CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>University of Pennsylvania - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"27d18a8a-b22f-45e9-b093-edaa863bf792","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"University_of_Pennsylvania","wgTitle":"University of Pennsylvania","wgCurRevisionId":1259225793,"wgRevisionId":1259225793,"wgArticleId":31793,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","CS1 Swiss French-language sources (fr-ch)","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use mdy dates from August 2023","Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from June 2024","All articles that are excessively detailed","Wikipedia articles with style issues from June 2024","All articles with style issues", "Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from July 2023","All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes","Wikipedia articles with possible conflicts of interest from July 2023","Articles with multiple maintenance issues","Articles containing Latin-language text","Coordinates on Wikidata","Articles using infobox university","Pages using infobox university with the nickname alias","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Commons category link is on Wikidata","University of Pennsylvania","1740 establishments in Pennsylvania","Arch Street","Chestnut Street (Philadelphia)","Collegiate Gothic architecture in the United States","Colonial colleges","Eastern Pennsylvania Rugby Union","Educational institutions established in 1740","Universities and colleges established in the 18th century","Gothic Revival architecture in Pennsylvania","Locust Street","Need-blind educational institutions","Philadelphia Big 5", "Private universities and colleges in Pennsylvania","Universities and colleges in Philadelphia","University City, Philadelphia","Ivy Plus universities"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"University_of_Pennsylvania","wgRelevantArticleId":31793,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":39.95,"lon":-75.19},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain": false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q49117","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/UPenn_shield_with_banner.svg/1200px-UPenn_shield_with_banner.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1037"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/UPenn_shield_with_banner.svg/800px-UPenn_shield_with_banner.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="691"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/UPenn_shield_with_banner.svg/640px-UPenn_shield_with_banner.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="553"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="University of Pennsylvania - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-University_of_Pennsylvania rootpage-University_of_Pennsylvania skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=University+of+Pennsylvania" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=University+of+Pennsylvania" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=University+of+Pennsylvania" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=University+of+Pennsylvania" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Campus </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Campus-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Campus subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Campus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parks_and_arboreta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks_and_arboreta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Parks and arboreta </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks_and_arboreta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Bolton_Center" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Bolton_Center"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 New Bolton Center </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Bolton_Center-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Libraries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_installations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_installations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Art installations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_installations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penn_Museum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penn_Museum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Penn Museum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penn_Museum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Penn_museums_and_galleries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Penn_museums_and_galleries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Other Penn museums and galleries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Penn_museums_and_galleries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Residences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Residences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Organization </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Organization subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Campus_police" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campus_police"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Campus police </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campus_police-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Seal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Academics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Academics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Academics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Academics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Admissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Admissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Admissions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Admissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coordinated_dual-degree,_accelerated,_interdisciplinary_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coordinated_dual-degree,_accelerated,_interdisciplinary_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Coordinated dual-degree, accelerated, interdisciplinary programs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coordinated_dual-degree,_accelerated,_interdisciplinary_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_medical_center_and_biomedical_research_complex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_medical_center_and_biomedical_research_complex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Academic medical center and biomedical research complex </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_medical_center_and_biomedical_research_complex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_partnerships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_partnerships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 International partnerships </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_partnerships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reputation_and_rankings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reputation_and_rankings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Reputation and rankings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reputation_and_rankings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Student_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Student_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Student life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Student_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Student life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Student_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Penn_Face_and_behavioral_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penn_Face_and_behavioral_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Penn Face and behavioral health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penn_Face_and_behavioral_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Student_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Student_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Student organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Student_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Penn_Electric_Racing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penn_Electric_Racing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Penn Electric Racing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penn_Electric_Racing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performing_arts_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performing_arts_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Performing arts organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performing_arts_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Penn_Glee_Club" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penn_Glee_Club"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Penn Glee Club </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penn_Glee_Club-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penn_Band" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penn_Band"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.2 Penn Band </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penn_Band-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penn's_a_cappella_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penn's_a_cappella_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.3 Penn's a cappella community </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penn's_a_cappella_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comedy_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comedy_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.4 Comedy organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comedy_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_and_spiritual_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_and_spiritual_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Religious and spiritual organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_and_spiritual_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Athletics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athletics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Athletics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Athletics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Athletics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Athletics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Baseball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baseball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Baseball </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baseball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basketball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basketball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Basketball </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basketball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cricket" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cricket"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Cricket </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cricket-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Curling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Curling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Curling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Curling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Football </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ice_hockey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ice_hockey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Ice hockey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ice_hockey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Olympic_athletes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olympic_athletes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Olympic athletes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olympic_athletes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rowing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rowing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Rowing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rowing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rugby" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugby"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9 Rugby </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugby-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.10 Facilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 People </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-People-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle People subsection </button> <ul id="toc-People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alumni_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alumni_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Alumni organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alumni_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">University of Pennsylvania</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" > 78 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="جامعة بنسيلفانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جامعة بنسيلفانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universid%C3%A1_de_Pennsylvania" title="Universidá de Pennsylvania – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Universidá de Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensilvaniya_Universiteti" title="Pensilvaniya Universiteti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pensilvaniya Universiteti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="پنسیلوانیا بیلیم‌یوردو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پنسیلوانیا بیلیم‌یوردو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="পেনসিলভেনিয়া বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পেনসিলভেনিয়া বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_T%C4%81i-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Pennsylvania Tāi-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pennsylvania Tāi-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Пенсільванскі ўніверсітэт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пенсільванскі ўніверсітэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Пенсилвански университет – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пенсилвански университет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitat_de_Pennsilv%C3%A0nia" title="Universitat de Pennsilvània – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Universitat de Pennsilvània" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensylv%C3%A1nsk%C3%A1_univerzita" title="Pensylvánská univerzita – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pensylvánská univerzita" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="University of Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="University of Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_%C3%BClikool" title="Pennsylvania ülikool – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pennsylvania ülikool" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B2%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Πανεπιστήμιο της Πενσυλβάνια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πανεπιστήμιο της Πενσυλβάνια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_de_Pensilvania" title="Universidad de Pensilvania – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Universidad de Pensilvania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitato_de_Pensilvanio" title="Universitato de Pensilvanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Universitato de Pensilvanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvaniako_Unibertsitatea" title="Pennsylvaniako Unibertsitatea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pennsylvaniako Unibertsitatea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="دانشگاه پنسیلوانیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانشگاه پنسیلوانیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Pennsylvanie" title="Université de Pennsylvanie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Université de Pennsylvanie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilthigh_Phennsylvania" title="Oilthigh Phennsylvania – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Oilthigh Phennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_de_Pensilvania" title="Universidade de Pensilvania – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Universidade de Pensilvania" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Thai-ho%CC%8Dk" title="Pennsylvania Thai-ho̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pennsylvania Thai-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%9C%EC%8B%A4%EB%B2%A0%EC%9D%B4%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90" title="펜실베이니아 대학교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="펜실베이니아 대학교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Փենսիլվանիայի համալսարան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փենսիլվանիայի համալսարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="पेन्सिल्वेनिया विश्वविद्यालय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पेन्सिल्वेनिया विश्वविद्यालय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveu%C4%8Dili%C5%A1te_u_Pennsylvaniji" title="Sveučilište u Pennsylvaniji – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sveučilište u Pennsylvaniji" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Pennsylvania" title="Universitas Pennsylvania – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Universitas Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvan%C3%ADuh%C3%A1sk%C3%B3li" title="Pennsylvaníuháskóli – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pennsylvaníuháskóli" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_della_Pennsylvania" title="Università della Pennsylvania – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Università della Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%98%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="אוניברסיטת פנסילבניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוניברסיטת פנסילבניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="პენსილვანიის უნივერსიტეტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პენსილვანიის უნივერსიტეტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Пенсильвания университеті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пенсильвания университеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Пенсильвания Университети – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пенсильвания Университети" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Pennsylvaniensis" title="Universitas Pennsylvaniensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Universitas Pennsylvaniensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensilv%C4%81nijas_Universit%C4%81te" title="Pensilvānijas Universitāte – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pensilvānijas Universitāte" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensilvanijos_universitetas" title="Pensilvanijos universitetas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pensilvanijos universitetas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvaniai_Egyetem" title="Pennsylvaniai Egyetem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pennsylvaniai Egyetem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF" title="പെൻസിൽവാനിയ യൂണിവേഴ്സിറ്റി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പെൻസിൽവാനിയ യൂണിവേഴ്സിറ്റി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="युनिव्हर्सिटी ऑफ पेनसिल्व्हेनिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="युनिव्हर्सिटी ऑफ पेनसिल्व्हेनिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="პენსილვანიაშ უნივერსიტეტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პენსილვანიაშ უნივერსიტეტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="جامعة بنسلفانيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جامعة بنسلفانيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiti_Pennsylvania" title="Universiti Pennsylvania – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Universiti Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiteit_van_Pennsylvania" title="Universiteit van Pennsylvania – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Universiteit van Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%99%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="ペンシルベニア大学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペンシルベニア大学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="University of Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitat_de_Pennsilv%C3%A0nia" title="Universitat de Pennsilvània – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Universitat de Pennsilvània" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensilvaniya_universiteti" title="Pensilvaniya universiteti – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pensilvaniya universiteti" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80" title="ਪੈਨਸਿਲਵੇਨੀਆ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੈਨਸਿਲਵੇਨੀਆ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%81_%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="یونیورسٹی آف پنسلوانیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یونیورسٹی آف پنسلوانیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniwersytet_Pensylwanii" title="Uniwersytet Pensylwanii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Uniwersytet Pensylwanii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_da_Pensilv%C3%A2nia" title="Universidade da Pensilvânia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Universidade da Pensilvânia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitatea_din_Pennsylvania" title="Universitatea din Pennsylvania – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Universitatea din Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Yachay_Suntur" title="Pennsylvania Yachay Suntur – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pennsylvania Yachay Suntur" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Пенсильванский университет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пенсильванский университет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t_fon_Pennsylvanien" title="Universität fon Pennsylvanien – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Universität fon Pennsylvanien" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiteti_i_Pensilvanis%C3%AB" title="Universiteti i Pensilvanisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Universiteti i Pensilvanisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="University of Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerza_Pensilvanije" title="Univerza Pensilvanije – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Univerza Pensilvanije" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Универзитет Пенсилваније – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Универзитет Пенсилваније" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerzitet_u_Pennsylvaniji" title="Univerzitet u Pennsylvaniji – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Univerzitet u Pennsylvaniji" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvanian_yliopisto" title="Pennsylvanian yliopisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pennsylvanian yliopisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="University of Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unibersidad_ng_Pennsylvania" title="Unibersidad ng Pennsylvania – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Unibersidad ng Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பென்சில்வேனியா பல்கலைக்கழகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பென்சில்வேனியா பல்கலைக்கழகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensilvani%C3%A4_universitet%C4%B1" title="Pensilvaniä universitetı – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Pensilvaniä universitetı" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="పెన్సిల్వేనియా విశ్వవిద్యాలయం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పెన్సిల్వేనియా విశ్వవిద్యాలయం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="มหาวิทยาลัยเพนซิลเวเนีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มหาวิทยาลัยเพนซิลเวเนีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B3%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Донишгоҳи Пенсилвания – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Донишгоҳи Пенсилвания" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensilvanya_%C3%9Cniversitesi" title="Pensilvanya Üniversitesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pensilvanya Üniversitesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Пенсільванський університет – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пенсільванський університет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%81_%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="یونیورسٹی آف پنسلوانیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یونیورسٹی آف پنسلوانیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%90%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%84%DB%8B%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95_%D8%A6%DB%87%D9%86%D9%89%DB%8B%DB%90%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%89" title="پېنسىلۋانىيە ئۇنىۋېرستېتى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پېنسىلۋانىيە ئۇنىۋېرستېتى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc_Pennsylvania" title="Đại học Pennsylvania – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đại học Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unibersidad_han_Pennsylvania" title="Unibersidad han Pennsylvania – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Unibersidad han Pennsylvania" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%BE%E5%A4%95%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="宾夕法尼亚大学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="宾夕法尼亚大学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%98_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A2" title="אוניווערסיטעט פון פענסילוועניע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אוניווערסיטעט פון פענסילוועניע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%93%E5%A4%95%E5%87%A1%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="賓夕凡尼亞大學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="賓夕凡尼亞大學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%BE%E5%A4%95%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="宾夕法尼亚大学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="宾夕法尼亚大学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q49117#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:University_of_Pennsylvania" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/University_of_Pennsylvania" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&oldid=1259225793" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=University_of_Pennsylvania&id=1259225793&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUniversity_of_Pennsylvania">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUniversity_of_Pennsylvania">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:University_of_Pennsylvania" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:University_of_Pennsylvania" hreflang="en">Wikinews</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q49117" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=University_of_Pennsylvania&params=39.95_N_75.19_W_region:US-PA_type:edu">39°57′N 75°11′W / 39.95°N 75.19°W / 39.95; -75.19</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Private university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the private Ivy League research university in Philadelphia. For the public research university with campuses across Pennsylvania, see <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State University</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible">This article has multiple issues. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="Special:EditPage/University of Pennsylvania">improve it</a> or discuss these issues on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:University_of_Pennsylvania" title="Talk:University of Pennsylvania">talk page</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>) <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Overly_detailed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-overly_detailed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience. Please help by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_forking#Article_spinoffs:_.22Summary_style.22_meta-articles_and_summary_sections" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Content forking">spinning off</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Handling_trivia#Recommendations_for_handling_trivia" title="Wikipedia:Handling trivia">relocating</a> any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">Wikipedia's inclusion policy</a>. (June 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Booster plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_academic_boosterism#Problems_and_solutions" title="Wikipedia:Avoid academic boosterism">academic boosterism</a> which primarily serves to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">praise or promote the subject</a> and may be a sign of a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CONFLICT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CONFLICT">conflict of interest</a>. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PEACOCK" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PEACOCK">peacock terms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WEASEL" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WEASEL">weasel words</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SOAP" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SOAP">promotional material</a>. (July 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">University of Pennsylvania</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:UPenn_shield_with_banner.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Arms of the University of Pennsylvania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/UPenn_shield_with_banner.svg/150px-UPenn_shield_with_banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/UPenn_shield_with_banner.svg/225px-UPenn_shield_with_banner.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/UPenn_shield_with_banner.svg/300px-UPenn_shield_with_banner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="216" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_University_of_Pennsylvania" title="Coat of arms of the University of Pennsylvania">Coat of arms</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Universitas Pennsylvaniensis<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Former names</div></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>Academy and Charitable School in the Province of Pennsylvania (1751–1755)</li><li>College of Philadelphia (1755–1779, 1789–1791)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li><li>University of the State of Pennsylvania (1779<a href="#cite_note-5">[note 1]</a>–1791)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data">Leges sine moribus vanae (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Motto in English</div></th><td class="infobox-data">"Laws without morals are useless"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">Private</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research university</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">November 14, 1740; 284 years ago (1740-11-14)<a href="#cite_note-founding_note-9">[note 2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_accreditation" title="Higher education accreditation">Accreditation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_States_Commission_on_Higher_Education" title="Middle States Commission on Higher Education">MSCHE</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Academic affiliations</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities" title="Association of American Universities">AAU</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Consortium_on_Financing_Higher_Education" title="Consortium on Financing Higher Education">COFHE</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Independent_Colleges_and_Universities" title="National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities">NAICU</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_Consortium" title="Quaker Consortium">QC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Universities_Research_Association" title="Universities Research Association">URA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">Endowment</a></th><td class="infobox-data">$21.0 billion (2023)<a href="#cite_note-endowment-10">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Budget</th><td class="infobox-data">$4.4 billion (2024)<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/University_president" class="mw-redirect" title="University president">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/J._Larry_Jameson" title="J. Larry Jameson">J. Larry Jameson</a> (interim)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Provost_(education)" title="Provost (education)">Provost</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_L._Jackson_Jr." title="John L. Jackson Jr.">John L. Jackson Jr.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Academic staff</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,793 (2018)<a href="#cite_note-Facts-12">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Total staff</div></th><td class="infobox-data">39,859 (fall 2020; includes health system)<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Students</th><td class="infobox-data">23,374 (fall 2022)<a href="#cite_note-CDS-14">[12]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">Undergraduates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9,760 (fall 2022)<a href="#cite_note-CDS-14">[12]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Postgraduates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">13,614 (fall 2022)<a href="#cite_note-CDS-14">[12]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div style="display:inline" class="locality"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="state">Pennsylvania</div>, <div style="display:inline" class="country-name">United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=University_of_Pennsylvania&params=39.95_N_75.19_W_region:US-PA_type:edu">39°57′N 75°11′W / 39.95°N 75.19°W / 39.95; -75.19</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Campus</th><td class="infobox-data">Large city, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>1,085 acres (439 ha) (total);</li><li>299 acres (121 ha), <a href="/wiki/University_City,_Philadelphia" title="University City, Philadelphia">University City</a> campus;</li><li>694 acres (281 ha), <a href="/wiki/New_Bolton_Center" title="New Bolton Center">New Bolton Center</a>;</li><li>92 acres (37 ha), <a href="/wiki/Morris_Arboretum" title="Morris Arboretum">Morris Arboretum</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Pennsylvanian" title="The Daily Pennsylvanian">The Daily Pennsylvanian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/School_colors" title="School colors">Colors</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Red and blue<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>   </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Athletic_nickname" title="Athletic nickname">Nickname</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Penn_Quakers" title="Penn Quakers">Quakers</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sporting affiliations</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FCS" class="mw-redirect" title="NCAA Division I FCS">NCAA Division I FCS</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Big_5" title="Philadelphia Big 5">Philadelphia Big 5</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/City_6" title="City 6">City 6</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Rowing_Association" title="Intercollegiate Rowing Association">IRA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Association_of_Rowing_Colleges" title="Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges">EARC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Association_of_Women%27s_Rowing_Colleges" title="Eastern Association of Women's Rowing Colleges">EAWRC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Mascot</th><td class="infobox-data">The Quaker</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://upenn.edu">upenn.edu</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49117#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Pennsylvania_wordmark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/University_of_Pennsylvania_wordmark.svg/150px-University_of_Pennsylvania_wordmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/University_of_Pennsylvania_wordmark.svg/225px-University_of_Pennsylvania_wordmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/University_of_Pennsylvania_wordmark.svg/300px-University_of_Pennsylvania_wordmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="115" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> The University of Pennsylvania (commonly known as Penn<a href="#cite_note-17">[note 3]</a> or UPenn<a href="#cite_note-name_style-19">[note 4]</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">private</a> <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research university</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, Pennsylvania, United States. It is one of nine <a href="/wiki/Colonial_colleges" title="Colonial colleges">colonial colleges</a> and was chartered prior to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">U.S. Declaration of Independence</a> when <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, the university's founder and first president, advocated for an educational institution that trained leaders in academia, commerce, and <a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">public service</a>. Penn identifies as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation" title="List of oldest universities in continuous operation">fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States</a>, though this representation is challenged by other universities since Franklin first convened the board of trustees in 1749, arguably making it the fifth-oldest.<a href="#cite_note-founding_note-9">[note 2]</a> The university has four undergraduate schools and 12 graduate and professional schools. Schools enrolling undergraduates include the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_College_of_Arts_%26_Sciences" title="University of Pennsylvania College of Arts & Sciences">College of Arts and Sciences</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Science" title="University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Science">School of Engineering and Applied Science</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wharton_School" title="Wharton School">Wharton School</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_School_of_Nursing" title="University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing">School of Nursing</a>. Among its graduate schools are its <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Law_School" title="University of Pennsylvania Law School">law school</a>, whose first professor <a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">James Wilson</a> participated in writing the first draft of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">U.S. Constitution</a>, its <a href="/wiki/Perelman_School_of_Medicine" title="Perelman School of Medicine">medical school</a>, which was the first medical school established in North America, and the Wharton School, the nation's first collegiate business school. Penn's <a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">endowment</a> is $21 billion, making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_the_United_States_by_endowment" title="List of colleges and universities in the United States by endowment">sixth-wealthiest private academic institution in the nation</a> as of 2023. In 2021, it ranked fourth among U.S. universities in <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_research_and_development_spending" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by research and development spending">research expenditures</a>, according to the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[16]</a> The University of Pennsylvania's main campus is located in the <a href="/wiki/University_City,_Philadelphia" title="University City, Philadelphia">University City</a> neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/West_Philadelphia" title="West Philadelphia">West Philadelphia</a>, and is centered around <a href="/wiki/College_Hall_(University_of_Pennsylvania)" title="College Hall (University of Pennsylvania)">College Hall</a>. Notable campus landmarks include <a href="/wiki/Houston_Hall_(University_of_Pennsylvania)" title="Houston Hall (University of Pennsylvania)">Houston Hall</a>, the first modern <a href="/wiki/Student_activity_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Student activity center">student union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Field" title="Franklin Field">Franklin Field</a>, the nation's first dual-level <a href="/wiki/College_football" title="College football">college football</a> stadium and the nation's longest-standing <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I" title="NCAA Division I">NCAA Division I</a> college football stadium in continuous operation.<a href="#cite_note-10_old-21">[17]</a> The university's athletics program, the <a href="/wiki/Penn_Quakers" title="Penn Quakers">Penn Quakers</a>, fields varsity teams in 33 sports as a member of NCAA Division I's Ivy League conference. Penn alumni, trustees, and faculty include eight <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a> who signed the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>,<a href="#cite_note-upenn1-22">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-upenn2-23">[19]</a> seven who signed the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>,<a href="#cite_note-upenn2-23">[19]</a> 24 members of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a>, three <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">presidents of the United States</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-24">[note 5]</a> 38 Nobel laureates, nine foreign <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">heads of state</a>, three <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> justices, at least four Supreme Court justices of foreign nations,<a href="#cite_note-25">[20]</a> 32 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. senators</a>, 163 members of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a>, 19 <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">U.S. Cabinet Secretaries</a>, 46 <a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">governors</a>, 28 <a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">State Supreme Court</a> justices, 36 living undergraduate billionaires (the largest number of any U.S. college or university),<a href="#cite_note-quartz-26">[21]</a> and five <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a> recipients.<a href="#cite_note-MoH_Recipients-27">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-na-28">[23]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_University_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of the University of Pennsylvania">History of the University of Pennsylvania</a></div> In 1740, a group of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphians</a> organized to erect a great preaching hall for <a href="/wiki/George_Whitefield" title="George Whitefield">George Whitefield</a>, a traveling <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-29">[24]</a> which was designed and constructed by <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Woolley" title="Edmund Woolley">Edmund Woolley</a>. It was the largest building in Philadelphia at the time, and thousands of people attended it to hear Whitefield preach.<a href="#cite_note-MontgomeryHistory-30">[25]</a>: 26  In the fall of 1749, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Father</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> in Philadelphia, circulated a pamphlet, "<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Proposals_Relating_to_the_Education_of_Youth_in_Pensilvania_(UC)_-_Benjamin_Franklin_(1931_1749).djvu" class="extiw" title="commons:File:Proposals Relating to the Education of Youth in Pensilvania (UC) - Benjamin Franklin (1931 1749).djvu">Proposals Relating to the Education of Youth in Pensilvania</a>," his vision for what he called a "Public Academy of Philadelphia".<a href="#cite_note-31">[26]</a> On June 16, 1755, the <a href="/wiki/Academy_and_College_of_Philadelphia" title="Academy and College of Philadelphia">College of Philadelphia</a> was chartered, paving the way for the addition of undergraduate instruction.<a href="#cite_note-WoodHistory-32">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campus">Campus</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Campus">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_Franklin_statue_in_front_of_College_Hall.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Benjamin_Franklin_statue_in_front_of_College_Hall.JPG/220px-Benjamin_Franklin_statue_in_front_of_College_Hall.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Benjamin_Franklin_statue_in_front_of_College_Hall.JPG/330px-Benjamin_Franklin_statue_in_front_of_College_Hall.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Benjamin_Franklin_statue_in_front_of_College_Hall.JPG/440px-Benjamin_Franklin_statue_in_front_of_College_Hall.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(University_of_Pennsylvania)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (University of Pennsylvania)">Statue of Benjamin Franklin</a>, honoring the university's founder, in front of <a href="/wiki/College_Hall_(University_of_Pennsylvania)" title="College Hall (University of Pennsylvania)">College Hall</a> on Penn's main campus<a href="#cite_note-33">[28]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Upper_Quad_Gate_in_the_fall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Upper_Quad_Gate_in_the_fall.jpg/220px-Upper_Quad_Gate_in_the_fall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Upper_Quad_Gate_in_the_fall.jpg/330px-Upper_Quad_Gate_in_the_fall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Upper_Quad_Gate_in_the_fall.jpg/440px-Upper_Quad_Gate_in_the_fall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>The Upper Quad Gate on the Penn campus, which forms the lower part of Memorial Tower and honors veterans of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></figcaption></figure> Much of Penn's current architecture was designed by the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>-based architecture firm <a href="/wiki/Cope_and_Stewardson" title="Cope and Stewardson">Cope and Stewardson</a>, whose owners were Philadelphia born and raised architects and professors at Penn who also designed <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> and a large part of <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[30]</a> They were known for having combined the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> with the local landscape to establish the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Collegiate Gothic</a> style.<a href="#cite_note-36">[31]</a> The present core campus covers over 299 acres (121 ha) in a contiguous area of West Philadelphia's University City section, and the older heart of the campus comprises the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Campus_Historic_District" title="University of Pennsylvania Campus Historic District">University of Pennsylvania Campus Historic District</a>. All of Penn's schools and most of its research institutes are located on this campus. The surrounding neighborhood includes several restaurants, bars, a large upscale grocery store, and a movie theater on the western edge of campus. Penn's core campus borders <a href="/wiki/Drexel_University" title="Drexel University">Drexel University</a> and is a few blocks from the University City campus of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_University" title="Saint Joseph's University">Saint Joseph's University</a>, which absorbed <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Sciences" title="University of the Sciences">University of the Sciences</a> in Philadelphia in a merger, and <a href="/wiki/The_Restaurant_School_at_Walnut_Hill_College" title="The Restaurant School at Walnut Hill College">The Restaurant School at Walnut Hill College</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wistar_Institute" title="Wistar Institute">Wistar Institute</a>, a cancer research center, is also located on campus. In 2014, a new seven-story glass and steel building was completed next to the institute's original brick edifice built in 1897 further expanding collaboration between the university and the Wistar Institute.<a href="#cite_note-37">[32]</a> The Module 6 Utility Plant and Garage at Penn was designed by BLT Architects and completed in 1995. Module 6 is located at 38th and Walnut and includes spaces for 627 vehicles, 9,000 sq ft (840 m2) of storefront retail operations, a 9,500-ton chiller module and corresponding extension of the campus chilled water loop, and a 4,000-ton ice storage facility.<a href="#cite_note-38">[33]</a> In 2010, in its first significant expansion across the <a href="/wiki/Schuylkill_River" title="Schuylkill River">Schuylkill River</a>, Penn purchased 23 acres (9.3 ha) at the northwest corner of 34th Street and Grays Ferry Avenue, the then site of <a href="/wiki/DuPont" title="DuPont">DuPont</a>'s Marshall Research Labs. In October 2016, with help from architects <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Hollwich" title="Matthias Hollwich">Matthias Hollwich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marc_Kushner" title="Marc Kushner">Marc Kushner</a>, and <a href="/wiki/KSS_Architects" class="mw-redirect" title="KSS Architects">KSS Architects</a>, Penn completed the design and renovation of the center piece of the project, a former paint factory named Pennovation Works, which houses shared desks, wet labs, common areas, a pitch bleacher, and other attributes of a tech incubator. The rest of the site, known as South Bank, is a mixture of lightly refurbished industrial buildings that serve as affordable and flexible workspaces and land for future development. Penn hopes that "South Bank will provide a place for academics, researchers, and entrepreneurs to establish their businesses in close proximity to each other to facilitate cross-pollination of their ideas, creativity, and innovation," according to a March 2017 university statement.<a href="#cite_note-39">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks_and_arboreta">Parks and arboreta</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Parks and arboreta">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Morris_Arboretum" title="Morris Arboretum">Morris Arboretum</a></div> In 2007, Penn acquired about 35 acres (14 ha) between the campus and the <a href="/wiki/Schuylkill_River" title="Schuylkill River">Schuylkill River</a> at the former site of the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Convention_Hall_and_Civic_Center" title="Philadelphia Convention Hall and Civic Center">Philadelphia Civic Center</a> and a nearby 24-acre (9.7 ha) site then owned by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a>. Dubbed the Postal Lands, the site extends from <a href="/wiki/Market_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Market Street (Philadelphia)">Market Street</a> on the north to Penn's Bower Field on the south, including the former main regional U.S. Postal Building at 30th and Market Streets, now the regional office for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Internal_Revenue_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Internal Revenue Service">U.S. Internal Revenue Service</a>. Over the next decade, the site became the home to educational, research, <a href="/wiki/Biomedical_engineering" title="Biomedical engineering">biomedical</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mixed-use_development" title="Mixed-use development">mixed-use</a> facilities. The first phase, comprising a park and athletic facilities, opened in the fall of 2011. In September 2011, Penn completed the construction of the $46.5 million, 24-acre (9.7 ha) Penn Park, which features passive and active recreation and athletic components framed and subdivided by canopy trees, lawns, and meadows. It is located east of the Highline Green and stretches from <a href="/wiki/Walnut_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Walnut Street (Philadelphia)">Walnut</a> to <a href="/wiki/South_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="South Street (Philadelphia)">South Streets</a>. Penn maintains two arboreta. The first, the roughly 300-acre (120 ha) Penn Campus Arboretum at the University of Pennsylvania, encompasses the entire <a href="/wiki/University_City,_Philadelphia" title="University City, Philadelphia">University City</a> main campus. The campus arboretum is an urban forest with over 6,500 trees representing 240 species of trees and shrubs, ten specialty gardens and five urban parks,<a href="#cite_note-arbnet-40">[35]</a> which has been designated as a Tree Campus USA<a href="#cite_note-41">[36]</a> since 2009 and formally recognized as an accredited ArbNet Arboretum since 2017.<a href="#cite_note-arbnet-40">[35]</a> Penn maintains an interactive website linked to Penn's comprehensive tree inventory, which allows users to explore Penn's entire collection of trees.<a href="#cite_note-42">[37]</a> The second arboretum, <a href="/wiki/Morris_Arboretum" title="Morris Arboretum">Morris Arboretum</a>, which serves as the official arboretum of the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Commonwealth of Pennsylvania</a>, is 92 acres and includes over 13,000 labelled plants from over 2,500 types, representing the temperate floras of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, with a primary focus on Asia. <a href="#cite_note-43">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Bolton_Center">New Bolton Center</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: New Bolton Center">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Bolton_Center" title="New Bolton Center">New Bolton Center</a></div> Penn also owns the 687-acre (278 ha) <a href="/wiki/New_Bolton_Center" title="New Bolton Center">New Bolton Center</a>, the research and large-animal health care center of its veterinary school.<a href="#cite_note-arch-44">[39]</a> Located near <a href="/wiki/Kennett_Square,_Pennsylvania" title="Kennett Square, Pennsylvania">Kennett Square</a>, New Bolton Center received nationwide media attention when <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Derby" title="Kentucky Derby">Kentucky Derby</a> winner <a href="/wiki/Barbaro_(horse)" title="Barbaro (horse)">Barbaro</a> underwent surgery at its Widener Hospital for injuries suffered while running in the <a href="/wiki/Preakness_Stakes" title="Preakness Stakes">Preakness Stakes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libraries">Libraries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Libraries">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Van_Pelt_Library" title="Van Pelt Library">Van Pelt Library</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Van_Pelt-Dietrich_Library_Center_-_IMG_6589.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Van_Pelt-Dietrich_Library_Center_-_IMG_6589.JPG/220px-Van_Pelt-Dietrich_Library_Center_-_IMG_6589.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Van_Pelt-Dietrich_Library_Center_-_IMG_6589.JPG/330px-Van_Pelt-Dietrich_Library_Center_-_IMG_6589.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Van_Pelt-Dietrich_Library_Center_-_IMG_6589.JPG/440px-Van_Pelt-Dietrich_Library_Center_-_IMG_6589.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Van_Pelt_Library" title="Van Pelt Library">Van Pelt Library</a>, Penn's main library building</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Furness_library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Furness_library.jpg/220px-Furness_library.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Furness_library.jpg/330px-Furness_library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Furness_library.jpg/440px-Furness_library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Penn's first standalone library, built in 1891 and designed by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Furness" title="Frank Furness">Frank Furness</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1915</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Furness_Lib_interior_looking_N_UPenn.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Furness_Lib_interior_looking_N_UPenn.JPG/220px-Furness_Lib_interior_looking_N_UPenn.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Furness_Lib_interior_looking_N_UPenn.JPG/330px-Furness_Lib_interior_looking_N_UPenn.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Furness_Lib_interior_looking_N_UPenn.JPG/440px-Furness_Lib_interior_looking_N_UPenn.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4204" data-file-height="3153" /></a><figcaption>The interior of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_School_of_Design" title="University of Pennsylvania School of Design">School of Design</a>'s library</figcaption></figure> Penn library system has grown into a system of 14 libraries with 400 <a href="/wiki/Full-time_equivalent" title="Full-time equivalent">full-time equivalent</a> (FTE) employees and a total operating budget of more than $48 million.<a href="#cite_note-46">[41]</a> The library system has 6.19 million book and serial volumes as well as 4.23 million <a href="/wiki/Microform" title="Microform">microform</a> items and 1.11 million e-books.<a href="#cite_note-Facts-12">[10]</a> It subscribes to over 68,000 print serials and e-journals.<a href="#cite_note-47">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[43]</a> The university has 15 libraries. <a href="/wiki/Van_Pelt_Library" title="Van Pelt Library">Van Pelt Library</a> on the Penn campus is the university's main library. The other 14 are: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Annenberg_School_for_Communication_at_the_University_of_Pennsylvania" title="Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania">Annenberg School for Communication</a> library located on <a href="/wiki/Walnut_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Walnut Street (Philadelphia)">Walnut Street</a> between 36th and 37th Streets</li> <li>The Archaeology and Anthropology Library located at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology">Penn Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology</a></li> <li>The Biddle Law Library located on campus on the 3500 block of Sansom Street at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_School_of_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Pennsylvania School of Law">School of Law</a></li> <li>The Chemistry Library located on campus on 3300 block of Spruce Street in the Chemistry Building</li> <li>The Dental Medicine Library on campus on the 4000 the block of <a href="/wiki/Locust_Street" title="Locust Street">Locust Street</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_School_of_Dental_Medicine" title="University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine">Dental School</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Fisher_Fine_Arts_Library" title="Fisher Fine Arts Library">Fisher Fine Arts Library</a> located on campus on the 3400 block of Woodland Avenue</li> <li>The Holman Biotech Commons library located on campus on the 3500 block of Hamilton Walk adjacent to the Robert Wood Johnson Pavilion at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_School_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine">Medical School</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_School_of_Nursing" title="University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing">Nursing School</a></li> <li>The Humanities and Social Sciences Library, including <a href="/wiki/Weigle_Information_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="Weigle Information Commons">Weigle Information Commons</a>, located on campus between 34th and 35th streets on Locust Street in the Van Pelt Library</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Katz_Center_for_Advanced_Judaic_Studies" title="Katz Center for Advanced Judaic Studies">Katz Center for Advanced Judaic Studies</a> library located off campus at 420 <a href="/wiki/Walnut_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Walnut Street (Philadelphia)">Walnut Street</a> near <a href="/wiki/Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Independence Hall</a> and Washington Square</li> <li>The Lea Library, a collection of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> history, located on campus between 34th and 35th streets on Locust Street on the 6th floor of the <a href="/wiki/Van_Pelt_Library" title="Van Pelt Library">Van Pelt Library</a></li> <li>The Lippincott Business Library located on campus between 35th and 36th streets on Locust Street in the second floor of the Van Pelt Library</li> <li>The Math/Physics/Astronomy library located on campus on 3200 block of Walnut Streets adjacent to <a href="/wiki/The_Palestra" class="mw-redirect" title="The Palestra">The Palestra</a> on the third floor of the David Rittenhouse Laboratory</li> <li>The Rare Books and Manuscripts library and Yarnall Library of Theology located on campus between 34th and 35th streets on Locust Street in Van Pelt Library</li> <li>The Veterinary Medicine Library located on the campus between 38th and 39th streets on Sansom Street at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_School_of_Veterinary_Medicine" title="University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine">Veterinary Medicine School</a> with satellite library located off campus at New Bolton Center.</li></ul> Penn also maintains books and records off campus at high density storage facility. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_School_of_Design" title="University of Pennsylvania School of Design">Penn Design School</a>'s Fine Arts Library was built to be Penn's main library and the first with its own building. The main library at the time was designed by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Furness" title="Frank Furness">Frank Furness</a> to be first library in nation to separate the low ceilings of the <a href="/wiki/Library_stack" title="Library stack">library stack</a>, where the books were stored, from forty-foot-plus high ceilinged rooms, where the books were read and studied.<a href="#cite_note-49">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[46]</a> The Yarnall Library of Theology, a major American rare book collection, is part of Penn's libraries. The Yarnall Library of Theology was formerly affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Saint_Clement%27s_Church_(Philadelphia)" title="Saint Clement's Church (Philadelphia)">St. Clement's Church</a> in Philadelphia. It was founded in 1911 under the terms of the wills of Ellis Hornor Yarnall (1839–1907) and Emily Yarnall, and subsequently housed at the former Philadelphia Divinity School. The library's major areas of focus are theology, patristics, and the liturgy, history and theology of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church in the United States of America</a>. It includes a large number of rare books, incunabula, and illuminated manuscripts, and new material continues to be added.<a href="#cite_note-52">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_installations">Art installations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Art installations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Covenant_Liberman_1976_a.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Covenant_Liberman_1976_a.JPG/220px-Covenant_Liberman_1976_a.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Covenant_Liberman_1976_a.JPG/330px-Covenant_Liberman_1976_a.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Covenant_Liberman_1976_a.JPG/440px-Covenant_Liberman_1976_a.