting Factory">Knitting Factory</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: "Instead of long hair and all-black outfits, the crowd was displaying the trappings of brainy, slightly nerdy <a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">indie rock</a>. Young men wore artistically cropped hair and <a href="/wiki/Slim-fit_pants" title="Slim-fit pants">tight-legged jeans</a>, and there was even a smattering of young women in librarian glasses and worn-out <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Taylor_All-Stars" title="Chuck Taylor All-Stars">Chuck Taylor</a> sneakers."<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jon Wiederhorn describes the post-metal scene as a "global community of artists" positioned on the "fringes of the <a href="/wiki/Underground_music" title="Underground music">underground</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-bandcamp_3-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bandcamp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pelican's Trevor de Brauw stated in 2007:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I have an affinity [f]or metal, but I don't think of Pelican as a metal band. So when people call us 'instrumetal', or post-metal, or <a href="/wiki/Metalcore" title="Metalcore">metalcore</a> or whatever, I can see why they say that, but it's not something that I feel a close connection with. I feel we're part of a community with some bands – <a href="/wiki/Mono_(Japanese_band)" title="Mono (Japanese band)">Mono</a> are good friends of ours, but I don't feel that we're that similar musically. Their music is more similar to classical music, whereas I feel ours has more in common with <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore</a>.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-metal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_metal" title="Avant-garde metal">Avant-garde metal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-metal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-earles-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-earles_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-earles_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEarles2014" class="citation book cs1">Earles, Andrew (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D_eKBAAAQBAJ&q=%22metal-gaze%22+%22post-metal%22&pg=PA145"><i>Gimme Indie Rock</i></a>. Voyageur. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781627883795" title="Special:BookSources/9781627883795"><bdi>9781627883795</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gimme+Indie+Rock&rft.pub=Voyageur&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781627883795&rft.aulast=Earles&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD_eKBAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522metal-gaze%2522%2B%2522post-metal%2522%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-metal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaraminica2005" class="citation news cs1">Caraminica, Jon (20 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/20/arts/the-alchemy-of-artworld-heavy-metal.html">"The alchemy of art-world heavy metal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+alchemy+of+art-world+heavy+metal&rft.date=2005-09-20&rft.aulast=Caraminica&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F09%2F20%2Farts%2Fthe-alchemy-of-artworld-heavy-metal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-metal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bandcamp-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bandcamp_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bandcamp_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bandcamp_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bandcamp_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bandcamp_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bandcamp_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bandcamp_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bandcamp_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bandcamp_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bandcamp_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bandcamp_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bandcamp_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bandcamp_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bandcamp_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bandcamp_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bandcamp_3-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bandcamp_3-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bandcamp_3-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bandcamp_3-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bandcamp_3-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bandcamp_3-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bandcamp_3-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bandcamp_3-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bandcamp_3-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bandcamp_3-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bandcamp_3-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bandcamp_3-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiederhorn2016" class="citation web cs1">Wiederhorn, Jon (4 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daily.bandcamp.com/2016/08/04/a-brief-history-of-post-metal/">"A Brief History of Post-Metal"</a>. Bandcamp<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heavy_metal_music" title="Template:Heavy metal music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heavy_metal_music" title="Template talk:Heavy metal music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heavy_metal_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heavy metal music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heavy_metal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">Heavy metal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_genres" title="Heavy metal genres">Subgenres and<br />fusion genres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_metal" title="Alternative metal">Alternative metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_metal" title="Avant-garde metal">Avant-garde metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatdown_hardcore" title="Beatdown hardcore">Beatdown hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biker_metal" title="Biker metal">Biker metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_metal" title="Black metal">Black metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_black_metal" title="National Socialist black metal">National Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonic_black_metal" title="Symphonic black metal">Symphonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unblack_metal" title="Unblack metal">Unblack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackened_death_metal" title="Blackened death metal">Blackened death metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackgaze" title="Blackgaze">Blackgaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_metal" title="Christian metal">Christian metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crust_punk" title="Crust punk">Crust punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_metal" title="Death metal">Death metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brutal_death_metal" title="Brutal death metal">Brutal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_death_metal" title="Melodic death metal">Melodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_death_metal" title="Technical death metal">Technical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_%27n%27_roll" title="Death 