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4195" data-file-height="2797" /></a><figcaption>The Covenant, designed by artist <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Liberman" title="Alexander Liberman">Alexander Liberman</a> and installed at Penn in 1975</figcaption></figure> The campus has more than 40 notable art installations, in part because of a 1959 <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> ordinance requiring total budget for new construction or major renovation projects in which governmental resources are used to include <a href="/wiki/Percent_for_art" title="Percent for art">1% for art</a><a href="#cite_note-Abernethy1988-54">[49]</a> to be used to pay for installation of site-specific public art,<a href="#cite_note-55">[50]</a> in part because many alumni collected and donated art to Penn, and in part because of the presence of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_School_of_Design" title="University of Pennsylvania School of Design">University of Pennsylvania School of Design</a> on the campus.<a href="#cite_note-art1-56">[51]</a> In 2020, Penn installed Brick House, a monumental work of art, created by <a href="/wiki/Simone_Leigh" title="Simone Leigh">Simone Leigh</a> at the College Green gateway to Penn's campus near the corner of 34th Street and Woodland Walk. This 5,900-pound (2,700 kg) bronze sculpture, which is 16 feet (4.9 m) high and 9 feet (2.7 m) in diameter at its base, depicts an African woman's head crowned with an afro framed by cornrow braids atop a form that resembles both a skirt and a clay house.<a href="#cite_note-Brick_House-57">[52]</a> At the installation, Penn president Amy Guttman proclaimed that "Ms. Leigh's sculpture brings a striking presence of strength, grace, and beauty—along with an ineffable sense of mystery and resilience—to a central crossroad of Penn's campus."<a href="#cite_note-58">[53]</a> The Covenant, known to the student body as "Dueling Tampons"<a href="#cite_note-59">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[55]</a> or "The Tampons,"<a href="#cite_note-61">[56]</a> is a large red structure created by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Liberman" title="Alexander Liberman">Alexander Liberman</a> and located on Locust Walk as a gateway to the high-rise residences "super block." It was installed in 1975 and is made of rolled sheets of milled steel. A white button, known as <a href="/wiki/The_Button_(sculpture)" title="The Button (sculpture)">The Button</a> and officially called the Split Button is a <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">modern art</a> sculpture designed by designed by <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> <a href="/wiki/Sculptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sculptor">sculptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Claes_Oldenburg" title="Claes Oldenburg">Claes Oldenburg</a> (who specialized in creating oversize sculptures of everyday objects). It sits at the south entrance of <a href="/wiki/Van_Pelt_Library" title="Van Pelt Library">Van Pelt Library</a> and has button holes large enough for people to stand inside. Penn also has a replica of the <a href="/wiki/Love_(sculpture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Love (sculpture)">Love</a> sculpture, part of a series created by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Indiana" title="Robert Indiana">Robert Indiana</a>. It is a painted aluminum sculpture and was installed in 1998 overlooking College Green.<a href="#cite_note-art1-56">[51]</a> In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Public_Art" title="Association for Public Art">Association for Public Art</a> loaned Penn<a href="#cite_note-twostatues-62">[57]</a> two multi-ton sculptures. The works are Social Consciousness, created by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Jacob_Epstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Jacob Epstein">Sir Jacob Epstein</a> in 1954,<a href="#cite_note-63">[58]</a> and Atmosphere and Environment XII, created by <a href="/wiki/Louise_Nevelson" title="Louise Nevelson">Louise Nevelson</a> in 1970.<a href="#cite_note-twostatues-62">[57]</a> Until the loan, both works had been located at the West Entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art" title="Philadelphia Museum of Art">Philadelphia Museum of Art</a>, the older since its creation and the Nevelson work since 1973. Social Consciousness was relocated to the walkway between Wharton's <a href="/wiki/Lippincott_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Lippincott Library">Lippincott Library</a> and Phi Phi chapter of <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Chi_Rho" title="Alpha Chi Rho">Alpha Chi Rho</a> fraternity house, and Atmosphere and Environment XII is sited on Shoemaker Green between <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Field" title="Franklin Field">Franklin Field</a> and Ringe Squash Courts.<a href="#cite_note-64">[59]</a> In addition to the contemporary art, Penn also has several traditional statues, including a good number created by Penn's first Director of Physical Education Department, <a href="/wiki/R._Tait_McKenzie" title="R. Tait McKenzie">R. Tait McKenzie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[60]</a> Among the notable sculptures is that of Young Ben Franklin, which McKenzie produced and Penn sited adjacent to the fieldhouse contiguous to <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Field" title="Franklin Field">Franklin Field</a>. The sculpture is titled <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> in 1723 and was created by McKenzie during the pre-World War I era (1910–1914). Other sculptures he produced for Penn include the 1924 sculpture of then Penn provost <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Fahs_Smith" title="Edgar Fahs Smith">Edgar Fahs Smith</a>. Penn is presently reevaluating all of its public art and has formed a working group led by Penn Design dean <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Steiner" title="Frederick Steiner">Frederick Steiner</a>, who was part of a similar effort at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a> that led to the removal of statues of <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a> and other Confederate officials, and Penn's Chief Diversity Officer, Joann Mitchell. Penn has begun the process of adding art and removing or relocating art.<a href="#cite_note-66">[61]</a> Penn removed from campus in 2020 the statue of the Reverend <a href="/wiki/George_Whitefield" title="George Whitefield">George Whitefield</a> (who had inspired the 1740 establishment of a trust to establish a charity school, which trust Penn legally assumed in 1749) when research showed Whitefield owned fifty enslaved people and drafted and advocated for the key theological arguments in favor of <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Georgia" title="History of slavery in Georgia">slavery in Georgia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">rest of</a> the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penn_Museum">Penn Museum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Penn Museum">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology">University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Penn_Museum%27s_Warden_Garden_and_Main_Entrance,_Summer_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Penn_Museum%27s_Warden_Garden_and_Main_Entrance%2C_Summer_2012.jpg/220px-Penn_Museum%27s_Warden_Garden_and_Main_Entrance%2C_Summer_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Penn_Museum%27s_Warden_Garden_and_Main_Entrance%2C_Summer_2012.jpg/330px-Penn_Museum%27s_Warden_Garden_and_Main_Entrance%2C_Summer_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Penn_Museum%27s_Warden_Garden_and_Main_Entrance%2C_Summer_2012.jpg/440px-Penn_Museum%27s_Warden_Garden_and_Main_Entrance%2C_Summer_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology">University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology</a> and Warden Garden</figcaption></figure> Since the Penn Museum was founded in 1887,<a href="#cite_note-68">[63]</a> it has taken part in 400 research projects worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-About_UPM-69">[64]</a> The museum's first project was an excavation of <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a>, a location in current day Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-70">[65]</a> Penn Museum is home to the largest authentic sphinx in North America at about seven feet high, four feet wide, 13 feet long, 12.9 tons, and made of solid red granite. The sphinx was discovered in 1912 by the British archeologist, <a href="/wiki/Flinders_Petrie" title="Flinders Petrie">Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie</a>, during an excavation of the ancient Egyptian city of <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis, Egypt</a>, where the sphinx had guarded a temple to ward off evil. Since Petri's expedition was partially financed by Penn Petrie offered it to Penn, which arranged for it to be moved to museum in 1913. The sphinx was moved in 2019 to a more prominent spot intended to attract visitors.<a href="#cite_note-71">[66]</a> The museum has three gallery floors with artifacts from <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, the Middle East, <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>, Asia, the Mediterranean, Africa and indigenous artifacts of the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-About_UPM-69">[64]</a> Its most famous object is the goat rearing into the branches of a rosette-leafed plant, from the <a href="/wiki/Ur_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Ur III">royal tombs of Ur</a>. The Penn Museum's excavations and collections foster a strong research base for graduate students in the <a href="/wiki/Graduate_Group_in_the_Art_and_Archaeology_of_the_Mediterranean_World" title="Graduate Group in the Art and Archaeology of the Mediterranean World">Graduate Group in the Art and Archaeology of the Mediterranean World</a>. Features of the <a href="/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture" title="Beaux-Arts architecture">Beaux-Arts</a> building include a <a href="/wiki/Rotunda_(architecture)" title="Rotunda (architecture)">rotunda</a> and gardens that include Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Penn_museums_and_galleries">Other Penn museums and galleries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other Penn museums and galleries">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ross_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Ross Gallery">Arthur Ross Gallery</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fisher_Fine_Arts_Library" title="Fisher Fine Arts Library">Fisher Fine Arts Library</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Contemporary_Art,_Philadelphia" title="Institute of Contemporary Art, Philadelphia">Institute of Contemporary Art, Philadelphia</a></div> Penn maintains a website providing a detailed roadmap to small museums and galleries and over one hundred locations across campus where the public can access Penn's over 8,000 artworks acquired over 250 years, which includes paintings, sculptures, photography, works on paper, and decorative arts.<a href="#cite_note-72">[67]</a> The largest of the art galleries is the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Contemporary_Art,_Philadelphia" title="Institute of Contemporary Art, Philadelphia">Institute of Contemporary Art</a>, one of the only <a href="/wiki/Kunsthalle" title="Kunsthalle">kunsthalles</a> in the country, which showcases various art exhibitions throughout the year. Since 1983, the <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ross_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Ross Gallery">Arthur Ross Gallery</a>, located at the <a href="/wiki/Fisher_Fine_Arts_Library" title="Fisher Fine Arts Library">Fisher Fine Arts Library</a>, has housed Penn's art collection<a href="#cite_note-73">[68]</a> and is named for its benefactor, philanthropist <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ross_(philanthropist)" title="Arthur Ross (philanthropist)">Arthur Ross</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Residences">Residences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Residences">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_College_Houses" title="University of Pennsylvania College Houses">University of Pennsylvania College Houses</a></div> Every College House at the University of Pennsylvania has at least four members of faculty in the roles of House Dean, Faculty Master, and College House Fellows.<a href="#cite_note-College_House_PDF-74">[69]</a> Within the College Houses, Penn has nearly 40 themed residential programs for students with shared interests such as world cinema or science and technology. Many of the nearby homes and apartments in the area surrounding the campus are often rented by undergraduate students moving off campus after their first year, as well as by graduate and professional students. The College Houses include W.E.B. Du Bois, Fisher Hassenfeld, Gregory, Gutmann, Harnwell, Harrison, <a href="/wiki/Hill_College_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill College House">Hill College House</a>, Kings Court English, Lauder, Riepe, Rodin, Stouffer, and Ware. The first College House was Van Pelt College House, established in the fall of 1971. It was later renamed Gregory House.<a href="#cite_note-75">[70]</a> Fisher Hassenfeld, Ware and Riepe together make up one building called "The Quad." The latest College House to be built is Guttman<a href="#cite_note-76">[71]</a> (formerly named New College House West), which opened in the fall of 2021.<a href="#cite_note-77">[72]</a> Penn students in Junior or Senior year may live in the 45 sororities and fraternities governed by three student-run governing councils, Interfraternity Council,<a href="#cite_note-78">[73]</a> Intercultural Greek Council, and Panhellenic Council.<a href="#cite_note-79">[74]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Pennsylvania-_its_history,_traditions,_buildings_and_memorials-_also_a_brief_guide_to_Philadelphia_(1918)_(14578281487).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The university's first purpose-built dormitory in the foreground (on right), built in 1765[75]"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/University_of_Pennsylvania-_its_history%2C_traditions%2C_buildings_and_memorials-_also_a_brief_guide_to_Philadelphia_%281918%29_%2814578281487%29.jpg/200px-University_of_Pennsylvania-_its_history%2C_traditions%2C_buildings_and_memorials-_also_a_brief_guide_to_Philadelphia_%281918%29_%2814578281487%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/University_of_Pennsylvania-_its_history%2C_traditions%2C_buildings_and_memorials-_also_a_brief_guide_to_Philadelphia_%281918%29_%2814578281487%29.jpg/299px-University_of_Pennsylvania-_its_history%2C_traditions%2C_buildings_and_memorials-_also_a_brief_guide_to_Philadelphia_%281918%29_%2814578281487%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/University_of_Pennsylvania-_its_history%2C_traditions%2C_buildings_and_memorials-_also_a_brief_guide_to_Philadelphia_%281918%29_%2814578281487%29.jpg/399px-University_of_Pennsylvania-_its_history%2C_traditions%2C_buildings_and_memorials-_also_a_brief_guide_to_Philadelphia_%281918%29_%2814578281487%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3040" data-file-height="1830" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The university's first purpose-built dormitory in the foreground (on right), built in 1765<a href="#cite_note-80">[75]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 154px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 152px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Penn_campus_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Upper Quad, originally called The Triangle,[76] and formerly "The Men's Dormitory," viewed from the Memorial Tower[77]"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Penn_campus_2.jpg/228px-Penn_campus_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Penn_campus_2.jpg/341px-Penn_campus_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Penn_campus_2.jpg/455px-Penn_campus_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="541" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Upper Quad, originally called The Triangle,<a href="#cite_note-81">[76]</a> and formerly "The Men's Dormitory," viewed from the Memorial Tower<a href="#cite_note-82">[77]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Woodland_Walk.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Woodland Walk pathway between Hill College House and Lauder College House"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Woodland_Walk.jpg/180px-Woodland_Walk.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Woodland_Walk.jpg/270px-Woodland_Walk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Woodland_Walk.jpg/360px-Woodland_Walk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Woodland Walk pathway between <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_College_Houses" title="University of Pennsylvania College Houses">Hill College House</a> and Lauder College House</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hill_College_House_-_IMG_6582.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Hill College House, a dormitory designed in 1958 to house female students, was designed by Eero Saarinen"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Hill_College_House_-_IMG_6582.JPG/160px-Hill_College_House_-_IMG_6582.JPG" decoding="async" width="107" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Hill_College_House_-_IMG_6582.JPG/240px-Hill_College_House_-_IMG_6582.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Hill_College_House_-_IMG_6582.JPG/320px-Hill_College_House_-_IMG_6582.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hill_College_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill College House">Hill College House</a>, a dormitory designed in 1958 to house female students, was designed by <a href="/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen">Eero Saarinen</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 198.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Quadrangle_Building_at_the_University_of_Pennsylvania.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""The Quad," formerly known as the Men's Dormitory, in 2014"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Quadrangle_Building_at_the_University_of_Pennsylvania.jpg/298px-Quadrangle_Building_at_the_University_of_Pennsylvania.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Quadrangle_Building_at_the_University_of_Pennsylvania.jpg/446px-Quadrangle_Building_at_the_University_of_Pennsylvania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Quadrangle_Building_at_the_University_of_Pennsylvania.jpg/595px-Quadrangle_Building_at_the_University_of_Pennsylvania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2198" data-file-height="888" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">"The Quad," formerly known as the Men's Dormitory, in 2014</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:George_W._Childs_Drexel_Mansion_(now_Alpha_Tau_Omega_Fraternity)_-_University_of_Pennsylvania_-_IMG_6638.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Alpha Tau Omega fraternity house, built by George W. Childs Drexel as one of two mansions for his daughters"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/George_W._Childs_Drexel_Mansion_%28now_Alpha_Tau_Omega_Fraternity%29_-_University_of_Pennsylvania_-_IMG_6638.jpg/160px-George_W._Childs_Drexel_Mansion_%28now_Alpha_Tau_Omega_Fraternity%29_-_University_of_Pennsylvania_-_IMG_6638.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/George_W._Childs_Drexel_Mansion_%28now_Alpha_Tau_Omega_Fraternity%29_-_University_of_Pennsylvania_-_IMG_6638.jpg/240px-George_W._Childs_Drexel_Mansion_%28now_Alpha_Tau_Omega_Fraternity%29_-_University_of_Pennsylvania_-_IMG_6638.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/George_W._Childs_Drexel_Mansion_%28now_Alpha_Tau_Omega_Fraternity%29_-_University_of_Pennsylvania_-_IMG_6638.jpg/320px-George_W._Childs_Drexel_Mansion_%28now_Alpha_Tau_Omega_Fraternity%29_-_University_of_Pennsylvania_-_IMG_6638.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Tau_Omega" title="Alpha Tau Omega">Alpha Tau Omega</a> fraternity house, built by George W. Childs Drexel as one of two mansions for his daughters</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Organization">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_University_of_Pennsylvania" title="List of presidents of the University of Pennsylvania">List of presidents of the University of Pennsylvania</a></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="float:right; margin-left:1.5em; font-size:95%; width:27em;"> <caption>University of Pennsylvania graduate and professional schools<a href="#cite_note-83">[78]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">School </th> <th scope="col">Year founded </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Perelman_School_of_Medicine_at_the_University_of_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania">Perelman School of Medicine</a> </th> <td>1765<a href="#cite_note-84">[79]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Science" title="University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Science">School of Engineering and Applied Science</a> </th> <td>1852<a href="#cite_note-85">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Law_School" title="University of Pennsylvania Law School">Law School</a> </th> <td>1850<a href="#cite_note-87">[note 6]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_School_of_Design" title="University of Pennsylvania School of Design">School of Design</a> </th> <td>1868 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_School_of_Dental_Medicine" title="University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine">School of Dental Medicine</a> </th> <td>1878<a href="#cite_note-88">[82]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Wharton_School_of_the_University_of_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania">The Wharton School</a> </th> <td>1881<a href="#cite_note-89">[83]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_School_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="University of Pennsylvania School of Arts and Sciences">Graduate School of Arts and Sciences</a> </th> <td>1755<a href="#cite_note-90">[84]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_School_of_Veterinary_Medicine" title="University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine">School of Veterinary Medicine</a> </th> <td>1884<a href="#cite_note-91">[85]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/School_of_Social_Policy_and_Practice" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Social Policy and Practice">School of Social Policy and Practice</a> </th> <td>1908 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Graduate_School_of_Education" title="University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Education">Graduate School of Education</a> </th> <td>1915 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_School_of_Nursing" title="University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing">School of Nursing</a> </th> <td>1935 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Annenberg_School_for_Communication_at_the_University_of_Pennsylvania" title="Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania">Annenberg School for Communication</a> </th> <td>1958 </td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_School_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="University of Pennsylvania School of Arts and Sciences">College of Arts and Sciences</a> is the undergraduate division of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_School_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="University of Pennsylvania School of Arts and Sciences">School of Arts and Sciences</a>. The School of Arts and Sciences also contains the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Graduate_Division_School_of_Arts_%26_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Pennsylvania Graduate Division School of Arts & Sciences">Graduate Division</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_College_of_Liberal_and_Professional_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Pennsylvania College of Liberal and Professional Studies">College of Liberal and Professional Studies</a>, which is home to the <a href="/wiki/Fels_Institute_of_Government" title="Fels Institute of Government">Fels Institute of Government</a>, the master's programs in Organizational Dynamics, and the Environmental Studies (MES) program. <a href="/wiki/Wharton_School" title="Wharton School">Wharton School</a> is the business school of the University of Pennsylvania. Other schools with undergraduate programs include the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_School_of_Nursing" title="University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing">School of Nursing</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Science" title="University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Science">School of Engineering and Applied Science (SEAS)</a>. The current president is <a href="/wiki/J._Larry_Jameson" title="J. Larry Jameson">J. Larry Jameson</a> (interim).<a href="#cite_note-92">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campus_police">Campus police</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Campus police">edit</a>]</div> The University of Pennsylvania Police Department (UPPD) is the largest, private police department in Pennsylvania, with 117 members. All officers are sworn municipal police officers and retain general law enforcement authority while on the campus.<a href="#cite_note-PPD-93">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seal">Seal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Seal">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1757_UPenn_Seal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/1757_UPenn_Seal.png/170px-1757_UPenn_Seal.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/1757_UPenn_Seal.png/255px-1757_UPenn_Seal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/1757_UPenn_Seal.png/340px-1757_UPenn_Seal.png 2x" data-file-width="1025" data-file-height="1038" /></a><figcaption>The 1757 seal of the academy and College of Philadelphia</figcaption></figure> The official <a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">seal</a> of the Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania serves as the signature and symbol of authenticity on documents issued by the corporation.<a href="#cite_note-sealFAQ-94">[88]</a> The most recent design, a modified version of the original seal, was approved in 1932, adopted a year later and is still used for much of the same purposes as the original.<a href="#cite_note-sealFAQ-94">[88]</a> The official <a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">seal</a> of the Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania serves as the signature and symbol of authenticity on documents issued by the corporation.<a href="#cite_note-sealFAQ-94">[88]</a> A request for one was first recorded in a meeting of the trustees in 1753 during which some of the Trustees "desired to get a Common Seal engraved for the Use of [the] Corporation." In 1756, a public seal and motto for the college was engraved in silver.<a href="#cite_note-Coleman_1749–1768_36,_68-95">[89]</a> The most recent design, a modified version of the original seal, was approved in 1932, adopted a year later and is still used for much of the same purposes as the original.<a href="#cite_note-sealFAQ-94">[88]</a> The outer ring of the current seal is inscribed with "Universitas Pennsylvaniensis," the Latin name of the University of Pennsylvania. The inside contains seven stacked books on a desk with the titles of subjects of the <a href="/wiki/Trivium" title="Trivium">trivium</a> and a modified <a href="/wiki/Quadrivium" title="Quadrivium">quadrivium</a>, components of a classical education: Theolog[ia], Astronom[ia], Philosoph[ia], Mathemat[ica], Logica, Rhetorica and Grammatica. Between the books and the outer ring is the Latin motto of the university, "Leges Sine Moribus Vanae."<a href="#cite_note-sealFAQ-94">[88]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Pennsylvania_seal_1894.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/University_of_Pennsylvania_seal_1894.svg/220px-University_of_Pennsylvania_seal_1894.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/University_of_Pennsylvania_seal_1894.svg/330px-University_of_Pennsylvania_seal_1894.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/University_of_Pennsylvania_seal_1894.svg/440px-University_of_Pennsylvania_seal_1894.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="206" /></a><figcaption>Updated seal of the University of Pennsylvania with present name of school in Latin</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academics">Academics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Academics">edit</a>]</div> Penn's "One University Policy" allows students to enroll in classes in any of Penn's twelve schools.<a href="#cite_note-Meyerson,_Martin_1973-96">[90]</a> Penn has a strong focus on interdisciplinary learning and research. It offers double degree programs, unique majors, and academic flexibility. Penn's "One University" policy allows undergraduates access to courses at all of Penn's undergraduate and graduate schools except the medical, veterinary and dental schools. Undergraduates at Penn may also take courses at <a href="/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_College" title="Bryn Mawr College">Bryn Mawr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haverford_College" title="Haverford College">Haverford</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Swarthmore_College" title="Swarthmore College">Swarthmore</a> under a reciprocal agreement known as the <a href="/wiki/Quaker_Consortium" title="Quaker Consortium">Quaker Consortium</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Admissions">Admissions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Admissions">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:right;"> <caption>Fall first-year statistics, by year </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th scope="col">2022<a href="#cite_note-CDS_2020-FF-97">[91]</a> </th> <th scope="col">2019<a href="#cite_note-CDS_2019-FF-98">[92]</a> </th> <th scope="col">2018<a href="#cite_note-CDS_2018-FF-99">[93]</a> </th> <th scope="col">2017<a href="#cite_note-CDS_2017-FF-100">[94]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Applicants </th> <td>54,588 </td> <td>44,961 </td> <td>44,491 </td> <td>40,413 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Admits </th> <td>3,404 </td> <td>3,446 </td> <td>3,740 </td> <td>3,757 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Admit rate </th> <td>4.24% </td> <td>6.66% </td> <td>7.41% </td> <td>8.30% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Enrolled </th> <td>2,417 </td> <td>2,400 </td> <td>2,518 </td> <td>2,456 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Yield_(college_admissions)" title="Yield (college admissions)">Yield</a> </th> <td>68.18% </td> <td>69.65% </td> <td>67.33% </td> <td>65.37% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">SAT range* </th> <td>1510–1560 </td> <td>1450–1560 </td> <td>1440–1560 </td> <td>1420–1560 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">ACT range* </th> <td>34–36 </td> <td>33–35 </td> <td>32–35 </td> <td>32–35 </td></tr></tbody></table> * SAT and ACT ranges are from the 25th to the 75th percentile. Undergraduate admissions to the University of Pennsylvania is considered by <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">US News</a> to be "most selective." Admissions officials consider a student's <a href="/wiki/Grading_in_education" title="Grading in education">GPA</a> to be a very important academic factor, with emphasis on an applicant's high school class rank and letters of recommendation.<a href="#cite_note-101">[95]</a> Admission is <a href="/wiki/Need-blind" class="mw-redirect" title="Need-blind">need-blind</a> for U.S., Canadian, and Mexican applicants.<a href="#cite_note-102">[96]</a> For the class of 2026, entering in Fall 2022, the university received 54,588 applications.<a href="#cite_note-103">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a> also ranked Penn among the 10 most selective schools in the country. At the graduate level, based on admission statistics from U.S. News & World Report, Penn's most selective programs include its law school, the health care schools (medicine, dental medicine, nursing, veterinary), the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and the Wharton School. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coordinated_dual-degree,_accelerated,_interdisciplinary_programs">Coordinated dual-degree, accelerated, interdisciplinary programs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Coordinated dual-degree, accelerated, interdisciplinary programs">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smith_Walk,_view_of_Towne_Hall.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Smith_Walk%2C_view_of_Towne_Hall.JPG/220px-Smith_Walk%2C_view_of_Towne_Hall.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Smith_Walk%2C_view_of_Towne_Hall.JPG/330px-Smith_Walk%2C_view_of_Towne_Hall.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Smith_Walk%2C_view_of_Towne_Hall.JPG/440px-Smith_Walk%2C_view_of_Towne_Hall.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Smith Walk with a view of Towne Building and the Engineering Quad</figcaption></figure> Penn offers unique and specialized <a href="/wiki/Double_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="Double degree">coordinated dual-degree</a> (CDD) programs, which selectively award candidates degrees from multiple schools at the university upon completion of graduation criteria of both schools in addition to program-specific programs and senior capstone projects. Additionally, there are accelerated and interdisciplinary programs offered by the university. These undergraduate programs include: <ul><li>Huntsman Program in International Studies and Business<a href="#cite_note-104">[98]</a></li> <li>Jerome Fisher Program in Management and Technology (M&T)<a href="#cite_note-105">[99]</a></li> <li>Roy and Diana Vagelos Program in Life Sciences and Management (LSM)<a href="#cite_note-106">[100]</a></li> <li>Nursing and Health Care Management (NHCM)<a href="#cite_note-107">[101]</a></li> <li>Roy and Diana Vagelos Integrated Program in Energy Research (VIPER)<a href="#cite_note-108">[102]</a></li> <li>Vagelos Scholars Program in Molecular Life Sciences (MLS)<a href="#cite_note-109">[103]</a></li> <li>Singh Program in Networked and Social Systems Engineering (NETS)<a href="#cite_note-110">[104]</a></li> <li>Digital Media Design (DMD)<a href="#cite_note-111">[105]</a></li> <li>Computer and Cognitive Science: Artificial Intelligence<a href="#cite_note-112">[106]</a></li> <li>Accelerated 7-Year Bio-Dental Program<a href="#cite_note-113">[107]</a></li> <li>Accelerated 6-Year Law and Medicine Program<a href="#cite_note-114">[108]</a></li></ul> Dual-degree programs that lead to the same multiple degrees without participation in the specific above programs are also available. Unlike CDD programs, "dual degree" students fulfill requirements of both programs independently without the involvement of another program. Specialized dual-degree programs include Liberal Studies and Technology as well as an Artificial Intelligence: Computer and Cognitive Science Program. Both programs award a degree from the College of Arts and Sciences and a degree from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences. Also, the Vagelos Scholars Program in Molecular Life Sciences allows its students to either double major in the sciences or submatriculate and earn both a BA and an MS in four years. The most recent Vagelos Integrated Program in Energy Research (VIPER) was first offered for the class of 2016. A joint program of Penn's School of Arts and Sciences and the School of Engineering and Applied Science, VIPER leads to dual Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science in Engineering degrees by combining majors from each school. For graduate programs, Penn offers many formalized double degree graduate degrees such as a joint J.D./MBA and maintains a list of interdisciplinary institutions, such as the Institute for Medicine and Engineering, the Joseph H. Lauder Institute for Management and International Studies, and the Institute for Research in Cognitive Science. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_School_of_Social_Policy_and_Practice" title="University of Pennsylvania School of Social Policy and Practice">University of Pennsylvania School of Social Policy and Practice</a>, commonly known as Penn SP2, is a school of <a href="/wiki/Social_policy" title="Social policy">social policy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">social work</a> that offers degrees in a variety of subfields, in addition to several dual degree programs and sub-matriculation programs.<a href="#cite_note-115">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[111]</a> Penn SP2's vision is: "The passionate pursuit of social innovation, impact and <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a>."<a href="#cite_note-118">[112]</a> Originally named the School of Social Work, SP2 was founded in 1908 and is a graduate school of the University of Pennsylvania. The school specializes in research, education, and policy development in relation to both social and economic issues.<a href="#cite_note-119">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[114]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_School_of_Veterinary_Medicine" title="University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine">School of Veterinary Medicine</a> offers five dual-degree programs, combining the Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (VMD) with a Master of Social Work (MSW), Master of Environmental Studies (MES), Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Master of Public Health (MPH) or Masters in Business Administration (MBA) degree. The Penn Vet dual-degree programs are meant to support veterinarians planning to engage in interdisciplinary work in the areas of human health, environmental health, and animal health and welfare.<a href="#cite_note-121">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_medical_center_and_biomedical_research_complex">Academic medical center and biomedical research complex</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Academic medical center and biomedical research complex">edit</a>]</div> In 2018, the university's nursing school was ranked number one by <a href="/wiki/Quacquarelli_Symonds" title="Quacquarelli Symonds">Quacquarelli Symonds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[116]</a> That year, Quacquarelli Symonds also ranked Penn's school of Veterinary Medicine sixth.<a href="#cite_note-123">[117]</a> In 2019, the Perelman School of Medicine was named the third-best medical school for research in U.S. News & World Report's 2020 ranking.<a href="#cite_note-124">[118]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Health_System" title="University of Pennsylvania Health System">University of Pennsylvania Health System</a>, also known as UPHS, is a multi-hospital <a href="/wiki/Health_system" title="Health system">health system</a> headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</a>, owned by Trustees of University of Pennsylvania. UPHS and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania together constitute Penn Medicine, a clinical and research entity of the University of Pennsylvania. UPHS hospitals include the <a href="/wiki/Hospital_of_the_University_of_Pennsylvania" title="Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania">Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania</a>,<a href="#cite_note-125">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Penn_Presbyterian_Medical_Center" title="Penn Presbyterian Medical Center">Penn Presbyterian Medical Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Hospital" title="Pennsylvania Hospital">Pennsylvania Hospital</a>, Chester County Hospital, Lancaster General Hospital, and Princeton Medical Center.<a href="#cite_note-126">[120]</a> Penn Medicine owns and operates the first hospital in the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Hospital" title="Pennsylvania Hospital">Pennsylvania Hospital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[121]</a> It is also home to America's first surgical amphitheatre<a href="#cite_note-pennmedicine.org-128">[122]</a> and its first medical library.<a href="#cite_note-129">[123]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Pennsylvania_Hospital,_Philadelphia_MET_DT1811.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Pennsylvania Hospital as painted by Pavel Svinyin in 1811"><img alt="The Pennsylvania Hospital as painted by Pavel Svinyin in 1811" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/The_Pennsylvania_Hospital%2C_Philadelphia_MET_DT1811.jpg/189px-The_Pennsylvania_Hospital%2C_Philadelphia_MET_DT1811.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/The_Pennsylvania_Hospital%2C_Philadelphia_MET_DT1811.jpg/283px-The_Pennsylvania_Hospital%2C_Philadelphia_MET_DT1811.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/The_Pennsylvania_Hospital%2C_Philadelphia_MET_DT1811.jpg/377px-The_Pennsylvania_Hospital%2C_Philadelphia_MET_DT1811.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3811" data-file-height="2425" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Hospital" title="Pennsylvania Hospital">Pennsylvania Hospital</a> as painted by <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Svinyin" title="Pavel Svinyin">Pavel Svinyin</a> in 1811</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamilton_Walk_at_the_Perelman_School_of_Medicine.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Perelman School of Medicine"><img alt="Perelman School of Medicine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hamilton_Walk_at_the_Perelman_School_of_Medicine.jpg/181px-Hamilton_Walk_at_the_Perelman_School_of_Medicine.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hamilton_Walk_at_the_Perelman_School_of_Medicine.jpg/272px-Hamilton_Walk_at_the_Perelman_School_of_Medicine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hamilton_Walk_at_the_Perelman_School_of_Medicine.jpg/363px-Hamilton_Walk_at_the_Perelman_School_of_Medicine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Perelman_School_of_Medicine" title="Perelman School of Medicine">Perelman School of Medicine</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hospital_of_the_University_of_Pennsylvania.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania"><img alt="Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hospital_of_the_University_of_Pennsylvania.jpg/180px-Hospital_of_the_University_of_Pennsylvania.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hospital_of_the_University_of_Pennsylvania.jpg/270px-Hospital_of_the_University_of_Pennsylvania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hospital_of_the_University_of_Pennsylvania.jpg/360px-Hospital_of_the_University_of_Pennsylvania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Penn_Medicine_Princeton_Medical_Center_East_Side.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Penn-owned Princeton Medical Center, eastern facade"><img alt="Penn-owned Princeton Medical Center, eastern facade" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Penn_Medicine_Princeton_Medical_Center_East_Side.jpg/160px-Penn_Medicine_Princeton_Medical_Center_East_Side.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Penn_Medicine_Princeton_Medical_Center_East_Side.jpg/240px-Penn_Medicine_Princeton_Medical_Center_East_Side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Penn_Medicine_Princeton_Medical_Center_East_Side.jpg/320px-Penn_Medicine_Princeton_Medical_Center_East_Side.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Penn-owned Princeton Medical Center, eastern facade</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_partnerships">International partnerships</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: International partnerships">edit</a>]</div> Students can study abroad for a semester or a year at partner institutions, which include the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Management_University" title="Singapore Management University">Singapore Management University</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_University_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chinese University of Hong Kong">Chinese University of Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Melbourne" title="University of Melbourne">University of Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Sciences Po</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Queensland" title="University of Queensland">University of Queensland</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a>, <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ETH_Zurich" title="ETH Zurich">ETH Zurich</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reputation_and_rankings">Reputation and rankings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Reputation and rankings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings_in_the_United_States" title="College and university rankings in the United States">Academic rankings</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender;">National</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Top_Colleges" title="America's Top Colleges">Forbes</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_Forbes_NU-130">[124]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">8</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Colleges_Ranking" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking">U.S. News & World Report</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_USNWR_NU-131">[125]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">10</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monthly_college_rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Monthly college rankings">Washington Monthly</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_Wamo_NU-133">[127]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">3<a href="#cite_note-132">[126]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">WSJ</a>/College Pulse<a href="#cite_note-Rankings_WSJ_NU-134">[128]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">13</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender;">Global</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_QS_W-135">[129]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">11</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">THE</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_THES_W-136">[130]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">16</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Global_Universities_Ranking" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Ranking">U.S. News & World Report</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_USNWR_W-137">[131]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">14</td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a>'s 2024 rankings place Penn 6th of 394 national universities in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Rankings_USNWR_NU-131">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Princeton_Review" title="The Princeton Review">The Princeton Review</a> student survey ranked Penn in 2023 as 7th in their Dream Colleges list.<a href="#cite_note-138">[132]</a> Penn was ranked 4th of 444 in the United States by College Factual for 2024.<a href="#cite_note-139">[133]</a> In 2023, Penn was ranked as having the 7th happiest students in the United States (the highest in the Ivy League).<a href="#cite_note-140">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a> reported in 2024 that Penn's undergraduate alumni earned the 5th highest salaries (taking into account the cost of education and other factors<a href="#cite_note-142">[136]</a>), which was 2nd in Ivy League behind Princeton.<a href="#cite_note-143">[137]</a> Among its professional schools, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Graduate_School_of_Education" title="University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Education">the school of education</a> was ranked number one in 2021 and <a href="/wiki/Wharton_School" title="Wharton School">Wharton School</a> was ranked number one in 2022<a href="#cite_note-144">[138]</a> and 2024 <a href="#cite_note-145">[139]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Annenberg_School_for_Communication_at_the_University_of_Pennsylvania" title="Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania">communication</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_School_of_Dental_Medicine" title="University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine">dentistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perelman_School_of_Medicine_at_the_University_of_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_School_of_Nursing" title="University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing">nursing</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Law_School" title="University of Pennsylvania Law School">law</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_School_of_Veterinary_Medicine" title="University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine">veterinary</a> schools rank in the top 5 nationally.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-146">[140]</a> Penn's <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Law_School" title="University of Pennsylvania Law School">Law School</a> was ranked number 4 in 2023<a href="#cite_note-147">[141]</a> and Penn's <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Weitzman_School_of_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuart Weitzman School of Design">School of Design and Architecture</a>, and its School of Social Policy and Practice are ranked in the top 10.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-146">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glen_Beck_and_Betty_Snyder_program_the_ENIAC_in_building_328_at_the_Ballistic_Research_Laboratory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Glen_Beck_and_Betty_Snyder_program_the_ENIAC_in_building_328_at_the_Ballistic_Research_Laboratory.jpg/220px-Glen_Beck_and_Betty_Snyder_program_the_ENIAC_in_building_328_at_the_Ballistic_Research_Laboratory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Glen_Beck_and_Betty_Snyder_program_the_ENIAC_in_building_328_at_the_Ballistic_Research_Laboratory.jpg/330px-Glen_Beck_and_Betty_Snyder_program_the_ENIAC_in_building_328_at_the_Ballistic_Research_Laboratory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Glen_Beck_and_Betty_Snyder_program_the_ENIAC_in_building_328_at_the_Ballistic_Research_Laboratory.jpg/440px-Glen_Beck_and_Betty_Snyder_program_the_ENIAC_in_building_328_at_the_Ballistic_Research_Laboratory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1340" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC">ENIAC</a>, the first general-purpose electronic computer, founded at Penn in 1946</figcaption></figure> Penn is <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Classification_of_Institutions_of_Higher_Education" title="Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education">classified</a> as an "R1" doctoral university: "Highest research activity."<a href="#cite_note-RU/VH-148">[142]</a> Its economic impact on the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania for 2015 amounted to $14.3 billion.<a href="#cite_note-149">[143]</a> Penn's research expenditures in the 2018 fiscal year were $1.442 billion, the fourth largest in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-150">[144]</a> In fiscal year 2019 Penn received $582.3 million in funding from the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[145]</a> Penn's research centers often span two or more disciplines. In the 2010–2011 academic year, five interdisciplinary research centers were created or substantially expanded; these include the Center for Health-care Financing,<a href="#cite_note-152">[146]</a> the Center for Global Women's Health at the Nursing School,<a href="#cite_note-153">[147]</a> the Morris Arboretum's Horticulture Center,<a href="#cite_note-154">[148]</a> the Jay H. Baker Retailing Center at Wharton<a href="#cite_note-bakercenter-155">[149]</a> and the Translational Research Center at Penn Medicine.<a href="#cite_note-156">[150]</a> With these additions, Penn now counts 165 research centers hosting a research community of over 4,300 faculty and over 1,100 postdoctoral fellows, 5,500 academic support staff and graduate student trainees.<a href="#cite_note-Facts-12">[10]</a> To further assist the advancement of interdisciplinary research President <a href="/wiki/Amy_Gutmann" title="Amy Gutmann">Amy Gutmann</a> established the "Penn Integrates Knowledge" title awarded to selected Penn professors "whose research and teaching exemplify the integration of knowledge."<a href="#cite_note-PIK_Professors-157">[151]</a> These professors hold endowed professorships and joint appointments between Penn's schools. Penn is also among the most prolific producers of doctoral students. With 487 PhDs awarded in 2009, Penn ranks third in the Ivy League behind <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell</a>; <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a> did not report data.<a href="#cite_note-158">[152]</a> It also has one of the highest numbers of post-doctoral appointees (933 in number for 2004–2007), ranking third in the Ivy League (behind Harvard and Yale) and tenth nationally.<a href="#cite_note-159">[153]</a> In most disciplines Penn professors' productivity is among the highest in the nation and first in the fields of epidemiology, business, communication studies, comparative literature, languages, information science, criminal justice and criminology, social sciences and sociology.<a href="#cite_note-chronicle.com-160">[154]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Research_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Research Council">National Research Council</a> nearly three-quarters of Penn's 41 assessed programs were placed in ranges including the top 10 rankings in their fields, with more than half of these in ranges including the top five rankings in these fields.<a href="#cite_note-161">[155]</a> Penn's research tradition has historically been complemented by innovations that shaped higher education. In addition to establishing the first medical school, the first university teaching hospital, the oldest continuously operating degree-granting program in <a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">chemical engineering</a>,<a href="#cite_note-162">[156]</a> the first business school, and the first student union, Penn was also the cradle of other significant developments. In 1852, Penn Law was the first law school in the nation to publish a law journal still in existence (then called The American Law Register, now the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Law_Review" title="University of Pennsylvania Law Review">Penn Law Review</a>, one of the most cited law journals in the world).<a href="#cite_note-163">[157]</a> Under the deanship of <a href="/wiki/William_Draper_Lewis" title="William Draper Lewis">William Draper Lewis</a>, the law school was also one of the first schools to emphasize legal teaching by full-time professors instead of practitioners, a system that is still followed today.<a href="#cite_note-164">[158]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Wharton_School" title="Wharton School">Wharton School</a> was home to several pioneering developments in business education. It established the first research center in a business school in 1921 and the first center for entrepreneurship center in 1973<a href="#cite_note-165">[159]</a> and it regularly introduced novel curricula for which <a href="/wiki/BusinessWeek" class="mw-redirect" title="BusinessWeek">BusinessWeek</a> wrote, "Wharton is on the crest of a wave of reinvention and change in management education."<a href="#cite_note-166">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[161]</a> The university has also contributed major advancements in the fields of economics and management. Among the many discoveries are <a href="/wiki/Conjoint_analysis" title="Conjoint analysis">conjoint analysis</a>, widely used as a predictive tool especially in market research, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Simon Kuznets</a>'s method of measuring <a href="/wiki/Gross_national_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross national product">gross national product</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ideas-168">[162]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Penn_effect" title="Penn effect">Penn effect</a> (the observation that consumer price levels in richer countries are systematically higher than in poorer ones) and the "Wharton Model"<a href="#cite_note-169">[163]</a> developed by Nobel-laureate <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Klein" title="Lawrence Klein">Lawrence Klein</a> to measure and forecast economic activity. The idea behind <a href="/wiki/Health_Maintenance_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Health Maintenance Organization">Health Maintenance Organizations</a> also belonged to Penn professor Robert Eilers, who put it into practice during then-president Nixon's health reform in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-Ideas-168">[162]</a> Several major scientific discoveries have also taken place at Penn. The university is probably best known as the place where the first general-purpose electronic computer (ENIAC) was born in 1946 at the <a href="/wiki/Moore_School_of_Electrical_Engineering" title="Moore School of Electrical Engineering">Moore School of Electrical Engineering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Moore_Engineering-170">[164]</a> It was here also where the world's first spelling and grammar checkers were created, as well as the popular <a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a> programming language.<a href="#cite_note-Moore_Engineering-170">[164]</a> Penn can also boast some of the most important discoveries in the field of medicine. The <a href="/wiki/Kidney_dialysis" title="Kidney dialysis">dialysis</a> machine used as an artificial replacement for lost kidney function was conceived and devised out of a pressure cooker by William Inouye while he was still a student at Penn Med;<a href="#cite_note-M1-171">[165]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Rubella" title="Rubella">Rubella</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B" title="Hepatitis B">Hepatitis B</a> vaccines were developed at Penn;<a href="#cite_note-M1-171">[165]</a> the discovery of cancer's link with genes, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_therapy" title="Cognitive therapy">cognitive therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retin-A" class="mw-redirect" title="Retin-A">Retin-A</a> (the cream used to treat acne), <a href="/wiki/Resistin" title="Resistin">Resistin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_gene" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia gene">Philadelphia gene</a> (linked to <a href="/wiki/Chronic_myelogenous_leukemia" title="Chronic myelogenous leukemia">chronic myelogenous leukemia</a>) and the technology behind <a href="/wiki/Positron_Emission_Tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Positron Emission Tomography">PET Scans</a> were all discovered by Penn Med researchers.<a href="#cite_note-M1-171">[165]</a> More recent gene research has led to the discovery of the genes for <a href="/wiki/Fragile_X_syndrome" title="Fragile X syndrome">fragile X syndrome</a>, the most common form of inherited mental retardation; <a href="/wiki/Spinal_and_bulbar_muscular_atrophy" title="Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy">spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy</a>, a disorder marked by progressive muscle wasting; <a href="/wiki/Charcot%E2%80%93Marie%E2%80%93Tooth_disease" title="Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease">Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease</a>, a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects the hands, feet and limbs;<a href="#cite_note-M1-171">[165]</a> and genetically engineered T cells used to treat lymphoblastic leukemia and refractory diffuse large B cell lymphoma.<a href="#cite_note-172">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[167]</a> Another contribution to medicine was made by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_L._Brinster" title="Ralph L. Brinster">Ralph L. Brinster</a> (Penn faculty member since 1965) who developed the scientific basis for <a href="/wiki/In_vitro_fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="In vitro fertilization">in vitro fertilization</a> and the transgenic mouse at Penn and was awarded the <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a> in 2010. Penn professors <a href="/wiki/Alan_J._Heeger" title="Alan J. Heeger">Alan J. Heeger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_MacDiarmid" title="Alan MacDiarmid">Alan MacDiarmid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Shirakawa" title="Hideki Shirakawa">Hideki Shirakawa</a> invented a <a href="/wiki/Conductive_polymer" title="Conductive polymer">conductive polymer</a> process that earned them the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a>. The theory of <a href="/wiki/BCS_theory" title="BCS theory">superconductivity</a> was also partly developed at Penn, by then-faculty member <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">John Robert Schrieffer</a> (along with <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Leon Cooper</a>). Penn professors <a href="/wiki/Carl_H._June" title="Carl H. June">Carl June</a> and Michael C. Milone at <a href="/wiki/Penn_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Penn Medicine">Penn Medicine</a> developed <a href="/wiki/Tisagenlecleucel" title="Tisagenlecleucel">Kymriah</a>, the first FDA-approved <a href="/wiki/CAR_T_cell_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="CAR T cell therapy">CAR T cell therapy</a> for treating certain types of leukemia, approved in August 2017.<a href="#cite_note-174">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Student_life">Student life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Student life">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; float:right; font-size:95%; margin-left:2em;"> <caption>Ethnic breakdown of enrollment </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Ethnic enrollment, fall 2018<a href="#cite_note-CDS1-176">[170]</a> </th> <th scope="col" data-sort-type="number">Number (percentage) of undergraduates </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African American</a> </th> <td>715 (7.1%) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> </th> <td>12 (0.1%) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander</a> </th> <td>2,084 (20.7%) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino American</a> </th> <td>1,044 (10.4%) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White</a> </th> <td>4,278 (42.6%) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/International_student" title="International student">International</a> </th> <td>1,261 (12.6%) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Two or more races</a>, non-Hispanic </th> <td>460 (4.6%) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Unknown </th> <td>179 (1.8%) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Total </th> <td>10,033 (100%) </td></tr></tbody></table> Of those accepted for admission in 2018, 48 percent were <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanic</a>, African-American or Native American.<a href="#cite_note-Facts-12">[10]</a> Fourteen percent of entering undergraduates in 2018 were <a href="/wiki/International_student" title="International student">international students</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Facts-12">[10]</a> The composition of international first-year students in 2018 was: 46% from Asia; 15% from Africa and the Middle East; 16% from Europe; 14% from Canada and Mexico; 8% from the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, Central America and South America; 5% from Australia and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islands">Pacific Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Facts-12">[10]</a> The acceptance rate for international students admission in 2018 was 493 out of 8,316 (6.7%).<a href="#cite_note-Facts-12">[10]</a> In 2018, 55% of all enrolled students were women.<a href="#cite_note-Facts-12">[10]</a> In the last few decades, Jewish enrollment has been declining. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1999 about 28% of the students were Jewish.