'n' roll">Death 'n' roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathcore" title="Deathcore">Deathcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-doom" title="Death-doom">Death-doom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_doom" title="Funeral doom">Funeral doom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djent" title="Djent">Djent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doom_metal" title="Doom metal">Doom metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_metal" title="Drone metal">Drone metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronicore" title="Electronicore">Electronicore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_metal" title="Extreme metal">Extreme metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_metal" title="Folk metal">Folk metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_metal" title="Celtic metal">Celtic metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_metal" title="Medieval metal">Medieval metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funk_metal" title="Funk metal">Funk metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glam_metal" title="Glam metal">Glam metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goregrind" title="Goregrind">Goregrind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_metal" title="Gothic metal">Gothic metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grindcore" title="Grindcore">Grindcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">Grunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groove_metal" title="Groove metal">Groove metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_metal" title="Industrial metal">Industrial metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaii_metal" title="Kawaii metal">Kawaii metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_metal" title="Latin metal">Latin metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathcore" title="Mathcore">Mathcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalcore" title="Metalcore">Metalcore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_metalcore" title="Melodic metalcore">Melodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_metalcore" title="Progressive metalcore">Progressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_metal" title="Neoclassical metal">Neoclassical metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_H%C3%A4rte" title="Neue Deutsche Härte">Neue Deutsche Härte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendocore" title="Nintendocore">Nintendocore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_metal" title="Nu metal">Nu metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_metal" title="Pagan metal">Pagan metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_metal" title="Pirate metal">Pirate metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornogrind" title="Pornogrind">Pornogrind</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Post-metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_metal" title="Pop metal">Pop metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_metal" title="Power metal">Power metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_metal" title="Progressive metal">Progressive metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rap_metal" title="Rap metal">Rap metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sludge_metal" title="Sludge metal">Sludge metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_metal" title="Speed metal">Speed metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoner metal">Stoner metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonic_metal" title="Symphonic metal">Symphonic metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrash_metal" title="Thrash metal">Thrash metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_thrash" title="Crossover thrash">Crossover thrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_metal" title="Viking metal">Viking metal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musical elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_bass" title="Heavy metal bass">Bass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzz_bass" title="Fuzz bass">Fuzz bass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_drumming" title="Heavy metal drumming">Drumming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blast_beat" title="Blast beat">Blast beat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymbal_choke" title="Cymbal choke">Cymbal choke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_gallop" title="Heavy metal gallop">Gallop drumbeat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_guitar" title="Heavy metal guitar">Guitar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">Distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_solo" title="Guitar solo">Guitar solo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_mute" title="Palm mute">Palm muting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_chord" title="Power chord">Power chord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shred_guitar" title="Shred guitar">Shred guitar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_lyrics" title="Heavy metal lyrics">Lyrics</a></li> <li>Vocals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_growl" title="Death growl">Death growl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screaming_(music)" title="Screaming (music)">Screaming</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable scenes<br />and movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_heavy_metal" title="African heavy metal">African heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_heavy_metal" title="Argentine heavy metal">Argentine heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_thrash_metal" title="Australian thrash metal">Australian thrash metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_heavy_metal" title="Australian heavy metal">Australian heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_heavy_metal" title="Bangladeshi heavy metal">Bangladeshi heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_thrash_metal" title="Bay Area thrash metal">Bay Area thrash metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_thrash_metal" title="Brazilian thrash metal">Brazilian thrash metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_heavy_metal" title="Canadian heavy metal">Canadian heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_heavy_metal" title="Chinese heavy metal">Chinese heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_death_metal" title="Florida death metal">Florida death metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_metal" title="Hungarian metal">Hungarian metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_metal_music" title="Indigenous metal music">Indigenous metal music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_metal" title="Japanese metal">Japanese metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_L%C3%A9gions_Noires" title="Les Légions Noires">Les Légions Noires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_of_American_heavy_metal" title="New wave of American heavy metal">New wave of American heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_of_British_heavy_metal" title="New wave of British heavy metal">New wave of British heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Norwegian_black_metal_scene" title="Early Norwegian black metal scene">Early Norwegian black metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Desert_Scene" title="Palm Desert Scene">Palm Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_death_metal" title="Swedish death metal">Swedish death metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutonic_thrash_metal" title="Teutonic thrash metal">Teutonic thrash metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_metal" title="Ukrainian metal">Ukrainian metal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_subculture" title="Heavy metal subculture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heavy_metal_bands" title="List of heavy metal bands">Bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_heavy_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmentalism in heavy metal">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_fashion" title="Heavy metal fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heavy_metal_festivals" title="List of heavy metal festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headbanging" title="Headbanging">Headbanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_subculture" title="Heavy metal subculture">Heavy metal subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseur" title="Poseur">Poseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_umlaut" title="Metal umlaut">Umlaut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">Hard rock</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Heavy_metal_music" title="Category:Heavy metal music">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Experimental_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Experimental_music_genres" title="Template:Experimental music genres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Experimental_music_genres" title="Template talk:Experimental music genres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Experimental_music_genres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Experimental music genres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Experimental_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">Experimental music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music" title="Contemporary classical music">contemporary<br />classical music</a> genres</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleatoric_music" title="Aleatoric music">Aleatoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indeterminacy_(music)" title="Indeterminacy (music)">indeterminacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_music" title="Avant-garde music">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_music" title="Drone music">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroacoustic_music" title="Electroacoustic music">Electroacoustic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acousmatic_music" title="Acousmatic music">Acousmatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Tape music">Tape music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_music" title="Minimal music">Minimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musique_concrete" class="mw-redirect" title="Musique concrete">Musique concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_music" title="Noise music">Noise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danger_music" title="Danger music">Danger</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Experimental popular<br />music genres</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_jazz" title="Avant-garde jazz">Avant-garde jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_metal" title="Avant-garde metal">Avant-garde metal</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Post-metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-pop" title="Avant-pop">Avant-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-prog" title="Avant-prog">Avant-prog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-punk" title="Avant-punk">Avant-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomusic" title="Biomusic">Biomusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstructed_club" title="Deconstructed club">Deconstructed club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_pop" title="Experimental pop">Experimental pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_rock" title="Experimental rock">Experimental rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krautrock" title="Krautrock">krautrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Math_rock" title="Math rock">math rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-prog" title="Neo-prog">neo-prog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_wave" title="No wave">no wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_rock" title="Noise rock">noise rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">post-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">post-rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_dance_music" title="Intelligent dance music">Intelligent dance music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofolk" title="Neofolk">Neofolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_music" title="Wave music">Wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_pop" title="Art pop">Art pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_punk" title="Art punk">Art punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_rock" title="Art rock">Art rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-funk" title="Avant-funk">Avant-funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_music" title="Ambient music">Ambient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_metal" title="Drone metal">Drone metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_improvisation" title="Free improvisation">Free improvisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_jazz" title="Free jazz">Free jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glitch_(music)" title="Glitch (music)">Glitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperpop" title="Hyperpop">Hyperpop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_music" title="Industrial music">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_jazz" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive jazz">Progressive jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_jazz" title="Punk jazz">Punk jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_house_(genre)" title="Witch house (genre)">Witch house</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extended_technique" title="Extended technique">Extended techniques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3rd_bridge" title="3rd bridge">3rd bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_bending" title="Circuit bending">Circuit bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frippertronics" title="Frippertronics">Frippertronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plunderphonics" title="Plunderphonics">Plunderphonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared_guitar" title="Prepared guitar">Prepared guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared_piano" title="Prepared piano">Prepared piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scordatura" title="Scordatura">Scordatura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism">Turntablism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cymatics" title="Cymatics">Cymatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_sonification" title="Data sonification">Data sonification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_musical_instrument" title="Experimental musical instrument">Experimental musical instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_luthier" title="Experimental luthier">Experimental luthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music" title="Progressive music">Progressive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_art" title="Sound art">Sound art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_collage" title="Sound