<a href="#cite_note-177">[171]</a> In early 2020, 1,750 Penn undergraduate students were Jewish,<a href="#cite_note-PennHillel-178">[172]</a> which would be approximately 17%<a href="#cite_note-hillel.org-179">[173]</a> of the some 10,000 undergrads for 2019–20. Penn has been ranked as the number one <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQ+">LGBTQ+</a> friendly school in the country.<a href="#cite_note-180">[174]</a> Penn's LGBTQ+ center is second oldest in the nation<a href="#cite_note-181">[175]</a> and oldest in Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as it has been serving the LGBTQ+ community since 1979 by providing support and guidance through 25 groups (including Penn J-Bagel a Jewish LGBTQ+ group, the Lambda Alliance a general LGBTQ social organization, and oSTEM a group for LGBTQ people in STEM fields).<a href="#cite_note-182">[176]</a> Penn offers courses in Sexuality and Gender Studies which allows students to discover and learn queer theory, history of sexual norms, and other gender orientation related courses.<a href="#cite_note-183">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penn_Face_and_behavioral_health">Penn Face and behavioral health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Penn Face and behavioral health">edit</a>]</div> The university's social pressure surrounding academic perfection, extreme competitiveness, and nonguaranteed readmission have created what is known as "Penn Face": students put on a façade of confidence and happiness while enduring mental turmoil.<a href="#cite_note-184">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-duck-187">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[182]</a> Stanford University calls this phenomenon "Duck Syndrome."<a href="#cite_note-duck-187">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[183]</a> In recent years, mental health has become an issue on campus with ten student suicides between the years of 2013 to 2016.<a href="#cite_note-lala-190">[184]</a> The school responded by launching a task force.<a href="#cite_note-191">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-ozio-192">[186]</a> The most widely covered case of Penn Face has been Madison Holleran.<a href="#cite_note-193">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[188]</a> In 2018, initiatives were enacted to ameliorate mental health problems, such as requiring sophomores to live on campus and the daily closing of Huntsman Hall at 2:00 a.m.<a href="#cite_note-195">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[190]</a> The university's suicide rate was the catalyst for a 2018 state bill, introduced by Governor <a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolf" title="Tom Wolf">Tom Wolf</a>, to raise Pennsylvania's standards for university suicide prevention.<a href="#cite_note-197">[191]</a> The university's efforts to address mental health on campus came into the national spotlight again in September 2019 when the director of the university's counseling services died by suicide six months after starting the position.<a href="#cite_note-198">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Student_organizations">Student organizations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Student organizations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_senior_societies" title="University of Pennsylvania senior societies">University of Pennsylvania senior societies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penn_Debate_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Penn Debate Society">Penn Debate Society</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Penn_History_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Penn History Review">Penn History Review</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Philomathean_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_Philomathean_Library.jpg/220px-The_Philomathean_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_Philomathean_Library.jpg/330px-The_Philomathean_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_Philomathean_Library.jpg/440px-The_Philomathean_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1143" /></a><figcaption>The Philomathean Society Presidential Library, named after former <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. president</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_School_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine">Penn Med</a> alumnus <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Philomathean_Society" title="Philomathean Society">Philomathean Society</a>, founded in 1813, is the United States' oldest continuously existing collegiate literary society and continues to host lectures and intellectual events open to the public.<a href="#cite_note-199">[193]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Pennsylvanian" title="The Daily Pennsylvanian">The Daily Pennsylvanian</a> is an independent, student-run newspaper, which has been published daily since it was founded in 1885.<a href="#cite_note-About_DP-200">[194]</a> The newspaper went unpublished from May 1943 to November 1945 due to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-About_DP-200">[194]</a> In 1984, the university lost all editorial and financial control of The Daily Pennsylvanian (also known as The DP) when the newspaper became its own corporation.<a href="#cite_note-About_DP-200">[194]</a> The Daily Pennsylvanian has won the <a href="/wiki/Pacemaker_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacemaker Award">Pacemaker Award</a> administered by the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Collegiate_Press" title="Associated Collegiate Press">Associated Collegiate Press</a> multiple times, most recently in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-201">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[196]</a> The DP also publishes a weekly arts and culture magazine called <a href="/wiki/34th_Street_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="34th Street Magazine">34th Street Magazine</a>. The Penn Debate Society (PDS), founded in 1984 as the Penn Parliamentary Debate Society, is Penn's debate team, which competes regularly on the <a href="/wiki/American_Parliamentary_Debate_Association" title="American Parliamentary Debate Association">American Parliamentary Debate Association</a> and the international British Parliamentary circuit.<a href="#cite_note-203">[197]</a> The Penn History Review is a journal, published twice a year, through the Department of History, for undergraduate historical research, by and for undergraduates, and founded in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-204">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Penn_Electric_Racing">Penn Electric Racing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Penn Electric Racing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Penn_Electric_Racing_REV8_Unveiling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Penn_Electric_Racing_REV8_Unveiling.jpg/220px-Penn_Electric_Racing_REV8_Unveiling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Penn_Electric_Racing_REV8_Unveiling.jpg/330px-Penn_Electric_Racing_REV8_Unveiling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Penn_Electric_Racing_REV8_Unveiling.jpg/440px-Penn_Electric_Racing_REV8_Unveiling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Penn Electric Racing unveiled REV8 on March 31, 2023, in front of the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(University_of_Pennsylvania)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (University of Pennsylvania)">Statue of Benjamin Franklin</a> in front of <a href="/wiki/College_Hall_(University_of_Pennsylvania)" title="College Hall (University of Pennsylvania)">College Hall</a>.</figcaption></figure> Penn Electric Racing is the university's <a href="/wiki/Formula_SAE" title="Formula SAE">Formula SAE</a> (FSAE) team, competing in the international <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric vehicle</a> (EV) competition. Colloquially known as "PER," the team designs, manufactures, and races custom electric racecars against other collegiate teams. In 2015, PER built and raced their first racecar, REV1, at the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Formula_SAE_winners" title="List of Formula SAE winners">Lincoln Nebraska FSAE competition</a>, winning first place.<a href="#cite_note-SAE-2015-207">[201]</a> The team repeated their success with their next two racecars: REV2 won second place in 2016,<a href="#cite_note-SAE-2016-208">[202]</a> and REV3 won first place in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-SAE-2017-209">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performing_arts_organizations">Performing arts organizations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Performing arts organizations">edit</a>]</div> Penn is home to numerous organizations that promote the arts, from dance to spoken word, jazz to stand-up comedy, theatre, a cappella and more. The Performing Arts Council (PAC) oversees 45 student organizations in these areas.<a href="#cite_note-210">[204]</a> The PAC has four subcommittees: A Cappella Council; Dance Arts Council; Singer, Musicians, and Comedians (SMAC); and Theatre Arts Council (TAC-e). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Penn_Glee_Club">Penn Glee Club</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Penn Glee Club">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Pennsylvania_Glee_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Pennsylvania Glee Club">The University of Pennsylvania Glee Club</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1915-1916_glee_club.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/1915-1916_glee_club.JPG/220px-1915-1916_glee_club.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/1915-1916_glee_club.JPG/330px-1915-1916_glee_club.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/1915-1916_glee_club.JPG 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>Penn Glee Club's 1915–1916 academic year membership photo</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Pennsylvania_Glee_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Pennsylvania Glee Club">The University of Pennsylvania Glee Club</a>, founded in 1862, is tied for <a href="/wiki/List_of_collegiate_glee_clubs" title="List of collegiate glee clubs">fourth oldest</a> continually running <a href="/wiki/Glee_club" title="Glee club">glee clubs</a> in the United States<a href="#cite_note-foundation-211">[205]</a> and the oldest performing arts group at the University of Pennsylvania. Each year, the Penn Glee Club writes and produces a fully staged, Broadway-style production with an eclectic mix of Penn standards, Broadway classics, classical favorites, and pop hits, highlighting choral singing from all genders<a href="#cite_note-212">[206]</a> The Glee Club draws its singing members from the undergraduate and graduate students. The Penn Glee Club has traveled to nearly all 50 states in the United States and over 40 nations and territories on five continents and has appeared on national television with such celebrities as <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Stewart" title="James Stewart">Jimmy Stewart</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ed_McMahon" title="Ed McMahon">Ed McMahon</a>. Since its first performance at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> for President <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> in 1926, the club has sung for numerous heads of state and world leaders. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Penn_Band">Penn Band</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Penn Band">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Pennsylvania_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Pennsylvania Band">The University of Pennsylvania Band</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Pennsylvania_Band_spell_%22Penn%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/University_of_Pennsylvania_Band_spell_%22Penn%22.jpg/220px-University_of_Pennsylvania_Band_spell_%22Penn%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/University_of_Pennsylvania_Band_spell_%22Penn%22.jpg/330px-University_of_Pennsylvania_Band_spell_%22Penn%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/University_of_Pennsylvania_Band_spell_%22Penn%22.jpg/440px-University_of_Pennsylvania_Band_spell_%22Penn%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1119" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Pennsylvania_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Pennsylvania Band">The University of Pennsylvania Band</a> at the 2019 homecoming game</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Pennsylvania_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Pennsylvania Band">The University of Pennsylvania Band</a> has been a part of student life since 1897.<a href="#cite_note-Who_are_we?!-213">[207]</a> The Penn Band presently mainly performs at football and basketball games as well as university functions (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Graduation" title="Graduation">commencement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Convocation" title="Convocation">convocation</a>). It was the first college band to perform at <a href="/wiki/Macy%27s_Thanksgiving_Day_Parade" title="Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade">Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade</a>, and has performed with notable musicians, including <a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">John Philip Sousa</a>, members of the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Orchestra" title="Philadelphia Orchestra">Philadelphia Orchestra</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Marine_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Marine Band">U.S. Marine Band</a> ("The President's Own"). Penn Band has performed for Princess <a href="/wiki/Grace_Kelly" title="Grace Kelly">Grace Kelly</a> of <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> (sister and aunt to number of alumni), alumnus and District Attorney and Mayor of Philadelphia, and Governor of Pennsylvania <a href="/wiki/Ed_Rendell" title="Ed Rendell">Ed Rendell</a>, Vice President <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a>, presidents <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, and Polish dissident and president <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Penn's_a_cappella_community">Penn's a cappella community</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Penn's a cappella community">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PM_Obama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/PM_Obama.jpg/220px-PM_Obama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/PM_Obama.jpg/330px-PM_Obama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/PM_Obama.jpg/440px-PM_Obama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1341" data-file-height="896" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Penn_Masala" title="Penn Masala">Penn Masala</a> performs in the Blue Room of the White House in October 2009 on invitation from President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>.</figcaption></figure> The A Cappella Council (ACK) is composed of 14 a cappella groups. Penn's a cappella groups entertain audiences with repertoires including pop, rock, R&B, jazz, Hindi, and Chinese songs.<a href="#cite_note-214">[208]</a> ACK is also home to Off The Beat, which has received the most contemporary a cappella recording awards of any collegiate group in the United States and the most features on the Best of College A Cappella albums.<a href="#cite_note-215">[209]</a> <a href="/wiki/Penn_Masala" title="Penn Masala">Penn Masala</a>, formed in 1996, is world's oldest<a href="#cite_note-216">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[211]</a> and premier<a href="#cite_note-218">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[213]</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asian</a> a cappella group based in an American university, which has performed for <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farooq_Abdullah" title="Farooq Abdullah">Farooq Abdullah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imran_Khan" title="Imran Khan">Imran Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajkumar_Hirani" title="Rajkumar Hirani">Rajkumar Hirani</a>, <a href="/wiki/A.R._Rahman" class="mw-redirect" title="A.R. Rahman">A.R. Rahman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[214]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunidhi_Chauhan" title="Sunidhi Chauhan">Sunidhi Chauhan</a>, had their a cappella version of <a href="/wiki/Nazia_Hassan" title="Nazia Hassan">Nazia Hassan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> classic "<a href="/wiki/Aap_Jaisa_Koi" title="Aap Jaisa Koi">Aap Jaisa Koi</a>," (originally from the movie <a href="/wiki/Qurbani_(1980_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qurbani (1980 film)">Qurbani</a>) sung in the movie <a href="/wiki/American_Desi" title="American Desi">American Desi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[215]</a> Penn alumni <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Banks" title="Elizabeth Banks">Elizabeth Banks</a> (class of 1996) and <a href="/wiki/Max_Handelman" title="Max Handelman">Max Handelman</a> (Banks' husband, class of 1995) invited Masala to appear in <a href="/wiki/Pitch_Perfect_2" title="Pitch Perfect 2">Pitch Perfect 2</a>, as Banks reported that Penn's a capella community inspired the <a href="/wiki/Pitch_Perfect_(film_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch Perfect (film series)">film series</a> starring or produced by Banks and Handleman.<a href="#cite_note-222">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comedy_organizations">Comedy organizations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Comedy organizations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mask%26Wig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mask%26Wig.jpg/170px-Mask%26Wig.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mask%26Wig.jpg/255px-Mask%26Wig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mask%26Wig.jpg/340px-Mask%26Wig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mask_and_Wig" class="mw-redirect" title="Mask and Wig">Mask and Wig</a> clubhouse</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Mask_and_Wig" class="mw-redirect" title="Mask and Wig">Mask and Wig</a>, a club founded in 1889, was (until fall of 2021<a href="#cite_note-223">[217]</a>) the oldest all-male musical comedy troupe in the country. In 2021 the club voted to become gender-inclusive, with auditions open to all undergraduates: male, female, and <a href="/wiki/Non-binary" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-binary">non-binary</a>. Bloomers comedy group, founded in 1978, is the .".. nation's first collegiate all-women musical and sketch comedy troupe...."<a href="#cite_note-fem_next-224">[218]</a> Bloomers was founded at Penn by Joan Harrison.<a href="#cite_note-225">[219]</a> In the mid teens, Bloomers revised its constitution to be open to .".. anyone who does not identify as a <a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">cisgender</a> man...."<a href="#cite_note-fem_next-224">[218]</a> and now accepts all persons from under-represented gender identities who perform comedy.<a href="#cite_note-226">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[221]</a> Bloomers performs sketches and elaborate shows almost every semester. The comedy troupe is named after <a href="/wiki/Bloomers" title="Bloomers">bloomers</a>, the once popular long, loose fitting undergarment, gathered at the ankle, worn under a short skirt (developed in the mid 19th century as a healthy comfortable alternative to the heavy, constricting dresses then worn by American women), which were in turn, named after <a href="/wiki/Amelia_Jenks_Bloomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Amelia Jenks Bloomer">Amelia Jenks Bloomer</a>. Bloomers' most well-known performing alumna is <a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Bayer" title="Vanessa Bayer">Vanessa Bayer</a>, formerly of <a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live" title="Saturday Night Live">Saturday Night Live</a> and is SNL's longest-serving female cast member.<a href="#cite_note-228">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_and_spiritual_organizations">Religious and spiritual organizations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Religious and spiritual organizations">edit</a>]</div> The following religious and spiritual organizations have a significant on campus presence at Penn: (A) Mainstream Protestantism: Dating back to 1857, The Christian Association (a.k.a. The CA), is composed primarily of students from <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline Protestant</a> backgrounds.<a href="#cite_note-229">[223]</a> Historically, the CA ran several foreign missions including one in China<a href="#cite_note-230">[224]</a> and for decades ran a camp for socio-economically disadvantaged children from Philadelphia.<a href="#cite_note-231">[225]</a> At present the CA occupies part of the parsonage at Tabernacle <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">United Church of Christ</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[226]</a> (B) <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>: Organized Jewish life did not begin on campus in earnest until the start of 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-233">[227]</a> Jewish Life on campus is centered at Penn branch of <a href="/wiki/Hillel_International" title="Hillel International">Hillel International</a>,<a href="#cite_note-234">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-hillel.org-179">[173]</a> which inspires students to explore Judaism, creates patterns of Jewish living that can be sustained after graduation, provides religious communities, promotes educational initiatives, <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a> projects, social and cultural opportunities, and groups focusing on Israel education and politics, and hosts a <a href="/wiki/Kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher">Kosher</a> Penn approved dining hall (supervised by the Community Kashrus of Greater Philadelphia).<a href="#cite_note-235">[229]</a> In addition to Hillel, the other major Jewish organization with significant impact on Penn's campus is The <a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Chabad</a> Lubavitch House at Penn (founded in 1980<a href="#cite_note-236">[230]</a>), which, among other activities, brings together Jewish college students with noted Jewish academics for in-depth discussions and debate.<a href="#cite_note-237">[231]</a> (C) <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a>: The Penn Newman Catholic Center (the <a href="/wiki/Newman_Center" title="Newman Center">Newman Center</a>), founded in 1893 (as the first Newman Center in the country) with the mission of supporting students, faculty, and staff in their religious endeavors. The organization brings prominent Christian figures to campus, including Rev. Thomas "Tom" J. Hagan, <a href="/wiki/Oblates_of_St._Francis_de_Sales" title="Oblates of St. Francis de Sales">OSFS</a>, who worked in the Newman Center and founded Haiti-based non-profit Hands Together;<a href="#cite_note-238">[232]</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Martin_(priest,_born_1960)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Martin (priest, born 1960)">James Martin</a> <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">SJ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wharton_School" title="Wharton School">Wharton School</a> undergraduate class of 1982<a href="#cite_note-239">[233]</a>). Father Martin, an <a href="/wiki/Editor-at-large" title="Editor-at-large">editor-at-large</a> of the Jesuit magazine <a href="/wiki/America_(magazine)" title="America (magazine)">America</a>,<a href="#cite_note-240">[234]</a> and frequent commentator on the life and teachings of Jesus and <a href="/wiki/Ignatian_spirituality" title="Ignatian spirituality">Ignatian spirituality</a>, is especially well known for his outreach to the <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> community, which has drawn a strong backlash from parts of the Catholic Church, but has provided comfort to Penn students and other members of Roman Catholic community who wish to stay connected with their faith and identify as LGBQT.<a href="#cite_note-241">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[237]</a> (D) <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>: Penn funds (via the Graduate and Professional Student Assembly or similar undergraduate organization) a variety of official clubs focused on India including a number focused on students who are Hindu or Jain such as: (1) 'Pan-Asian American Community House (PAACH)', a center for students to celebrate South Asian, East Asian, Southeast Asian, culture and religion,<a href="#cite_note-244">[238]</a> (2) 'Rangoli – The South Asian Association at Penn' that educates and informs Penn students (mainly graduate and professional students) with ancestry or interest in South Asia whose goals include a desire to "rekindle the spirit of community" through events,<a href="#cite_note-245">[239]</a> and (3) 'Penn Hindu & Jain Association', a student-run official club at Penn that has 80 to 110 student members and an extensive alumni network, dedicated to raise awareness of the Hindu and Jain faiths and foster further development of these communities in the greater Philadelphia area by providing a variety of services and hosting a number of events such as <a href="/wiki/Holi_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Holi Festival">Holi Festival</a> (which has been held annually at Penn since 1993<a href="#cite_note-246">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[242]</a>) and "... aims to be a home to anyone seeking to explore their spiritual, religious, or social interests."<a href="#cite_note-249">[243]</a> (E) <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>: In 1963, the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Students%27_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Students' Association">Muslim Students' Association</a> (MSA National) and Penn chapter of MSA National were founded to facilitate Muslim life among students on college campuses.<a href="#cite_note-250">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[245]</a> Penn MSA was established to help Penn Muslims build faith and community by fostering a space under the guidance of Islamic principles<a href="#cite_note-252">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-majm-253">[247]</a> and towards that goal Penn MSA supports mission of its related umbrella organization, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Society_of_North_America" title="Islamic Society of North America">Islamic Society of North America</a>, to "foster the development of the Muslim community, interfaith relations, civic engagement, and better understandings of Islam."<a href="#cite_note-254">[248]</a> The Muslim Life Program at Penn also provides such support and helped cause Penn (in January 2017) to hire its first full-time Muslim chaplain, the co-president of the Association of Campus Muslim Chaplains, Sister Patricia Anton (whose background includes working with Muslim, interfaith, academic and peace-building institutions such as <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Society_of_North_America" title="Islamic Society of North America">Islamic Society of North America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Relief" title="Islamic Relief">Islamic Relief</a>). Chaplain Anton's mandate includes supporting and guiding the Penn Muslim community to foster further development of such community by creating a welcoming environment that provides Penn Muslim community opportunities to intellectually and spiritually engage with Islam.<a href="#cite_note-255">[249]</a> Penn also has a residential house, the Muslim Life Residential Program, which provides a live/learn environment focused on the appreciation of Islamic culture, food, history, and practice, and shows its Penn student residents how Islam is deeply integrated in the culture of Philadelphia so they may appreciate how Islam influences daily life.<a href="#cite_note-256">[250]</a> (F) <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>: Penn has a Buddhist chaplain<a href="#cite_note-257">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[252]</a> (as well as chaplains of other faiths) and funds the Penn <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a> and Buddhism Club, which (1) is dedicated to helping Penn students practice mindfulness and meditation and learning about Buddhism, (2) conducts weekly meetings that begin with a guided meditation and are followed by discussions of topic(s) relating to mindfulness and Buddhism, and (3) organizes other activities such as <a href="/wiki/Ramen" title="Ramen">ramen</a> nights and weekend meditation retreats to the local <a href="/wiki/Won_Buddhism" title="Won Buddhism">Won Buddhism</a> center.<a href="#cite_note-259">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Athletics">Athletics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Athletics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Penn_Quakers" title="Penn Quakers">Penn Quakers</a></div> Penn's <a href="/wiki/College_athletics" class="mw-redirect" title="College athletics">sports</a> teams are nicknamed the <a href="/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Society of Friends">Quakers</a>, but the teams are often also referred to as <a href="/wiki/The_Red_and_Blue" title="The Red and Blue">The Red and Blue</a> as reflected in the popular song sung after every athletic contest where the Penn Band or other musical groups are present.<a href="#cite_note-260">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[255]</a> The athletes participate in the <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> and <a href="/wiki/Division_I_(NCAA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Division I (NCAA)">Division I</a> (<a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Championship_Subdivision" title="NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision">Division I FCS</a> for football) in the <a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">NCAA</a>. In recent decades, they often have been <a href="/wiki/Sports_league" title="Sports league">league</a> champions in football (14 times from 1982 to 2010) and basketball (22 times from 1970 to 2006). The first athletic team at Penn was the <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> team, which formed in 1842 and played regularly through 1846, the year it lost its "grounds," and then only played intermittently until 1864, the year it played its first intercollegiate game (against <a href="/wiki/Haverford_College" title="Haverford College">Haverford College</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Penn_Cricket-262">[256]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1843_Penn_Cricket_Field_in_New_Jersey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/1843_Penn_Cricket_Field_in_New_Jersey.jpg/220px-1843_Penn_Cricket_Field_in_New_Jersey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/1843_Penn_Cricket_Field_in_New_Jersey.jpg/330px-1843_Penn_Cricket_Field_in_New_Jersey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/1843_Penn_Cricket_Field_in_New_Jersey.jpg/440px-1843_Penn_Cricket_Field_in_New_Jersey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1449" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption>1843 photo of Penn's Cricket team at its first "grounds" across the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River" title="Delaware River">Delaware River</a> in New Jersey</figcaption></figure> The rowing (or crew) team composed of Penn students but not officially representing Penn was formed in 1854 but did not compete against other colleges as official part of Penn until 1879. The rugby football team began to play against other colleges, most notably against <a href="/wiki/College_of_New_Jersey_(18th_Century)" class="mw-redirect" title="College of New Jersey (18th Century)">College of New Jersey</a> (now Princeton University) in 1874 using a combination of <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a> (i.e. soccer) and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby</a> rules (the twenty players on each side were able to use their hands but were not able to pass or bat the ball forward).<a href="#cite_note-SASH-Farnsworth-263">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baseball">Baseball</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Baseball">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Penn_Quakers_baseball" title="Penn Quakers baseball">Penn Quakers baseball</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_E_Sheridan_Pennsylvania_Georgetown_Baseball_c1901.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/John_E_Sheridan_Pennsylvania_Georgetown_Baseball_c1901.jpg/170px-John_E_Sheridan_Pennsylvania_Georgetown_Baseball_c1901.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/John_E_Sheridan_Pennsylvania_Georgetown_Baseball_c1901.jpg/255px-John_E_Sheridan_Pennsylvania_Georgetown_Baseball_c1901.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/John_E_Sheridan_Pennsylvania_Georgetown_Baseball_c1901.jpg/340px-John_E_Sheridan_Pennsylvania_Georgetown_Baseball_c1901.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>University of Pennsylvania versus Georgetown Baseball Program circa 1901</figcaption></figure> The University of Pennsylvania's first baseball team was fielded in 1875. Penn has won four championships in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Intercollegiate_Baseball_League" title="Eastern Intercollegiate Baseball League">Eastern Intercollegiate Baseball League</a>, a baseball-only conference that existed from 1930 to 1992, which consisted of the eight <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> schools and <a href="/wiki/Army_Black_Knights_baseball" title="Army Black Knights baseball">Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Navy_Midshipmen_baseball" title="Navy Midshipmen baseball">Navy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[260]</a> Since 1992, Penn baseball has claimed an <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League_Baseball_Championship_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivy League Baseball Championship Series">Ivy League</a> title, advancing to the <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Baseball_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="NCAA Division I Baseball Championship">NCAA Division I Baseball Championship</a> five times.<a href="#cite_note-267">[261]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basketball">Basketball</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Basketball">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Penn_Quakers_men%27s_basketball" title="Penn Quakers men's basketball">Penn Quakers men's basketball</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_A.A.U._basketball_guide_(1894)_(14796131623).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Official_A.A.U._basketball_guide_%281894%29_%2814796131623%29.jpg/220px-Official_A.A.U._basketball_guide_%281894%29_%2814796131623%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Official_A.A.U._basketball_guide_%281894%29_%2814796131623%29.jpg/330px-Official_A.A.U._basketball_guide_%281894%29_%2814796131623%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Official_A.A.U._basketball_guide_%281894%29_%2814796131623%29.jpg/440px-Official_A.A.U._basketball_guide_%281894%29_%2814796131623%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="2524" /></a><figcaption>1907-1908 Penn Quakers basketball team in photo that appeared in Spalding's Official <a href="/wiki/Amateur_Athletic_Union_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateur Athletic Union of the United States">A.A.U.</a> basketball guide (September 1907).<a href="#cite_note-268">[262]</a></figcaption></figure> Penn <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> is steeped in tradition. Penn was retroactively recognized as the pre-<a href="/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship">NCAA tournament</a> national champion for the 1919–20 and 1920–21 seasons by the <a href="/wiki/Helms_Athletic_Foundation" title="Helms Athletic Foundation">Helms Athletic Foundation</a> and for the 1919–20 season by the <a href="/wiki/Premo-Porretta_Power_Poll" title="Premo-Porretta Power Poll">Premo-Porretta Power Poll</a>.<a href="#cite_note-269">[263]</a> Penn made its only (and the Ivy League's second) <a href="/wiki/Final_Four" class="mw-redirect" title="Final Four">Final Four</a> appearance in 1979, where the Quakers lost to <a href="/wiki/Magic_Johnson" title="Magic Johnson">Magic Johnson</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_Spartans" title="Michigan State Spartans">Michigan State</a> in Salt Lake City. (Dartmouth twice finished second in the tournament in the 1940s, but that was before the beginning of formal League play.) Penn's team is also a member of the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Big_5" title="Philadelphia Big 5">Philadelphia Big 5</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/La_Salle_University" title="La Salle University">La Salle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_University" title="Saint Joseph's University">Saint Joseph's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temple_University" title="Temple University">Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Villanova_University" title="Villanova University">Villanova</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drexel_University" title="Drexel University">Drexel</a>. In 2007, the men's team won its third consecutive Ivy League title and then lost in the first round of the <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship">NCAA Tournament</a> to <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_Aggies" title="Texas A&M Aggies">Texas A&M</a>. Penn last made the NCAA tournament in 2018 where it lost to top seeded <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kansas" title="University of Kansas">Kansas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-270">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cricket">Cricket</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Cricket">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1887_Penn_Cricket_Team_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/1887_Penn_Cricket_Team_2.jpg/220px-1887_Penn_Cricket_Team_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/1887_Penn_Cricket_Team_2.jpg/330px-1887_Penn_Cricket_Team_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/1887_Penn_Cricket_Team_2.jpg/440px-1887_Penn_Cricket_Team_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="793" /></a><figcaption>Penn's 1887 Cricket Team, which won the <a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_sports_team_champions#Cricket" title="Intercollegiate sports team champions">Intercollegiate Cricket Association</a>, the de facto national championship, displaying the trophy granted to winner (held in front row by person wearing white hat)</figcaption></figure> The first University of Pennsylvania cricket team, reported to be the first cricket team in the United States composed exclusively of Americans,<a href="#cite_note-wister-271">[265]</a> was organized in 1842.<a href="#cite_note-wister-271">[265]</a> On May 7, 1864, Penn played its first intercollegiate game against <a href="/wiki/Haverford_College" title="Haverford College">Haverford College</a> (the 3rd oldest intercollegiate athletic contest after Harvard Yale 1852 crew race and Amherst Williams 1859 Baseball game<a href="#cite_note-272">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-Penn_Cricket-262">[256]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-cricket-273">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-marchcricket-274">[268]</a> After Penn moved west of the <a href="/wiki/Schuylkill_River" title="Schuylkill River">Schuylkill River</a> in 1872, Penn played cricket at one of the local clubs, <a href="/wiki/Belmont_Cricket_Club" title="Belmont Cricket Club">Belmont Cricket Club</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merion_Cricket_Club" title="Merion Cricket Club">Merion Cricket Club</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germantown_Cricket_Club" title="Germantown Cricket Club">Germantown Cricket Club</a>, or at <a href="/wiki/Haverford_College" title="Haverford College">Haverford College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cricket-273">[267]</a> Beginning in 1875 and through 1880, Penn fielded a varsity eleven, which played a few matches each year against opponents that included Haverford College and <a href="/wiki/Columbia_College_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia College (New York)">Columbia College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Penn_Cricket-262">[256]</a> In 1881, Penn, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a>, Haverford College, Princeton College (then known as College of New Jersey), and Columbia College formed the <a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_sports_team_champions#Cricket" title="Intercollegiate sports team champions">Intercollegiate Cricket Association</a>,<a href="#cite_note-marchcricket-274">[268]</a> which <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> later joined.<a href="#cite_note-Penn_Cricket-262">[256]</a> Penn won The <a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_sports_team_champions#Cricket" title="Intercollegiate sports team champions">Intercollegiate Cricket Association</a> championship, the de facto national championship, 23 times (18 solo, three shared with Haverford and Harvard, one shared with Haverford and Cornell, and one shared with just Haverford) during the 44 years that The Intercollegiate Cricket Association existed from 1881 through 1924.<a href="#cite_note-275">[note 7]</a> In the 1890s, Penn's cricket team frequently toured Canada and the British Isles.<a href="#cite_note-Penn_Cricket-262">[256]</a> Perhaps the university's most famous cricket player was <a href="/wiki/George_Patterson_(cricketer)" title="George Patterson (cricketer)">George Patterson</a> (class of 1888), who still holds the North American batting record and who went on to play for the professional <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Cricket_Team" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Cricket Team">Philadelphia Cricket Team</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[269]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, cricket began to experience a serious decline,<a href="#cite_note-struckout-277">[270]</a> such that in 1924 Penn fielded its last team in the twentieth century. Starting in 2009, however, Penn once again fielded a cricket team, albeit club, that ended up being the first winner of a tournament for teams from the Ivies.<a href="#cite_note-278">[271]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Curling">Curling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Curling">edit</a>]</div> University of Pennsylvania <a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a> Club qualified for the 2023 National Championship at 6th place, the same ranking they qualified for the 2022 National Championship (where they finished in 2nd place), but in 2023 the team won the national championship by defeating arch rival <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> in the championship match (6 to 3).<a href="#cite_note-279">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[273]</a> Penn Curling also won the National Championship in 2016 and is the only East Coast team to have won the Curling National Championship.<a href="#cite_note-281">[274]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Football">Football</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Football">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Penn_Quakers_football" title="Penn Quakers football">Penn Quakers football</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChuckBednarik1952Bowman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/ChuckBednarik1952Bowman.jpg/220px-ChuckBednarik1952Bowman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/ChuckBednarik1952Bowman.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="259" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Bednarik" title="Chuck Bednarik">Chuck Bednarik</a>, also known as Concrete Charlie, was a three-time All-American at Penn who was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/College_Football_Hall_of_Fame" title="College Football Hall of Fame">College Football Hall of Fame</a>, the first player selected in the <a href="/wiki/1949_NFL_draft" title="1949 NFL draft">1949 NFL draft</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles" title="Philadelphia Eagles">Philadelphia Eagles</a>, where he went on to win the 1960 NFL Championship and was inducted into <a href="/wiki/Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame" title="Pro Football Hall of Fame">Pro Football Hall of Fame</a>.</figcaption></figure> Penn first fielded a football team against <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigers_football" title="Princeton Tigers football">Princeton</a> at the Germantown Cricket Club in Philadelphia on November 11, 1876.<a href="#cite_note-Fight_song-282">[275]</a> During the 1890s, Penn's coach and alumnus <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Woodruff" title="George Washington Woodruff">George Washington Woodruff</a> introduced the quarterback kick, a forerunner of the <a href="/wiki/Forward_pass" title="Forward pass">forward pass</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Placekicker" title="Placekicker">place-kick</a> from scrimmage and the delayed pass. The achievements of two of Penn's other outstanding players from that era, John Heisman, a Law School alumnus, and <a href="/wiki/John_Outland" class="mw-redirect" title="John Outland">John Outland</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Penn_Med" class="mw-redirect" title="Penn Med">Penn Med</a> alumnus, are remembered each year with the presentation of the Heisman Trophy to the most outstanding college football player of the year, and the <a href="/wiki/Outland_Trophy" title="Outland Trophy">Outland Trophy</a> to the most outstanding college football <a href="/wiki/Lineman_(gridiron_football)" title="Lineman (gridiron football)">interior lineman</a> of the year. The <a href="/wiki/Bednarik_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Bednarik Award">Bednarik Award</a>, named for <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Bednarik" title="Chuck Bednarik">Chuck Bednarik</a>, a three-time <a href="/wiki/All-America" title="All-America">All-American</a> <a href="/wiki/Center_(American_football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Center (American football)">center</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linebacker" title="Linebacker">linebacker</a> who starred on the 1947, is awarded annually to college football's best defensive player. Bednarik went on to play for 12 years with the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles" title="Philadelphia Eagles">Philadelphia Eagles</a>, and was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame" title="Pro Football Hall of Fame">Pro Football Hall of Fame</a> in 1969. Penn's game against <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> on September 29, 1951, in front of a crowd of 60,000 at <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Field" title="Franklin Field">Franklin Field</a>, was first college football game to be broadcast in color.<a href="#cite_note-eyesofageneration.com-283">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[277]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ice_hockey">Ice hockey</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Ice hockey">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Penn_Quakers_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Penn Quakers men's ice hockey">Penn Quakers men's ice hockey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Pennsylvania_Hockey_Team_1897.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/University_of_Pennsylvania_Hockey_Team_1897.jpg/220px-University_of_Pennsylvania_Hockey_Team_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/University_of_Pennsylvania_Hockey_Team_1897.jpg/330px-University_of_Pennsylvania_Hockey_Team_1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/University_of_Pennsylvania_Hockey_Team_1897.jpg/440px-University_of_Pennsylvania_Hockey_Team_1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="955" /></a><figcaption>University of Pennsylvania Hockey team in front of photo of College Hall in 1896–97, its first season of existence, featuring <a href="/wiki/George_Orton" title="George Orton">George Orton</a>, future winner of gold medal in the <a href="/wiki/1900_Summer_Olympics" title="1900 Summer Olympics">1900 Summer Olympics</a> in 2500 meter steeplechase (top row, second from the end of the right side) and who was the first disabled person to compete in the Olympics</figcaption></figure> Penn's first ice hockey team competed during the 1896–97 academic year, and joined the nascent <a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Hockey_Association" title="Intercollegiate Hockey Association">Intercollegiate Hockey Association</a> (IHA) in 1898–99. On the first team in 1896–97 were several players of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canadian</a> background, among them middle-distance runner and Olympian <a href="/wiki/George_Orton" title="George Orton">George Orton</a> (the first disabled person to compete in the Olympics). Penn fielded teams intermittently until 1965 when it formed a varsity squad that was terminated in 1977. Penn now fields a club team that plays in the <a href="/wiki/American_Collegiate_Hockey_Association" title="American Collegiate Hockey Association">American Collegiate Hockey Association</a> Division II,<a href="#cite_note-285">[278]</a> is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_States_College_Hockey_Conference" title="Colonial States College Hockey Conference">Colonial States College Hockey Conference</a>, and continues to play at the <a href="/wiki/Class_of_1923_Arena" title="Class of 1923 Arena">Class of 1923 Arena</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-286">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Olympic_athletes">Olympic athletes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Olympic athletes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Track_(men%27s),_1907_ICAA_point_winners_UPenn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Track_%28men%27s%29%2C_1907_ICAA_point_winners_UPenn.jpg/220px-Track_%28men%27s%29%2C_1907_ICAA_point_winners_UPenn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Track_%28men%27s%29%2C_1907_ICAA_point_winners_UPenn.jpg/330px-Track_%28men%27s%29%2C_1907_ICAA_point_winners_UPenn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Track_%28men%27s%29%2C_1907_ICAA_point_winners_UPenn.jpg/440px-Track_%28men%27s%29%2C_1907_ICAA_point_winners_UPenn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4027" data-file-height="3932" /></a><figcaption>The University of Pennsylvania men's track team was the 1907 <a href="/wiki/IC4A" title="IC4A">IC4A</a> point winner. Left to right: Guy Haskins, R.C. Folwell, T.R. Moffitt, <a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_(relay_runner)" title="John Taylor (relay runner)">John Baxter Taylor, Jr.</a>, the first black athlete in the U.S. to win a gold medal in the Olympics,<a href="#cite_note-johntaylor-287">[280]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Cartmell" title="Nathaniel Cartmell">Nathaniel Cartmell</a>, and J.D. Whitham (seated).</figcaption></figure> At least 43 Penn alumni have earned 81 Olympic medals (26 gold).<a href="#cite_note-pennolympics-288">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[note 8]</a> Penn won more of its "medals"<a href="#cite_note-pennolympics-288">[281]</a> (which were actually cups, trophies, or plaques, as medals were not introduced until a later Olympics) at <a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics" title="Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics">1900 Summer Olympics</a> held in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> than at any other Olympics.<a href="#cite_note-290">[282]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics" title="2024 Summer Olympics">2024 Summer Olympics</a> in Paris, 13 Penn present students or alumni participated in 5 sports (athletics [4], breaking [1], fencing [3], rowing [4], and swimming [1] for 7 countries (<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> [1], <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> [1], <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> [2], <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> [1], <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> [1], <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> [1], and USA [6]) <a href="#cite_note-291">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rowing">Rowing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Rowing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1901_University_of_PA_Crew.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1901_University_of_PA_Crew.jpg/220px-1901_University_of_PA_Crew.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1901_University_of_PA_Crew.jpg/330px-1901_University_of_PA_Crew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1901_University_of_PA_Crew.jpg/440px-1901_University_of_PA_Crew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1026" /></a><figcaption>Penn's eight-oared crew in 1901, the first foreign crew to reach the final of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Challenge_Cup" title="Grand Challenge Cup">Grand Challenge Cup</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[284]</a> at <a href="/wiki/Henley_Royal_Regatta" title="Henley Royal Regatta">Henley Royal Regatta</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Rowing_(sport)" title="Rowing (sport)">Rowing</a> at Penn dates back to at least 1854 with the founding of the <a href="/wiki/University_Barge_Club" title="University Barge Club">University Barge Club</a>. The university currently hosts both heavyweight and lightweight men's teams and an open weight women's team, all of which compete as part of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Sprints" title="Eastern Sprints">Eastern Sprints</a> League. <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Ward" title="Ellis Ward">Ellis Ward</a> was Penn's first intercollegiate crew coach from 1879 through 1912.<a href="#cite_note-293">[285]</a> During the course of Ward's coaching career at Penn his .".. Red and Blue crews won 65 races, in about 150 starts."<a href="#cite_note-294">[286]</a> Ward coached Penn's 8-oared boat to the finals of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Challenge_Cup" title="Grand Challenge Cup">Grand Challenge Cup</a> (the oldest and most prized trophy) at the <a href="/wiki/Henley_Royal_Regatta" title="Henley Royal Regatta">Henley Royal Regatta</a> (but in that final race was defeated by the champion <a href="/wiki/Leander_Club" title="Leander Club">Leander Club</a>).<a href="#cite_note-295">[287]</a> Penn Rowing has produced a long list of famous coaches and Olympians. Members of Penn crew team, rowers Sidney Jellinek, Eddie Mitchell, and coxswain, John G. Kennedy, won the bronze medal for the United States at <a href="/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics" title="1924 Summer Olympics">1924 Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-296">[288]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Burk" title="Joe Burk">Joe Burk</a> (class of 1935) was captain of Penn crew team, winner of the Henley Diamond Sculls twice, named recipient of the <a href="/wiki/James_E._Sullivan_Award" title="James E. Sullivan Award">James E. Sullivan Award</a> for nation's best amateur athlete in 1939, and Penn coach from 1950 to 1969. The 1955 Men's Heavyweight 8, coached by <a href="/wiki/Joe_Burk" title="Joe Burk">Joe Burk</a>, became one of only four American university crews in history to win the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Challenge_Cup" title="Grand Challenge Cup">Grand Challenge Cup</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Henley_Royal_Regatta" title="Henley Royal Regatta">Henley Royal Regatta</a>. The outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_Two" class="mw-redirect" title="World War Two">World War Two</a> canceled the 1940 Olympics for which Burk was favored to win the gold medal. Other Penn Olympic athletes and or Penn coaches of such athletes include: (a) <a href="/wiki/John_Pescatore" title="John Pescatore">John Anthony Pescatore</a> (who competed in the <a href="/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics" title="1988 Summer Olympics">1988 Seoul Olympic Games</a> for the United States as stroke of the men's coxed eight which earned a bronze medal<a href="#cite_note-297">[289]</a> and later competed at the <a href="/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics" title="1992 Summer Olympics">1992 Barcelona Olympic Games</a> in the men's coxless pair), (b) <a href="/wiki/Susan_Francia" title="Susan Francia">Susan Francia</a> (winner of gold medals as part of the women's 8 oared boat at <a href="/wiki/2008_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Olympics">2008 Olympics</a> and <a href="/wiki/2012_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Olympics">2012 Olympics</a>), (c) Regina Salmons (member of 2021 USA team),<a href="#cite_note-298">[290]</a> (d) Rusty Callow, (e) <a href="/wiki/Harry_Parker_(rower)" title="Harry Parker (rower)">Harry Parker</a>, (f) <a href="/wiki/Ted_Nash_(rower)" title="Ted Nash (rower)">Ted Nash</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-296">[288]</a> and (g) <a href="/wiki/John_B._Kelly_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John B. Kelly Jr.">John B. Kelly Jr.</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/John_B._Kelly_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="John B. Kelly Sr.">John B. Kelly Sr.</a> (winner of three medals at <a href="/wiki/1920_Summer_Olympics" title="1920 Summer Olympics">1920 Summer Olympics</a>) and brother of <a href="/wiki/Princess_Grace_of_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Grace of Monaco">Princess Grace of Monaco</a>, was the second Penn Crew alumnus to win the <a href="/wiki/James_E._Sullivan_Award" title="James E. Sullivan Award">James E. Sullivan Award</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[291]</a> for being nation's best amateur athlete (in 1947), who was winner of a bronze medal at the <a href="/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics" title="1956 Summer Olympics">1956 Summer Olympics</a>). Penn men's crew team won the <a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Rowing_Championship" title="National Collegiate Rowing Championship">National Collegiate Rowing Championship</a> in 1991. A member of that team, <a href="/wiki/Janusz_Hooker" title="Janusz Hooker">Janusz Hooker</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wharton_School" title="Wharton School">Wharton School</a> class of 1992)<a href="#cite_note-300">[292]</a> won the bronze medal in Men's Quadruple Sculls for Australia at the 1996 Summer Olympics.<a href="#cite_note-301">[293]</a> The Penn teams presently row out of <a href="/wiki/College_Boat_Club" title="College Boat Club">College Boat Club</a>, No. 11 <a href="/wiki/Boathouse_Row" title="Boathouse Row">Boathouse Row</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rugby">Rugby</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Rugby">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HeismanPose.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/HeismanPose.jpg/220px-HeismanPose.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/HeismanPose.jpg/330px-HeismanPose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/HeismanPose.jpg/440px-HeismanPose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Heisman" title="John Heisman">John Heisman</a>, a <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Law_School" title="University of Pennsylvania Law School">University of Pennsylvania Law School</a> class of 1892 alumnus and rugby football player, posing at Penn in 1891 holding elongated ellipsoidal <a href="/wiki/Rugby_ball" title="Rugby ball">rugby ball</a> and gestures resembling the famed "Heisman Pose"<a href="#cite_note-302">[294]</a></figcaption></figure> The Penn men's <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby football</a> team is one of the oldest collegiate rugby teams in the United States. Penn first fielded a team in mid-1870s playing by rules much closer to the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a> code rules (relative to <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> rules, as such American football rules had not yet been invented<a href="#cite_note-SASH-Farnsworth-263">[257]</a>). Among its earliest games was a game against the College of New Jersey, which became <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton</a> in 1895, played in Philadelphia on Saturday, November 11, 1876, which was less than two weeks before Princeton met on November 23, 1876, with <a href="/wiki/Harvard_rugby" title="Harvard rugby">Harvard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a> to confirm that all their games would be played using the rugby union rules.<a href="#cite_note-Fight_song-282">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-SASH-Farnsworth-263">[257]</a> Princeton and Penn played their November 1876 game per a combination of rugby (there were 20 players per side and players were able to touch the ball with their hands) and Association football codes. The rugby code influence was due, in part, to the fact that some of their students had been educated in <a href="/wiki/English_public_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="English public schools">English public schools</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CompleterugbyUSA-303">[295]</a> Among the prominent alumni to play in a 19th-century version of rugby in which rules then did not allow forward passes or center snaps was <a href="/wiki/John_Heisman" title="John Heisman">John Heisman</a>, namesake of the <a href="/wiki/Heisman_Trophy" title="Heisman Trophy">Heisman Trophy</a> and an 1892 graduate of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Law_School" title="University of Pennsylvania Law School">University of Pennsylvania Law School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-304">[296]</a> Heisman was instrumental in the first decade of the 20th century in changing the rules to more closely relate to the present rules of American football.<a href="#cite_note-305">[297]</a> One of Heisman's teammates (who was unanimously voted Captain in the fall after Heisman graduated) was <a href="/wiki/Harry_Arista_Mackey" title="Harry Arista Mackey">Harry Arista Mackey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penn_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Penn Law">Penn Law</a> class of 1893<a href="#cite_note-306">[298]</a> (who subsequently served as <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Philadelphia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mayors of Philadelphia">Mayor of Philadelphia</a> from 1928 to 1932).<a href="#cite_note-Time-307">[299]</a> In 1906, Rugby per <a href="/wiki/Rugby_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugby Union">Rugby Union</a> code was reintroduced to Penn<a href="#cite_note-308">[300]</a> (as Penn last played per Rugby Union Code in 1882 as Penn played rugby per a number of different rugby football rulebooks and codes from 1883 through 1890s<a href="#cite_note-309">[301]</a>) by Frank Villeneuve Nicholson (<a href="/wiki/Frank_Nicholson_(rugby_union)" title="Frank Nicholson (rugby union)">Frank Nicholson (rugby union)</a>) <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_School_of_Dental_Medicine" title="University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine">University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine</a> (class of 1910),<a href="#cite_note-310">[302]</a> who in 1904 had captained the Australian national rugby team in its match against England.<a href="#cite_note-311">[303]</a> Penn played per rugby union code rules at least through 1912, contemporaneously with Penn playing American gridiron football. Evidence of such may be found in an October 22, 1910, <a href="/wiki/Daily_Pennsylvanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Pennsylvanian">Daily Pennsylvanian</a> article (quoted below) and a yearbook photo<a href="#cite_note-Penn_Men-312">[304]</a> that rugby per rugby union code was played.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Such is the devotion to English rugby football on the part of University of Pennsylvania's students from New Zealand, Australia, and England that they meet on <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Field" title="Franklin Field">Franklin Field</a> at 7 o'clock every morning and practice the game. The varsity track and football squads monopolize the field to such an extent that the early hours of the morning are the only ones during which the rugby enthusiasts can play. Any time except Friday, Saturday and Sunday, a squad of 25 men may be seen running through the hardest kind of practice after which they may divide into two teams and play a hard game. Once a week, captain CC Walton, ('11), dental, who hails from New Zealand, gives the enthusiastic players a blackboard talk in which he explains the intricacies of the game in detail.<a href="#cite_note-313">[305]</a></blockquote> The player-coach of United States Olympic gold-winning rugby team at the <a href="/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics" title="1924 Summer Olympics">1924 Summer Olympics</a> was <a href="/wiki/Alan_Valentine" title="Alan Valentine">Alan Valentine</a>, who played rugby while at Penn (which he attended during 1921/1922 academic year) as he was getting a master's degree at Wharton.<a href="#cite_note-pennolympics-288">[281]</a> Though Penn played rugby per rugby union rules from 1929 through 1934,<a href="#cite_note-314">[306]</a> there is no indication that Penn had a rugby team from 1935 through 1959 when Penn men's rugby became permanent due to leadership of Harry "Joe" Edwin Reagan III<a href="#cite_note-315">[307]</a> Penn's College class of 1962 and Penn Law class of 1965, who also went onto help create and incorporate (in 1975) and was Treasurer (in 1981) of <a href="/wiki/USA_Rugby" title="USA Rugby">USA Rugby</a> and Oreste P. "Rusty" D'Arconte Penn's College class of 1966<a href="#cite_note-Penn_Men-312">[304]</a> Thus, with D'Arconte's hustle and Reagan's charisma and organizational skills, a team, which had fielded a side of fifteen intermittently from 1912 through 1960, became permanent. In spring of 1984, Penn women's rugby,<a href="#cite_note-316">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[309]</a> led by Social Chair Tamara Wayland (College class of 1985,<a href="#cite_note-318">[310]</a> who subsequently became the women's representative to and vice president of <a href="/wiki/USA_Rugby" title="USA Rugby">USA Rugby</a> South from 1996 to 1998); club president Marianne Seligson; and <a href="/wiki/Penn_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Penn Law">Penn Law</a> student <a href="/wiki/Gigi_Sohn" title="Gigi Sohn">Gigi Sohn</a>,<a href="#cite_note-319">[311]</a> began to compete. Penn women's rugby team is coached, as of 2020, by (a) Adam Dick,<a href="#cite_note-320">[312]</a> a 300-level certified coach with over 15 years of rugby coaching experience including being the first coach of the first women's rugby team at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a> and who was a four-year starter at University of Arizona men's first XV rugby team and (b) Philly women's player Kate Hallinan. Penn's men's rugby team plays in the <a href="/wiki/Ivy_Rugby_Conference" title="Ivy Rugby Conference">Ivy Rugby Conference</a><a href="#cite_note-321">[313]</a> and have finished as runners-up in both 15s and 7s in the Conference and won the Ivy Rugby Tournament in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-322">[314]</a> As of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit">[update]</a>, the club uses the state-of-the-art facilities at <a href="/wiki/Penn_Park" title="Penn Park">Penn Park</a>. The Penn Quakers' rugby team played on national TV at the 2013 <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Rugby_Championship" title="Collegiate Rugby Championship">Collegiate Rugby Championship</a>, a college rugby tournament that for number of years had been played each June at <a href="/wiki/Subaru_Park" title="Subaru Park">Subaru Park</a> in Philadelphia, and was broadcast live on <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>. In their inaugural appearance in the tournament, the Penn men's rugby team won the Shield Competition, beating local <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Big_5" title="Philadelphia Big 5">Big Five</a> rival, <a href="/wiki/Temple_University" title="Temple University">Temple University</a>, 17–12 in the final. In the semifinal match of that Shield Competition, Penn Rugby became the first Philadelphia team to beat a non-Philadelphia team in CRC history, with a 14–12 win over the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Texas">University of Texas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-323">[315]</a> As of 2020, Penn men's rugby team is coached by Tiger Bax,<a href="#cite_note-324">[316]</a> a former professional rugby player hailing from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town,_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Town, South Africa">Cape Town, South Africa</a>, whose playing experience includes stints in the <a href="/wiki/Super_Rugby" title="Super Rugby">Super Rugby</a> competition with the <a href="/wiki/Stormers" title="Stormers">Stormers</a> (15s) and Mighty Mohicans (7s), as well as with the <a href="/wiki/Gallagher_Premiership_Rugby" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallagher Premiership Rugby">Gallagher Premiership Rugby</a> side, <a href="/wiki/Saracens_F.C." title="Saracens F.C.">Saracens</a><a href="#cite_note-325">[317]</a> and whose coaching experience includes three successful years as coach at Valley Rugby Football Club in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>; and Tyler May, from <a href="/wiki/Cherry_Hill,_New_Jersey" title="Cherry Hill, New Jersey">Cherry Hill, New Jersey</a>, who played rugby at <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State University</a> where he was a first XV player for three years. Penn's graduate business and law schools also fielded rugby teams. The Wharton rugby team has competed from 1978 to the present.<a href="#cite_note-326">[318]</a> The Penn Law Rugby team (1985 through 1993) counts among its alumni Walter Joseph <a href="/wiki/Jay_Clayton_(attorney)" title="Jay Clayton (attorney)">Jay Clayton</a>, III<a href="#cite_note-327">[319]</a> Penn Law class of 1993, and chair of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission</a> from May 4, 2017, until December 23, 2020, Raymond Hulser, former Chief of Public Integrity Section of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a>,<a href="#cite_note-gao-328">[320]</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_magistrate_judge" title="United States magistrate judge">Magistrate Judge</a> Bruce Reinhart<a href="#cite_note-329">[321]</a> who approved the <a href="/wiki/FBI_search_of_Mar-a-Lago" title="FBI search of Mar-a-Lago">search of Mar-a-Lago</a>, the residence of former U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> in <a href="/wiki/Palm_Beach,_Florida" title="Palm Beach, Florida">Palm Beach, Florida</a>.<a href="#cite_note-330">[322]</a> Undergraduate Penn Rugby Alumni include (1) <a href="/wiki/Conor_Lamb" title="Conor Lamb">Conor Lamb</a> (Penn College class of 2006 and Penn Law class of 2009), who played for undergraduate team, and, as of 2021, is a member of <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>, elected originally to <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania%27s_18th_congressional_district" title="Pennsylvania's 18th congressional district">Pennsylvania's 18th congressional district</a>, since 2019 is a <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representative</a> from <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania%27s_17th_congressional_district" title="Pennsylvania's 17th congressional district">Pennsylvania's 17th congressional district</a> and (2) Argentina's richest person,<a href="#cite_note-331">[323]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcos_Galperin" title="Marcos Galperin">Marcos Galperin</a> (Wharton Undergraduate Class of 1994), a premier player on the 1992 Ivy League Tournament championship team,<a href="#cite_note-332">[324]</a> who founded <a href="/wiki/Mercado_Libre" title="Mercado Libre">Mercado Libre</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-333">[325]</a> an <a href="/wiki/Online_marketplace" title="Online marketplace">online marketplace</a> dedicated to <a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">e-commerce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Online_auction" title="Online auction">online auction</a>, which, as of 2016,<a href="#cite_note-lar-334">[326]</a> is the most popular e-commerce site in South America by number of visitors.<a href="#cite_note-335">[327]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Facilities">Facilities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Facilities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Penn_-_Franklin_Field_-_1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Penn_-_Franklin_Field_-_1922.jpg/220px-Penn_-_Franklin_Field_-_1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Penn_-_Franklin_Field_-_1922.jpg/330px-Penn_-_Franklin_Field_-_1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Penn_-_Franklin_Field_-_1922.jpg/440px-Penn_-_Franklin_Field_-_1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2782" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Penn's Franklin Field, in photograph taken shortly after completion of the upper deck in 1925</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Field" title="Franklin Field">Franklin Field</a>, with a present seating capacity of 52,593,<a href="#cite_note-pennathletics.com-336">[328]</a> is where the Quakers play football, <a href="/wiki/Lacrosse" title="Lacrosse">lacrosse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sprint_football" title="Sprint football">sprint football</a> and track and field (and formerly played baseball, <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a>, soccer, and rugby). It is the oldest stadium still operating for college football games,<a href="#cite_note-10_old-21">[17]</a> first stadium to sport two tiers,<a href="#cite_note-337">[329]</a> first stadium in the country to have a scoreboard, second stadium to have a radio broadcast of football, first stadium from which a commercially televised football game was broadcast,<a href="#cite_note-pennathletics.com-336">[328]</a> and first stadium from which college football game was broadcast in color.<a href="#cite_note-eyesofageneration.com-283">[276]</a> Franklin Field also played host to the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles" title="Philadelphia Eagles">Philadelphia Eagles</a> from 1958 to 1970.<a href="#cite_note-pennathletics.com-336">[328]</a> Since 1895, Franklin Field has hosted the annual collegiate track and field event "the <a href="/wiki/Penn_Relays" title="Penn Relays">Penn Relays</a>," which is the oldest and largest track and field competition in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-338">[330]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palestra_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Palestra_1.jpg/220px-Palestra_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Palestra_1.jpg/330px-Palestra_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Palestra_1.jpg/440px-Palestra_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Penn's <a href="/wiki/Palestra" title="Palestra">Palestra</a> is often referred to as the Cathedral of College Basketball.<a href="#cite_note-339">[331]</a></figcaption></figure> Penn's Palestra is home gym of the <a href="/wiki/Penn_Quakers" title="Penn Quakers">Penn Quakers</a> men's and women's <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a> teams, <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_wrestling" title="Collegiate wrestling">wrestling</a> team, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Big_Five" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Big Five">Philadelphia Big Five</a> basketball, and other high school and college sporting events, and is located mere yards from <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Field" title="Franklin Field">Franklin Field</a>.<a href="#cite_note-340">[332]</a> The Palestra has been called "the most important building in the history of college basketball" and "changed the entire history of the sport for which it was built".<a href="#cite_note-341">[333]</a> The Palestra has hosted more NCAA Tournament basketball games than any other facility. Penn's River Fields hosts a number of athletic fields including the Rhodes Soccer Stadium, the Ellen Vagelos C'90 Field Hockey Field, and Irving "Moon" Mondschein Throwing Complex.<a href="#cite_note-342">[334]</a> Penn baseball plays its home games at <a href="/wiki/Meiklejohn_Stadium" title="Meiklejohn Stadium">Meiklejohn Stadium</a> at Murphy Field. Penn's <a href="/wiki/Class_of_1923_Arena" title="Class of 1923 Arena">Class of 1923 Arena</a> (with seating for up to 3,000 people) was built to host the <a href="/wiki/Penn_Quakers_men%27s_ice_hockey" title="Penn Quakers men's ice hockey">University of Pennsylvania Varsity Ice Hockey Team</a>, which has been disbanded, and now hosts or in the past hosted: Penn's Men's and Penn Women's club ice hockey teams, practices or exhibition games for the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Flyers" title="Philadelphia Flyers">Philadelphia Flyers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Avalanche" title="Colorado Avalanche">Colorado Avalanche</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carolina_Hurricanes" title="Carolina Hurricanes">Carolina Hurricanes</a>, roller hockey for the Philadelphia Bulldogs professional team, and rock concerts such as one in 1982 featuring Prince.<a href="#cite_note-343">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-344">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-345">[337]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Penn_Rowing_Club_at_Boathouse_Row.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Penn_Rowing_Club_at_Boathouse_Row.jpg/220px-Penn_Rowing_Club_at_Boathouse_Row.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Penn_Rowing_Club_at_Boathouse_Row.jpg/330px-Penn_Rowing_Club_at_Boathouse_Row.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Penn_Rowing_Club_at_Boathouse_Row.jpg/440px-Penn_Rowing_Club_at_Boathouse_Row.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Penn's three rowing teams use <a href="/wiki/College_Boat_Club" title="College Boat Club">Number 11 Boathouse Row</a> as their headquarters.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People">People</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: People">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Pennsylvania_people#Alumni" title="List of University of Pennsylvania people">List of University of Pennsylvania people § Alumni</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> Penn alumni, faculty and trustees include those who have distinguished themselves in the sciences, academia, politics, business, military, sports, arts, and media. Penn alumni include two <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">presidents of the United States</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-24">[note 5]</a> (and eight <a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidents of United States">presidents</a> who were awarded honorary doctorate degrees by Penn).<a href="#cite_note-Presidential-347">[339]</a> Of the presidents who were awarded the honorary doctorates by Penn, five were awarded prior to them becoming president (Washington, Taft, Wilson, Hoover, and Eisenhower) and three were awarded while they were president (Garfield and both Roosevelts).<a href="#cite_note-348">[340]</a> Nine foreign <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">heads of state</a> attended Penn (including former prime minister of the Philippines, <a href="/wiki/Cesar_Virata" title="Cesar Virata">Cesar Virata</a>; the first president of <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nnamdi_Azikiwe" title="Nnamdi Azikiwe">Nnamdi Azikiwe</a>; the first president of <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a>; and the current president of <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alassane_Ouattara" title="Alassane Ouattara">Alassane Ouattara</a>). The current <a href="/wiki/President_of_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="President of United States">president of the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (since January 20, 2021<a href="#cite_note-hunnicutt-349">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-350">[342]</a>), was a <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> Presidential Practice Professor at University of Pennsylvania, where he led the <a href="/wiki/Penn_Biden_Center_for_Diplomacy_and_Global_Engagement" title="Penn Biden Center for Diplomacy and Global Engagement">Penn Biden Center for Diplomacy and Global Engagement</a>, a center focused principally on diplomacy, foreign policy, and national security.<a href="#cite_note-351">[343]</a> Penn alumni or faculty also include three <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> justices: <a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan" class="mw-redirect" title="William J. Brennan">William J. Brennan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Owen_J._Roberts" class="mw-redirect" title="Owen J. Roberts">Owen J. Roberts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">James Wilson</a> and at least four Supreme Court justices of foreign nations, (including <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Wilson" title="Ronald Wilson">Ronald Wilson</a> of the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court of Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayala_Procaccia" title="Ayala Procaccia">Ayala Procaccia</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel Supreme Court">Israel Supreme Court</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Mokgoro" title="Yvonne Mokgoro">Yvonne Mokgoro</a>, former justice of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Court">Constitutional Court</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, and Irish <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_(Ireland)" title="Court of Appeal (Ireland)">Court of Appeal</a> justice <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Hogan" title="Gerard Hogan">Gerard Hogan</a>). Since its founding, Penn alumni, trustees, and faculty have included eight <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a> who signed the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>,<a href="#cite_note-upenn1-22">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-upenn2-23">[19]</a> seven who signed the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>,<a href="#cite_note-upenn2-23">[19]</a> and 24 members of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a>. Penn alumni also include 32 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. senators</a>, 163 members of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a>, 19 <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">U.S. Cabinet Secretaries</a>, 46 <a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">governors</a>, 28 <a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">State Supreme Court</a> justices. Penn alumni in <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">finance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Investment_banking" title="Investment banking">investment banking</a> include <a href="/wiki/Warren_Buffett" title="Warren Buffett">Warren Buffett</a><a href="#cite_note-352">[note 9]</a> (CEO of <a href="/wiki/Berkshire_Hathaway" title="Berkshire Hathaway">Berkshire Hathaway</a>), <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> (co-founder of <a href="/wiki/PayPal" title="PayPal">PayPal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neuralink" title="Neuralink">Neuralink</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Boring_Company" title="The Boring Company">The Boring Company</a> and <a href="/wiki/XAI_(company)" title="XAI (company)">xAI</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sundar_Pichai" title="Sundar Pichai">Sundar Pichai</a> (CEO of <a href="/wiki/Alphabet,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Alphabet, Inc.">Alphabet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>), <a href="/wiki/Frank_Quattrone" title="Frank Quattrone">Frank Quattrone</a> (founder of <a href="/wiki/Qatalyst_Partners" title="Qatalyst Partners">Qatalyst Partners</a>), <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lynch" title="Peter Lynch">Peter Lynch</a> (former manager of the <a href="/wiki/Fidelity_Magellan_Fund" title="Fidelity Magellan Fund">Fidelity Magellan Fund</a>), and other high-profile figures on <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a>.<a href="#cite_note-353">[344]</a> Penn alumni who received federal aid, 10 years after starting at Penn, have the highest median incomes among alumni of Ivy League schools.<a href="#cite_note-354">[345]</a> Penn has the largest number of undergraduate alumni (36) who are <a href="/wiki/Billionaire" title="Billionaire">billionaires</a> (with combined wealth of $367 billion - also the largest number among colleges and universities in the US).<a href="#cite_note-quartz-26">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-355">[346]</a> Penn alumni have won 53 <a href="/wiki/Tony_Awards" title="Tony Awards">Tony Awards</a>,<a href="#cite_note-356">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-357">[348]</a> 17 <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Awards" title="Grammy Awards">Grammy Awards</a>,<a href="#cite_note-358">[349]</a> 25 <a href="/wiki/Emmy_Awards" title="Emmy Awards">Emmy Awards</a>,<a href="#cite_note-359">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-360">[351]</a> 13 <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Oscars</a>, and 1 <a href="/wiki/EGOT" class="mw-redirect" title="EGOT">EGOT</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_Legend" title="John Legend">John Legend</a><a href="#cite_note-361">[352]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-362">[note 10]</a> Penn alumni have also had a significant impact on the United States military as they include <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nicholas" title="Samuel Nicholas">Samuel Nicholas</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a> founder, and <a href="/wiki/William_A._Newell" title="William A. Newell">William A. Newell</a>, whose congressional action formed a predecessor to the current <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a>,<a href="#cite_note-MJ-obit-363">[353]</a> and numerous alumni have become generals or similar rank in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a>. At least two Penn alumni have been <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> <a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronauts</a>,<a href="#cite_note-364">[354]</a> and five Penn alumni have been awarded the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MoH_Recipients-27">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-na-28">[23]</a> As of 2023, there have been 38 Nobel laureates affiliated (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_university_affiliation" title="List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation">List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation</a>) with the University of Pennsylvania.<a href="#cite_note-UPennLaureates-365">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-366">[356]</a> At least 43 different Penn alumni have earned 81 Olympic medals (26 gold).<a href="#cite_note-pennolympics-288">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-367">[note 11]</a> Penn's alumni also include poets <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams">William Carlos Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> religious leader <a href="/wiki/William_Augustus_Muhlenberg" title="William Augustus Muhlenberg">William Augustus Muhlenberg</a>, civil rights leader <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Luther King, Jr.">Martin Luther King, Jr.</a>, linguist and political theorist <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, architect <a href="/wiki/Louis_Kahn" title="Louis Kahn">Louis Kahn</a>, cartoonist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Addams" title="Charles Addams">Charles Addams</a>, actresses <a href="/wiki/Candice_Bergen" title="Candice Bergen">Candice Bergen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Banks" title="Elizabeth Banks">Elizabeth Banks</a>, journalist <a href="/wiki/Joe_Klein" title="Joe Klein">Joe Klein</a>, and fashion designer <a href="/wiki/Tory_Burch" title="Tory Burch">Tory Burch</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alumni_organizations">Alumni organizations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Alumni organizations">edit</a>]</div> Penn has over 120 international alumni clubs in 52 countries and 37 states, which offer opportunities for alumni to reconnect, participate in events, and work on collaborative initiatives.<a href="#cite_note-368">[357]</a> In addition, in 1989, Penn bought a 14-story clubhouse building (purpose-built for <a href="/wiki/Yale_Club_of_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale Club of New York City">Yale Club</a>) in New York City from <a href="/wiki/Touro_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Touro College">Touro College</a> for $15 million<a href="#cite_note-Historic-369">[358]</a> to house Penn's largest alumni chapter. After raising a separate $25 million (including $150,000+ donations each from such alumni as <a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A9e_Lauder_(businesswoman)" title="Estée Lauder (businesswoman)">Estee Lauder</a> heirs <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Lauder" title="Leonard Lauder">Leonard Lauder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Lauder" title="Ronald Lauder">Ronald Lauder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saul_Steinberg_(businessman)" title="Saul Steinberg (businessman)">Saul Steinberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Milken" title="Michael Milken">Michael Milken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Perelman" title="Ronald Perelman">Ronald Perelman</a>) and two years of renovation,<a href="#cite_note-370">[359]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Penn_Club_of_New_York" title="Penn Club of New York">Penn Club of New York</a> moved to its current location at <a href="/wiki/30_West_44th_Street" title="30 West 44th Street">30 West 44th Street</a> on NYC's Clubhouse Row.<a href="#cite_note-371">[360]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.svg/48px-Flag_of_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.svg/64px-Flag_of_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philadelphia" title="Portal:Philadelphia">Philadelphia portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/48px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/64px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="540" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pennsylvania" title="Portal:Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_by_number_of_billionaire_alumni" title="List of universities by number of billionaire alumni">List of universities by number of billionaire alumni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Philadelphia" title="Education in Philadelphia">Education in Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Think_Tanks_and_Civil_Societies_Program_(TTCSP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program (TTCSP)">Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program (TTCSP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> It was not until 1785 that the name was made official as between 1779 and 1785 name was simply "University" in Philadelphia—see <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://secretary.upenn.edu/trustees-governance/statutes-trustees">"Statutes of the Trustees"</a>. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved September 12, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statutes+of+the+Trustees&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsecretary.upenn.edu%2Ftrustees-governance%2Fstatutes-trustees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-founding_note-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-founding_note_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-founding_note_9-1">b</a> The university officially uses 1740 as its founding date and has since 1899. The ideas and intellectual inspiration for the academic institution stem from 1749, with a pamphlet published by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> (1705/1706–1790). When Franklin's institution was established, it inhabited a schoolhouse built on November 14, 1740, for another school, which never came to practical fruition.<a href="#cite_note-archives.upenn.edu-6">[5]</a> Penn archivist Mark Frazier Lloyd noted, "In 1899, UPenn's Trustees adopted a resolution that established 1740 as the founding date, but good cases may be made for 1749, when Franklin first convened the Trustees, or 1751, when the first classes were taught at the affiliated secondary school for boys, Academy of Philadelphia, or 1755, when Penn obtained its collegiate charter to add a post-secondary institution, the College of Philadelphia."<a href="#cite_note-upenn.edu-7">[6]</a> Princeton's library presents another diplomatically-phrased view.<a href="#cite_note-princeton.edu-8">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> The registered trademark as the primary substitute for using the University's full name; it is part of the university's official brand.<a href="#cite_note-branding-16">[14]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-name_style-19"><a href="#cite_ref-name_style_19-0">^</a> From The Pennsylvania Gazette: "The University's online style guide says that while Penn is the officially sanctioned term, UPenn is 'permissible ... in situations where it may help to distinguish Penn from other universities within the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania."<a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a> UPenn is an element used in the university's domain name. </li> <li id="cite_note-Harrison-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_24-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> studied medicine at Penn from 1790 until his father died in 1791; after his father's death Harrison left the University to join the army.<a href="#cite_note-346">[338]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> In 1790, the first lecture on law was given by <a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">James Wilson</a>; however, a full time program was not offered until 1850.<a href="#cite_note-86">[81]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> Haverford won <a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_sports_team_champions#Cricket" title="Intercollegiate sports team champions">such championships</a> nineteen times: three shared with Penn and Harvard, one shared with Penn and Cornell, and one shared with Penn. In third place, Harvard won it six times, none after 1899, three of these shared with Haverford and Penn. </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Pennsylvania_people" title="List of University of Pennsylvania people">list of University of Pennsylvania people</a> athletics section for list of Penn Olympic medal winners, replete with hyperlinks. </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> Buffett studied at Penn for two years before he transferred to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Nebraska">University of Nebraska</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Pennsylvania_people" title="List of University of Pennsylvania people">List of University of Pennsylvania people</a> 'Arts, media, and entertainment' section for list of Penn alumni who earned Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, and Tony award winners, replete with hyperlinks. </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Pennsylvania_people" title="List of University of Pennsylvania people">list of University of Pennsylvania people</a> athletics section for list of Penn Olympic medal winners, replete with hyperlinks. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://secretary.upenn.edu/trustees-governance/frequently-asked-questions">"Frequently Asked Questions | Office of the University Secretary"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions+%26%23124%3B+Office+of+the+University+Secretary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsecretary.upenn.edu%2Ftrustees-governance%2Ffrequently-asked-questions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Record of the Jubilee Celebrations of the University of Sydney. <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>: William Brooks and Co. 1903. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781112213304" title="Special:BookSources/9781112213304"><bdi>9781112213304</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Record+of+the+Jubilee+Celebrations+of+the+University+of+Sydney&rft.place=Sydney%2C+New+South+Wales&rft.pub=William+Brooks+and+Co.&rft.date=1903&rft.isbn=9781112213304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Actes du Jubilé de 1909 (in Swiss French). <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>: Georg Keck & Cie. 1910. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781360078335" title="Special:BookSources/9781360078335"><bdi>9781360078335</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Actes+du+Jubil%C3%A9+de+1909&rft.place=Geneva%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=Georg+Keck+%26+Cie&rft.date=1910&rft.isbn=9781360078335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060428155156/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/penn1700s.html">"Penn in the 18th Century"</a>. upenn.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/penn1700s.html">the original</a> on April 28, 2006. Retrieved July 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=upenn.edu&rft.atitle=Penn+in+the+18th+Century&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.upenn.edu%2Fhisty%2Ffeatures%2F1700s%2Fpenn1700s.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-archives.upenn.edu-6"><a href="#cite_ref-archives.upenn.edu_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190822113907/https://archives.upenn.edu/exhibits/penn-history">"Penn History Exhibits"</a>. University Archives and Records Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.upenn.edu/exhibits/penn-history">the original</a> on August 22, 2019. Retrieved January 31, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Penn+History+Exhibits&rft.pub=University+Archives+and+Records+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.upenn.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fpenn-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-upenn.edu-7"><a href="#cite_ref-upenn.edu_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110603231438/http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/current/node/2231">"A Penn Trivial Pursuit – Penn Current"</a>. June 3, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/current/node/2231">the original</a> on June 3, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Penn+Trivial+Pursuit+%E2%80%93+Penn+Current&rft.date=2011-06-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upenn.edu%2Fpennnews%2Fcurrent%2Fnode%2F2231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-princeton.edu-8"><a href="#cite_ref-princeton.edu_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030319132644/http://www.princeton.edu/mudd/news/faq/topics/older.shtml">"Seeley G. Mudd Library: FAQ Princeton vs. University of Pennsylvania: Which is the Older Institution?"</a>. March 19, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/mudd/news/faq/topics/older.shtml">the original</a> on March 19, 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seeley+G.+Mudd+Library%3A+FAQ+Princeton+vs.+University+of+Pennsylvania%3A+Which+is+the+Older+Institution%3F&rft.date=2003-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeton.edu%2Fmudd%2Fnews%2Ffaq%2Ftopics%2Folder.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-endowment-10"><a href="#cite_ref-endowment_10-0">^</a> As of June 30, 2023. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://investments.upenn.edu/about-us">About Us Penn Office of Investments</a> (Report). Penn Office of Investments. June 30, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231019034827/https://investments.upenn.edu/about-us">Archived</a> from the original on October 19, 2023. Retrieved October 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=About+Us+Penn+Office+of+Investments&rft.pub=Penn+Office+of+Investments&rft.date=2023-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finvestments.upenn.edu%2Fabout-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://budget.upenn.edu/operating-budget/">"Operating Budget"</a>. Office of Budget and Management Analysis, University of Pennsylvania. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231009003416/https://budget.upenn.edu/operating-budget/">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2023. Retrieved December 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Operating+Budget&rft.pub=Office+of+Budget+and+Management+Analysis%2C+University+of+Pennsylvania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbudget.upenn.edu%2Foperating-budget%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Facts-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Facts_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Facts_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Facts_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Facts_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Facts_12-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Facts_12-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Facts_12-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Facts_12-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191023185249/https://www.upenn.edu/about/facts">"Penn: Penn Facts"</a>. University of Pennsylvania. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upenn.edu/about/facts">the original</a> on October 23, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Penn%3A+Penn+Facts&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upenn.edu%2Fabout%2Ffacts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upenn.edu/about/facts">"Facts"</a>. University of Pennsylvania. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200124040550/https://www.upenn.edu/about/facts">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facts&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upenn.edu%2Fabout%2Ffacts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDS-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CDS_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDS_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDS_14-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ira.upenn.edu/sites/default/files/UPenn-Common-Data-Set-2022-23-Jul-2023.pdf">"Common Data Set 2022–2023"</a> (PDF). University of Pennsylvania. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230803133606/https://ira.upenn.edu/sites/default/files/UPenn-Common-Data-Set-2022-23-Jul-2023.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 3, 2023. Retrieved September 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Common+Data+Set+2022%E2%80%932023&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fira.upenn.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FUPenn-Common-Data-Set-2022-23-Jul-2023.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://branding.web-resources.upenn.edu/logos-and-branding/elements-penn-logo">"Elements of the Penn Logo"</a>. Branding.Web-Resources.UPenn.edu. Retrieved November 14, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Branding.Web-Resources.UPenn.edu&rft.atitle=Elements+of+the+Penn+Logo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbranding.web-resources.upenn.edu%2Flogos-and-branding%2Felements-penn-logo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-branding-16"><a href="#cite_ref-branding_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://branding.web-resources.upenn.edu/">"Penn Brand Standards"</a>. UPenn Web Resources. University of Pennsylvania.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UPenn+Web+Resources&rft.atitle=Penn+Brand+Standards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbranding.web-resources.upenn.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220418015150/https://branding.web-resources.upenn.edu/">Archived</a> April 18, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://upenn.app.box.com/s/ya73qe5vsor49tlgqvv5pz2uz8yx750x">UPenn Brand Guidelines</a>, University of Pennsylvania, September 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UPenn+Brand+Guidelines&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=2022-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fupenn.app.box.com%2Fs%2Fya73qe5vsor49tlgqvv5pz2uz8yx750x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYagoda2017" class="citation news cs1">Yagoda, Ben (August 29, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thepenngazette.com/penn-v-upenn/">"Penn v. UPenn"</a>. The Pennsylvania Gazette.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pennsylvania+Gazette&rft.atitle=Penn+v.+UPenn&rft.date=2017-08-29&rft.aulast=Yagoda&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthepenngazette.com%2Fpenn-v-upenn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211104102013/https://thepenngazette.com/penn-v-upenn">Archived</a> November 4, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsf23303">"Universities Report Largest Growth in Federally Funded R&D Expenditures since FY 2011"</a>. ncses.nsf.gov. Retrieved December 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ncses.nsf.gov&rft.atitle=Universities+Report+Largest+Growth+in+Federally+Funded+R%26D+Expenditures+since+FY+2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fncses.nsf.gov%2Fpubs%2Fnsf23303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10_old-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-10_old_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-10_old_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNortham2022" class="citation web cs1">Northam, Mitchell (July 26, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncaa.com/news/football/article/2022-07-26/these-are-10-oldest-stadiums-division-i-college-football">"These are the 10 oldest stadiums in Division I college football"</a>. NCAA. Retrieved September 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCAA&rft.atitle=These+are+the+10+oldest+stadiums+in+Division+I+college+football&rft.date=2022-07-26&rft.aulast=Northam&rft.aufirst=Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncaa.com%2Fnews%2Ffootball%2Farticle%2F2022-07-26%2Fthese-are-10-oldest-stadiums-division-i-college-football&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231004183549/https://www.ncaa.com/news/football/article/2022-07-26/these-are-10-oldest-stadiums-division-i-college-football?amp">Archived</a> October 4, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-upenn1-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-upenn1_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-upenn1_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.upenn.edu/search/">"Search"</a>. University Archives and Records Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+Archives+and+Records+Center&rft.atitle=Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.upenn.edu%2Fsearch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-upenn2-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-upenn2_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-upenn2_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-upenn2_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-upenn2_23-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240604205318/https://archives.upenn.edu/exhibits/penn-people/notables/declaration-constitution/">"Penn Notables: Penn Signers of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution"</a>. Penn University Archives and Records Center. Penn Libraries, University of Pennsylvania. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.upenn.edu/exhibits/penn-people/notables/declaration-constitution/">the original</a> on June 4, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penn+University+Archives+and+Records+Center&rft.atitle=Penn+Notables%3A+Penn+Signers+of+the+Declaration+of+Independence+and+the+Constitution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.upenn.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fpenn-people%2Fnotables%2Fdeclaration-constitution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170307090215/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/people/notables/signers.html">Archived</a> March 7, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> see list with citations in Notable People section </li> <li id="cite_note-quartz-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-quartz_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-quartz_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/billionaires-penn-harvard-yale-stanford-1851528839/slides/6">"Nearly a fifth of America's billionaires went to just 5 colleges"</a>. Quartz. June 9, 2024. Slide 1: University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved June 10, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quartz&rft.atitle=Nearly+a+fifth+of+America%27s+billionaires+went+to+just+5+colleges&rft.pages=Slide+1%3A+University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=2024-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2Fbillionaires-penn-harvard-yale-stanford-1851528839%2Fslides%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MoH_Recipients-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MoH_Recipients_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MoH_Recipients_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhernHawley2011" class="citation web cs1">Ahern, Joseph-James; Hawley, Scott W. (January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.upenn.edu/exhibits/penn-people/notables/awards/medal-of-honor">"Congressional Medals of Honor, Recipients from the Civil War"</a>. University Archives and Records Center. Penn Libraries, University of Pennsylvania. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190123201154/https://archives.upenn.edu/exhibits/penn-people/notables/awards/medal-of-honor">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2019. Retrieved October 9, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+Archives+and+Records+Center&rft.atitle=Congressional+Medals+of+Honor%2C+Recipients+from+the+Civil+War&rft.date=2011-01&rft.aulast=Ahern&rft.aufirst=Joseph-James&rft.au=Hawley%2C+Scott+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.upenn.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fpenn-people%2Fnotables%2Fawards%2Fmedal-of-honor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-na-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-na_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-na_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/boston/exhibits/murphy">"Frederick C. Murphy, Our Facility's Namesake"</a>. archives.gov. National Archives at Boston. August 15, 2016. Retrieved October 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archives.gov&rft.atitle=Frederick+C.+Murphy%2C+Our+Facility%27s+Namesake&rft.date=2016-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fboston%2Fexhibits%2Fmurphy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> see second footnote 9 in Extracts from the Benjamin Franklin published Pennsylvania Gazette, (January 3 to December 25, 1740) – Founders Online <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-02-02-0065">https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-02-02-0065</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230826064004/https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-02-02-0065">Archived</a> August 26, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Note: The annotations to this document, and any other modern editorial content, are copyright the American Philosophical Society and Yale University. All rights reserved." </li> <li id="cite_note-MontgomeryHistory-30"><a href="#cite_ref-MontgomeryHistory_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery,_Thomas_Harrison1900" class="citation book cs1">Montgomery, Thomas Harrison (1900). <a href="/wiki/File:History_of_the_University_of_Pennsylvania_-_Montgomery_(1900).djvu" title="File:History of the University of Pennsylvania - Montgomery (1900).djvu">A History of the University of Pennsylvania from Its Foundation to A. D. 1770</a>. Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Co. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/00003240">00003240</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+University+of+Pennsylvania+from+Its+Foundation+to+A.+D.+1770&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=George+W.+Jacobs+%26+Co.&rft.date=1900&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F00003240&rft.au=Montgomery%2C+Thomas+Harrison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman" class="citation web cs1">Friedman, Steven Morgan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100102143449/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/genlhistory/brief.html">"A Brief History of the University, University of Pennsylvania Archives"</a>. Archives.upenn.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/genlhistory/brief.html">the original</a> on January 2, 2010. Retrieved December 9, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archives.upenn.edu&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+University%2C+University+of+Pennsylvania+Archives&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Steven+Morgan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.upenn.edu%2Fhisty%2Fgenlhistory%2Fbrief.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WoodHistory-32"><a href="#cite_ref-WoodHistory_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood1834" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Bacon_Wood" title="George Bacon Wood">Wood, George Bacon</a> (1834). <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:The_History_of_the_University_of_Pennsylvania" class="extiw" title="s:en:The History of the University of Pennsylvania">The History of the University of Pennsylvania, from Its Origin to the Year 1827</a>. McCarty and Davis. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/07007833">07007833</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/760190902">760190902</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+University+of+Pennsylvania%2C+from+Its+Origin+to+the+Year+1827&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=McCarty+and+Davis&rft.date=1834&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F760190902&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F07007833&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=George+Bacon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrawbridge1899" class="citation book cs1">Strawbridge, Justus C. (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ceremoniesatten02stragoog">Ceremonies Attending the Unveiling of the Statue of Benjamin Franklin</a>. Allen, Lane & Scott. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-103-92435-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-103-92435-6"><bdi>978-1-103-92435-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved November 24, 2007. <q>justus c strawbridge.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ceremonies+Attending+the+Unveiling+of+the+Statue+of+Benjamin+Franklin&rft.pub=Allen%2C+Lane+%26+Scott&rft.date=1899&rft.isbn=978-1-103-92435-6&rft.aulast=Strawbridge&rft.aufirst=Justus+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fceremoniesatten02stragoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.upenn.edu/exhibits/penn-people/biography/walter-cope/">"Walter Cope"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230323061145/https://archives.upenn.edu/exhibits/penn-people/biography/walter-cope/">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Walter+Cope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.upenn.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fpenn-people%2Fbiography%2Fwalter-cope%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.upenn.edu/exhibits/penn-people/biography/john-stewardson/">"John Stewardson"</a>. University Archives and Records Center. Penn Libraries, University of Pennsylvania. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230323060904/https://archives.upenn.edu/exhibits/penn-people/biography/john-stewardson/">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+Archives+and+Records+Center&rft.atitle=John+Stewardson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.upenn.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fpenn-people%2Fbiography%2Fjohn-stewardson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philadelphiabuildings.org/pab/app/ar_display.cfm/23024">Cope & Stewardson (fl. 1885–1912)</a> data from the Philadelphia Architects and Buildings (PAB) project of the <a href="/wiki/Athenaeum_of_Philadelphia" title="Athenaeum of Philadelphia">Athenaeum of Philadelphia</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2011" class="citation news cs1">Clarke, Dominique (September 26, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thedp.com/index.php/article/2011/09/wistar_strategic_plan_includes_new_building_and_research">"Wistar strategic plan includes new building and research"</a>. The Daily Pennsylvanian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120121203226/http://thedp.com/index.php/article/2011/09/wistar_strategic_plan_includes_new_building_and_research">Archived</a> from the original on January 21, 2012. Retrieved November 10, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Pennsylvanian&rft.atitle=Wistar+strategic+plan+includes+new+building+and+research&rft.date=2011-09-26&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthedp.com%2Findex.php%2Farticle%2F2011%2F09%2Fwistar_strategic_plan_includes_new_building_and_research&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blta.com/#/3/0/4/7/">"University of Pennsylvania Module 6 Utility Plant and Garage"</a>. BLT Architects. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110812175412/http://blta.com/#/3/0/4/7/">Archived</a> from the original on August 12, 2011. Retrieved August 19, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Pennsylvania+Module+6+Utility+Plant+and+Garage&rft.pub=BLT+Architects&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blta.com%2F%23%2F3%2F0%2F4%2F7%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelmer2017" class="citation web cs1">Helmer, Madeleine (March 16, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pennovation.upenn.edu/news/tracking-evolution-industry-34th-and-grays-ferry">"Tracking The Evolution Of Industry At 34th And Grays Ferry"</a>. Pennovation Works University of Pennsylvania. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623194534/https://www.pennovation.upenn.edu/news/tracking-evolution-industry-34th-and-grays-ferry">Archived</a> from the original on June 23, 2021. Retrieved March 19, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tracking+The+Evolution+Of+Industry+At+34th+And+Grays+Ferry&rft.pub=Pennovation+Works+University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=2017-03-16&rft.aulast=Helmer&rft.aufirst=Madeleine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pennovation.upenn.edu%2Fnews%2Ftracking-evolution-industry-34th-and-grays-ferry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-arbnet-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-arbnet_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-arbnet_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arbnet.org/morton-register/penn-campus-arboretum-university-pennsylvania-0">"Penn Campus Arboretum at the University of Pennsylvania"</a>. arbnet.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210419031738/http://www.arbnet.org/morton-register/penn-campus-arboretum-university-pennsylvania-0">Archived</a> from the original on April 19, 2021. Retrieved March 19, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arbnet.org&rft.atitle=Penn+Campus+Arboretum+at+the+University+of+Pennsylvania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arbnet.org%2Fmorton-register%2Fpenn-campus-arboretum-university-pennsylvania-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arborday.org/programs/tree-campus-higher-education/">"Tree Campus Higher Education at arborday.org"</a>. arborday.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231202212455/https://www.arborday.org/programs/tree-campus-higher-education/">Archived</a> from the original on December 2, 2023. Retrieved December 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arborday.org&rft.atitle=Tree+Campus+Higher+Education+at+arborday.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arborday.org%2Fprograms%2Ftree-campus-higher-education%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.facilities.upenn.edu/">"Welcome"</a>. University of Pennsylvania Facilities & Real Estate. University of Pennsylvania. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210304222559/https://www.facilities.upenn.edu/">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2021. Retrieved March 19, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Pennsylvania+Facilities+%26+Real+Estate&rft.atitle=Welcome&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facilities.upenn.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_E._Thomas1978" class="citation web cs1">George E. Thomas (August 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gis.penndot.gov/CRGISAttachments/SiteResource/H001351_04H.pdf">"National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Compton and Bloomfield"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220814120207/https://gis.penndot.gov/CRGISAttachments/SiteResource/H001351_04H.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 14, 2022. Retrieved September 1, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places+Inventory+Nomination+Form%3A+Compton+and+Bloomfield&rft.date=1978-08&rft.au=George+E.+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgis.penndot.gov%2FCRGISAttachments%2FSiteResource%2FH001351_04H.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-arch-44"><a href="#cite_ref-arch_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070721014609/https://www.dot7.state.pa.us/ce/SelectWelcome.asp">"National Historic Landmarks & National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania"</a>. CRGIS: Cultural Resources Geographic Information System. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dot7.state.pa.us/ce/SelectWelcome.asp">the original</a> (Searchable database) on July 21, 2007. Retrieved March 25, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Historic+Landmarks+%26+National+Register+of+Historic+Places+in+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=CRGIS%3A+Cultural+Resources+Geographic+Information+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dot7.state.pa.us%2Fce%2FSelectWelcome.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> Note: This includes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_E._Thomas1991" class="citation web cs1">George E. Thomas (June 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131216182522/https://www.dot7.state.pa.us/ce_imagery/phmc_scans/H096882_01H.pdf">"Pennsylvania Historic Resource Survey Form: South Brook Farm"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dot7.state.pa.us/ce_imagery/phmc_scans/H096882_01H.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on December 16, 2013. Retrieved December 16, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pennsylvania+Historic+Resource+Survey+Form%3A+South+Brook+Farm&rft.date=1991-06&rft.au=George+E.+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dot7.state.pa.us%2Fce_imagery%2Fphmc_scans%2FH096882_01H.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/barbaro/">"Barbaro"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404200850/https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/barbaro/">Archived</a> from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved December 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Barbaro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fpictures%2Fbarbaro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.library.upenn.edu/about/access/visitors">"Penn Libraries Visitor Information"</a>. Penn Libraries. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220314193318/https://www.library.upenn.edu/about/access/visitors">Archived</a> from the original on March 14, 2022. Retrieved March 14, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Penn+Libraries&rft.atitle=Penn+Libraries+Visitor+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.library.upenn.edu%2Fabout%2Faccess%2Fvisitors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110317083950/http://datafarm.library.upenn.edu/">"Penn Library Data Farm"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://datafarm.library.upenn.edu/">the original</a> on March 17, 2011. Retrieved December 24, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Penn+Library+Data+Farm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdatafarm.library.upenn.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://datafarm.library.upenn.edu/">Data Farm</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110317083950/http://datafarm.library.upenn.edu/">archived</a> from the original on March 17, 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Data+Farm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdatafarm.library.upenn.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hWOH42D3i1U">"Penn's Spectacular Architecture – YouTube"</a>. youtube.com. March 18, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/hWOH42D3i1U">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=youtube.com&rft.atitle=Penn%27s+Spectacular+Architecture+%E2%80%93+YouTube&rft.date=2011-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DhWOH42D3i1U&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> see also Applications for Historical Landmark Status </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729081956/http://uchs.net/HistoricDistricts/furness.html">"1971 Nomination Form, by George Thomas"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uchs.net/HistoricDistricts/furness.html">the original</a> on July 29, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1971+Nomination+Form%2C+by+George+Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuchs.net%2FHistoricDistricts%2Ffurness.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Joyce L. White, "Biographical and Historical Background of the Yarnall Library of Theology" (Offprint from The Library Chronicle, University of Pennsylvania, Volume XLIII, number 2, Winter, 1979.) </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vahZAAAAMAAJ">Yarnall Library of Theology of St. Clement's Church, Philadelphia: The Ellis Hornor Yarnall Foundation</a>. Press of E. Stern & Company, Incorporated. 1933.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yarnall+Library+of+Theology+of+St.+Clement%27s+Church%2C+Philadelphia%3A+The+Ellis+Hornor+Yarnall+Foundation&rft.pub=Press+of+E.+Stern+%26+Company%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=1933&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvahZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abernethy1988-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Abernethy1988_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd_M._Abernethy1988" class="citation book cs1">Lloyd M. Abernethy (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UZ1OhyLKEMIC&pg=PA119">Benton Spruance, the Artist and the Man</a>. Associated University Presses. pp. 118–119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87982-517-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87982-517-1"><bdi>978-0-87982-517-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benton+Spruance%2C+the+Artist+and+the+Man&rft.pages=118-119&rft.pub=Associated+University+Presses&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-87982-517-1&rft.au=Lloyd+M.