collage">Sound collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_installation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound installation">Sound installation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_sculpture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound sculpture">Sound sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundscape" title="Soundscape">Soundscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroacoustic_improvisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroacoustic improvisation">Electroacoustic improvisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_experimental_music_festivals" title="List of experimental music festivals">List of experimental music festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electronic_music_festivals" title="List of electronic music festivals">List of electronic music festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_experimental_musicians" title="List of experimental musicians">List of experimental musicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extreme_metal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Extreme_metal" title="Template:Extreme metal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Extreme_metal" title="Template talk:Extreme metal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Extreme_metal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Extreme metal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extreme_metal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Extreme_metal" title="Extreme metal">Extreme metal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_metal" title="Black metal">Black metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_black_metal" title="National Socialist black metal">National Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonic_black_metal" title="Symphonic black metal">symphonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unblack_metal" title="Unblack metal">unblack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_metal" title="Death metal">death metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brutal_death_metal" title="Brutal death metal">brutal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_death_metal" title="Melodic death metal">melodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_death_metal" title="Technical death metal">technical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doom_metal" title="Doom metal">doom metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_metal" title="Speed metal">speed metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrash_metal" title="Thrash metal">thrash metal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fusion genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackened_death_metal" title="Blackened death metal">Blackened death metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackgaze" title="Blackgaze">blackgaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_thrash" title="Crossover thrash">crossover thrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crust_punk" title="Crust punk">crust punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-doom" title="Death-doom">death-doom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_doom" title="Funeral doom">funeral doom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_%27n%27_roll" title="Death 'n' roll">death 'n' roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_metal" title="Drone metal">drone metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grindcore" title="Grindcore">grindcore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goregrind" title="Goregrind">goregrind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornogrind" title="Pornogrind">pornogrind</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalcore" title="Metalcore">metalcore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deathcore" title="Deathcore">deathcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronicore" title="Electronicore">electronicore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathcore" title="Mathcore">mathcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_metalcore" title="Melodic metalcore">melodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendocore" title="Nintendocore">Nintendocore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_metalcore" title="Progressive metalcore">progressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_metal" title="Pagan metal">pagan metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sludge_metal" title="Sludge metal">sludge metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_rock" title="Stoner rock">stoner rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_metal" title="Viking metal">Viking metal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivative forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_metal" title="Avant-garde metal">Avant-garde metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatdown_hardcore" title="Beatdown hardcore">beatdown hardcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungeon_synth" title="Dungeon synth">dungeon synth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funk_metal" title="Funk metal">funk metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_metal" title="Gothic metal">gothic metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groove_metal" title="Groove metal">groove metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">grunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperpop" title="Hyperpop">hyperpop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_metal" title="Neoclassical metal">neoclassical metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_metal" title="Nu metal">nu metal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">post-metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_metal" title="Power metal">power metal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_thrash_metal" title="Australian thrash metal">Australian thrash metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_thrash_metal" title="Bay Area thrash metal">Bay Area thrash metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_thrash_metal" title="Brazilian thrash metal">Brazilian thrash metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Norwegian_black_metal_scene" title="Early Norwegian black metal scene">Early Norwegian black metal scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_death_metal" title="Florida death metal">Florida death metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_L%C3%A9gions_Noires" title="Les Légions Noires">Les Légions Noires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Desert_Scene" title="Palm Desert Scene">Palm Desert Scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_death_metal" title="Swedish death metal">Swedish death metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutonic_thrash_metal" title="Teutonic thrash metal">Teutonic thrash metal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_growl" title="Death growl">Death growl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_genres" title="Heavy metal genres">heavy metal genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshing" title="Moshing">moshing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_of_British_heavy_metal" title="New wave of British heavy metal">New wave of British heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screaming_(music)" title="Screaming (music)">screaming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_metal_bands" title="List of extreme metal bands">List of bands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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