+Abernethy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUZ1OhyLKEMIC%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phila.gov/2019-04-18-the-city-of-philadelphia-celebrates-60-years-of-percent-for-art/">"The City of Philadelphia Celebrates 60 Years of Percent for Art"</a> (Press release). City of Philadelphia. April 18, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623194608/https://www.phila.gov/2019-04-18-the-city-of-philadelphia-celebrates-60-years-of-percent-for-art/">Archived</a> from the original on June 23, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+City+of+Philadelphia+Celebrates+60+Years+of+Percent+for+Art&rft.pub=City+of+Philadelphia&rft.date=2019-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phila.gov%2F2019-04-18-the-city-of-philadelphia-celebrates-60-years-of-percent-for-art%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-art1-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-art1_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-art1_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artcollection.upenn.edu/exhibitions/campus-sculpture-tour/">"Campus Sculpture Tour"</a>. University of Pennsylvania. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112195801/http://artcollection.upenn.edu/exhibitions/campus-sculpture-tour/">Archived</a> from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Campus+Sculpture+Tour&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fartcollection.upenn.edu%2Fexhibitions%2Fcampus-sculpture-tour%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brick_House-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Brick_House_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehighline.org/art/projects/simoneleigh/">"Brick House"</a>. The High Line. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191203172347/https://www.thehighline.org/art/projects/simoneleigh/">Archived</a> from the original on December 3, 2019. Retrieved February 29, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+High+Line&rft.atitle=Brick+House&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehighline.org%2Fart%2Fprojects%2Fsimoneleigh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/towering-bronze-sculpture-installed-entrance-penns-campus">"Towering bronze sculpture installed at the entrance to Penn's campus"</a>. Penn Today. November 10, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210505160358/https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/towering-bronze-sculpture-installed-entrance-penns-campus">Archived</a> from the original on May 5, 2021. Retrieved December 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penn+Today&rft.atitle=Towering+bronze+sculpture+installed+at+the+entrance+to+Penn%27s+campus&rft.date=2020-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenntoday.upenn.edu%2Fnews%2Ftowering-bronze-sculpture-installed-entrance-penns-campus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duelingtampons.com/?m=1">"Dueling Tees"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405140709/http://www.duelingtampons.com/?m=1">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved December 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dueling+Tees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.duelingtampons.com%2F%3Fm%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedp.com/article/2014/04/dueling-tampons-grafitti">"'Dueling Tampons' graffitied"</a>. The Daily Pennsylvanian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210402012804/https://www.thedp.com/article/2014/04/dueling-tampons-grafitti">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2021. Retrieved March 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Pennsylvanian&rft.atitle=%27Dueling+Tampons%27+graffitied&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedp.com%2Farticle%2F2014%2F04%2Fdueling-tampons-grafitti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedp.com/blog/under-the-button/2015/01/the-tampons-look-like-tampons-a-public-reminder">"The Tampons Look Like Tampons: A Public Reminder"</a>. thedp.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160605042010/http://www.thedp.com/blog/under-the-button/2015/01/the-tampons-look-like-tampons-a-public-reminder">Archived</a> from the original on June 5, 2016. Retrieved May 16, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thedp.com&rft.atitle=The+Tampons+Look+Like+Tampons%3A+A+Public+Reminder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedp.com%2Fblog%2Funder-the-button%2F2015%2F01%2Fthe-tampons-look-like-tampons-a-public-reminder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twostatues-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twostatues_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-twostatues_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepard2019" class="citation web cs1">Shepard, Louisa (August 23, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/two-monumental-sculptures-arrive-campus">"Two monumental sculptures arrive on campus"</a>. Penn Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210304063140/https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/two-monumental-sculptures-arrive-campus">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2021. Retrieved March 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penn+Today&rft.atitle=Two+monumental+sculptures+arrive+on+campus&rft.date=2019-08-23&rft.aulast=Shepard&rft.aufirst=Louisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenntoday.upenn.edu%2Fnews%2Ftwo-monumental-sculptures-arrive-campus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070524132513/http://titilos.sorocabana.com/thumbnails.php?album=27">"Social Consciousness"</a>. sorocabana.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://titilos.sorocabana.com/thumbnails.php?album=27">the original</a> on May 24, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sorocabana.com&rft.atitle=Social+Consciousness&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftitilos.sorocabana.com%2Fthumbnails.php%3Falbum%3D27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.associationforpublicart.org/apa-now/news/apa-to-relocate-nevelson-and-epstein-sculptures-to-penn/">"aPA to Relocate Nevelson and Epstein Sculptures to Penn"</a>. Association for Public Art. July 9, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303151154/https://www.associationforpublicart.org/apa-now/news/apa-to-relocate-nevelson-and-epstein-sculptures-to-penn/">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2021. Retrieved March 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Association+for+Public+Art&rft.atitle=aPA+to+Relocate+Nevelson+and+Epstein+Sculptures+to+Penn&rft.date=2019-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.associationforpublicart.org%2Fapa-now%2Fnews%2Fapa-to-relocate-nevelson-and-epstein-sculptures-to-penn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanawayCruess1996" class="citation book cs1">Hanaway, Joseph; Cruess, Richard L. (1996). McGill Medicine – 1885 to 1936. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=McGill+Medicine+%E2%80%93+1885+to+1936&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Hanaway&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Cruess%2C+Richard+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHertzler2021" class="citation web cs1">Hertzler, Lauren (April 5, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/reassessing-iconography-campus">"Reassessing iconography on campus"</a>. Penn Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211127001829/https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/reassessing-iconography-campus">Archived</a> from the original on November 27, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penn+Today&rft.atitle=Reassessing+iconography+on+campus&rft.date=2021-04-05&rft.aulast=Hertzler&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenntoday.upenn.edu%2Fnews%2Freassessing-iconography-campus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder" class="citation news cs1">Snyder, Susan. "Penn to remove statue of slavery supporter, forms group to look at campus iconography'". The Philadelphia Inquirer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philadelphia+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Penn+to+remove+statue+of+slavery+supporter%2C+forms+group+to+look+at+campus+iconography%27&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://almanac.upenn.edu/articles/campus-iconography-group-report">"Campus Iconography Group Report"</a>. University of Pennsylvania Almanac. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414155242/https://almanac.upenn.edu/articles/campus-iconography-group-report">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved April 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Campus+Iconography+Group+Report&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Almanac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falmanac.upenn.edu%2Farticles%2Fcampus-iconography-group-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisman2020" class="citation web cs1">Weisman, Zoey (February 7, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedp.com/article/2020/07/penn-whitefield-statue-removal">"Penn announces plan to remove statue of slave owner George Whitefield from the Quad"</a>. The Daily Pennsylvanian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210401063907/https://www.thedp.com/article/2020/07/penn-whitefield-statue-removal">Archived</a> from the original on April 1, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Pennsylvanian&rft.atitle=Penn+announces+plan+to+remove+statue+of+slave+owner+George+Whitefield+from+the+Quad&rft.date=2020-02-07&rft.aulast=Weisman&rft.aufirst=Zoey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedp.com%2Farticle%2F2020%2F07%2Fpenn-whitefield-statue-removal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penn.museum/about/our-story">"Our Museum – Penn Museum"</a>. Penn Museum. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200904102304/https://www.penn.museum/about/our-story">Archived</a> from the original on September 4, 2020. Retrieved September 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penn+Museum&rft.atitle=Our+Museum+%E2%80%93+Penn+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penn.museum%2Fabout%2Four-story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-About_UPM-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-About_UPM_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-About_UPM_69-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110521153922/http://penn.museum/about-us.html">"About Us"</a>. Penn Museum. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.penn.museum/about-us.html">the original</a> on May 21, 2011. Retrieved August 20, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penn+Museum&rft.atitle=About+Us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.penn.museum%2Fabout-us.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811205610/http://penn.museum/research.html">"Research at the Penn Museum"</a>. Penn Museum. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.penn.museum/research.html">the original</a> on August 11, 2011. Retrieved August 20, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penn+Museum&rft.atitle=Research+at+the+Penn+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.penn.museum%2Fresearch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Crimmins, Peter (June 12, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whyy.org/articles/like-back-to-the-future-penn-museum-floats-its-ancient-sphinx-to-a-new-home/amp/">"Like 'Back to the Future': Penn Museum floats its ancient sphinx to a new home"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410041015/https://whyy.org/articles/like-back-to-the-future-penn-museum-floats-its-ancient-sphinx-to-a-new-home/amp/">Archived</a> April 10, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artcollection.upenn.edu/about/curators-welcome/">"Curator's Welcome — The Penn Art Collection"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404143017/http://artcollection.upenn.edu/about/curators-welcome/">Archived</a> from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved December 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Curator%27s+Welcome+%E2%80%94+The+Penn+Art+Collection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fartcollection.upenn.edu%2Fabout%2Fcurators-welcome%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arthurrossgallery.org/about/history/">"History"</a>. Arthur Ross Gallery. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141221165820/http://www.arthurrossgallery.org/about/history/">Archived</a> from the original on December 21, 2014. Retrieved December 21, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arthur+Ross+Gallery&rft.atitle=History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arthurrossgallery.org%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-College_House_PDF-74"><a href="#cite_ref-College_House_PDF_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111001225828/http://www.collegehouses.upenn.edu/brochure/collegehouses_11-12.pdf">"College Houses at Penn"</a> (PDF). College Houses and Academic Services. University of Pennsylvania. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collegehouses.upenn.edu/brochure/collegehouses_11-12.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 1, 2011. Retrieved August 19, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=College+Houses+and+Academic+Services&rft.atitle=College+Houses+at+Penn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collegehouses.upenn.edu%2Fbrochure%2Fcollegehouses_11-12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130812121818/http://www.collegehouses.upenn.edu/brochure/index.asp">"College Houses & Academic Services: University of Pennsylvania"</a>. Collegehouses.upenn.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collegehouses.upenn.edu/brochure/index.asp">the original</a> on August 12, 2013. Retrieved July 23, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collegehouses.upenn.edu&rft.atitle=College+Houses+%26+Academic+Services%3A+University+of+Pennsylvania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collegehouses.upenn.edu%2Fbrochure%2Findex.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collegehouses.upenn.edu/about/gutmann">"Gutmann College House | College Houses & Academic Services"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230528211918/https://www.collegehouses.upenn.edu/about/gutmann">Archived</a> from the original on May 28, 2023. Retrieved June 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gutmann+College+House+%26%23124%3B+College+Houses+%26+Academic+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collegehouses.upenn.edu%2Fabout%2Fgutmann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190129215203/https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/penn-build-new-college-house-near-40th-and-walnut-streets">"Penn to Build New College House Near 40th and Walnut Streets: University of Pennsylvania"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/penn-build-new-college-house-near-40th-and-walnut-streets">the original</a> on January 29, 2019. Retrieved May 15, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Penn+to+Build+New+College+House+Near+40th+and+Walnut+Streets%3A+University+of+Pennsylvania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenntoday.upenn.edu%2Fnews%2Fpenn-build-new-college-house-near-40th-and-walnut-streets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://upennifc.org/chapters/">"Chapters"</a>. August 27, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214020/https://upennifc.org/chapters/">Archived</a> from the original on June 2, 2021. Retrieved June 2, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapters&rft.date=2020-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fupennifc.org%2Fchapters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210517163254/https://ofsl.vpul.upenn.edu/organizations/">"Organizations to Join – Office of Fraternity & Sorority Life"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ofsl.vpul.upenn.edu/organizations/">the original</a> on May 17, 2021. Retrieved June 2, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Organizations+to+Join+%E2%80%93+Office+of+Fraternity+%26+Sorority+Life&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fofsl.vpul.upenn.edu%2Forganizations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.upenn.edu/exhibits/penn-history/campuses/first-campus/">"Penn's First Campus, 1749–1801"</a>. University Archives and Records Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221212121739/https://archives.upenn.edu/exhibits/penn-history/campuses/first-campus/">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2022. Retrieved December 12, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+Archives+and+Records+Center&rft.atitle=Penn%27s+First+Campus%2C+1749%E2%80%931801&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.upenn.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fpenn-history%2Fcampuses%2Ffirst-campus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNitzche1918" class="citation book cs1">Nitzche, George Erazmus (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/universityofpenn01nitz/page/65/mode/1up?view=theater">The University of Pennsylvania: Its History, Traditions, Buildings and Memorials</a> (7th ed.). Philadelphia: International Printing Company. pp. 62–74. Retrieved April 5, 2021 – via The Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+University+of+Pennsylvania%3A+Its+History%2C+Traditions%2C+Buildings+and+Memorials&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=62-74&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=International+Printing+Company&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Nitzche&rft.aufirst=George+Erazmus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funiversityofpenn01nitz%2Fpage%2F65%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penntoday.upenn.edu/2012-11-15/record/record-quadrangle-dormitories">"For the Record: Quadrangle dormitories"</a>. Penn Today. November 15, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405123006/https://penntoday.upenn.edu/2012-11-15/record/record-quadrangle-dormitories">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved December 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penn+Today&rft.atitle=For+the+Record%3A+Quadrangle+dormitories&rft.date=2012-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenntoday.upenn.edu%2F2012-11-15%2Frecord%2Frecord-quadrangle-dormitories&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upenn.edu/programs/graduate.php">"Graduate and Professional Programs"</a>. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved August 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Graduate+and+Professional+Programs&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upenn.edu%2Fprograms%2Fgraduate.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson,_Joseph1869" class="citation cs1">Carson, Joseph (1869). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_History_of_the_Medical_Department_of_the_University_of_Pennsylvania">A History of the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania </a>. Philadelphia: Lindsay and Blakiston – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Medical+Department+of+the+University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Lindsay+and+Blakiston&rft.date=1869&rft.au=Carson%2C+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seas.upenn.edu/about-seas/history.php">"History and Heritage"</a>. Penn Engineering. University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Science. Retrieved August 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penn+Engineering&rft.atitle=History+and+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seas.upenn.edu%2Fabout-seas%2Fhistory.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.upenn.edu/about/history/">"History of Penn Law school"</a>. Penn Law. University of Pennsylvania Law School. Retrieved August 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penn+Law&rft.atitle=History+of+Penn+Law+school&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.upenn.edu%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dental.upenn.edu/about_us/history">"History"</a>. Penn Dental Medicine. The Robert Schattner Center University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine. Retrieved August 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penn+Dental+Medicine&rft.atitle=History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dental.upenn.edu%2Fabout_us%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wharton.upenn.edu/about/about-wharton.cfm">"About Wharton"</a>. The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved August 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Wharton&rft.pub=The+Wharton+School%2C+University+of+Pennsylvania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wharton.upenn.edu%2Fabout%2Fabout-wharton.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sas.upenn.edu/GAS/home/about/about.html">"About the Graduate Division"</a>. Penn Arts & Sciences. University of Pennsylvania School of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved August 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penn+Arts+%26+Sciences&rft.atitle=About+the+Graduate+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sas.upenn.edu%2FGAS%2Fhome%2Fabout%2Fabout.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vet.upenn.edu/PennVet/AboutUs/tabid/247/Default.aspx">"About Us"</a>. Penn Veterinary Medicine. University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine. Retrieved August 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penn+Veterinary+Medicine&rft.atitle=About+Us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vet.upenn.edu%2FPennVet%2FAboutUs%2Ftabid%2F247%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedp.com/article/2023/12/penn-larry-jameson-interim-president">"Perelman School of Medicine Dean J. Larry Jameson named Penn's interim president"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perelman+School+of+Medicine+Dean+J.+Larry+Jameson+named+Penn%27s+interim+president&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedp.com%2Farticle%2F2023%2F12%2Fpenn-larry-jameson-interim-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PPD-93"><a href="#cite_ref-PPD_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publicsafety.upenn.edu/about/uppd/">"Penn Police Department"</a>. University of Pennsylvania. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603025235/https://www.publicsafety.upenn.edu/about/uppd/">Archived</a> from the original on June 3, 2016. Retrieved November 3, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Penn+Police+Department&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.publicsafety.upenn.edu%2Fabout%2Fuppd%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sealFAQ-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sealFAQ_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sealFAQ_94-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sealFAQ_94-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sealFAQ_94-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sealFAQ_94-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121031005744/https://secure.www.upenn.edu/secretary/FAQ.html">"Frequently Asked Questions: Questions about the University"</a>. University of Pennsylvania. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://secure.www.upenn.edu/secretary/FAQ.html">the original</a> on October 31, 2012. Retrieved October 4, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions%3A+Questions+about+the+University&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsecure.www.upenn.edu%2Fsecretary%2FFAQ.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coleman_1749–1768_36,_68-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Coleman_1749–1768_36,_68_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman1749–1768" class="citation book cs1">Coleman, William (1749–1768). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sceti.library.upenn.edu/pages/index.cfm?so_id=11133">Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania Minute Books, volume 1</a>. University of Pennsylvania Archives: University of Pennsylvania. pp. 36, 68. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120607062521/http://sceti.library.upenn.edu/pages/index.cfm?so_id=11133">Archived</a> from the original on June 7, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trustees+of+the+University+of+Pennsylvania+Minute+Books%2C+volume+1&rft.place=University+of+Pennsylvania+Archives&rft.pages=36%2C+68&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=1749%2F1768&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsceti.library.upenn.edu%2Fpages%2Findex.cfm%3Fso_id%3D11133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyerson,_Martin_1973-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyerson,_Martin_1973_96-0">^</a> Meyerson, Martin (January 29, 1973). "Report of the University Development Commission" (PDF). upenn.com. Retrieved June 16, 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-CDS_2020-FF-97"><a href="#cite_ref-CDS_2020-FF_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220817153509/https://ira.upenn.edu/sites/default/files/UPenn-Common-Data-Set-2020-21.pdf">"Common Data Set 2020–2021"</a> (PDF). University of Pennsylvania. June 25, 2021. pp. 35, 11. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ira.upenn.edu/sites/default/files/UPenn-Common-Data-Set-2020-21.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 17, 2022. Retrieved January 19, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.atitle=Common+Data+Set+2020%E2%80%932021&rft.pages=35%2C+11&rft.date=2021-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fira.upenn.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FUPenn-Common-Data-Set-2020-21.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDS_2019-FF-98"><a href="#cite_ref-CDS_2019-FF_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220818062310/https://ira.upenn.edu/sites/default/files/UPenn-Common-Data-Set-2019-20.pdf">"Common Data Set 2019–2020"</a> (PDF). University of Pennsylvania. May 19, 2020. pp. 35, 11. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ira.upenn.edu/sites/default/files/UPenn-Common-Data-Set-2019-20.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 18, 2022. Retrieved January 19, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.atitle=Common+Data+Set+2019%E2%80%932020&rft.pages=35%2C+11&rft.date=2020-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fira.upenn.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FUPenn-Common-Data-Set-2019-20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDS_2018-FF-99"><a href="#cite_ref-CDS_2018-FF_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220707023032/https://ira.upenn.edu/sites/default/files/UPenn-Common-Data-Set-2018-19.pdf">"Common Data Set 2018–2019"</a> (PDF). University of Pennsylvania. March 8, 2019. pp. 35, 11. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ira.upenn.edu/sites/default/files/UPenn-Common-Data-Set-2018-19.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 7, 2022. Retrieved January 19, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.atitle=Common+Data+Set+2018%E2%80%932019&rft.pages=35%2C+11&rft.date=2019-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fira.upenn.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FUPenn-Common-Data-Set-2018-19.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDS_2017-FF-100"><a href="#cite_ref-CDS_2017-FF_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220702085637/https://ira.upenn.edu/sites/default/files/UPenn-Common-Data-Set-2017-18.pdf">"Common Data Set 2017–2018"</a> (PDF). University of Pennsylvania. November 5, 2018. pp. 35, 11. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ira.upenn.edu/sites/default/files/UPenn-Common-Data-Set-2017-18.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 2, 2022. Retrieved January 19, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.atitle=Common+Data+Set+2017%E2%80%932018&rft.pages=35%2C+11&rft.date=2018-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fira.upenn.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FUPenn-Common-Data-Set-2017-18.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/university-of-pennsylvania-3378/applying">"University of Pennsylvania"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a>: Education. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623194344/https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/university-of-pennsylvania-3378/applying">Archived</a> from the original on June 23, 2021. Retrieved February 3, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report%3A+Education&rft.atitle=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fbest-colleges%2Funiversity-of-pennsylvania-3378%2Fapplying&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://admissions.upenn.edu/admissions-and-financial-aid/cost-and-financial-aid/financial-aid-at-penn">"Financial Aid At Penn"</a>. Penn admissions. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191223230031/https://admissions.upenn.edu/admissions-and-financial-aid/cost-and-financial-aid/financial-aid-at-penn">Archived</a> from the original on December 23, 2019. Retrieved December 23, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penn+admissions&rft.atitle=Financial+Aid+At+Penn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadmissions.upenn.edu%2Fadmissions-and-financial-aid%2Fcost-and-financial-aid%2Ffinancial-aid-at-penn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTilitei" class="citation web cs1">Tilitei, Leanna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedp.com/article/2021/04/penn-admissions-class-of-2025-acceptance-rate">"Penn accepts record-low 5.68% of applicants to the Class of 2025"</a>. thedp.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220317060620/https://www.thedp.com/article/2021/04/penn-admissions-class-of-2025-acceptance-rate">Archived</a> from the original on March 17, 2022. Retrieved January 19, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thedp.com&rft.atitle=Penn+accepts+record-low+5.68%25+of+applicants+to+the+Class+of+2025&rft.aulast=Tilitei&rft.aufirst=Leanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedp.com%2Farticle%2F2021%2F04%2Fpenn-admissions-class-of-2025-acceptance-rate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://huntsman.upenn.edu/">"The Huntsman Program in International Studies and Business"</a>. The Huntsman Program in International Studies and Business. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182853/https://huntsman.upenn.edu/">Archived</a> from the original on January 18, 2022. Retrieved January 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Huntsman+Program+in+International+Studies+and+Business&rft.atitle=The+Huntsman+Program+in+International+Studies+and+Business&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhuntsman.upenn.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fisher.wharton.upenn.edu/">"Home"</a>. Jerome Fisher Program in Management & Technology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182435/https://fisher.wharton.upenn.edu/">Archived</a> from the original on January 18, 2022. Retrieved January 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jerome+Fisher+Program+in+Management+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffisher.wharton.upenn.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lsm.upenn.edu/">"Home | Penn Life Sciences & Management Program"</a>. lsm.upenn.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116184138/https://lsm.upenn.edu/">Archived</a> from the original on January 16, 2022. Retrieved January 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lsm.upenn.edu&rft.atitle=Home+%26%23124%3B+Penn+Life+Sciences+%26+Management+Program&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flsm.upenn.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nursing.upenn.edu/nhcm/">"Nursing and Healthcare Management Dual Degree Program"</a>. nursing.upenn.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182551/https://www.nursing.upenn.edu/nhcm/">Archived</a> from the original on January 18, 2022. Retrieved January 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nursing.upenn.edu&rft.atitle=Nursing+and+Healthcare+Management+Dual+Degree+Program&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nursing.upenn.edu%2Fnhcm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.viper.upenn.edu/">"VIPER | Vagelos Integrated Program in Energy Research | Vagelos Integrated Program in Energy Research"</a>. viper.upenn.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116184139/https://www.viper.upenn.edu/">Archived</a> from the original on January 16, 2022. Retrieved January 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=viper.upenn.edu&rft.atitle=VIPER+%26%23124%3B+Vagelos+Integrated+Program+in+Energy+Research+%26%23124%3B+Vagelos+Integrated+Program+in+Energy+Research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.viper.upenn.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sas.upenn.edu/biochem/faq.html">"Vagelos MLS Scholars: Frequently Asked Questions"</a>. sas.upenn.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116184134/https://www.sas.upenn.edu/biochem/faq.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 16, 2022. Retrieved January 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sas.upenn.edu&rft.atitle=Vagelos+MLS+Scholars%3A+Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sas.upenn.edu%2Fbiochem%2Ffaq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nets.upenn.edu/">"Networked & Social Systems Engineering"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116184138/https://www.nets.upenn.edu/">Archived</a> from the original on January 16, 2022. Retrieved January 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Networked+%26+Social+Systems+Engineering&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nets.upenn.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cg.cis.upenn.edu/dmd.html">"CG@Penn | DMD Program"</a>. cg.cis.upenn.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211124222423/http://cg.cis.upenn.edu/dmd.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2021. Retrieved January 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cg.cis.upenn.edu&rft.atitle=CG%40Penn+%26%23124%3B+DMD+Program&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcg.cis.upenn.edu%2Fdmd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cis.upenn.edu/undergraduate/program-options/computer-and-cognitive-science-dual-degree/">"Computer and Cognitive Science Dual Degree"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182635/https://www.cis.upenn.edu/undergraduate/program-options/computer-and-cognitive-science-dual-degree/">Archived</a> from the original on January 18, 2022. Retrieved January 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Computer+and+Cognitive+Science+Dual+Degree&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cis.upenn.edu%2Fundergraduate%2Fprogram-options%2Fcomputer-and-cognitive-science-dual-degree%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bio.upenn.edu/undergraduate/submatriculation/accelerated-dental-program">"Seven Year Bio-Dental Program | Department of Biology"</a>. bio.upenn.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182512/https://www.bio.upenn.edu/undergraduate/submatriculation/accelerated-dental-program">Archived</a> from the original on January 18, 2022. Retrieved January 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bio.upenn.edu&rft.atitle=Seven+Year+Bio-Dental+Program+%26%23124%3B+Department+of+Biology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bio.upenn.edu%2Fundergraduate%2Fsubmatriculation%2Faccelerated-dental-program&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philly.com/philly/education/20160623_Penn_to_launch_joint_degree_program_in_law_and_medicine.html">"Penn to launch joint degree program in law and medicine"</a>. Philly.com. June 22, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160623143541/http://www.philly.com/philly/education/20160623_Penn_to_launch_joint_degree_program_in_law_and_medicine.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 23, 2016. Retrieved June 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philly.com&rft.atitle=Penn+to+launch+joint+degree+program+in+law+and+medicine&rft.date=2016-06-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philly.com%2Fphilly%2Feducation%2F20160623_Penn_to_launch_joint_degree_program_in_law_and_medicine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140622205941/http://www.sp2.upenn.edu/programs/index.html">"SP2 Programs"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sp2.upenn.edu/programs/index.html">the original</a> on June 22, 2014. Retrieved May 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SP2+Programs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sp2.upenn.edu%2Fprograms%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.petersons.com/graduate-schools/university-of-pennsylvania-school-of-social-policy-and-practice-program-in-social-work-000_10013879.aspx">"Peterson's National Guide University of Pennsylvania SP2"</a>. Petersons. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523105504/https://www.petersons.com/graduate-schools/university-of-pennsylvania-school-of-social-policy-and-practice-program-in-social-work-000_10013879.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on May 23, 2020. Retrieved May 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peterson%27s+National+Guide+University+of+Pennsylvania+SP2&rft.pub=Petersons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.petersons.com%2Fgraduate-schools%2Funiversity-of-pennsylvania-school-of-social-policy-and-practice-program-in-social-work-000_10013879.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160730133126/http://www.sp2.upenn.edu/degree-programs/dual-degree-programs/overview/about-the-programs/">"About the Programs | School of Social Policy & Practice"</a>. sp2.upenn.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sp2.upenn.edu/degree-programs/dual-degree-programs/overview/about-the-programs/">the original</a> on July 30, 2016. Retrieved June 30, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sp2.upenn.edu&rft.atitle=About+the+Programs+%7C+School+of+Social+Policy+%26+Practice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sp2.upenn.edu%2Fdegree-programs%2Fdual-degree-programs%2Foverview%2Fabout-the-programs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140715142716/http://www.sp2.upenn.edu/about/index.html">"About SP2"</a>. University of Pennsylvania School of Social Policy & Practice. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sp2.upenn.edu/about/index.html">the original</a> on July 15, 2014. Retrieved May 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+SP2&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+School+of+Social+Policy+%26+Practice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sp2.upenn.edu%2Fabout%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140715142716/http://www.sp2.upenn.edu/about/index.html">"SP2 Vision"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sp2.upenn.edu/about/index.html">the original</a> on July 15, 2014. Retrieved May 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SP2+Vision&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sp2.upenn.edu%2Fabout%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.graduateguide.com/university_of_pennsylvania_school_of_social_policy__and__practice.html">"SP2 School of Social Policy & Practice"</a>. Graduate Guide. August 10, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181014160149/http://www.graduateguide.com/university_of_pennsylvania_school_of_social_policy__and__practice.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 14, 2018. Retrieved May 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SP2+School+of+Social+Policy+%26+Practice&rft.pub=Graduate+Guide&rft.date=2018-08-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.graduateguide.com%2Funiversity_of_pennsylvania_school_of_social_policy__and__practice.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHackett2020" class="citation web cs1">Hackett, Martin (September 11, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/penn-vet-expands-timely-dual-degree-during-covid-19-pandemic">"Penn Vet expands timely dual degree during COVID-19 pandemic | Penn Today"</a>. Penn Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200929182807/https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/penn-vet-expands-timely-dual-degree-during-covid-19-pandemic">Archived</a> from the original on September 29, 2020. Retrieved September 14, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penn+Today&rft.atitle=Penn+Vet+expands+timely+dual+degree+during+COVID-19+pandemic+%7C+Penn+Today&rft.date=2020-09-11&rft.aulast=Hackett&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenntoday.upenn.edu%2Fnews%2Fpenn-vet-expands-timely-dual-degree-during-covid-19-pandemic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChin" class="citation web cs1">Chin, Zachary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedp.com/article/2018/03/penn-upenn-nursing-ranking-top-qs-world-global-ivy-satisfaction-league-philadelphia">"Penn Nursing ranked top in the world, but receives mediocre score for 'employer reputation'"</a>. The Daily Pennsylvanian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200225161811/https://www.thedp.com/article/2018/03/penn-upenn-nursing-ranking-top-qs-world-global-ivy-satisfaction-league-philadelphia">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2020. Retrieved February 25, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Pennsylvanian&rft.atitle=Penn+Nursing+ranked+top+in+the+world%2C+but+receives+mediocre+score+for+%27employer+reputation%27&rft.aulast=Chin&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedp.com%2Farticle%2F2018%2F03%2Fpenn-upenn-nursing-ranking-top-qs-world-global-ivy-satisfaction-league-philadelphia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/higher-education-network/2018/feb/28/qs-world-university-rankings-2018-veterinary-science">"QS world university rankings 2018: veterinary science"</a>. The Guardian. February 28, 2018. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200225161814/https://www.theguardian.com/higher-education-network/2018/feb/28/qs-world-university-rankings-2018-veterinary-science">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2020. Retrieved February 25, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=QS+world+university+rankings+2018%3A+veterinary+science&rft.date=2018-02-28&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fhigher-education-network%2F2018%2Ffeb%2F28%2Fqs-world-university-rankings-2018-veterinary-science&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHachenburg" class="citation web cs1">Hachenburg, Carmina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedp.com/article/2019/03/perelman-school-of-medicine-ranking-us-news-third-place-penn">"Perelman School of Medicine ranked third place for research in U.S. News report"</a>. The Daily Pennsylvanian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200225161822/https://www.thedp.com/article/2019/03/perelman-school-of-medicine-ranking-us-news-third-place-penn">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2020. Retrieved February 25, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Pennsylvanian&rft.atitle=Perelman+School+of+Medicine+ranked+third+place+for+research+in+U.S.+News+report&rft.aulast=Hachenburg&rft.aufirst=Carmina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedp.com%2Farticle%2F2019%2F03%2Fperelman-school-of-medicine-ranking-us-news-third-place-penn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllison2021" class="citation web cs1">Ellison, Alya (September 22, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/capital/penn-medicine-to-open-1-6b-hospital-in-october.html">"Penn Medicine to open $1.6B hospital in October"</a>. Becker's Hospital Review. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211022191354/https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/capital/penn-medicine-to-open-1-6b-hospital-in-october.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 22, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Becker%27s+Hospital+Review&rft.atitle=Penn+Medicine+to+open+%241.6B+hospital+in+October&rft.date=2021-09-22&rft.aulast=Ellison&rft.aufirst=Alya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.beckershospitalreview.com%2Fcapital%2Fpenn-medicine-to-open-1-6b-hospital-in-october.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/pa/hospital-of-the-university-of-pennsylvania-6231900">"Hospitals of the University of Pennsylvania-Penn Presbyterian"</a>. U.S. News & World Report. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220213174833/https://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/pa/hospital-of-the-university-of-pennsylvania-6231900">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2022. Retrieved December 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=Hospitals+of+the+University+of+Pennsylvania-Penn+Presbyterian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhealth.usnews.com%2Fbest-hospitals%2Farea%2Fpa%2Fhospital-of-the-university-of-pennsylvania-6231900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1976" class="citation book cs1">Williams, William Henry (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americasfirsthos0000will">America's First Hospital: The Pennsylvania Hospital, 1751–1841</a>. Haverford House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780910702027" title="Special:BookSources/9780910702027"><bdi>9780910702027</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+First+Hospital%3A+The+Pennsylvania+Hospital%2C+1751%E2%80%931841&rft.pub=Haverford+House&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780910702027&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericasfirsthos0000will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pennmedicine.org-128"><a href="#cite_ref-pennmedicine.org_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pennmedicine.org/pahosp/visitor-information/">"Visitor Information for Pennsylvania Hospital"</a>. University of Pennsylvania. Penn Medicine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032038/http://www.pennmedicine.org/pahosp/visitor-information/">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.atitle=Visitor+Information+for+Pennsylvania+Hospital&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pennmedicine.org%2Fpahosp%2Fvisitor-information%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeise2004" class="citation journal cs1">Weise, F (January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC314099">"Being there: the library as place"</a>. Journal of the Medical Library Association. 92 (1): 6–13. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC314099">314099</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14762459">14762459</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Medical+Library+Association&rft.atitle=Being+there%3A+the+library+as+place.&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6-13&rft.date=2004-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC314099%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14762459&rft.aulast=Weise&rft.aufirst=F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC314099&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rankings_Forbes_NU-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Rankings_Forbes_NU_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/top-colleges/">"America's Top Colleges 2024"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>. September 6, 2024. Retrieved September 10, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=America%27s+Top+Colleges+2024&rft.date=2024-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Ftop-colleges%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rankings_USNWR_NU-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rankings_USNWR_NU_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rankings_USNWR_NU_131-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities">"2024-2025 Best National Universities Rankings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a>. September 23, 2024. Retrieved November 22, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=2024-2025+Best+National+Universities+Rankings&rft.date=2024-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fbest-colleges%2Frankings%2Fnational-universities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2024-college-guide/national/">https://washingtonmonthly.com/2024-college-guide/national/</a> accessed August 27, 2024 </li> <li id="cite_note-Rankings_Wamo_NU-133"><a href="#cite_ref-Rankings_Wamo_NU_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://washingtonmonthly.com/2024-college-guide/national/">"2024 National University Rankings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_Monthly" title="Washington Monthly">Washington Monthly</a>. August 25, 2024. Retrieved August 29, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Washington+Monthly&rft.atitle=2024+National+University+Rankings&rft.date=2024-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwashingtonmonthly.com%2F2024-college-guide%2Fnational%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rankings_WSJ_NU-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Rankings_WSJ_NU_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/rankings/college-rankings/best-colleges-2025">"2025 Best Colleges in the U.S."</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>/College Pulse. September 4, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal%2FCollege+Pulse&rft.atitle=2025+Best+Colleges+in+the+U.S.&rft.date=2024-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Frankings%2Fcollege-rankings%2Fbest-colleges-2025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rankings_QS_W-135"><a href="#cite_ref-Rankings_QS_W_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings">"QS World University Rankings 2025"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Quacquarelli_Symonds" title="Quacquarelli Symonds">Quacquarelli Symonds</a>. June 4, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=QS+World+University+Rankings+2025&rft.pub=Quacquarelli+Symonds&rft.date=2024-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.topuniversities.com%2Fworld-university-rankings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rankings_THES_W-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Rankings_THES_W_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2024/world-ranking">"World University Rankings 2024"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education" title="Times Higher Education">Times Higher Education</a>. September 27, 2023. Retrieved August 9, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=World+University+Rankings+2024&rft.date=2023-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.com%2Fworld-university-rankings%2F2024%2Fworld-ranking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rankings_USNWR_W-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Rankings_USNWR_W_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings">"2024-2025 Best Global Universities Rankings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a>. June 24, 2024. Retrieved August 9, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=2024-2025+Best+Global+Universities+Rankings&rft.date=2024-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Feducation%2Fbest-global-universities%2Frankings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.princetonreview.com/college-rankings/college-hopes-worries">"2024 College Hopes & Worries Survey Results Are Here!"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Princeton_Review" title="The Princeton Review">The Princeton Review</a>. Retrieved January 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Princeton+Review&rft.atitle=2024+College+Hopes+%26+Worries+Survey+Results+Are+Here%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.princetonreview.com%2Fcollege-rankings%2Fcollege-hopes-worries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collegefactual.com/rankings/best-colleges/">"2024 Best Colleges in the United States"</a>. College Factual. Retrieved January 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=College+Factual&rft.atitle=2024+Best+Colleges+in+the+United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collegefactual.com%2Frankings%2Fbest-colleges%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pennlive.com/life/2023/03/pa-university-among-top-happiest-colleges-in-us-report.html">"Pa. University among top 'happiest colleges' in U.S.: Report"</a>. Pennlive. March 27, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330060811/https://www.pennlive.com/life/2023/03/pa-university-among-top-happiest-colleges-in-us-report.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 30, 2023. Retrieved March 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pennlive&rft.atitle=Pa.+University+among+top+%27happiest+colleges%27+in+U.S.%3A+Report&rft.date=2023-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pennlive.com%2Flife%2F2023%2F03%2Fpa-university-among-top-happiest-colleges-in-us-report.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinday" class="citation news cs1">Binday, Ben. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedp.com/article/2023/03/penn-ranked-happiest-university-pennsylvania-seventh-national">"Penn ranked happiest college in Pennsylvania, No. 7-happiest in country by new study"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230402041952/https://www.thedp.com/article/2023/03/penn-ranked-happiest-university-pennsylvania-seventh-national">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2023. Retrieved April 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Penn+ranked+happiest+college+in+Pennsylvania%2C+No.+7-happiest+in+country+by+new+study&rft.aulast=Binday&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedp.com%2Farticle%2F2023%2F03%2Fpenn-ranked-happiest-university-pennsylvania-seventh-national&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Note: see methodology in WSJ / College Pulse Rankings Best Salaries <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.wsj.com/rankings/college-rankings/salary-impact-2025?mod=article_inline&wsj_native_webview">https://www.wsj.com/rankings/college-rankings/salary-impact-2025?mod=article_inline&wsj_native_webview</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.wsj.com/rankings/college-rankings/salary-impact-2025?mod=article_inline&wsj_native_webview=android&ace_environment=androidphone%2Cwebview&ace_config=%7B%22wsj%22%3A%7B%22djcmp%22%3A%7B%22propertyHref%22%3A%22https%3A%2F%2Fwsj.android.app%22%7D%7D%7D">https://www.wsj.com/rankings/college-rankings/salary-impact-2025?mod=article_inline&wsj_native_webview=android&ace_environment=androidphone%2Cwebview&ace_config=%7B%22wsj%22%3A%7B%22djcmp%22%3A%7B%22propertyHref%22%3A%22https%3A%2F%2Fwsj.android.app%22%7D%7D%7D</a> accessed September 10, 2024 </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-business-schools/mba-rankings">"2023 Best Business Schools"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314003952/https://www.usnews.com/best%2Dgraduate%2Dschools/top%2Dbusiness%2Dschools/mba%2Drankings">Archived</a> from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved March 30, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=2023+Best+Business+Schools&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fbest-graduate-schools%2Ftop-business-schools%2Fmba-rankings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://poetsandquants.com/2024/03/29/the-top-100-business-schools-ranked-by-research-3/">https://poetsandquants.com/2024/03/29/the-top-100-business-schools-ranked-by-research-3/</a> accessed March 30, 2024 </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_146-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/university-of-pennsylvania-215062/overall-rankings">"University of Pennsylvania Grad Schools"</a>. U.S. News & World Report. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190320130149/https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/university-of-pennsylvania-215062/overall-rankings">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2019. Retrieved March 19, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=University+of+Pennsylvania+Grad+Schools&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fbest-graduate-schools%2Funiversity-of-pennsylvania-215062%2Foverall-rankings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-law-schools/law-rankings">"2023 Best Law Schools"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240113091457/https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-law-schools/law-rankings">Archived</a> from the original on January 13, 2024. Retrieved January 13, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=2023+Best+Law+Schools&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fbest-graduate-schools%2Ftop-law-schools%2Flaw-rankings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RU/VH-148"><a href="#cite_ref-RU/VH_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=215062">"University of Pennsylvania"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Center_for_Postsecondary_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Center for Postsecondary Research (page does not exist)">Center for Postsecondary Research</a>. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180806025108/http://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=215062">Archived</a> from the original on August 6, 2018. Retrieved August 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Center+for+Postsecondary+Research&rft.date=2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieclassifications.iu.edu%2Flookup%2Fview_institution.php%3Funit_id%3D215062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mobile.philly.com/business/?wss=/philly/business&id=369185191&betaPreview=redesign">"Study: Penn has $14.3B economic impact"</a>. February 18, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160301212924/http://mobile.philly.com/business/?wss=%2Fphilly%2Fbusiness&id=369185191&betaPreview=redesign">Archived</a> from the original on March 1, 2016. Retrieved February 18, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Study%3A+Penn+has+%2414.3B+economic+impact&rft.date=2016-02-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmobile.philly.com%2Fbusiness%2F%3Fwss%3D%2Fphilly%2Fbusiness%26id%3D369185191%26betaPreview%3Dredesign&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncsesdata.nsf.gov/herd/2018/html/herd18-dt-tab020.html">"Table 20. Higher education R&D expenditures, ranked by FY 2018 R&D expenditures: FYs 2009–18"</a>. National Science Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200930141919/https://ncsesdata.nsf.gov/herd/2018/html/herd18-dt-tab020.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2020. Retrieved May 2, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+20.+Higher+education+R%26D+expenditures%2C+ranked+by+FY+2018+R%26D+expenditures%3A+FYs+2009%E2%80%9318&rft.pub=National+Science+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fncsesdata.nsf.gov%2Fherd%2F2018%2Fhtml%2Fherd18-dt-tab020.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://report.nih.gov/award/index.cfm?ot=&fy=2019&state=&ic=&fm=&orgid=&distr=&rfa=&om=n&pid=">"NIH Awards by Location & Organization"</a>. National Institutes of Health. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200510232335/https://report.nih.gov/award/index.cfm?ot=&fy=2019&state=&ic=&fm=&orgid=&distr=&rfa=&om=n&pid=">Archived</a> from the original on May 10, 2020. Retrieved May 2, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NIH+Awards+by+Location+%26+Organization&rft.pub=National+Institutes+of+Health&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freport.nih.gov%2Faward%2Findex.cfm%3Fot%3D%26fy%3D2019%26state%3D%26ic%3D%26fm%3D%26orgid%3D%26distr%3D%26rfa%3D%26om%3Dn%26pid%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/news/new-center-study-health-care-financing">"New Penn Medicine/Wharton Center to Study Health-care Financing"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121031005716/http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/news/new-center-study-health-care-financing">Archived</a> from the original on October 31, 2012. Retrieved September 4, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=New+Penn+Medicine%2FWharton+Center+to+Study+Health-care+Financing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upenn.edu%2Fpennnews%2Fnews%2Fnew-center-study-health-care-financing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penncurrent.upenn.edu/2011-06-09/news-brief/nursing-goes-global/">"Nursing Goes Global"</a>. Penn Current. June 9, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604194258/https://penncurrent.upenn.edu/2011-06-09/news-brief/nursing-goes-global/">Archived</a> from the original on June 4, 2016. Retrieved May 8, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nursing+Goes+Global&rft.date=2011-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenncurrent.upenn.edu%2F2011-06-09%2Fnews-brief%2Fnursing-goes-global%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605024346/http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/spotlights/morris-arboretum-sustainability">"Morris Arboretum's Horticulture Center is a Model of Workaday Sustainability"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/spotlights/morris-arboretum-sustainability">the original</a> on June 5, 2011. Retrieved August 28, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Morris+Arboretum%27s+Horticulture+Center+is+a+Model+of+Workaday+Sustainability&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upenn.edu%2Fpennnews%2Fspotlights%2Fmorris-arboretum-sustainability&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bakercenter-155"><a href="#cite_ref-bakercenter_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.wharton.upenn.edu/press-releases/2010/10/wharton-school-announces-15-million-gift-from-patty-and-jay-h-baker-to-establish-the-jay-h-baker-retailing-center/">"Wharton School Announces $15 Million Gift from Patty and Jay H. Baker to Establish the Jay H. Baker Retailing Center"</a>. The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania. October 28, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141010224456/http://news.wharton.upenn.edu/press-releases/2010/10/wharton-school-announces-15-million-gift-from-patty-and-jay-h-baker-to-establish-the-jay-h-baker-retailing-center/">Archived</a> from the original on October 10, 2014. Retrieved October 6, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wharton+School+Announces+%2415+Million+Gift+from+Patty+and+Jay+H.+Baker+to+Establish+the+Jay+H.+Baker+Retailing+Center&rft.pub=The+Wharton+School%2C+University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=2010-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.wharton.upenn.edu%2Fpress-releases%2F2010%2F10%2Fwharton-school-announces-15-million-gift-from-patty-and-jay-h-baker-to-establish-the-jay-h-baker-retailing-center%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadine_Zylberberg2010" class="citation news cs1">Nadine Zylberberg (September 17, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110829004648/http://thedp.com/article/penn-med-receives-13-million-new-research-center">"Penn Med receives $13 million for new research center"</a>. The Daily Pennsylvanian. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedp.com/article/penn-med-receives-13-million-new-research-center">the original</a> on August 29, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Pennsylvanian&rft.atitle=Penn+Med+receives+%2413+million+for+new+research+center&rft.date=2010-09-17&rft.au=Nadine+Zylberberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedp.com%2Farticle%2Fpenn-med-receives-13-million-new-research-center&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PIK_Professors-157"><a href="#cite_ref-PIK_Professors_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pikprofessors.upenn.edu">"Penn's PIK Professors"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191011115012/https://pikprofessors.upenn.edu/">Archived</a> from the original on October 11, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Penn%27s+PIK+Professors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpikprofessors.upenn.edu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117065649/http://www.arl.org/bm~doc/09tables.xls">"Association of Research Libraries Annual Tables"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arl.org/bm~doc/09tables.xls">the original</a> on January 17, 2013. Retrieved August 28, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Association+of+Research+Libraries+Annual+Tables&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arl.org%2Fbm~doc%2F09tables.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110822182913/http://mup.asu.edu/AnyFed2002-2007/Postdoc_App_2001-2007.xls">"MUP Post Doctoral Appointees Table"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mup.asu.edu/AnyFed2002-2007/Postdoc_App_2001-2007.xls">the original</a> on August 22, 2011. Retrieved August 28, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MUP+Post+Doctoral+Appointees+Table&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmup.asu.edu%2FAnyFed2002-2007%2FPostdoc_App_2001-2007.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chronicle.com-160"><a href="#cite_ref-chronicle.com_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chronicle.com/stats/productivity/page.php?year=2007&institution=3257&byinst=Go">"The Chronicle of Higher Education Faculty Scholarly Productivity Index"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120117162745/http://chronicle.com/stats/productivity/page.php?year=2007&institution=3257&byinst=Go">Archived</a> from the original on January 17, 2012. Retrieved August 28, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education+Faculty+Scholarly+Productivity+Index&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.com%2Fstats%2Fproductivity%2Fpage.php%3Fyear%3D2007%26institution%3D3257%26byinst%3DGo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoltzman" class="citation web cs1">Holtzman, Phyllis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/news/national-research-council-ranks-penn-s-graduate-programs-among-nations-best">"National Research Council Ranks Penn's Graduate Programs Among Nation's Best"</a>. Penn News. University of Pennsylvania. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120630113527/http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/news/national-research-council-ranks-penn-s-graduate-programs-among-nations-best">Archived</a> from the original on June 30, 2012. Retrieved November 10, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penn+News&rft.atitle=National+Research+Council+Ranks+Penn%27s+Graduate+Programs+Among+Nation%27s+Best&rft.aulast=Holtzman&rft.aufirst=Phyllis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upenn.edu%2Fpennnews%2Fnews%2Fnational-research-council-ranks-penn-s-graduate-programs-among-nations-best&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cbe.seas.upenn.edu/fast-facts/">"Fast Facts"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221231200656/https://cbe.seas.upenn.edu/fast-facts/">Archived</a> from the original on December 31, 2022. Retrieved December 31, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fast+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcbe.seas.upenn.edu%2Ffast-facts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111121012415/http://lawlib.wlu.edu/lj/index.aspx">"Law Journals: Submissions and Ranking"</a>. Washington and Lee University School of Law. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lawlib.wlu.edu/LJ/index.aspx">the original</a> on November 21, 2011. Retrieved November 10, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Law+Journals%3A+Submissions+and+Ranking&rft.pub=Washington+and+Lee+University+School+of+Law&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flawlib.wlu.edu%2FLJ%2Findex.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Owen Roberts, "William Draper Lewis", 89 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1 (1949) </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wharton.upenn.edu/about/wharton-history.cfm">"Wharton History"</a>. The Wharton School. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110828064630/http://www.wharton.upenn.edu/about/wharton-history.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on August 28, 2011. Retrieved August 28, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wharton+School&rft.atitle=Wharton+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wharton.upenn.edu%2Fabout%2Fwharton-history.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116181606/http://www.wharton.upenn.edu/innovationHistory/leaders.html">"Wharton: A Century of Innovation"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wharton.upenn.edu/innovationHistory/leaders.html">the original</a> on January 16, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wharton%3A+A+Century+of+Innovation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wharton.upenn.edu%2FinnovationHistory%2Fleaders.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_ByrneLori_Bongiorno1994" class="citation news cs1">John Byrne; Lori Bongiorno (October 24, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102110445/http://www.businessweek.com/1989-94/pre94/b339564.htm">"The Best B Schools Move over, Northwestern – this time, Wharton is No. 1"</a>. Businessweek. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/1989-94/pre94/b339564.htm">the original</a> on November 2, 2012. Retrieved November 10, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Businessweek&rft.atitle=The+Best+B+Schools+Move+over%2C+Northwestern+%E2%80%93+this+time%2C+Wharton+is+No.+1&rft.date=1994-10-24&rft.au=John+Byrne&rft.au=Lori+Bongiorno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2F1989-94%2Fpre94%2Fb339564.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ideas-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ideas_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ideas_168-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610064028/http://www.wharton.upenn.edu/infodocs/alum_mag/am07anniv.pdf">"125 Influential People and Ideas"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wharton.upenn.edu/infodocs/alum_mag/am07anniv.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on June 10, 2011. Retrieved August 28, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=125+Influential+People+and+Ideas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wharton.upenn.edu%2Finfodocs%2Falum_mag%2Fam07anniv.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/727461/Wharton-Model">"Wharton Model (economics) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia"</a>. Britannica.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110919212318/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/727461/Wharton-Model">Archived</a> from the original on September 19, 2011. Retrieved March 18, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wharton+Model+%28economics%29+%E2%80%93+Britannica+Online+Encyclopedia&rft.btitle=Britannica.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F727461%2FWharton-Model&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore_Engineering-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moore_Engineering_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore_Engineering_170-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/computers/intro.html">"Important Milestones and Fascinating Innovations During the Last Fifty Years of Computing Research at the University of Pennsylvania"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111009144750/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/computers/intro.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2011. Retrieved August 28, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Important+Milestones+and+Fascinating+Innovations+During+the+Last+Fifty+Years+of+Computing+Research+at+the+University+of+Pennsylvania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.upenn.edu%2Fhisty%2Ffeatures%2Fcomputers%2Fintro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-M1-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-M1_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-M1_171-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-M1_171-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-M1_171-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110620150709/http://www.med.upenn.edu/research/visitors/highlights.shtml">"Some Research Highlights at Penn Medicine"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.med.upenn.edu/research/visitors/highlights.shtml">the original</a> on June 20, 2011. Retrieved August 28, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Some+Research+Highlights+at+Penn+Medicine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.med.upenn.edu%2Fresearch%2Fvisitors%2Fhighlights.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.med.upenn.edu/cci/junelab/">"June Lab"</a>. Penn Medicine Center for Cellular Immunotherapies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190820221523/https://www.med.upenn.edu/cci/junelab/">Archived</a> from the original on August 20, 2019. Retrieved July 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penn+Medicine+Center+for+Cellular+Immunotherapies&rft.atitle=June+Lab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.med.upenn.edu%2Fcci%2Fjunelab%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> T Cell cancer therapy research conducted by <a href="/wiki/Carl_H._June" title="Carl H. June">Carl H. June</a> who, as of July 2021, is the Richard W. Vague Professor in Immunotherapy in the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at the <a href="/wiki/Perelman_School_of_Medicine" title="Perelman School of Medicine">Perelman School of Medicine</a> of the University of Pennsylvania see also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amc.edu/news/trailblazing-researchers-in-immunotherapy-selected-to-receive-americas-most-distinguished-prize-in-medicine.cfm">"Trailblazing Researchers in Immunotherapy Selected to Receive America's Most Distinguished Prize in Medicine"</a>. Albany Medical College. August 15, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210213022052/https://www.amc.edu/news/trailblazing-researchers-in-immunotherapy-selected-to-receive-americas-most-distinguished-prize-in-medicine.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2021. Retrieved July 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trailblazing+Researchers+in+Immunotherapy+Selected+to+Receive+America%27s+Most+Distinguished+Prize+in+Medicine&rft.pub=Albany+Medical+College&rft.date=2018-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amc.edu%2Fnews%2Ftrailblazing-researchers-in-immunotherapy-selected-to-receive-americas-most-distinguished-prize-in-medicine.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommissioner2020" class="citation web cs1">Commissioner, Office of the (March 24, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approval-brings-first-gene-therapy-united-states">"FDA approval brings first gene therapy to the United States"</a>. FDA. Retrieved June 5, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FDA&rft.atitle=FDA+approval+brings+first+gene+therapy+to+the+United+States&rft.date=2020-03-24&rft.aulast=Commissioner&rft.aufirst=Office+of+the&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fnews-events%2Fpress-announcements%2Ffda-approval-brings-first-gene-therapy-united-states&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraendstrupLevineRuella2020" class="citation journal cs1">Braendstrup, Peter; Levine, Bruce L.; Ruella, Marco (February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7036015">"The Long Road to the First FDA Approved Gene Therapy: Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells Targeting CD19"</a>. Cytotherapy. 22 (2): 57–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jcyt.2019.12.004">10.1016/j.jcyt.2019.12.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1465-3249">1465-3249</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7036015">7036015</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32014447">32014447</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cytotherapy&rft.atitle=The+Long+Road+to+the+First+FDA+Approved+Gene+Therapy%3A+Chimeric+Antigen+Receptor+T+Cells+Targeting+CD19&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=57-69&rft.date=2020-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7036015%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1465-3249&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32014447&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jcyt.2019.12.004&rft.aulast=Braendstrup&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Levine%2C+Bruce+L.&rft.au=Ruella%2C+Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7036015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDS1-176"><a href="#cite_ref-CDS1_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upenn.edu/ir/Common%20Data%20Set/UPenn%20Common%20Data%20Set%202017-18.pdf?pdf=CDS%202017-18">"University of Pennsylvania Common Data Set 2017–2018, Part B2"</a> (PDF). University of Pennsylvania. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181125030709/http://www.upenn.edu/ir/Common%20Data%20Set/UPenn%20Common%20Data%20Set%202017-18.pdf?pdf=CDS%202017-18">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 25, 2018. Retrieved November 24, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Pennsylvania+Common+Data+Set+2017%E2%80%932018%2C+Part+B2&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upenn.edu%2Fir%2FCommon%2520Data%2520Set%2FUPenn%2520Common%2520Data%2520Set%25202017-18.pdf%3Fpdf%3DCDS%25202017-18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPam,_Caroline_C.1999" class="citation news cs1">Pam, Caroline C. (May 31, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observer.com/1999/05/enrollment-of-jews-at-princeton-drops-by-40-percent-in-15-years/">"Enrollment of Jews at Princeton Drops by 40 Percent in 15 Years"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180831071855/http://observer.com/1999/05/enrollment-of-jews-at-princeton-drops-by-40-percent-in-15-years/">Archived</a> from the original on August 31, 2018. Retrieved August 31, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Observer&rft.atitle=Enrollment+of+Jews+at+Princeton+Drops+by+40+Percent+in+15+Years&rft.date=1999-05-31&rft.au=Pam%2C+Caroline+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobserver.com%2F1999%2F05%2Fenrollment-of-jews-at-princeton-drops-by-40-percent-in-15-years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PennHillel-178"><a href="#cite_ref-PennHillel_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pennhillel.org/about">"About | Penn Hillel"</a>. Penn Hillel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200922134846/https://www.pennhillel.org/about">Archived</a> from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved September 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penn+Hillel&rft.atitle=About+%7C+Penn+Hillel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pennhillel.org%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hillel.org-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hillel.org_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hillel.org_179-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hillel.org/college-guide/list/record/university-of-pennsylvania">"Record"</a>. Default. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210723192909/https://hillel.org/college-guide/list/record/university-of-pennsylvania">Archived</a> from the original on July 23, 2021. Retrieved July 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Default&rft.atitle=Record&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hillel.org%2Fcollege-guide%2Flist%2Frecord%2Funiversity-of-pennsylvania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greatvaluecolleges.net/50-great-lgbtq-friendly-colleges/">"50 Great LGBTQ-Friendly Colleges"</a>. Great Value Colleges. Retrieved October 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Great+Value+Colleges&rft.atitle=50+Great+LGBTQ-Friendly+Colleges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greatvaluecolleges.net%2F50-great-lgbtq-friendly-colleges%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211023010201/https://lgbtc.vpul.upenn.edu/history/">"History – LGBT Center at the University of Pennsylvania"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lgbtc.vpul.upenn.edu/history/">the original</a> on October 23, 2021. Retrieved October 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+%E2%80%93+LGBT+Center+at+the+University+of+Pennsylvania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flgbtc.vpul.upenn.edu%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.campuspride.org/campusspotlightuniversityofpennsylvania/">"20th Anniversary Spotlight:: University of Pennsylvania"</a>. campuspride.org. August 17, 2021. Retrieved October 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=campuspride.org&rft.atitle=20th+Anniversary+Spotlight%3A%3A+University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=2021-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.campuspride.org%2Fcampusspotlightuniversityofpennsylvania%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.onlineschoolscenter.com/friendliest-colleges-lgbtq-community/">"Friendliest Colleges for the LGBTQ Community"</a>. April 23, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Friendliest+Colleges+for+the+LGBTQ+Community&rft.date=2019-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.onlineschoolscenter.com%2Ffriendliest-colleges-lgbtq-community%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScelfo2015" class="citation news cs1">Scelfo, Julie (July 27, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/02/education/edlife/stress-social-media-and-suicide-on-campus.html">"Suicide on Campus and the Pressure of Perfection"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190614120239/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/02/education/edlife/stress-social-media-and-suicide-on-campus.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2019. Retrieved June 17, 2019. <q>An apothegm long used by students to describe the practice of acting happy and self-assured even when sad or stressed, Penn Face is so widely employed that it has showed up in skits performed during freshman orientation...[e]lite colleges often make it difficult for students to take time off, and readmission is not always guaranteed, something frequently cited as a deterrent to getting help.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Suicide+on+Campus+and+the+Pressure+of+Perfection&rft.date=2015-07-27&rft.aulast=Scelfo&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F08%2F02%2Feducation%2Fedlife%2Fstress-social-media-and-suicide-on-campus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapriglione2019" class="citation news cs1">Capriglione, Danielle (April 12, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedp.com/article/2019/04/suicide-symposium-mental-health-wellness-penn-face">"Mental health researchers highlight risk factors for student suicide at Penn panel"</a>. The Daily Pennsylvanian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190413003324/https://www.thedp.com/article/2019/04/suicide-symposium-mental-health-wellness-penn-face">Archived</a> from the original on April 13, 2019. Retrieved June 17, 2019. <q>'Penn Face,' the tendency of Penn students to act as though their lives are perfect despite the challenges and stresses they are facing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Pennsylvanian&rft.atitle=Mental+health+researchers+highlight+risk+factors+for+student+suicide+at+Penn+panel&rft.date=2019-04-12&rft.aulast=Capriglione&rft.aufirst=Danielle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedp.com%2Farticle%2F2019%2F04%2Fsuicide-symposium-mental-health-wellness-penn-face&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDent2015" class="citation news cs1">Dent, Mark (December 11, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://billypenn.com/2015/12/11/penn-face-and-the-social-ivys-suicide-problem-and-how-students-are-fighting-back/">"'Penn Face' and the 'social' Ivy's suicide problem, and how students are fighting back"</a>. BillyPenn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190617211632/https://billypenn.com/2015/12/11/penn-face-and-the-social-ivys-suicide-problem-and-how-students-are-fighting-back/">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2019. Retrieved June 17, 2019. <q>Penn Face...[i]t means putting on the facade that you're perfect and your life is perfect, no matter how pressured you are to keep up with school and social life.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BillyPenn&rft.atitle=%27Penn+Face%27+and+the+%27social%27+Ivy%27s+suicide+problem%2C+and+how+students+are+fighting+back&rft.date=2015-12-11&rft.aulast=Dent&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbillypenn.com%2F2015%2F12%2F11%2Fpenn-face-and-the-social-ivys-suicide-problem-and-how-students-are-fighting-back%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-duck-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-duck_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-duck_187-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHu2017" class="citation news cs1">Hu, Lucy (September 26, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedp.com/article/2017/09/lucy-hu-penn-face-is-a-part-of-who-we-are">"Penn Face is a part of who we are"</a>. The Daily Pennsylvanian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190617211639/https://www.thedp.com/article/2017/09/lucy-hu-penn-face-is-a-part-of-who-we-are">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2019. Retrieved June 17, 2019. <q>[I]t becomes a breeding ground for competitiveness. And with competition comes the need to uphold reputation. Low acceptance rates come with very high stakes, and a slip of the mask of strength calls into question the legitimacy of your place at Penn... Stanford University calls it the Duck Syndrome... Interestingly, Penn Face perfectly mirrors social media trends.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Pennsylvanian&rft.atitle=Penn+Face+is+a+part+of+who+we+are&rft.date=2017-09-26&rft.aulast=Hu&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedp.com%2Farticle%2F2017%2F09%2Flucy-hu-penn-face-is-a-part-of-who-we-are&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaheshwari2018" class="citation news cs1">Maheshwari, Karisma (March 16, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.34st.com/article/2018/03/exchange-student-ego-penn-face-international-culture">"Exchange Students Share Their Experiences with Penn Face"</a>. 34th Street. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190617211631/https://www.34st.com/article/2018/03/exchange-student-ego-penn-face-international-culture">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2019. Retrieved June 17, 2019. <q>Penn Face...[i]t's the name given to Penn's culture of perfection, which pressures students to constantly 'do more' with their time and appear put together academically and socially while hiding their insecurities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=34th+Street&rft.atitle=Exchange+Students+Share+Their+Experiences+with+Penn+Face&rft.date=2018-03-16&rft.aulast=Maheshwari&rft.aufirst=Karisma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.34st.com%2Farticle%2F2018%2F03%2Fexchange-student-ego-penn-face-international-culture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2018" class="citation news cs1">Zhao, Dora (September 18, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/article/2018/09/benefits-of-doing-nothing">"Benefits of doing nothing"</a>. The Daily Princetonian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190617211639/http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/article/2018/09/benefits-of-doing-nothing">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2019. Retrieved June 17, 2019. <q>Peer institutions like Stanford University and the University of Pennsylvania have problems with the duck syndrome or Penn Face, respectively — similar phenomena that encourage students to appear to be unstressed while actually grappling with a lot of work. The duck appears calm from the surface, but underwater, it is struggling to stay afloat. It makes small mistakes feel like big failures and discourages students from seeking out mental health resources when needed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Princetonian&rft.atitle=Benefits+of+doing+nothing&rft.date=2018-09-18&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Dora&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyprincetonian.com%2Farticle%2F2018%2F09%2Fbenefits-of-doing-nothing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lala-190"><a href="#cite_ref-lala_190-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="lala" class="citation news cs1">Lala, Elisa (January 12, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phillyvoice.com/tenth-student-suicide-3-years-penn/">"Penn student's death ruled suicide; tenth in three years at university"</a>. PhillyVoice. WWB Holdings, LLC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160725025736/http://www.phillyvoice.com/tenth-student-suicide-3-years-penn/">Archived</a> from the original on July 25, 2016. Retrieved August 4, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PhillyVoice&rft.atitle=Penn+student%27s+death+ruled+suicide%3B+tenth+in+three+years+at+university&rft.date=2016-01-12&rft.aulast=Lala&rft.aufirst=Elisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phillyvoice.com%2Ftenth-student-suicide-3-years-penn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://almanac.upenn.edu/archive/volumes/v61/n23/pdf/task-force-psychological-health.pdf">"Report of the Task Force on Student Psychological Health and Welfare"</a> (PDF). Almanac Supplement. Vol. 61 (23 ed.). University of Pennsylvania (published February 17, 2015). Task Force on Student Psychological Health and Welfare. February 27, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180325162648/https://almanac.upenn.edu/archive/volumes/v61/n23/pdf/task-force-psychological-health.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 25, 2018. Retrieved June 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Almanac+Supplement&rft.atitle=Report+of+the+Task+Force+on+Student+Psychological+Health+and+Welfare&rft.volume=61&rft.date=2015-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falmanac.upenn.edu%2Farchive%2Fvolumes%2Fv61%2Fn23%2Fpdf%2Ftask-force-psychological-health.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ozio-192"><a href="#cite_ref-ozio_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="ozio" class="citation news cs1">Ozio, Ron (February 19, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.upenn.edu/news/penn-forms-new-task-force-student-psychological-health-and-welfare">"Penn Forms New Task Force on Student Psychological Health and Welfare"</a>. Penn News. University of Pennsylvania. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160814202000/https://news.upenn.edu/news/penn-forms-new-task-force-student-psychological-health-and-welfare">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2016. Retrieved August 4, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Penn+News&rft.atitle=Penn+Forms+New+Task+Force+on+Student+Psychological+Health+and+Welfare&rft.date=2014-02-19&rft.aulast=Ozio&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.upenn.edu%2Fnews%2Fpenn-forms-new-task-force-student-psychological-health-and-welfare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFagan2017" class="citation book cs1">Fagan, Kate (August 1, 2017). What Made Maddy Run: The Secret Struggles and Tragic Death of an All-American Teen. Little, Brown and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0316356541" title="Special:BookSources/978-0316356541"><bdi>978-0316356541</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Made+Maddy+Run%3A+The+Secret+Struggles+and+Tragic+Death+of+an+All-American+Teen&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=2017-08-01&rft.isbn=978-0316356541&rft.aulast=Fagan&rft.aufirst=Kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamore2018" class="citation news cs1">Zamore, Zachary (February 5, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedp.com/article/2018/02/harvard-mental-health-athletes-madison-holleran-upenn-penn-philadelphia">"Harvard's Varsity Club distributes biography on Penn student Madison Holleran to all athletes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Pennsylvanian" title="The Daily Pennsylvanian">The Daily Pennsylvanian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190617211639/https://www.thedp.com/article/2018/02/harvard-mental-health-athletes-madison-holleran-upenn-penn-philadelphia">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2019. Retrieved June 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Pennsylvanian&rft.atitle=Harvard%27s+Varsity+Club+distributes+biography+on+Penn+student+Madison+Holleran+to+all+athletes&rft.date=2018-02-05&rft.aulast=Zamore&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedp.com%2Farticle%2F2018%2F02%2Fharvard-mental-health-athletes-madison-holleran-upenn-penn-philadelphia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortinskyTan2018" class="citation news cs1">Fortinsky, Sarah; Tan, Rebecca (September 26, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedp.com/article/2018/09/upenn-2021-sophomore-housing-required-greek">"Penn will require all sophomores to live in college housing starting in 2021"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Pennsylvanian" title="The Daily Pennsylvanian">The Daily Pennsylvanian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190122195512/https://www.thedp.com/article/2018/09/upenn-2021-sophomore-housing-required-greek">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2019. Retrieved January 22, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Pennsylvanian&rft.atitle=Penn+will+require+all+sophomores+to+live+in+college+housing+starting+in+2021&rft.date=2018-09-26&rft.aulast=Fortinsky&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Tan%2C+Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedp.com%2Farticle%2F2018%2F09%2Fupenn-2021-sophomore-housing-required-greek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinzerling2018" class="citation news cs1">Heinzerling, Kelly (August 23, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedp.com/article/2018/08/wharton-huntsman-closing-early-new-hours-philadelphia-upenn-penn-wellness-mental-health">"Huntsman Hall will now close at 2 a.m. as part of an effort to improve wellness on campus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Pennsylvanian" title="The Daily Pennsylvanian">The Daily Pennsylvanian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190122144936/https://www.thedp.com/article/2018/08/wharton-huntsman-closing-early-new-hours-philadelphia-upenn-penn-wellness-mental-health">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2019. Retrieved January 22, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Pennsylvanian&rft.atitle=Huntsman+Hall+will+now+close+at+2+a.m.+as+part+of+an+effort+to+improve+wellness+on+campus&rft.date=2018-08-23&rft.aulast=Heinzerling&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedp.com%2Farticle%2F2018%2F08%2Fwharton-huntsman-closing-early-new-hours-philadelphia-upenn-penn-wellness-mental-health&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohenHodges2018" class="citation news cs1">Cohen, Max; Hodges, Bebe (October 24, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedp.com/article/2018/10/mental-health-higher-education-harrisburg-bill-suicide-penn-upenn-philadelphia">"In response to suicides at Penn, a new mental health bill may soon become law"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Pennsylvanian" title="The Daily Pennsylvanian">The Daily Pennsylvanian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190617211729/https://www.thedp.com/article/2018/10/mental-health-higher-education-harrisburg-bill-suicide-penn-upenn-philadelphia">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2019. Retrieved June 17, 2019. <q>In light of the recent suicides at Penn, a new Pennsylvania bill aiming to improve suicide prevention services and mental health resources at Pennsylvania universities is close to being signed into law by Gov. Tom Wolf (D-Pa.)...In a press release, Schlossberg also said the new bill was inspired by a study conducted in response to 'multiple suicides at the University of Pennsylvania.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Pennsylvanian&rft.atitle=In+response+to+suicides+at+Penn%2C+a+new+mental+health+bill+may+soon+become+law&rft.date=2018-10-24&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Max&rft.au=Hodges%2C+Bebe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedp.com%2Farticle%2F2018%2F10%2Fmental-health-higher-education-harrisburg-bill-suicide-penn-upenn-philadelphia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2019" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Elin (September 11, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2019/09/11/university-pennsylvania-director-counseling-dies-suicide">"Head of Counseling at Penn Dies in Suicide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Inside_Higher_Ed" title="Inside Higher Ed">Inside Higher Ed</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190914094019/https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2019/09/11/university-pennsylvania-director-counseling-dies-suicide">Archived</a> from the original on September 14, 2019. Retrieved December 6, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inside+Higher+Ed&rft.atitle=Head+of+Counseling+at+Penn+Dies+in+Suicide&rft.date=2019-09-11&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Elin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidehighered.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F09%2F11%2Funiversity-pennsylvania-director-counseling-dies-suicide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilomathean_Society1913" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philomathean_Society" title="Philomathean Society">Philomathean Society</a> (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyphilomat00socigoog">A History of the Philomathean Society of the University of Pennsylvania</a>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyphilomat00socigoog/page/n34">22</a>. Retrieved November 5, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Philomathean+Society+of+the+University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Philomathean+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryphilomat00socigoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-About_DP-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-About_DP_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-About_DP_200-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-About_DP_200-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thedp.com/about-us">"About Us"</a>. The Daily Pennsylvanian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807005912/http://thedp.com/about-us">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2011. Retrieved August 19, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Pennsylvanian&rft.atitle=About+Us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthedp.com%2Fabout-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927161701/http://www.studentpress.org/acp/winners/npm07.html">"2007 ACP Newspaper Pacemaker Winners"</a>. ACP. National Scholastic Press Association/Associated Collegiate Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studentpress.org/acp/winners/npm07.html">the original</a> on September 27, 2011. Retrieved August 19, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ACP&rft.atitle=2007+ACP+Newspaper+Pacemaker+Winners&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.studentpress.org%2Facp%2Fwinners%2Fnpm07.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen" class="citation web cs1">Cohen, Max. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedp.com/article/2019/11/pacemaker-award-daily-pennsylvanian-wins-2019">"The Daily Pennsylvanian wins 'Pulitzer' of college journalism for third year in a row"</a>. The Daily Pennsylvania. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221162501/https://www.thedp.com/article/2019/11/pacemaker-award-daily-pennsylvanian-wins-2019">Archived</a> from the original on December 21, 2019. Retrieved December 21, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Pennsylvania&rft.atitle=The+Daily+Pennsylvanian+wins+%27Pulitzer%27+of+college+journalism+for+third+year+in+a+row&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedp.com%2Farticle%2F2019%2F11%2Fpacemaker-award-daily-pennsylvanian-wins-2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penndebatesociety.com/history">"History — Penn Debate Society"</a>. Penndebatesociety.com. Retrieved July 4, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penndebatesociety.com&rft.atitle=History+%E2%80%94+Penn+Debate+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penndebatesociety.com%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.upenn.edu/phr/all_issues.html">"Penn History Review"</a>. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved April 30, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.atitle=Penn+History+Review&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.upenn.edu%2Fphr%2Fall_issues.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://live-sas-www-history.pantheon.sas.upenn.edu/undergraduate/penn-history-review">"Penn History Review"</a>. Department of History. Penn Arts & Sciences. Retrieved April 30, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+History&rft.atitle=Penn+History+Review&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flive-sas-www-history.pantheon.sas.upenn.edu%2Fundergraduate%2Fpenn-history-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pennclubs.com/club/penn-history-review">"Penn History Review"</a>. pennclubs.com. Retrieved April 30, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pennclubs.com&rft.atitle=Penn+History+Review&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpennclubs.com%2Fclub%2Fpenn-history-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAE-2015-207"><a href="#cite_ref-SAE-2015_207-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sae.org/binaries/content/assets/cm/content/attend/2018/student-events/fsae/results/fsae_ev_2015_result.pdf">"Electric 2015 Overall Results"</a> (PDF). SAE. June 24, 2015. p. 1. Retrieved July 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SAE&rft.atitle=Electric+2015+Overall+Results&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2015-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sae.org%2Fbinaries%2Fcontent%2Fassets%2Fcm%2Fcontent%2Fattend%2F2018%2Fstudent-events%2Ffsae%2Fresults%2Ffsae_ev_2015_result.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAE-2016-208"><a href="#cite_ref-SAE-2016_208-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sae.org/binaries/content/assets/cm/content/attend/2018/student-events/fsae/results/fsae_ev_2016_result.pdf">"Electric 2016 Overall Results"</a> (PDF). SAE. June 30, 2016. p. 1. Retrieved July 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SAE&rft.atitle=Electric+2016+Overall+Results&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2016-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sae.org%2Fbinaries%2Fcontent%2Fassets%2Fcm%2Fcontent%2Fattend%2F2018%2Fstudent-events%2Ffsae%2Fresults%2Ffsae_ev_2016_result.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAE-2017-209"><a href="#cite_ref-SAE-2017_209-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sae.org/binaries/content/assets/cm/content/attend/2018/student-events/fsae/results/fsae_ev_2017_result.pdf">"Electric 2017 Overall Results"</a> (PDF). SAE. June 28, 2017. p. 1. Retrieved July 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SAE&rft.atitle=Electric+2017+Overall+Results&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2017-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sae.org%2Fbinaries%2Fcontent%2Fassets%2Fcm%2Fcontent%2Fattend%2F2018%2Fstudent-events%2Ffsae%2Fresults%2Ffsae_ev_2017_result.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vpul.upenn.edu/pac/">"Performing Arts Council at the University of Pennsylvania"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151101095230/http://www.vpul.upenn.edu/pac/">Archived</a> from the original on November 1, 2015. Retrieved November 3, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Performing+Arts+Council+at+the+University+of+Pennsylvania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vpul.upenn.edu%2Fpac%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-foundation-211"><a href="#cite_ref-foundation_211-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070811043944/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/genlhistory/timeline.html">"A Timeline of The History of The University of Pennsylvania"</a>. The University of Pennsylvania Archives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/genlhistory/timeline.html">the original</a> on August 11, 2007. Retrieved July 5, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Timeline+of+The+History+of+The+University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=The+University+of+Pennsylvania+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.upenn.edu%2Fhisty%2Fgenlhistory%2Ftimeline.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/penn-glee-club-becomes-fully-gender-inclusive-after-159-years-male-singers">"Penn Glee Club becomes fully gender inclusive after 159 years of all-male singers"</a>. Penn Today. April 9, 2021. Retrieved July 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penn+Today&rft.atitle=Penn+Glee+Club+becomes+fully+gender+inclusive+after+159+years+of+all-male+singers&rft.date=2021-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenntoday.upenn.edu%2Fnews%2Fpenn-glee-club-becomes-fully-gender-inclusive-after-159-years-male-singers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Who_are_we?!-213"><a href="#cite_ref-Who_are_we?!_213-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005010616/http://www.dolphin.upenn.edu/pennband/about.html">"Who are we?!"</a>. Penn Band. University of Pennsylvania Band. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dolphin.upenn.edu/pennband/about.html">the original</a> on October 5, 2011. Retrieved August 20, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penn+Band&rft.atitle=Who+are+we%3F%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dolphin.upenn.edu%2Fpennband%2Fabout.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vpul.upenn.edu/pac/ack.php">"Performing Arts Council at the University of Pennsylvania"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180728221803/https://www.vpul.upenn.edu/pac/ack.php">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2018. Retrieved July 28, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Performing+Arts+Council+at+the+University+of+Pennsylvania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vpul.upenn.edu%2Fpac%2Fack.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pennoffthebeat.com">"Off The Beat"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180906195614/https://pennoffthebeat.com/">Archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2018. Retrieved February 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Off+The+Beat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpennoffthebeat.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRapkin2009" class="citation book cs1">Rapkin, Mickey (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pitchperfectques0000rapk_q3n0">Pitch Perfect: The Quest for Collegiate A Cappella Glory</a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59240-463-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59240-463-6"><bdi>978-1-59240-463-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pitch+Perfect%3A+The+Quest+for+Collegiate+A+Cappella+Glory&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-59240-463-6&rft.aulast=Rapkin&rft.aufirst=Mickey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpitchperfectques0000rapk_q3n0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/current/node/3585">Penn Masala performs at the White House</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160420093139/http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/current/node/3585">Archived</a> April 20, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Penn Current – October 15, 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100113171650/http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/10/stories/2010011057570200.htm">Penn Masala to perform in city</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a> – January 10, 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiawest.com/channel/278-65-penn-masala----the-world-s-premier-south-asian-a-cappella-group.html">Penn Masala – The World's Premier South Asian A Cappella Group</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113070515/http://www.indiawest.com/channel/278-65-penn-masala----the-world-s-premier-south-asian-a-cappella-group.html">Archived</a> January 13, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> India West </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/penn-masala-sings-srks-chaiyya-chaiyya-at-white-house-for-pm-modis-welcome/articleshow/101198111.cms">"Penn Masala sings SRK's 'Chaiyya Chaiyya' at White House for PM Modi's welcome"</a>. The Times of India. June 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Penn+Masala+sings+SRK%27s+%27Chaiyya+Chaiyya%27+at+White+House+for+PM+Modi%27s+welcome&rft.date=2023-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Fhindi%2Fbollywood%2Fnews%2Fpenn-masala-sings-srks-chaiyya-chaiyya-at-white-house-for-pm-modis-welcome%2Farticleshow%2F101198111.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatheson2007" class="citation news cs1">Matheson, Kathy (February 24, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/02/25/america/NA-FEA-A-E-MUS-US-Hindi-A-Cappella.php">"UPenn group spices up college a cappella scene with Hindi songs"</a>. Associated Press. Retrieved February 17, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=UPenn+group+spices+up+college+a+cappella+scene+with+Hindi+songs&rft.date=2007-02-24&rft.aulast=Matheson&rft.aufirst=Kathy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iht.com%2Farticles%2Fap%2F2007%2F02%2F25%2Famerica%2FNA-FEA-A-E-MUS-US-Hindi-A-Cappella.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thepenngazette.com/pitch-perfect-and-penn/">"Pitch Perfect and Penn"</a>. The Pennsylvania Gazette. April 15, 2015. Retrieved July 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Pennsylvania+Gazette&rft.atitle=Pitch+Perfect+and+Penn&rft.date=2015-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthepenngazette.com%2Fpitch-perfect-and-penn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/making-mask-and-wig-history-gender-inclusive">"Making Mask and Wig history"</a>. October 12, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Making+Mask+and+Wig+history&rft.date=2022-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenntoday.upenn.edu%2Fnews%2Fmaking-mask-and-wig-history-gender-inclusive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fem_next-224">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fem_next_224-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fem_next_224-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAo2018" class="citation news cs1">Ao, Bethany (October 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inquirer.com/philly/entertainment/bloomers-penn-womens-comedy-troupe-20181019.html">"Penn's pioneering all-female musical comedy troupe launched an SNL star. What's next?"</a>. The Philadelphia Inquirer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philadelphia+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Penn%27s+pioneering+all-female+musical+comedy+troupe+launched+an+SNL+star.+What%27s+next%3F&rft.date=2018-10-19&rft.aulast=Ao&rft.aufirst=Bethany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inquirer.com%2Fphilly%2Fentertainment%2Fbloomers-penn-womens-comedy-troupe-20181019.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomerscomedy.org/history-1">"History"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomerscomedy.org%2Fhistory-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomerscomedy.org/history-1">"A Bloomer By Any Other Name"</a>. bloomerscomedy.org. Retrieved June 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bloomerscomedy.org&rft.atitle=A+Bloomer+By+Any+Other+Name&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomerscomedy.org%2Fhistory-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiSanto2018" class="citation web cs1">DiSanto, Jill (October 22, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/bloomers-mark-40-years-edgy-comedy-penn">"Bloomers mark 40 years of edgy comedy"</a>. Penn Today. Retrieved June 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penn+Today&rft.atitle=Bloomers+mark+40+years+of+edgy+comedy&rft.date=2018-10-22&rft.aulast=DiSanto&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenntoday.upenn.edu%2Fnews%2Fbloomers-mark-40-years-edgy-comedy-penn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/bloomers-mark-40-years-edgy-comedy-penn">"Bloomers mark 40 years of edgy comedy"</a>. October 22, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bloomers+mark+40+years+of+edgy+comedy&rft.date=2018-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenntoday.upenn.edu%2Fnews%2Fbloomers-mark-40-years-edgy-comedy-penn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> Cheyney, Edward Potts. "A History of the University of Pennsylvania, 1740–1940." Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press (1940): 433–434. </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen1995" class="citation web cs1">Chen, Kaiyi, ed. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402094653/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/faids/upt/upt50/mccracken_jc.html">"Josiah C. McCracken Papers 1906–1993"</a>. Penn Libraries, University of Pennsylvania. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.upenn.edu/collections/finding-aid/upt50mcc883/">the original</a> on April 2, 2015. Retrieved June 30, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Josiah+C.+McCracken+Papers+1906%E2%80%931993&rft.pub=Penn+Libraries%2C+University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.upenn.edu%2Fcollections%2Ffinding-aid%2Fupt50mcc883%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.upenn.edu/collections/finding-aid/ups48_1/">"Online Collection Guides: Christian Association Records, 1857–2000"</a>. University Archives and Records Center. Penn Libraries, University of Pennsylvania. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160113045613/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/faids/ups/ups48_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 13, 2016. Retrieved January 30, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+Archives+and+Records+Center&rft.atitle=Online+Collection+Guides%3A+Christian+Association+Records%2C+1857%E2%80%932000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.upenn.edu%2Fcollections%2Ffinding-aid%2Fups48_1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upennca.org/">"The Christian Association at The University of Pennsylvania"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160120120043/http://www.upennca.org/">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2016. Retrieved January 30, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Christian+Association+at+The+University+of+Pennsylvania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upennca.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.upenn.edu/exhibits/penn-history/diversity-timeline/1740-1915">"Timeline of Diversity at Penn: 1740–1915"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timeline+of+Diversity+at+Penn%3A+1740%E2%80%931915&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.upenn.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fpenn-history%2Fdiversity-timeline%2F1740-1915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishphilly.org/resources/">"Resources"</a>. Jewish Federation of Greater Philadelphia. February 8, 2017. Retrieved July 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Federation+of+Greater+Philadelphia&rft.atitle=Resources&rft.date=2017-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewishphilly.org%2Fresources%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjli.com/index.html?task=pages&page=Jewish%20Learning">"myJLI.com :: Jewish Learning"</a>. myjli.com. Retrieved November 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=myjli.com&rft.atitle=myJLI.com+%3A%3A+Jewish+Learning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjli.com%2Findex.html%3Ftask%3Dpages%26page%3DJewish%2520Learning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lubavitchhouse.com/templates/articlecco_cdo/aid/674597/jewish/About-Us.htm">"About Us - LubavitchHouse.com"</a>. Retrieved April 5, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us+-+LubavitchHouse.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lubavitchhouse.com%2Ftemplates%2Farticlecco_cdo%2Faid%2F674597%2Fjewish%2FAbout-Us.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChe2011" class="citation news cs1">Che, Jenny (April 7, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thedartmouth.com/2011/04/07/floch-11-presents-winning-paper/">"Floch '11 presents winning paper"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Dartmouth" title="The Dartmouth">The Dartmouth</a>. Dartmouth College. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150710094856/http://thedartmouth.com/2011/04/07/floch-11-presents-winning-paper/">Archived</a> from the original on July 10, 2015. Retrieved July 9, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Dartmouth&rft.atitle=Floch+%2711+presents+winning+paper&rft.date=2011-04-07&rft.aulast=Che&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthedartmouth.com%2F2011%2F04%2F07%2Ffloch-11-presents-winning-paper%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiStefano2016" class="citation news cs1">DiStefano, Joseph (June 21, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thepenngazette.com/our-father/">"Our Father – The Pennsylvania Gazette"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Gazette">Pennsylvania Gazette</a>. Retrieved September 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pennsylvania+Gazette&rft.atitle=Our+Father+%E2%80%93+The+Pennsylvania+Gazette&rft.date=2016-06-21&rft.aulast=DiStefano&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthepenngazette.com%2Four-father%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thepenngazette.com/father-martins-new-mission/">"Father Martin's New Mission"</a>. The Pennsylvania Gazette. August 25, 2022. Retrieved September 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Pennsylvania+Gazette&rft.atitle=Father+Martin%27s+New+Mission&rft.date=2022-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthepenngazette.com%2Ffather-martins-new-mission%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americamagazine.org/voices/james-martin-sj">"James Martin, S.J., Editor At Large"</a>. America Magazine. Retrieved August 7, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=America+Magazine&rft.atitle=James+Martin%2C+S.J.%2C+Editor+At+Large&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americamagazine.org%2Fvoices%2Fjames-martin-sj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2017" class="citation news cs1">Martin, James (September 21, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/posteverything/wp/2017/09/21/i-called-for-christians-to-love-gay-people-now-the-catholic-alt-right-is-taking-revenge/">"I called for Christians to love gay people. Now the Catholic alt-right is taking revenge"</a>. Retrieved November 18, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=I+called+for+Christians+to+love+gay+people.+Now+the+Catholic+alt-right+is+taking+revenge.&rft.date=2017-09-21&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fposteverything%2Fwp%2F2017%2F09%2F21%2Fi-called-for-christians-to-love-gay-people-now-the-catholic-alt-right-is-taking-revenge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/36848/archbishop-chaput-fr-martin-deserves-respectful-criticism-not-trash-talking">"Archbishop Chaput: Fr. Martin deserves respectful criticism, not trash-talking"</a>. Catholic News Agency. September 21, 2017. Retrieved August 8, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Archbishop+Chaput%3A+Fr.+Martin+deserves+respectful+criticism%2C+not+trash-talking&rft.date=2017-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnewsagency.com%2Fnews%2F36848%2Farchbishop-chaput-fr-martin-deserves-respectful-criticism-not-trash-talking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaggioli2017" class="citation web cs1">Faggioli, Massimo (December 29, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://international.la-croix.com/news/catholic-cyber-militias-and-the-new-censorship/5923#">"Catholic Cyber-Militias and the New Censorship"</a>. international.la-croix.com. Retrieved August 8, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=international.la-croix.com&rft.atitle=Catholic+Cyber-Militias+and+the+New+Censorship&rft.date=2017-12-29&rft.aulast=Faggioli&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finternational.la-croix.com%2Fnews%2Fcatholic-cyber-militias-and-the-new-censorship%2F5923%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.collegevine.com/upenn-diversity-statistics/">"UPenn Diversity Statistics: An In-Depth Look"</a>. blog.collegevine.com. January 3, 2021. Retrieved July 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blog.collegevine.com&rft.atitle=UPenn+Diversity+Statistics%3A+An+In-Depth+Look&rft.date=2021-01-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.collegevine.com%2Fupenn-diversity-statistics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pennrangoli.org">"Rangoli – South Asian Association at Penn"</a>. pennrangoli.org. Retrieved January 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pennrangoli.org&rft.atitle=Rangoli+%E2%80%93+South+Asian+Association+at+Penn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pennrangoli.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDP_StaffLevenson1994" class="citation news cs1">DP Staff; Levenson, Lisa (April 4, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedp.com/article/1994/04/students_celebrate_spring_at_holi_festival">"Students celebrate spring at Holi festival"</a>. The Daily Pennsylvanian. Retrieved July 26, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Pennsylvanian&rft.atitle=Students+celebrate+spring+at+Holi+festival&rft.date=1994-04-04&rft.au=%27%27DP%27%27+Staff&rft.au=Levenson%2C+Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedp.com%2Farticle%2F1994%2F04%2Fstudents_celebrate_spring_at_holi_festival&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedp.com/gallery/penn-holi-colors">"Penn Holi 2017: Celebrate Your Colors"</a>. thedp.com. Retrieved July 26, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thedp.com&rft.atitle=Penn+Holi+2017%3A+Celebrate+Your+Colors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedp.com%2Fgallery%2Fpenn-holi-colors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.34st.com/article/2021/03/pandemic-grief-loss-trauma-bereavement-covid19-anniversary">"The Year We Learned to Grieve"</a>. 34st.com. Retrieved July 26, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=34st.com&rft.atitle=The+Year+We+Learned+to+Grieve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.34st.com%2Farticle%2F2021%2F03%2Fpandemic-grief-loss-trauma-bereavement-covid19-anniversary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pennhja.com/about.html">"About"</a>. pennhja.com. Retrieved July 26, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pennhja.com&rft.atitle=About&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpennhja.com%2Fabout.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pennmsa.com/about">"About"</a>. Penn MSA. Retrieved March 27, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About&rft.pub=Penn+MSA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pennmsa.com%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pennclubs.com/club/muslim-students-association">"Muslim Students' Association"</a>. pennclubs.com. Retrieved July 26, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pennclubs.com&rft.atitle=Muslim+Students%27+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpennclubs.com%2Fclub%2Fmuslim-students-association&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upenn.edu/life-at-penn/religion">"Spirituality & Religion | University of Pennsylvania"</a>. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved July 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spirituality+%26+Religion+%7C+University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upenn.edu%2Flife-at-penn%2Freligion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-majm-253"><a href="#cite_ref-majm_253-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pennds.org/nelc133/exhibits/show/masjidaljamia/msaandmasjidaljamia">"Masjid Al-Jamia: The History of Penn's Muslim Students Association and the Mosque in West Philadelphia"</a>. Here and Over There: Penn, Philadelphia and the Middle East. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924210149/http://pennds.org/nelc133/exhibits/show/masjidaljamia/msaandmasjidaljamia">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2019. Retrieved August 30, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Here+and+Over+There%3A+Penn%2C+Philadelphia+and+the+Middle+East&rft.atitle=Masjid+Al-Jamia%3A+The+History+of+Penn%27s+Muslim+Students+Association+and+the+Mosque+in+West+Philadelphia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpennds.org%2Fnelc133%2Fexhibits%2Fshow%2Fmasjidaljamia%2Fmsaandmasjidaljamia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIslamic_Society_of_North_America2019" class="citation web cs1">Islamic Society of North America (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191001203532/http://www.isna.net/about/">"Mission"</a>. isna.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isna.net/about/">the original</a> on October 1, 2019. Retrieved March 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=isna.net&rft.atitle=Mission&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Islamic+Society+of+North+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isna.net%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pennmuslimlife.org/">"Muslim Life at Penn"</a>. Muslim Life Program University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved March 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muslim+Life+at+Penn&rft.pub=Muslim+Life+Program+University+of+Pennsylvania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpennmuslimlife.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harnwell.house.upenn.edu/muslimliferp">"The Muslim Life Residential Program | College Houses & Academic Services"</a>. harnwell.house.upenn.edu. Retrieved July 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=harnwell.house.upenn.edu&rft.atitle=The+Muslim+Life+Residential+Program+%7C+College+Houses+%26+Academic+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fharnwell.house.upenn.edu%2Fmuslimliferp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buddhistdoor.net/features/a-short-introduction-to-won-buddhism/">"A Short Introduction to Won Buddhism"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Short+Introduction+to+Won+Buddhism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhistdoor.net%2Ffeatures%2Fa-short-introduction-to-won-buddhism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wondharmacenter.org/dr-rev-grace-song/">"Dr. Rev. Grace – Won Dharma Center"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dr.+Rev.+Grace+%E2%80%93+Won+Dharma+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwondharmacenter.org%2Fdr-rev-grace-song%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pennclubs.com/club/penn-buddhism-club">"Penn Meditation and Buddhism Club"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Penn+Meditation+and+Buddhism+Club&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpennclubs.com%2Fclub%2Fpenn-buddhism-club&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080703235441/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/people/1800s/goeckel_wm_john.html">"William John Goeckel (1871–1922)"</a>. The University of Pennsylvania Archives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/people/1800s/goeckel_wm_john.html">the original</a> on July 3, 2008. Retrieved July 8, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+John+Goeckel+%281871%E2%80%931922%29&rft.pub=The+University+of+Pennsylvania+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.upenn.edu%2Fhisty%2Fpeople%2F1800s%2Fgoeckel_wm_john.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> The song's copyright was originally held by W. H. Boner & Company. </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.upenn.edu/exhibits/penn-people/biography/william-john-goeckel">"William John Goeckel"</a>. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved November 15, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+John+Goeckel&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.upenn.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fpenn-people%2Fbiography%2Fwilliam-john-goeckel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Penn_Cricket-262">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Penn_Cricket_262-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penn_Cricket_262-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penn_Cricket_262-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penn_Cricket_262-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penn_Cricket_262-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeth_S._TannenbaumClifton_R._Hood2006" class="citation web cs1">Seth S. Tannenbaum; Clifton R. Hood (February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.upenn.edu/exhibits/penn-history/cricket/">"Cricket: Penn's First Organized Sport"</a>. University Archives and Records Center. University of Pennsylvania. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180704034854/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/sports/cricket/histy.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+Archives+and+Records+Center&rft.atitle=Cricket%3A+Penn%27s+First+Organized+Sport&rft.date=2006-02&rft.au=Seth+S.+Tannenbaum&rft.au=Clifton+R.+Hood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.upenn.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fpenn-history%2Fcricket%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SASH-Farnsworth-263">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SASH-Farnsworth_263-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASH-Farnsworth_263-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SASH-Farnsworth_263-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarnsworth2020" class="citation web cs1">Farnsworth, Ed (April 16, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ussoccerhistory.org/the-origins-of-soccer-in-philadelphia-part-5-local-college-based-football-after-the-1863-laws-of-the-game/">"The origins of soccer in Philadelphia, part 5: Local college-based football after the 1863 Laws of the Game – Society for American Soccer History"</a>. Society for American Soccer History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+origins+of+soccer+in+Philadelphia%2C+part+5%3A+Local+college-based+football+after+the+1863+Laws+of+the+Game+%E2%80%93+Society+for+American+Soccer+History&rft.pub=Society+for+American+Soccer+History&rft.date=2020-04-16&rft.aulast=Farnsworth&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ussoccerhistory.org%2Fthe-origins-of-soccer-in-philadelphia-part-5-local-college-based-football-after-the-1863-laws-of-the-game%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKieran1932" class="citation news cs1">Kieran, John (October 8, 1932). "Sports of the Times". The New York Times. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sports+of+the+Times&rft.pages=22&rft.date=1932-10-08&rft.aulast=Kieran&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.upenn.edu/exhibits/penn-history/19th-century-athletics/timeline">"Penn Athletics in the 19th Century: Timeline"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Penn+Athletics+in+the+19th+Century%3A+Timeline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.upenn.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fpenn-history%2F19th-century-athletics%2Ftimeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartha_Mitchell" class="citation web cs1">Martha Mitchell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/Databases/Encyclopedia/search.php?serial=B0090">"Baseball"</a>. Encyclopedia Brunoniana. Retrieved June 1, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Brunoniana&rft.atitle=Baseball&rft.au=Martha+Mitchell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brown.edu%2FAdministration%2FNews_Bureau%2FDatabases%2FEncyclopedia%2Fsearch.php%3Fserial%3DB0090&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pennathletics.com/documents/2017/12/6/18QuickFacts.pdf">"Quick Facts"</a> (PDF). University of Pennsylvania Athletics.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Pennsylvania+Athletics&rft.atitle=Quick+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpennathletics.com%2Fdocuments%2F2017%2F12%2F6%2F18QuickFacts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/officialaaubaske02amateur/page/44/mode/1up">Spalding's Official A.A.U. Basketball Guide</a>. Indianapolis, Indiana: Amateur Athletic Union of the United States. September 1907. p. 44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spalding%27s+Official+A.A.U.+Basketball+Guide&rft.place=Indianapolis%2C+Indiana&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Amateur+Athletic+Union+of+the+United+States&rft.date=1907-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fofficialaaubaske02amateur%2Fpage%2F44%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFESPN2009" class="citation book cs1">ESPN, ed. (2009). ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia: The Complete History of the Men's Game. New York, NY: ESPN Books. p. 535. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-51392-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-51392-2"><bdi>978-0-345-51392-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ESPN+College+Basketball+Encyclopedia%3A+The+Complete+History+of+the+Men%27s+Game&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=535&rft.pub=ESPN+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-345-51392-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollack2018" class="citation web cs1">Pollack, Jonathan (March 15, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210427114308/https://www.thedp.com/article/2018/03/penn-mens-basketball-ncaa-tournament-kansas-recap-graham-free-throws-upset-bid-falls-short%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjNrumgq57wAhVFAp0JHeZlBkIQFjAHegQICxAC%26usg%3DAOvVaw0Pcy8aiV75XMvPifv3UTOr">"Penn men's basketball shines early, fades late in NCAA Tournament loss to No. 1 Kansas"</a>. The Daily Pennsylvanian. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedp.com/article/2018/03/penn-mens-basketball-ncaa-tournament-kansas-recap-graham-free-throws-upset-bid-falls-short&ved=2ahUKEwjNrumgq57wAhVFAp0JHeZlBkIQFjAHegQICxAC&usg=AOvVaw0Pcy8aiV75XMvPifv3UTOr">the original</a> on April 27, 2021. Retrieved April 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Pennsylvanian&rft.atitle=Penn+men%27s+basketball+shines+early%2C+fades+late+in+NCAA+Tournament+loss+to+No.+1+Kansas&rft.date=2018-03-15&rft.aulast=Pollack&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedp.com%2Farticle%2F2018%2F03%2Fpenn-mens-basketball-ncaa-tournament-kansas-recap-graham-free-throws-upset-bid-falls-short%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjNrumgq57wAhVFAp0JHeZlBkIQFjAHegQICxAC%26usg%3DAOvVaw0Pcy8aiV75XMvPifv3UTOr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wister-271">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wister_271-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wister_271-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.upenn.edu/exhibits/penn-people/biography/william-rotch-wister/">"William Rotch Wister"</a>. University Archives and Records Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190123203231/https://archives.upenn.edu/exhibits/penn-people/biography/william-rotch-wister/">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2019. Retrieved August 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+Archives+and+Records+Center&rft.atitle=William+Rotch+Wister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.upenn.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fpenn-people%2Fbiography%2Fwilliam-rotch-wister%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1970" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis, Guy (Summer 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.msu.edu/hst329/files/2015/05/LewisGuy-TheBeginning.pdf">"The Beginning of Organized Collegiate Sport"</a> (PDF). American Quarterly. 22 (2, Part 1): 222–229. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2711645">10.2307/2711645</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2711645">2711645</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Beginning+of+Organized+Collegiate+Sport&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2%2C+Part+1&rft.pages=222-229&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2711645&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2711645%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.msu.edu%2Fhst329%2Ffiles%2F2015%2F05%2FLewisGuy-TheBeginning.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cricket-273">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cricket_273-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cricket_273-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1930" class="citation web cs1">Graham, Archibald H. Jr. (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015062223006&view=1up&seq=10">"Cricket at University of Pennsylvania"</a>. Retrieved December 24, 2021 – via Hathi Trust.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cricket+at+University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Archibald+H.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015062223006%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> which was privately printed in 1930 and now on deposit with <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Library" title="University of Michigan Library">University of Michigan Library</a> system. </li> <li id="cite_note-marchcricket-274">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marchcricket_274-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marchcricket_274-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarch2020" class="citation news cs1">March, Lochlahn (October 28, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedp.com/article/2020/10/penn-cricket-team-historical-feature">"Penn's oldest sport goes back 168 years, and it's not one you might think"</a>. The Daily Pennsylvanian. Retrieved March 30, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Pennsylvanian&rft.atitle=Penn%27s+oldest+sport+goes+back+168+years%2C+and+it%27s+not+one+you+might+think&rft.date=2020-10-28&rft.aulast=March&rft.aufirst=Lochlahn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedp.com%2Farticle%2F2020%2F10%2Fpenn-cricket-team-historical-feature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarpyn2016" class="citation web cs1">Karpyn, Michael (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/cricket/">"Cricket"</a>. The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia. Retrieved December 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Greater+Philadelphia&rft.atitle=Cricket&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Karpyn&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphiladelphiaencyclopedia.org%2Farchive%2Fcricket%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-struckout-277"><a href="#cite_ref-struckout_277-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historynet.com/how-cricket-struck-out.htm">"How Cricket Struck Out"</a>. historynet.com. September 12, 2018. Retrieved April 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historynet.com&rft.atitle=How+Cricket+Struck+Out&rft.date=2018-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fhow-cricket-struck-out.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americancollegecricket.com/category/universities/upenn/">"Universities: UPenn"</a>. americancollegecricket. Retrieved December 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=americancollegecricket&rft.atitle=Universities%3A+UPenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericancollegecricket.com%2Fcategory%2Funiversities%2Fupenn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americancollegecricket.com/2011/03/09/college-sports-pioneer-upenn-cricket-names-its-team-for-nationals/">"College Sports Pioneer UPenn Cricket Names Its Team for Nationals!"</a>. americancollegecricket.com. Retrieved March 28, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=americancollegecricket.com&rft.atitle=College+Sports+Pioneer+UPenn+Cricket+Names+Its+Team+for+Nationals%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericancollegecricket.com%2F2011%2F03%2F09%2Fcollege-sports-pioneer-upenn-cricket-names-its-team-for-nationals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerezLegler2023" class="citation web cs1">Jerez, Roger; Legler, Sophie (March 14, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230420013341/https://recreation.upenn.edu/news/2023/3/14/Curling.aspx">"Penn Curling: 2023 National Champions"</a>. recreation.upenn.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://recreation.upenn.edu/news/2023/3/14/Curling.aspx">the original</a> on April 20, 2023. Retrieved September 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=recreation.upenn.edu&rft.atitle=Penn+Curling%3A+2023+National+Champions&rft.date=2023-03-14&rft.aulast=Jerez&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Legler%2C+Sophie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frecreation.upenn.edu%2Fnews%2F2023%2F3%2F14%2FCurling.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedp.com/article/2023/04/penn-curling-nationals-2023">"Penn Curling defeats reigning champs, brings home 2023 National Championship"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Penn+Curling+defeats+reigning+champs%2C+brings+home+2023+National+Championship&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedp.com%2Farticle%2F2023%2F04%2Fpenn-curling-nationals-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bhamnow.com/2023/03/20/birmingham-native-member-of-penns-2023-college-national-curling-championship-team/">"Birmingham native member of Penn's 2023 College National Curling Championship team | Bham Now"</a>. March 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Birmingham+native+member+of+Penn%27s+2023+College+National+Curling+Championship+team+%26%23124%3B+Bham+Now&rft.date=2023-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbhamnow.com%2F2023%2F03%2F20%2Fbirmingham-native-member-of-penns-2023-college-national-curling-championship-team%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fight_song-282">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fight_song_282-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fight_song_282-1">b</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rottenberg,_Dan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rottenberg, Dan (page does not exist)">Rottenberg, Dan</a> (1985) "Fight On, Pennsylvania" Trustees of University of Pennsylvania pp. 25, 28, 33, 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-eyesofageneration.com-283">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eyesofageneration.com_283-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eyesofageneration.com_283-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eyesofageneration.com/september-29-1951-two-college-football-television-firstsdid-you-know-cbs-an/">"September 29, 1951 ... Two College Football Television Firsts"</a>. Eyes Of A Generation – Television's Living History. September 29, 2016. Retrieved August 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eyes+Of+A+Generation+%E2%80%93+Television%27s+Living+History&rft.atitle=September+29%2C+1951+...+Two+College+Football+Television+Firsts&rft.date=2016-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feyesofageneration.com%2Fseptember-29-1951-two-college-football-television-firstsdid-you-know-cbs-an%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210804063937/https://eyesofageneration.com/september-29-1951-two-college-football-television-firstsdid-you-know-cbs-an/">Archived</a> August 4, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank2021" class="citation web cs1">Frank, Matthew (March 28, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedp.com/article/2021/03/penn-football-first-televised-color-game-ncaa-history">"Highlighting Penn football's small role in color television broadcasting"</a>. The Daily Pennsylvanian. Retrieved August 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Pennsylvanian&rft.atitle=Highlighting+Penn+football%27s+small+role+in+color+television+broadcasting&rft.date=2021-03-28&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedp.com%2Farticle%2F2021%2F03%2Fpenn-football-first-televised-color-game-ncaa-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200701172419/http://achahockey.org/view/achahockey/divisions/men-s-d2-1/stats-431?type=standings&level=conference&id=1151&league_id=1800&conference_id=1151">"Stats – ACHA"</a>. achahockey.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://achahockey.org/view/achahockey/divisions/men-s-d2-1/stats-431?type=standings&level=conference&id=1151&league_id=1800&conference_id=1151">the original</a> on July 1, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=achahockey.org&rft.atitle=Stats+%E2%80%93+ACHA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fachahockey.org%2Fview%2Fachahockey%2Fdivisions%2Fmen-s-d2-1%2Fstats-431%3Ftype%3Dstandings%26level%3Dconference%26id%3D1151%26league_id%3D1800%26conference_id%3D1151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cms.business-services.upenn.edu/icerink/ice-hockey/college-hockey.html">"College Hockey"</a>. cms.business-services.upenn.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cms.business-services.upenn.edu&rft.atitle=College+Hockey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcms.business-services.upenn.edu%2Ficerink%2Fice-hockey%2Fcollege-hockey.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-johntaylor-287"><a href="#cite_ref-johntaylor_287-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/79112">"John Taylor"</a>. Olympedia. Retrieved March 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Olympedia&rft.atitle=John+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympedia.org%2Fathletes%2F79112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pennolympics-288">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pennolympics_288-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pennolympics_288-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pennolympics_288-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pennolympics_288-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.upenn.edu/exhibits/penn-people/notables/athletics/olympics/athletes">"Penn in the Olympics"</a>. University of Pennsylvania. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210821044816/https://archives.upenn.edu/exhibits/penn-people/notables/athletics/olympics/athletes">Archived</a> from the original on August 21, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Penn+in+the+Olympics&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.upenn.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fpenn-people%2Fnotables%2Fathletics%2Folympics%2Fathletes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2021" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Greg (August 4, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/penn-put-show-1900-olympics">"Penn put on a show at the 1900 Olympics"</a>. Penn Today. Retrieved August 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penn+Today&rft.atitle=Penn+put+on+a+show+at+the+1900+Olympics&rft.date=2021-08-04&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenntoday.upenn.edu%2Fnews%2Fpenn-put-show-1900-olympics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ivyleague.com/news/2024/7/15/olympics-113-ivies-bound-for-2024-olympic-and-paralympic-games-in-paris.aspx">https://ivyleague.com/news/2024/7/15/olympics-113-ivies-bound-for-2024-olympic-and-paralympic-games-in-paris.aspx</a> accessed 3 August 2024 </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.upenn.edu/exhibits/penn-history/crew/killarney-1901">"1901 Killarney Regatta"</a>. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved March 30, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1901+Killarney+Regatta&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.upenn.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fpenn-history%2Fcrew%2Fkillarney-1901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> With a one-year gap in 1887 and a four-year gap from 1892 to 1895. </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/41543330/ellis-ward-former-penn-coach-dies/">"Ellis Ward, Former Penn Coach, Dies"</a>. The Philadelphia Inquirer. August 26, 1922. p. 9. Retrieved March 30, 2021 – via newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philadelphia+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Ellis+Ward%2C+Former+Penn+Coach%2C+Dies&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1922-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F41543330%2Fellis-ward-former-penn-coach-dies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.upenn.edu/exhibits/penn-history/crew/henley-1901">"1901 Henley Regatta"</a>. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved December 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1901+Henley+Regatta&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.upenn.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fpenn-history%2Fcrew%2Fhenley-1901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.upenn.edu/exhibits/penn-people/biography/ellis-ward">"Ellis Ward"</a>. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved March 30, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ellis+Ward&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.upenn.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fpenn-people%2Fbiography%2Fellis-ward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-296">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_296-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_296-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarch" class="citation news cs1">March, Lochlahn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedp.com/article/2020/11/penn-mens-womens-rowing-olympics-century-history-recent-flourish-success">"Penn rowing at the Olympics: Nearly a century of history and a recent flourish of success"</a>. The Daily Pennsylvanian. Retrieved July 26, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Pennsylvanian&rft.atitle=Penn+rowing+at+the+Olympics%3A+Nearly+a+century+of+history+and+a+recent+flourish+of+success&rft.aulast=March&rft.aufirst=Lochlahn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedp.com%2Farticle%2F2020%2F11%2Fpenn-mens-womens-rowing-olympics-century-history-recent-flourish-success&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalph_Hickok2009" class="citation web cs1">Ralph Hickok (February 18, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111215002539/http://hickoksports.com/history/olrowing.shtml">"History – Olympic Rowing Medalists"</a>. HickokSports.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hickoksports.com/history/olrowing.shtml">the original</a> on December 15, 2011. Retrieved December 25, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HickokSports.com&rft.atitle=History+%E2%80%93+Olympic+Rowing+Medalists&rft.date=2009-02-18&rft.au=Ralph+Hickok&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hickoksports.com%2Fhistory%2Folrowing.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usrowing.org/sports/senior/roster/regina-salmons/207">"Regina Salmons – 2019 – Senior National Team"</a>. USRowing. Retrieved July 26, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USRowing&rft.atitle=Regina+Salmons+%E2%80%93+2019+%E2%80%93+Senior+National+Team&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusrowing.org%2Fsports%2Fsenior%2Froster%2Fregina-salmons%2F207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090709113350/http://en.beijing2008.cn/79/24/article214082479.shtml">"USOC seeks nominations for Jack Kelly Fair Play Award"</a>. Xinhua.net. May 25, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.beijing2008.cn/79/24/article214082479.shtml">the original</a> on July 9, 2009. Retrieved April 19, 2021 – via beijing2008.cn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Xinhua.net&rft.atitle=USOC+seeks+nominations+for+Jack+Kelly+Fair+Play+Award&rft.date=2007-05-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.beijing2008.cn%2F79%2F24%2Farticle214082479.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120529062454/http://about.ljhooker.com.au/about/people---executive-and-profile/board-of-directors">"Board of Directors"</a>. ljhooker.com.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://about.ljhooker.com.au/about/people---executive-and-profile/board-of-directors">the original</a> on May 29, 2012. Retrieved August 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ljhooker.com.au&rft.atitle=Board+of+Directors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabout.ljhooker.com.au%2Fabout%2Fpeople---executive-and-profile%2Fboard-of-directors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldrowing.com/athlete/c07f6c30-e23d-4acb-9600-5ca28d213662">"Robert Williams"</a>. worldrowing.com. Retrieved August 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldrowing.com&rft.atitle=Robert+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldrowing.com%2Fathlete%2Fc07f6c30-e23d-4acb-9600-5ca28d213662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHertzel2019" class="citation web cs1">Hertzel, Bob (July 10, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wvnews.com/morgantownnews/sports/the-heisman-remains-the-most-iconic-pose-in-sports/article_a529b513-567c-57aa-ac3f-e047dd4146e0.html">"The Heisman remains the most iconic pose in sports"</a>. The Morgantown News. Retrieved April 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Morgantown+News&rft.atitle=The+Heisman+remains+the+most+iconic+pose+in+sports&rft.date=2019-07-10&rft.aulast=Hertzel&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wvnews.com%2Fmorgantownnews%2Fsports%2Fthe-heisman-remains-the-most-iconic-pose-in-sports%2Farticle_a529b513-567c-57aa-ac3f-e047dd4146e0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CompleterugbyUSA-303"><a href="#cite_ref-CompleterugbyUSA_303-0">^</a> Bath (1977) p77 </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heisman.com/about-the-heisman/john-w-heisman/">"John W. Heisman"</a>. Retrieved April 5, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+W.+Heisman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heisman.com%2Fabout-the-heisman%2Fjohn-w-heisman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biletnikoffaward.com/fredbiletnikoff">"History of the Forward Pass"</a>. biletnikoffaward.com. Retrieved December 28, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biletnikoffaward.com&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Forward+Pass&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiletnikoffaward.com%2Ffredbiletnikoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1892/12/06/104102219.pdf">"Mackey Their New Captain"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. December 6, 1892. Retrieved May 1, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mackey+Their+New+Captain.&rft.date=1892-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1892%2F12%2F06%2F104102219.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time-307"><a href="#cite_ref-Time_307-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100826072846/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,883116,00.html">"Milestones, Oct. 31, 1938"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time Magazine</a>. October 31, 1938. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,883116,00.html">the original</a> on August 26, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+Magazine&rft.atitle=Milestones%2C+Oct.+31%2C+1938&rft.date=1938-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C883116%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=penn.ark:/81431/p3sb3x504&view=1up&seq=43&q1=rugby">"Athletic Notes"</a>. Old Penn Weekly. Vol. V, no. 4. October 19, 1906. p. 19 – via Hathi Trust.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Old+Penn+Weekly&rft.atitle=Athletic+Notes&rft.volume=V&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=19&rft.date=1906-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dpenn.ark%3A%2F81431%2Fp3sb3x504%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D43%26q1%3Drugby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=penn.ark:/81431/p3sb3x504&view=1up&seq=54&q1=rugby">"Athletic Notes"</a>. Old Penn Weekly. Vol. V, no. 5. October 27, 1906. p. 10 – via Hathi Trust.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Old+Penn+Weekly&rft.atitle=Athletic+Notes&rft.volume=V&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1906-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dpenn.ark%3A%2F81431%2Fp3sb3x504%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D54%26q1%3Drugby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelvin_I._Smith2008" class="citation book cs1">Melvin I. Smith (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kxuEYG6WmOsC&pg=PA53">Evolvements of Early American Foot Ball: Through the 1890/91 Season</a>. AuthorHouse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781434362476" title="Special:BookSources/9781434362476"><bdi>9781434362476</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolvements+of+Early+American+Foot+Ball%3A+Through+the+1890%2F91+Season&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781434362476&rft.au=Melvin+I.+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkxuEYG6WmOsC%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://classicwallabies.com.au/players/%5bslug">"| Rugby Union | Player | Classic Wallabies"</a>. classicwallabies.com.au.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=classicwallabies.com.au&rft.atitle=%26%23124%3B+Rugby+Union+%26%23124%3B+Player+%26%23124%3B+Classic+Wallabies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclassicwallabies.com.au%2Fplayers%2F%5Bslug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=penn.ark:/81431/p3sb3x504&view=1up&seq=43&q1=Rugby">"Old Penn; weekly magazine of the University of Pennsylvania. Volume 5 (1906–1907)"</a>. HathiTrust. 1902.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HathiTrust&rft.atitle=Old+Penn%3B+weekly+magazine+of+the+University+of+Pennsylvania.+Volume+5+%281906%E2%80%931907%29.&rft.date=1902&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dpenn.ark%3A%2F81431%2Fp3sb3x504%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D43%26q1%3DRugby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Penn_Men-312">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Penn_Men_312-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penn_Men_312-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ivyrugby.com/penn-men">"Penn Men"</a>. Ivy Rugby Conference. August 17, 2017. Retrieved July 8, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ivy+Rugby+Conference&rft.atitle=Penn+Men&rft.date=2017-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ivyrugby.com%2Fpenn-men&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> October 22, 1910, The Daily Pennsylvanian </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> as reported in Evolvements of Early American Foot Ball: (see EASTERN USA RUGBY UNION TEAMS 1929/30-1950/51) by Melvin I. Smith (<a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> Control Number 2008903251 first published December 2, 2008) </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.upenn.edu/media/2017/06/1960record.pdf">"The Record of 1960"</a> (PDF). University of Pennsylvania. p. 217.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Record+of+1960&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.upenn.edu%2Fmedia%2F2017%2F06%2F1960record.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> Note: a team photo and erroneous report that the then newly founded rugby club was first rugby team Penn had ever fielded </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> The Daily Pennsylvanian, Volume C, Number 71, September 12, 1984 </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshley1984" class="citation web cs1">Ashley, Marc (September 12, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dparchives.library.upenn.edu/?a=d&d=tdp19840912-01.2.47&srpos=1&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-Rugby+Seligson+sohn------">"Penn women tackle a male-dominated sport"</a>. The Daily Pennsylvanian – via Daily Pennsylvanian Digital Archives.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Pennsylvanian&rft.atitle=Penn+women+tackle+a+male-dominated+sport&rft.date=1984-09-12&rft.aulast=Ashley&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdparchives.library.upenn.edu%2F%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3Dtdp19840912-01.2.47%26srpos%3D1%26e%3D-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-Rugby%2BSeligson%2Bsohn------&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.waylandlawpc.com/tamara-wayland">"Tamara Wayland"</a>. Wayland Law.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wayland+Law&rft.atitle=Tamara+Wayland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.waylandlawpc.com%2Ftamara-wayland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bethlynnandersenjd.com/about-andersen-law-pc/tamara-wayland-attorney/">"Meet Tamara Wayland, Attorney"</a>. Andersen Law. Retrieved January 26, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Andersen+Law&rft.atitle=Meet+Tamara+Wayland%2C+Attorney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbethlynnandersenjd.com%2Fabout-andersen-law-pc%2Ftamara-wayland-attorney%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210115165716/http://bethlynnandersenjd.com/about-andersen-law-pc/tamara-wayland-attorney/">Archived</a> January 15, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.benton.org/blog/flexibility-humility-connectivity-three-ingredients-successful-career">"Flexibility, Humility, Connectivity: Three Ingredients for a Successful Career"</a>. Benton Foundation. February 7, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Benton+Foundation&rft.atitle=Flexibility%2C+Humility%2C+Connectivity%3A+Three+Ingredients+for+a+Successful+Career&rft.date=2019-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.benton.org%2Fblog%2Fflexibility-humility-connectivity-three-ingredients-successful-career&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://upennwrfc.wixsite.com/home/untitled-c1nhz">"ABOUT"</a>. home.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=home&rft.atitle=ABOUT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fupennwrfc.wixsite.com%2Fhome%2Funtitled-c1nhz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upennrugby.com/">"The Official Website of the University of Pennsylvania's Men's Rugby Football Club"</a>. upennrugby.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=upennrugby.com&rft.atitle=The+Official+Website+of+the+University+of+Pennsylvania%27s+Men%27s+Rugby+Football+Club&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upennrugby.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116181127/http://www.rugbymag.com/tournaments-special/crc/6668-college-7s-looks-to-crc.html">"College 7s Looks to CRC"</a>. Rugby Mag. December 12, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rugbymag.com/tournaments-special/crc/6668-college-7s-looks-to-crc.html">the original</a> on January 16, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rugby+Mag&rft.atitle=College+7s+Looks+to+CRC&rft.date=2012-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rugbymag.com%2Ftournaments-special%2Fcrc%2F6668-college-7s-looks-to-crc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usasevenscrc.com/fixtures-and-results/">"Fixtures and Results"</a>. usasevenscrc.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130616152700/http://www.usasevenscrc.com/fixtures-and-results/">Archived</a> from the original on June 16, 2013. Retrieved June 24, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=usasevenscrc.com&rft.atitle=Fixtures+and+Results&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usasevenscrc.com%2Ffixtures-and-results%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://upennrugby.org/team">"Team: Coaching staff"</a>. University of Pennsylvania Men's Rugby Football Club.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Pennsylvania+Men%27s+Rugby+Football+Club&rft.atitle=Team%3A+Coaching+staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fupennrugby.org%2Fteam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/my_club/saracens/9409872.stm">"Saracens sign South African Bax"</a>. February 28, 2011 – via news.bbc.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Saracens+sign+South+African+Bax&rft.date=2011-02-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport2%2Fhi%2Frugby_union%2Fmy_club%2Fsaracens%2F9409872.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806044430/http://www.wharthogs.com/">"Wharton Rugby Football Club"</a>. wharthogs.com/. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wharthogs.com/">the original</a> on August 6, 2020. Retrieved August 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wharthogs.com%2F&rft.atitle=Wharton+Rugby+Football+Club&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wharthogs.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ocsentinel.com/news/u-s-sec-chairman-speaks-at-ocean-city-h-s/article_b8c160b0-821b-11e9-bf75-77961af868b1.html">"U.S. SEC chairman speaks at Ocean City H.S."</a> Ocean City Sentinel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190726204351/http://www.ocsentinel.com/news/u-s-sec-chairman-speaks-at-ocean-city-h-s/article_b8c160b0-821b-11e9-bf75-77961af868b1.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 26, 2019. Retrieved July 26, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ocean+City+Sentinel&rft.atitle=U.S.+SEC+chairman+speaks+at+Ocean+City+H.S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ocsentinel.com%2Fnews%2Fu-s-sec-chairman-speaks-at-ocean-city-h-s%2Farticle_b8c160b0-821b-11e9-bf75-77961af868b1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gao-328"><a href="#cite_ref-gao_328-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkstrand2001" class="citation journal cs1">Ekstrand, Laurie E. (January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gao.gov/assets/160/157010.pdf">"DOJ's Public Integrity Section: Case Management Policies Followed, but Closing Some Matters Took Too Long"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/U.S._Government_Accountability_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Government Accountability Office">U.S. General Accounting Office</a>. Report to the Chairman, Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives (GAO-01-122).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+General+Accounting+Office&rft.atitle=DOJ%27s+Public+Integrity+Section%3A+Case+Management+Policies+Followed%2C+but+Closing+Some+Matters+Took+Too+Long&rft.date=2001-01&rft.aulast=Ekstrand&rft.aufirst=Laurie+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gao.gov%2Fassets%2F160%2F157010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flsd.uscourts.gov/content/judge-bruce-e-reinhart">"Judge Bruce e. Reinhart | Southern District of Florida | United States District Court"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Judge+Bruce+e.+Reinhart+%26%23124%3B+Southern+District+of+Florida+%26%23124%3B+United+States+District+Court&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flsd.uscourts.gov%2Fcontent%2Fjudge-bruce-e-reinhart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontagueRobles2022" class="citation news cs1">Montague, Zach; Robles, Frances (August 18, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nyti.ms/3QWtNY6">"Bruce Reinhart, the Magistrate Judge Who Approved the Mar-a-Lago Search"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bruce+Reinhart%2C+the+Magistrate+Judge+Who+Approved+the+Mar-a-Lago+Search&rft.date=2022-08-18&rft.aulast=Montague&rft.aufirst=Zach&rft.au=Robles%2C+Frances&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnyti.ms%2F3QWtNY6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2024/04/25/meet-argentinas-richest-man">"Meet Argentina's richest man"</a>. The Economist. Retrieved June 30, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Meet+Argentina%27s+richest+man&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fthe-americas%2F2024%2F04%2F25%2Fmeet-argentinas-richest-man&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.miamiherald.com/sports/mls/inter-miami/article279381349.htmlports/mls/inter-miami/article279381349.html">"Miami Sharks pro rugby team has deep Argentina ties, will play at Inter Miami ..."</a>. Miami Herald.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Miami+Herald&rft.atitle=Miami+Sharks+pro+rugby+team+has+deep+Argentina+ties%2C+will+play+at+Inter+Miami+...&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.miamiherald.com%2Fsports%2Fmls%2Finter-miami%2Farticle279381349.htmlports%2Fmls%2Finter-miami%2Farticle279381349.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-333"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_333-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/profile/marcos-galperin">"Profile: Marcos Galperin"</a>. Forbes. Retrieved September 3, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Marcos+Galperin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fprofile%2Fmarcos-galperin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lar-334"><a href="#cite_ref-lar_334-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.larepublica.co/el-portal-mercado-libre-vendi%C3%B3-1812-millones-de-productos-en-2016_479791">"The Free Market portal sold 181.2 million products in 2016"</a>. La Republica. March 6, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Free+Market+portal+sold+181.2+million+products+in+2016&rft.pub=La+Republica&rft.date=2017-03-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.larepublica.co%2Fel-portal-mercado-libre-vendi%25C3%25B3-1812-millones-de-productos-en-2016_479791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/321543/latin-america-online-retailer-visitors">"Most popular online retailers in Latin America"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statista" title="Statista">Statista</a>. Retrieved April 28, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Most+popular+online+retailers+in+Latin+America&rft.pub=Statista&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F321543%2Flatin-america-online-retailer-visitors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pennathletics.com-336">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pennathletics.com_336-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pennathletics.com_336-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pennathletics.com_336-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pennathletics.com/news/2018/12/21/general-historic-moments.aspx">"Historic Moments"</a>. University of Pennsylvania Athletics. December 21, 2018. Retrieved October 6, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Pennsylvania+Athletics&rft.atitle=Historic+Moments&rft.date=2018-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpennathletics.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2F12%2F21%2Fgeneral-historic-moments.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> Michael T. Woods "Penn Sports in the 1800s: The Origins of Penn Athletics" University of Pennsylvania: University Archives and Records Center |url=<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archives.upenn.edu/">https://archives.upenn.edu/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> "History of the Penn Relays". Official Site of the Penn Relay Carnival. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100427063802/http://www.thepennrelays.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=1720&KEY=&ATCLID=1403812">https://web.archive.org/web/20100427063802/http://www.thepennrelays.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=1720&KEY=&ATCLID=1403812</a> Retrieved September 13, 2023 </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitphilly.com/sports/philadelphia/palestra/">Palestra</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ULi42N9Epw8">The Palestra tour</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fannation.com/blogs/post/814485">Top 15 College Basketball Arenas of All Time</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facilities.upenn.edu/maps/locations/river-fields">"River Fields"</a>. University of Pennsylvania Facilities and Real Estate Services. December 20, 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Pennsylvania+Facilities+and+Real+Estate+Services&rft.atitle=River+Fields&rft.date=2012-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facilities.upenn.edu%2Fmaps%2Flocations%2Friver-fields&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedp.com/article/2014/11/colorado-avalanche-practice-on-penn-campus">"Colorado Avalanche practice on Penn's campus"</a>. thedp.com. Retrieved February 25, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thedp.com&rft.atitle=Colorado+Avalanche+practice+on+Penn%27s+campus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedp.com%2Farticle%2F2014%2F11%2Fcolorado-avalanche-practice-on-penn-campus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hurricanes.nhl.com/club/gallery.htm?id=12253">"Practice at the Class of 1923 Arena in Philadelphia – 01/22/2010 – Carolina Hurricanes – Photo Galleries"</a>. hurricanes.nhl.com. Retrieved February 25, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hurricanes.nhl.com&rft.atitle=Practice+at+the+Class+of+1923+Arena+in+Philadelphia+%E2%80%93+01%2F22%2F2010+%E2%80%93+Carolina+Hurricanes+%E2%80%93+Photo+Galleries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhurricanes.nhl.com%2Fclub%2Fgallery.htm%3Fid%3D12253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cms.business-services.upenn.edu/icerink/">"Penn Ice Rink at the Class of 1923 Arena Philadelphia PA"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Penn+Ice+Rink+at+the+Class+of+1923+Arena+Philadelphia+PA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcms.business-services.upenn.edu%2Ficerink%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628231916/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=190">"William H. Harrison"</a>. Ohio History Central An Online Encyclopedia of Ohio History. Ohio Historical Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=190">the original</a> on June 28, 2011. Retrieved August 19, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=William+H.+Harrison&rft.btitle=Ohio+History+Central+An+Online+Encyclopedia+of+Ohio+History&rft.pub=Ohio+Historical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohiohistorycentral.org%2Fentry.php%3Frec%3D190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Presidential-347"><a href="#cite_ref-Presidential_347-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.upenn.edu/exhibits/penn-history/presidential-visits">"Presidential Visits to the University of Pennsylvania"</a>. archives.upenn.edu. Retrieved June 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archives.upenn.edu&rft.atitle=Presidential+Visits+to+the+University+of+Pennsylvania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.upenn.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fpenn-history%2Fpresidential-visits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> Washington, Garfield, Taft, Wilson, T. Roosevelt, Hoover, F.D. Roosevelt </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.upenn.edu/exhibits/penn-history/presidential-visits/">"Presidential Visits to the University of Pennsylvania"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presidential+Visits+to+the+University+of+Pennsylvania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.upenn.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fpenn-history%2Fpresidential-visits%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hunnicutt-349"><a href="#cite_ref-hunnicutt_349-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunnicuttZengerleRenshaw2021" class="citation news cs1">Hunnicutt, Trevor; Zengerle, Patricia; Renshaw, Jarrett (January 20, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-biden-inauguration/assuming-u-s-presidency-biden-tells-divided-nation-democracy-has-prevailed-idUSKBN29P0HG">"Taking helm of divided nation, U.S. President Biden calls for end to 'uncivil war'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210120171341/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-biden-inauguration/assuming-u-s-presidency-biden-tells-divided-nation-democracy-has-prevailed-idUSKBN29P0HG">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Taking+helm+of+divided+nation%2C+U.S.+President+Biden+calls+for+end+to+%27uncivil+war%27&rft.date=2021-01-20&rft.aulast=Hunnicutt&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rft.au=Zengerle%2C+Patricia&rft.au=Renshaw%2C+Jarrett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-biden-inauguration%2Fassuming-u-s-presidency-biden-tells-divided-nation-democracy-has-prevailed-idUSKBN29P0HG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2021" class="citation news cs1">Baker, Peter (January 20, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/20/us/politics/biden-president.html">"Biden Inaugurated as the 46th President Amid a Cascade of Crises"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved May 11, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Biden+Inaugurated+as+the+46th+President+Amid+a+Cascade+of+Crises&rft.date=2021-01-20&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F01%2F20%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fbiden-president.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amc.sas.upenn.edu/people/senior-fellow-joe-biden">"Joe Biden | the Andrea Mitchell Center for the Study of Democracy"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joe+Biden+%26%23124%3B+the+Andrea+Mitchell+Center+for+the+Study+of+Democracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famc.sas.upenn.edu%2Fpeople%2Fsenior-fellow-joe-biden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong2014" class="citation web cs1">Long, Heather (October 2, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/2014/10/02/investing/investment-banking-job-linkedin-upenn-georgetown-yale/index.html">"Want a job on Wall Street? Go to UPenn or Georgetown"</a>. CNNMoney. Retrieved August 26, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNNMoney&rft.atitle=Want+a+job+on+Wall+Street%3F+Go+to+UPenn+or+Georgetown&rft.date=2014-10-02&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2014%2F10%2F02%2Finvesting%2Finvestment-banking-job-linkedin-upenn-georgetown-yale%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/amp/2023/04/11/how-much-students-earn-after-attending-ivy-league-schools.html">"Students from this Ivy League school earn the highest salaries—and it's not Harvard or Yale"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. April 11, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Students+from+this+Ivy+League+school+earn+the+highest+salaries%E2%80%94and+it%27s+not+Harvard+or+Yale&rft.date=2023-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2Famp%2F2023%2F04%2F11%2Fhow-much-students-earn-after-attending-ivy-league-schools.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/richardjchang/2024/06/09/top-colleges-for-billionaires/">"Top Colleges for Billionaires"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>. Retrieved June 10, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Top+Colleges+for+Billionaires&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Frichardjchang%2F2024%2F06%2F09%2Ftop-colleges-for-billionaires%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegel2012" class="citation cs2">Siegel, Tatiana (October 10, 2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/fifth-beatle-vivek-j-tiwary-brian-epstein-377904">"NY Comic-Con: Beatles Manager Getting Biopic From Broadway's Vivek J. Tiwary"</a>, The Hollywood Reporter</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=NY+Comic-Con%3A+Beatles+Manager+Getting+Biopic+From+Broadway%27s+Vivek+J.+Tiwary&rft.date=2012-10-10&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Tatiana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fheat-vision%2Ffifth-beatle-vivek-j-tiwary-brian-epstein-377904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pilambdaphi.org/news/vivek-tiwary-award-winning-broadway-producer-who-brought-punk-to-broadway-96-penn/">"Vivek Tiwary: Award winning producer who brought punk to Broadway - '96 Penn"</a>. August 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vivek+Tiwary%3A+Award+winning+producer+who+brought+punk+to+Broadway+-+%2796+Penn&rft.date=2022-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pilambdaphi.org%2Fnews%2Fvivek-tiwary-award-winning-broadway-producer-who-brought-punk-to-broadway-96-penn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americankahani.com/entertainment/indian-american-vivek-tiwary-wins-grammy-for-best-musical-theater-album-for-jagged-little-pill/">"Indian American Vivek Tiwary Wins Grammy for Best Musical Theater Album for 'Jagged Little Pill'"</a>. American Kahani. March 17, 2021. Retrieved September 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Kahani&rft.atitle=Indian+American+Vivek+Tiwary+Wins+Grammy+for+Best+Musical+Theater+Album+for+%27Jagged+Little+Pill%27&rft.date=2021-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericankahani.com%2Fentertainment%2Findian-american-vivek-tiwary-wins-grammy-for-best-musical-theater-album-for-jagged-little-pill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxsports.com/personalities/tom-rinaldi/bio">"Tom Rinaldi Bio & Career Accomplishments"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tom+Rinaldi+Bio+%26+Career+Accomplishments&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxsports.com%2Fpersonalities%2Ftom-rinaldi%2Fbio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.profootballnetwork.com/who-is-tom-rinaldi-breaking-down-the-award-winning-journalists-career/">"Who is Tom Rinaldi? Breaking Down the Award-Winning Journalist's Career"</a>. February 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+is+Tom+Rinaldi%3F+Breaking+Down+the+Award-Winning+Journalist%27s+Career&rft.date=2023-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.profootballnetwork.com%2Fwho-is-tom-rinaldi-breaking-down-the-award-winning-journalists-career%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/egot-how-long-it-took-every-winner-and-john-legend-to-get-all-awards-2018-9">"This chart shows how long it took all 15 EGOT winners to get their awards, and John Legend was one of the fastest"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=This+chart+shows+how+long+it+took+all+15+EGOT+winners+to+get+their+awards%2C+and+John+Legend+was+one+of+the+fastest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fegot-how-long-it-took-every-winner-and-john-legend-to-get-all-awards-2018-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MJ-obit-363"><a href="#cite_ref-MJ-obit_363-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150723221754/http://www.digifind-it.com/data/matawan/journal/1901/1901-08-15.pdf">"Death of Governor Newell"</a> (PDF). The Matawan Journal. Vol. 33, no. 7. August 15, 1901. p. 1, col. 5; p. 2 col. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digifind-it.com/data/matawan/journal/1901/1901-08-15.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 23, 2015. Retrieved July 23, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Matawan+Journal&rft.atitle=Death+of+Governor+Newell&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=p.+1%2C+col.+5%3B+p.+2+col.+1&rft.date=1901-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digifind-it.com%2Fdata%2Fmatawan%2Fjournal%2F1901%2F1901-08-15.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/bluford_guion.pdf">"Biographical Data"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210212170249/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/bluford_guion.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on February 12, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biographical+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fatoms%2Ffiles%2Fbluford_guion.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UPennLaureates-365"><a href="#cite_ref-UPennLaureates_365-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103064008/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/people/notables/awards/nobel.html">"Nobel Laureates at Penn"</a>. University of Pennsylvania. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archives.upenn.edu/people/notables/awards/nobel.html">the original</a> on November 3, 2013. Retrieved October 20, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nobel+Laureates+at+Penn&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.upenn.edu%2Fpeople%2Fnotables%2Fawards%2Fnobel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-366"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_366-0">^</a> Nobel Prize Awarded to Covid Vaccine Pioneers <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/02/health/nobel-prize-medicine.html?smid=nytcore-android-share">https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/02/health/nobel-prize-medicine.html?smid=nytcore-android-share</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231004182045/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/02/health/nobel-prize-medicine.html?smid=nytcore-android-share">Archived</a> October 4, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> accessed October 2, 2023 </li> <li id="cite_note-368"><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alumni.upenn.edu/s/1587/gid2/16/interior.aspx?sid=1587&gid=2&pgid=400">"Alumni Regional Clubs"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alumni+Regional+Clubs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alumni.upenn.edu%2Fs%2F1587%2Fgid2%2F16%2Finterior.aspx%3Fsid%3D1587%26gid%3D2%26pgid%3D400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Historic-369"><a href="#cite_ref-Historic_369-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211219035002/http://nycnpc.org/db/bb_files/2010-FormerYaleClubofNewYorkCityBuilding.pdf">"(Former) Yale Club of New York City Building (now Penn Club of New York)"</a> (PDF). Landmarks Preservation Commission of New York City. February 9, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nycnpc.org/db/bb_files/2010-FormerYaleClubofNewYorkCityBuilding.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on December 19, 2021. Retrieved July 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%28Former%29+Yale+Club+of+New+York+City+Building+%28now+Penn+Club+of+New+York%29&rft.pub=Landmarks+Preservation+Commission+of+New+York+City&rft.date=2010-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnycnpc.org%2Fdb%2Fbb_files%2F2010-FormerYaleClubofNewYorkCityBuilding.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoonan1994" class="citation news cs1">Moonan, Wendy (July 14, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/14/garden/currents-clubhouse-for-penn.html">"CURRENTS; Clubhouse for Penn (Published 1994)"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=CURRENTS%3B+Clubhouse+for+Penn+%28Published+1994%29&rft.date=1994-07-14&rft.aulast=Moonan&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F07%2F14%2Fgarden%2Fcurrents-clubhouse-for-penn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlatin1993" class="citation news cs1">Slatin, Peter (May 9, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/05/09/realestate/penns-racing-to-join-clubhouse-row.html">"Penn's Racing to Join Clubhouse Row"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved November 2, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Penn%27s+Racing+to+Join+Clubhouse+Row&rft.date=1993-05-09&rft.aulast=Slatin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F05%2F09%2Frealestate%2Fpenns-racing-to-join-clubhouse-row.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Pennsylvania" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:University_of_Pennsylvania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikisource has original works on the topic: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:University_of_Pennsylvania" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://upenn.edu">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49117#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pennathletics.com/">University of Pennsylvania athletics website</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="University_of_Pennsylvania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#011F5B;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #990000, inset -2px -2px 0 #990000;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Penn" title="Template:Penn"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Penn" title="Template talk:Penn"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Penn" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Penn"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="University_of_Pennsylvania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">University of Pennsylvania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#011F5B;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #990000, inset -2px -2px 0 #990000;;width:1%;text-align:right;">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_School_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="University of Pennsylvania School of Arts and Sciences">Arts and Sciences</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_College_of_Arts_%26_Sciences" title="University of Pennsylvania College of Arts & Sciences">College</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annenberg_School_for_Communication_at_the_University_of_Pennsylvania" title="Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_School_of_Dental_Medicine" title="University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine">Dental Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_School_of_Design" title="University of Pennsylvania School of Design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Graduate_School_of_Education" title="University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Science" title="University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Science">Engineering and Applied Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Law_School" title="University of Pennsylvania Law School">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perelman_School_of_Medicine" title="Perelman School of Medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_School_of_Nursing" title="University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_School_of_Social_Policy_and_Practice" title="University of Pennsylvania School of Social Policy and Practice">Social Policy and Practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_School_of_Veterinary_Medicine" title="University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine">Veterinary Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wharton_School" title="Wharton School">Wharton</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(University_of_Pennsylvania)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (University of Pennsylvania)"><img alt="Benjamin Franklin (University of Pennsylvania)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/BenFranklinAtPennCropped.jpg/125px-BenFranklinAtPennCropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/BenFranklinAtPennCropped.jpg/188px-BenFranklinAtPennCropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/BenFranklinAtPennCropped.jpg/250px-BenFranklinAtPennCropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#011F5B;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #990000, inset -2px -2px 0 #990000;;width:1%;text-align:right;">Programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Advanced_Judaic_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Advanced Judaic Studies">Advanced Judaic Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fels_Institute_of_Government" title="Fels Institute of Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Global_Communication_Studies" title="Center for Global Communication Studies">Global Communication Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_Group_in_the_Art_and_Archaeology_of_the_Mediterranean_World" title="Graduate Group in the Art and Archaeology of the Mediterranean World">Mediterranean Art and Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntsman_Program_in_International_Studies_and_Business" class="mw-redirect" title="Huntsman Program in International Studies and Business">International Studies and Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Fisher_Program_in_Management_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerome Fisher Program in Management and Technology">Management and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauder_Institute" title="Lauder Institute">Lauder Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Davis_Institute_of_Health_Economics" title="Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics">Health Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singh_Program_in_Networked_%26_Social_Systems_Engineering_(NETS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Singh Program in Networked & Social Systems Engineering (NETS)">Networked and Social Systems Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagelos_Scholars_Program_in_Molecular_Life_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Vagelos Scholars Program in Molecular Life Sciences">Molecular Life Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annenberg_Public_Policy_Center" title="Annenberg Public Policy Center">Public Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Biden_Center_for_Diplomacy_and_Global_Engagement" title="Penn Biden Center for Diplomacy and Global Engagement">Diplomacy and Global Engagement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#011F5B;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #990000, inset -2px -2px 0 #990000;;width:1%;text-align:right;">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_City,_Philadelphia" title="University City, Philadelphia">University City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annenberg_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="Annenberg Center for the Performing Arts">Annenberg Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Hall_(University_of_Pennsylvania)" title="College Hall (University of Pennsylvania)">College Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_College_Houses" title="University of Pennsylvania College Houses">College Houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Rittenhouse_Laboratory" title="David Rittenhouse Laboratory">David Rittenhouse Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_Fine_Arts_Library" title="Fisher Fine Arts Library">Fisher Fine Arts Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Campus_Historic_District" title="University of Pennsylvania Campus Historic District">Historic District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Hall_(University_of_Pennsylvania)" title="Houston Hall (University of Pennsylvania)">Houston Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Contemporary_Art,_Philadelphia" title="Institute of Contemporary Art, Philadelphia">Institute of Contemporary Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvine_Auditorium" title="Irvine Auditorium">Irvine Auditorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Writers_House" title="Kelly Writers House">Kelly Writers House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyerson_Hall" title="Meyerson Hall">Meyerson Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moore_School_of_Electrical_Engineering" title="Moore School of Electrical Engineering">Moore School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Arboretum" title="Morris Arboretum">Morris Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology">Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Bolton_Center" title="New Bolton Center">New Bolton Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Park" title="Penn Park">Penn Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Perelman_Quadrangle" title="University of Pennsylvania Perelman Quadrangle">Perelman Quadrangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrangle_Dormitories_(University_of_Pennsylvania)" title="Quadrangle Dormitories (University of Pennsylvania)">The Quadrangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richards_Medical_Research_Laboratories" title="Richards Medical Research Laboratories">Richards Laboratories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Pelt_Library" title="Van Pelt Library">Van Pelt Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#011F5B;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #990000, inset -2px -2px 0 #990000;;width:1%;text-align:right;">Athletics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Quakers" title="Penn Quakers">Penn Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Pennsylvania_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Pennsylvania Band">Band</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Fight_on,_Pennsylvania!" title="Fight on, Pennsylvania!">Fight on, Pennsylvania!</a>"</li> <li>Basketball <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Quakers_men%27s_basketball" title="Penn Quakers men's basketball">Men's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Quakers_women%27s_basketball" title="Penn Quakers women's basketball">Women's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Quakers_football" title="Penn Quakers football">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Boat_Club" title="College Boat Club">College Boat Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Quakers_men%27s_lacrosse" title="Penn Quakers men's lacrosse">Lacrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Relays" title="Penn Relays">Penn Relays</a></li> <li>Soccer <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Quakers_men%27s_soccer" title="Penn Quakers men's soccer">Men's</a></li> <li>Women's</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Quakers_men%27s_squash" title="Penn Quakers men's squash">Men's squash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_of_1923_Arena" title="Class of 1923 Arena">Class of 1923 Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Field" title="Franklin Field">Franklin Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiklejohn_Stadium" title="Meiklejohn Stadium">Meiklejohn Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestra" title="Palestra">Palestra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#011F5B;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #990000, inset -2px -2px 0 #990000;;width:1%;text-align:right;">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Pennsylvanian" title="The Daily Pennsylvanian">The Daily Pennsylvanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/34th_Street_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="34th Street Magazine">34th Street Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Under_the_Button" class="mw-redirect" title="Under the Button">Under the Button</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Punch_Bowl" title="Pennsylvania Punch Bowl">Pennsylvania Punch Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">Penn Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wharton_School_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wharton School Publishing">Wharton School Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WQHS_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="WQHS Radio">WQHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WXPN" title="WXPN">WXPN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#011F5B;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #990000, inset -2px -2px 0 #990000;;width:1%;text-align:right;">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Student_life_at_the_University_of_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Student life at the University of Pennsylvania">Student life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Band" title="University of Pennsylvania Band">Penn Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mask_and_Wig" class="mw-redirect" title="Mask and Wig">Mask and Wig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Glee_Club" title="University of Pennsylvania Glee Club">Glee Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Masala" title="Penn Masala">Masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_MERT" title="Penn MERT">MERT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomathean_Society" title="Philomathean Society">Philomathean Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Club_of_New_York" title="Penn Club of New York">Penn Club of New York</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hail,_Pennsylvania!" title="Hail, Pennsylvania!">Hail, Pennsylvania!</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Red_and_Blue" title="The Red and Blue">The Red and Blue</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#011F5B;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #990000, inset -2px -2px 0 #990000;;width:1%;text-align:right;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_University_of_Pennsylvania" title="List of presidents of the University of Pennsylvania">President</a>: <a href="/wiki/J._Larry_Jameson" title="J. Larry Jameson">J. Larry Jameson</a> (interim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Pennsylvania_people" title="List of University of Pennsylvania people">Notable alumni and faculty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wharton_School_alumni" title="List of Wharton School alumni">Wharton alumni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#011F5B;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #990000, inset -2px -2px 0 #990000;;width:1%;text-align:right;">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(University_of_Pennsylvania)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (University of Pennsylvania)">Benjamin Franklin statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Edgar_Fahs_Smith" title="Statue of Edgar Fahs Smith">Edgar Fahs Smith statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Whitefield" title="Statue of George Whitefield">George Whitefield statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Button_(sculpture)" title="The Button (sculpture)">The Button sculpture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#011F5B;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #990000, inset -2px -2px 0 #990000;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_Pennsylvania" title="Category:University of Pennsylvania">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:University_of_Pennsylvania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:University of Pennsylvania">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;background-color:#011F5B;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #990000, inset -2px -2px 0 #990000;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ivy_League" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#01563F;color:#FFFFFF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ivy_League" title="Template:Ivy League"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ivy_League" title="Template talk:Ivy League"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ivy_League" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ivy League"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ivy_League" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#01563F;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Teams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Bears" title="Brown Bears">Brown Bears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Lions" title="Columbia Lions">Columbia Lions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red" title="Cornell Big Red">Cornell Big Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_Big_Green" title="Dartmouth Big Green">Dartmouth Big Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson" title="Harvard Crimson">Harvard Crimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Quakers" title="Penn Quakers">Penn Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigers" title="Princeton Tigers">Princeton Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs" title="Yale Bulldogs">Yale Bulldogs</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Ivy_league_simple_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ivy_league_simple_logo.png/50px-Ivy_league_simple_logo.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ivy_league_simple_logo.png/75px-Ivy_league_simple_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ivy_league_simple_logo.png/100px-Ivy_league_simple_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="319" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#01563F;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_League_Baseball_Championship_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivy League Baseball Championship Series">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_League_men%27s_basketball" title="Ivy League men's basketball">Basketball (men's)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_League_women%27s_basketball_tournament" title="Ivy League women's basketball tournament">Basketball (women's)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_League_Fencing_Championships" title="Ivy League Fencing Championships">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Rugby_Conference" title="Ivy Rugby Conference">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_League_men%27s_soccer_tournament" title="Ivy League men's soccer tournament">Soccer (men's)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_League_women%27s_soccer_tournament" title="Ivy League women's soccer tournament">Soccer (women's)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#01563F;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Three_(colleges)" title="Big Three (colleges)">Big Three</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ivy_League_business_schools" title="List of Ivy League business schools">Business schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_League_Digital_Network" title="Ivy League Digital Network">Digital Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Council" title="Ivy Council">Ivy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ivy_League_law_schools" title="List of Ivy League law schools">Law schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ivy_League_medical_schools" title="List of Ivy League medical schools">Medical schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_League_nude_posture_photos" title="Ivy League nude posture photos">Nude posture photos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Ivy" title="Public Ivy">Public Ivy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ivy_League_public_policy_schools" title="List of Ivy League public policy schools">Public policy schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Take_Ivy" title="Take Ivy">Take Ivy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Tu_Tambien" title="Y Tu Tambien">Y Tu Tambien</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Education_in_Philadelphia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Education_in_Philadelphia" title="Template:Education in Philadelphia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Education_in_Philadelphia" title="Template talk:Education in Philadelphia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Education_in_Philadelphia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Education in Philadelphia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Education_in_Philadelphia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">K-12 Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Schools_in_Philadelphia" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Schools in Philadelphia">Template:Schools in Philadelphia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tertiary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_College_of_Philadelphia" title="Community College of Philadelphia">Community College of Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family_University" title="Holy Family University">Holy Family University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_University" title="Thomas Jefferson University">Thomas Jefferson University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moore_College_of_Art_and_Design" title="Moore College of Art and Design">Moore College of Art and Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Academy_of_the_Fine_Arts" title="Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts">Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_University" title="Saint Joseph's University">Saint Joseph's University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_University" title="Temple University">Temple University</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">University of Pennsylvania</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Closed" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Closed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussian_College" title="Hussian College">Hussian College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Arts_(Philadelphia)" title="University of the Arts (Philadelphia)">University of the Arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Libraries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Library_of_Philadelphia" title="Free Library of Philadelphia">Free Library of Philadelphia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>This list is incomplete.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chief_administrators_of_the_University_of_Pennsylvania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#011F5B;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #990000, inset -2px -2px 0 #990000;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:University_of_Pennsylvania_presidents" title="Template:University of Pennsylvania presidents"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:University_of_Pennsylvania_presidents" title="Template talk:University of Pennsylvania presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:University_of_Pennsylvania_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:University of Pennsylvania presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chief_administrators_of_the_University_of_Pennsylvania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_University_of_Pennsylvania" title="List of presidents of the University of Pennsylvania">Chief administrators of the University of Pennsylvania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#011F5B;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #990000, inset -2px -2px 0 #990000;;width:1%">Provosts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a> (1749–1754)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(Anglican_priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Smith (Anglican priest)">William Smith</a> (1754–1779)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ewing_(pastor)" title="John Ewing (pastor)"> Ewing</a> (1779–1802)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_McDowell_(educator)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John McDowell (educator) (page does not exist)">McDowell</a> (1806–1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Andrews_(clergyman)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Andrews (clergyman)">Andrews</a> (1810–1813)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Beasley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick Beasley (page does not exist)">Beasley</a> (1813–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._DeLancey" title="William H. DeLancey">DeLancey</a> (1828–1834)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ludlow_(1793-1857)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Ludlow (1793-1857) (page does not exist)">Ludlow</a> (1834–1852)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Vethake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Vethake (page does not exist)">Vethake</a> (1853–1859)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Goodwin_(Penn)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Goodwin (Penn) (page does not exist)">Goodwin</a> (1860–1868)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Janeway_Still%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Janeway Stillé (page does not exist)">Stillé</a> (1868–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pepper" title="William Pepper">Pepper</a> (1881–1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Custis_Harrison" title="Charles Custis Harrison">Harrison</a> (1894–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Fahs_Smith" title="Edgar Fahs Smith">Edgar Smith</a> (1910–1920)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josiah_Harmar_Penniman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josiah Harmar Penniman (page does not exist)">Penniman</a> (1921–1930)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#011F5B;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #990000, inset -2px -2px 0 #990000;;width:1%">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sovereign_Gates" title="Thomas Sovereign Gates">Gates</a> (1930–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_William_McClelland" title="George William McClelland">McClelland</a> (1944–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Stassen</a> (1948–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hagan_DuBarry" title="William Hagan DuBarry">DuBarry</a> (acting, 1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaylord_Harnwell" title="Gaylord Harnwell">Harnwell</a> (1953–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Meyerson" title="Martin Meyerson">Meyerson</a> (1970–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Hackney" title="Sheldon Hackney">Hackney</a> (1981–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Fagin" title="Claire Fagin">Fagin</a> (interim, 1993–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Rodin" title="Judith Rodin">Rodin</a> (1994–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Gutmann" title="Amy Gutmann">Gutmann</a> (2004–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Magill" title="Liz Magill">Magill</a> (2022–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Larry_Jameson" title="J. Larry Jameson">Jameson</a> (interim, 2023–Present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#011F5B;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #990000, inset -2px -2px 0 #990000;"><div>The chief administrator prior to 1930 was the provost.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Benjamin_Franklin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Benjamin_Franklin" title="Template:Benjamin Franklin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Benjamin_Franklin" title="Template talk:Benjamin Franklin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Benjamin_Franklin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Benjamin Franklin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Benjamin_Franklin" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Pennsylvania" title="List of governors of Pennsylvania">President of Pennsylvania (1785–1788)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_France" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to France">Ambassador to France (1779–1785)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress (1775–1776)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founding of the United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Join,_or_Die" title="Join, or Die">Join, or Die. (1754 political cartoon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albany_Plan" title="Albany Plan">Albany Plan of Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albany_Congress" title="Albany Congress">Albany Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_letters_affair" title="Hutchinson letters affair">Hutchinson letters affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence" title="Committee of Secret Correspondence">Committee of Secret Correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Five" title="Committee of Five">Committee of Five</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">"...to be self-evident"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Treaty" title="Model Treaty">Model Treaty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Franco-American alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amity_and_Commerce_(France%E2%80%93United_States)" title="Treaty of Amity and Commerce (France–United States)">Treaty of Amity and Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">Treaty of Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Peace_Conference" title="Staten Island Peace Conference">Staten Island Peace Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Constitution_of_1776" title="Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776">1776 Pennsylvania Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertas_Americana" title="Libertas Americana">Libertas Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris, 1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Delegate, 1787 Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania#Government" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inventions, other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_electrostatic_machine" title="Franklin's electrostatic machine">Franklin's electrostatic machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifocals" title="Bifocals">Bifocals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_stove" title="Franklin stove">Franklin stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_harmonica#Franklin's_armonica" title="Glass harmonica">Glass armonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream#History" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream exploration, naming, and chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_rod" title="Lightning rod">Lightning rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_experiment" title="Kite experiment">Kite experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay_it_forward" title="Pay it forward">Pay it forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associators" title="Associators">Associators</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/111th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="111th Infantry Regiment (United States)">111th Infantry Regiment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junto_(club)" title="Junto (club)">Junto club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_Company_of_Philadelphia" title="Library Company of Philadelphia">Library Company of Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Hospital" title="Pennsylvania Hospital">Pennsylvania Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_and_College_of_Philadelphia" title="Academy and College of Philadelphia">Academy and College of Philadelphia</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">University of Pennsylvania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Contributionship" title="Philadelphia Contributionship">Philadelphia Contributionship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Fire_Company" title="Union Fire Company">Union Fire Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_American_currency" title="Early American currency">Early American currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Currency_dollar_coin" title="Continental Currency dollar coin">Continental Currency dollar coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugio_cent" title="Fugio cent">Fugio cent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States#Early_postal_history" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">United States Postal Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_street_lighting_in_the_United_States" title="History of street lighting in the United States">Street lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Abolition_Society" title="Pennsylvania Abolition Society">President, Pennsylvania Abolition Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Neuf_S%C5%93urs" title="Les Neuf Sœurs">Master, Les Neuf Sœurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Burial_Ground" title="Christ Church Burial Ground">Gravesite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Papers_of_Benjamin_Franklin" title="The Papers of Benjamin Franklin">The Papers of Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silence_Dogood" title="Silence Dogood">Silence Dogood letters (1722)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Dissertation_on_Liberty_and_Necessity,_Pleasure_and_Pain" title="A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain">A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain (1725)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Busy-Body_(pen_name)" title="The Busy-Body (pen name)">The Busy-Body columns (1729)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pennsylvania_Gazette" title="The Pennsylvania Gazette">The Pennsylvania Gazette (1729–1790)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_American_publishers_and_printers" title="Early American publishers and printers">Early American publishers and printers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Richard%27s_Almanack" title="Poor Richard's Almanack">Poor Richard's Almanack (1732–1758)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Drinker%27s_Dictionary" title="The Drinker's Dictionary">The Drinker's Dictionary (1737)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advice_to_a_Friend_on_Choosing_a_Mistress" title="Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress">"Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress" (1745)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Speech_of_Polly_Baker" title="The Speech of Polly Baker">"The Speech of Polly Baker" (1747)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observations_Concerning_the_Increase_of_Mankind,_Peopling_of_Countries,_etc." title="Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc.">Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc. (1751)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiments_and_Observations_on_Electricity" title="Experiments and Observations on Electricity">Experiments and Observations on Electricity (1751)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Birch#Copies_of_Franklin_letters" title="Thomas Birch">Birch letters (1755)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Way_to_Wealth" title="The Way to Wealth">The Way to Wealth (1758)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Chronicle" title="Pennsylvania Chronicle">Pennsylvania Chronicle (1767)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Rules_By_Which_A_Great_Empire_May_Be_Reduced_To_A_Small_One" class="extiw" title="s:Rules By Which A Great Empire May Be Reduced To A Small One">Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One (1773)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal#Benjamin_Franklin" title="Indian removal">Proposed alliance with the Iroquois (1775)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Letter_to_a_Royal_Academy" title="A Letter to a Royal Academy">A Letter to a Royal Academy (1781)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_savage#Benjamin_Franklin's_Remarks_Concerning_the_Savages_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble savage">Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America (1784)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Morals_of_Chess" title="The Morals of Chess">"The Morals of Chess" (1786)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_Address_to_the_Public" class="extiw" title="s:An Address to the Public">An Address to the Public (1789)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Plan_for_Improving_the_Condition_of_the_Free_Blacks" class="extiw" title="s:A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks">A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks (1789)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Autobiography_of_Benjamin_Franklin" title="The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin">The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin (1771–1790, pub. 1791)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagatelles_and_Satires" title="Bagatelles and Satires">Bagatelles and Satires (pub. 1845)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers#The_New_England_Courant" title="History of American newspapers">Franklin as a journalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin%27s_phonetic_alphabet" title="Benjamin Franklin's phonetic alphabet">Franklin's phonetic alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Benjamin_Franklin" title="Bibliography of Benjamin Franklin">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Court" title="Franklin Court">Franklin Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_House" title="Benjamin Franklin House">Benjamin Franklin House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology">Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Parkway" title="Benjamin Franklin Parkway">Benjamin Franklin Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_National_Memorial" title="Benjamin Franklin National Memorial">Benjamin Franklin National Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute_Awards" title="Franklin Institute Awards">awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Medal" title="Franklin Medal">medal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Medal_(American_Philosophical_Society)" title="Benjamin Franklin Medal (American Philosophical Society)">Benjamin Franklin Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Medal_(Royal_Society_of_Arts)" title="Benjamin Franklin Medal (Royal Society of Arts)">Royal Society of Arts medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Apotheosis_of_Washington" title="The Apotheosis of Washington">Depicted in The Apotheosis of Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_56_Signers_of_the_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence">Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(painting)" title="Treaty of Paris (painting)">Treaty of Paris</a> (1783 painting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Drawing_Electricity_from_the_Sky" title="Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity from the Sky">Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity from the Sky</a> (1816 painting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_War_Door" title="Revolutionary War Door">Revolutionary War Door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Boston)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Boston)">Boston statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Chicago)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Chicago)">Chicago statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Columbus,_Ohio)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Columbus, Ohio)">Columbus, Ohio, statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(University_of_Pennsylvania)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (University of Pennsylvania)">University of Pennsylvania statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Portland,_Oregon)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Portland, Oregon)">Portland, Oregon, statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(San_Francisco)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (San Francisco)">San Francisco statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Stanford_University)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Stanford University)">Stanford University statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Washington, D.C.)">Washington D.C. statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Memorial#Exterior" title="Jefferson Memorial">Jefferson Memorial pediment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refunding_Certificate" title="Refunding Certificate">Refunding Certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_half_dollar" title="Franklin half dollar">Franklin half dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_one-hundred-dollar_bill" title="United States one-hundred-dollar bill">One-hundred-dollar bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_silver_dollar" title="Benjamin Franklin silver dollar">Franklin silver dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington%E2%80%93Franklin_Issues" title="Washington–Franklin Issues">Washington–Franklin stamps</a> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Benjamin_Franklin_on_stamps" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Benjamin Franklin on stamps">other stamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_for_Benjamin_Franklin" title="List of places named for Benjamin Franklin">Cities, counties, schools named for Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_College" title="Benjamin Franklin College">Benjamin Franklin College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Field" title="Franklin Field">Franklin Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Franklin_(New_Hampshire)" title="Mount Franklin (New Hampshire)">Mount Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Franklin" title="State of Franklin">State of Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Ben_(MLS_supporters_association)" title="Sons of Ben (MLS supporters association)">Sons of Ben (Philadelphia Union)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Franklin" title="USS Franklin">Ships named USS Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Franklin_effect" title="Ben Franklin effect">Ben Franklin effect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_in_popular_culture" title="Benjamin Franklin in popular culture">In popular culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ben_and_Me" title="Ben and Me">Ben and Me (1953 short)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Franklin_in_Paris" title="Ben Franklin in Paris">Ben Franklin in Paris (1964 musical play)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776_(musical)" title="1776 (musical)">1776 (1969 musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776_(film)" title="1776 (film)">1972 film</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_(miniseries)" title="Benjamin Franklin (miniseries)">Benjamin Franklin (miniseries)</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_More_Perfect_Union_(film)" title="A More Perfect Union (film)">A More Perfect Union (1989 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty!" title="Liberty!">Liberty! (1997 documentary series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty%27s_Kids" title="Liberty's Kids">Liberty's Kids (2002 animated series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_(2002_TV_series)" title="Benjamin Franklin (2002 TV series)">Benjamin Franklin (2002 documentary series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(miniseries)" title="John Adams (miniseries)">John Adams (2008 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty_(miniseries)" title="Sons of Liberty (miniseries)">Sons of Liberty (2015 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_(film)" title="Benjamin Franklin (film)">Benjamin Franklin (2022 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_(miniseries)" title="Franklin (miniseries)">Franklin (2024 miniseries)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New-England_Courant" title="The New-England Courant">The New-England Courant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Museum_(magazine)" title="The American Museum (magazine)">The American Museum magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">patriots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syng_inkstand" title="Syng inkstand">Syng inkstand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Read" title="Deborah Read">Deborah Read (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Franklin" title="William Franklin">William Franklin (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Folger_Franklin" title="Francis Folger Franklin">Francis Franklin (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Franklin_Bache" title="Sarah Franklin Bache">Sarah Franklin Bache (daughter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Temple_Franklin" title="William Temple Franklin">William Franklin (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Bache" title="Benjamin Franklin Bache">Benjamin F. Bache (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Franklin_Bache" title="Louis Franklin Bache">Louis F. Bache (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bache_Jr." title="Richard Bache Jr.">Richard Bache Jr. (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_A._Harwood" title="Andrew A. Harwood">Andrew Harwood (great-grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dallas_Bache" title="Alexander Dallas Bache">Alexander Bache (great-grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Franklin" title="Josiah Franklin">Josiah Franklin (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Franklin_(printer)" title="James Franklin (printer)">James Franklin (brother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Franklin_Mecom" title="Jane Franklin Mecom">Jane Mecom (sister)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Morrell_Folger" title="Mary Morrell Folger">Mary Morrell Folger (grandmother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Folger_(Nantucket_settler)" title="Peter Folger (Nantucket settler)">Peter Folger (grandfather)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bache" title="Richard Bache">Richard Bache (son-in-law)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Smith_Franklin" title="Ann Smith Franklin">Ann Smith Franklin (sister-in-law)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Benjamin_Franklin" title="Category:Benjamin Franklin">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philadelphia_Big_5" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#1169B1;color:#FFFFFF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Big_5" title="Template:Big 5"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Big_5" title="Template talk:Big 5"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Big_5" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Big 5"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philadelphia_Big_5" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Big_5" title="Philadelphia Big 5">Philadelphia Big 5</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;background:#CA212A;color:#FFFFFF;">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drexel_University" title="Drexel University">Drexel University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Salle_University" title="La Salle University">La Salle University</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">University of Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_University" title="Saint Joseph's University">Saint Joseph's University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_University" title="Temple University">Temple University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanova_University" title="Villanova University">Villanova University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;background:#CA212A;color:#FFFFFF;">Teams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drexel_Dragons_men%27s_basketball" title="Drexel Dragons men's basketball">Drexel Dragons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Salle_Explorers_men%27s_basketball" title="La Salle Explorers men's basketball">La Salle Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Quakers_men%27s_basketball" title="Penn Quakers men's basketball">Penn Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_Hawks_men%27s_basketball" title="Saint Joseph's Hawks men's basketball">Saint Joseph's Hawks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Owls_men%27s_basketball" title="Temple Owls men's basketball">Temple Owls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanova_Wildcats_men%27s_basketball" title="Villanova Wildcats men's basketball">Villanova Wildcats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;background:#CA212A;color:#FFFFFF;">Arenas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daskalakis_Athletic_Center" title="Daskalakis Athletic Center">Daskalakis Athletic Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagan_Arena" title="Hagan Arena">Hagan Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liacouras_Center" title="Liacouras Center">Liacouras Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestra" title="Palestra">Palestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finneran_Pavilion" title="Finneran Pavilion">Finneran Pavilion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Gola_Arena" title="Tom Gola Arena">Tom Gola Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Glaser_Arena" title="John Glaser Arena">John Glaser Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wells_Fargo_Center_(Philadelphia)" title="Wells Fargo Center (Philadelphia)">Wells Fargo Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;background:#CA212A;color:#FFFFFF;">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_5_Classic" title="Big 5 Classic">Big 5 Classic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;background:#CA212A;color:#FFFFFF;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_6" title="City 6">City 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_War_(Saint_Joseph%27s%E2%80%93Villanova)" title="Holy War (Saint Joseph's–Villanova)">Holy War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_V._Geasey_Trophy" title="Robert V. Geasey Trophy">Robert V. Geasey Trophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_33rd_Street" title="Battle of 33rd Street">Battle of 33rd Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sports_teams_based_in_and_around_Philadelphia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philadelphia_Sports" title="Template:Philadelphia Sports"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philadelphia_Sports" title="Template talk:Philadelphia Sports"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philadelphia_Sports" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philadelphia Sports"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sports_teams_based_in_and_around_Philadelphia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Philadelphia" title="Sports in Philadelphia">Sports teams based in and around Philadelphia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">Baseball</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">MLB</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies" title="Philadelphia Phillies">Philadelphia Phillies</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/International_League" title="International League">IL</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley_IronPigs" title="Lehigh Valley IronPigs">Lehigh Valley IronPigs</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Eastern_League_(1938%E2%80%93present)" title="Eastern League (1938–present)">EL</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Reading_Fightin_Phils" title="Reading Fightin Phils">Reading Fightin Phils</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_League" title="South Atlantic League">SAL</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_Blue_Rocks" title="Wilmington Blue Rocks">Wilmington Blue Rocks</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/MLB_Draft_League" title="MLB Draft League">MLBDL</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Trenton_Thunder" title="Trenton Thunder">Trenton Thunder</a></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="14" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.svg/80px-Flag_of_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.svg/120px-Flag_of_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.svg/160px-Flag_of_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Philly_(45).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Philly_%2845%29.JPG/80px-Philly_%2845%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Philly_%2845%29.JPG/120px-Philly_%2845%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Philly_%2845%29.JPG/160px-Philly_%2845%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Ct900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ct900.jpg/80px-Ct900.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ct900.jpg/120px-Ct900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ct900.jpg/160px-Ct900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Philly_(35).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Philly_%2835%29.jpg/80px-Philly_%2835%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Philly_%2835%29.jpg/120px-Philly_%2835%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Philly_%2835%29.jpg/160px-Philly_%2835%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">NBA</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_76ers" title="Philadelphia 76ers">Philadelphia 76ers</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/NBA_G_League" title="NBA G League">G League</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Blue_Coats" title="Delaware Blue Coats">Delaware Blue Coats</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Esports" title="Esports">Esports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Overwatch_League" title="Overwatch League">Overwatch League</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Fusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Fusion">Philadelphia Fusion</a> (defunct)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">Football</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">NFL</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles" title="Philadelphia Eagles">Philadelphia Eagles</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Arena_Football_League" title="Arena Football League">AFL</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Soul" title="Philadelphia Soul">Philadelphia Soul</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Hockey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">NHL</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Flyers" title="Philadelphia Flyers">Philadelphia Flyers</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/American_Hockey_League" title="American Hockey League">AHL</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley_Phantoms" title="Lehigh Valley Phantoms">Lehigh Valley Phantoms</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/ECHL" title="ECHL">ECHL</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Reading_Royals" title="Reading Royals">Reading Royals</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hockey_League_(2013%E2%80%93)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Hockey League (2013–)">EHL</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Little_Flyers" title="Philadelphia Little Flyers">Philadelphia Little Flyers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Junior_Flyers" title="Philadelphia Junior Flyers">Philadelphia Junior Flyers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Revolution" title="Philadelphia Revolution">Philadelphia Revolution</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">Rugby league</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/USA_Rugby_League" title="USA Rugby League">USARL</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bucks_County_Sharks" title="Bucks County Sharks">Bucks County Sharks</a></dd> <dd>Delaware Black Foxes</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Fight" title="Philadelphia Fight">Philadelphia Fight</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roller_derby" title="Roller derby">Roller derby</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Flat_Track_Derby_Association" title="Women's Flat Track Derby Association">WFTDA</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Diamond_State_Roller_Girls" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamond State Roller Girls">Diamond State Roller Girls</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley_Roller_Derby" title="Lehigh Valley Roller Derby">Lehigh Valley Roller Derby</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philly_Roller_Derby" title="Philly Roller Derby">Philly Roller Derby</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Soccer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">MLS</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Union" title="Philadelphia Union">Philadelphia Union</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/MLS_Next_Pro" title="MLS Next Pro">MLS Next Pro</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Union_II" title="Philadelphia Union II">Philadelphia Union II</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/National_Independent_Soccer_Association" title="National Independent Soccer Association">NISA</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Fury_(2011%E2%80%932019)" title="Philadelphia Fury (2011–2019)">Philadelphia Fury</a> (hiatus)</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/USL_League_Two" title="USL League Two">USL2</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley_United" title="Lehigh Valley United">Lehigh Valley United</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ocean_City_Nor%27easters" title="Ocean City Nor'easters">Ocean City Nor'easters</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Lone_Star_FC" title="Philadelphia Lone Star FC">Philadelphia Lone Star FC</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Reading_United_AC" title="Reading United AC">Reading United AC</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/West_Chester_United_SC" title="West Chester United SC">West Chester United SC</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/National_Premier_Soccer_League" title="National Premier Soccer League">NPSL</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_City_FC" title="Atlantic City FC">Atlantic City FC</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Torch_FC" title="Torch FC">Torch FC</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">Tennis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/World_TeamTennis" title="World TeamTennis">WTT</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Freedoms" title="Philadelphia Freedoms">Philadelphia Freedoms</a> (defunct)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lacrosse" title="Lacrosse">Lacrosse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/National_Lacrosse_League" title="National Lacrosse League">NLL</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Wings_(2018%E2%80%93)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Wings (2018–)">Philadelphia Wings</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Premier_Lacrosse_League" title="Premier Lacrosse League">PLL</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Waterdogs" title="Philadelphia Waterdogs">Philadelphia Waterdogs</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultimate (sport)">Ultimate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/American_Ultimate_Disc_League" class="mw-redirect" title="American Ultimate Disc League">AUDL</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Phoenix_(AUDL)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Phoenix (AUDL)">Philadelphia Phoenix</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:College_sports_teams_in_the_United_States_by_sport" title="Category:College sports teams in the United States by sport">College athletics</a> (<a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I" title="NCAA Division I">NCAA Div. I</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Fightin%27_Blue_Hens" title="Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens">Delaware Blue Hens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drexel_Dragons" title="Drexel Dragons">Drexel Dragons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Leopards" title="Lafayette Leopards">Lafayette Leopards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Salle_Explorers" title="La Salle Explorers">La Salle Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Mountain_Hawks" title="Lehigh Mountain Hawks">Lehigh Mountain Hawks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Quakers" title="Penn Quakers">Penn Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigers" title="Princeton Tigers">Princeton Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rider_Broncs" title="Rider Broncs">Rider Broncs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_Hawks" title="Saint Joseph's Hawks">Saint Joseph's Hawks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Owls" title="Temple Owls">Temple Owls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanova_Wildcats" title="Villanova Wildcats">Villanova Wildcats</a></li></ul> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Big_5" title="Philadelphia Big 5">Philadelphia Big 5</a> and <a href="/wiki/City_6" title="City 6">City 6</a></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/College_athletics" class="mw-redirect" title="College athletics">College athletics</a> (<a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_II" title="NCAA Division II">NCAA Div. II</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Rams" title="Jefferson Rams">Jefferson Rams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Chester_Golden_Rams" title="West Chester Golden Rams">West Chester Golden Rams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_Wildcats" title="Wilmington Wildcats">Wilmington Wildcats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currently defunct teams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Template:Defunct_Philadelphia_sports_teams" title="Template:Defunct Philadelphia sports teams">Template:Defunct Philadelphia sports teams</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Philadelphia" title="Sports in Philadelphia">Sports in Philadelphia</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Association_of_American_Universities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Association_of_American_Universities" title="Template:Association of American Universities"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: #ffffff">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Association_of_American_Universities" title="Template talk:Association of American Universities"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: #ffffff">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Association_of_American_Universities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Association of American Universities"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: #ffffff">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Association_of_American_Universities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities" title="Association of American Universities">Association of American Universities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">Public</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State</a></li> <li>California <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis" title="University of California, Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine" title="University of California, Irvine">Irvine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Riverside" title="University of California, Riverside">Riverside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">Santa Barbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Cruz" title="University of California, Santa Cruz">Santa Cruz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder" title="University of Colorado Boulder">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia Institute of Technology">Georgia Tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Urbana-Champaign" title="University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Bloomington" title="Indiana University Bloomington">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Iowa" title="University of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Kansas" title="University of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri" title="University of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li>New York <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_at_Buffalo" title="University at Buffalo">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stony_Brook_University" title="Stony Brook University">Stony Brook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oregon" title="University of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Florida" title="University of South Florida">South Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah" title="University of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">Private</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">Caltech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Miami" title="University of Miami">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">Notre Dame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">NYU</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">Southern California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University" title="Vanderbilt University">Vanderbilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colonial_colleges" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Colonial_Colleges" title="Template:Colonial Colleges"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Colonial_Colleges" title="Template talk:Colonial Colleges"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colonial_Colleges" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Colonial Colleges"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colonial_colleges" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_colleges" title="Colonial colleges">Colonial colleges</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">William & Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="QuestBridge_partner_institutions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:QuestBridge" title="Template:QuestBridge"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:QuestBridge" title="Template talk:QuestBridge"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:QuestBridge" title="Special:EditPage/Template:QuestBridge"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="QuestBridge_partner_institutions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/QuestBridge" title="QuestBridge">QuestBridge</a> partner institutions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amherst_College" title="Amherst College">Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnard_College" title="Barnard College">Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_College" title="Boston College">Boston C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowdoin_College" title="Bowdoin College">Bowdoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">Caltech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleton_College" title="Carleton College">Carleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_McKenna_College" title="Claremont McKenna College">Claremont McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colby_College" title="Colby College">Colby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colgate_University" title="Colgate University">Colgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="College of the Holy Cross">Holy Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_College" title="Colorado College">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davidson_College" title="Davidson College">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denison_University" title="Denison University">Denison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinnell_College" title="Grinnell College">Grinnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_College" title="Hamilton College">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haverford_College" title="Haverford College">Haverford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macalester_College" title="Macalester College">Macalester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlebury_College" title="Middlebury College">Middlebury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlin_College" title="Oberlin College">Oberlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomona_College" title="Pomona College">Pomona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scripps_College" title="Scripps College">Scripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skidmore_College" title="Skidmore College">Skidmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_College" title="Smith College">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarthmore_College" title="Swarthmore College">Swarthmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">Notre Dame</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">Southern California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University" title="Vanderbilt University">Vanderbilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassar_College" title="Vassar College">Vassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University" title="Washington and Lee University">Washington and Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellesley_College" title="Wellesley College">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_University" title="Wesleyan University">Wesleyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_College" title="Williams College">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Largest_United_States_university_campuses_by_enrollment" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_United_States_universities_by_enrollment" title="Template:Largest United States universities by enrollment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_United_States_universities_by_enrollment" title="Template talk:Largest United States universities by enrollment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_United_States_universities_by_enrollment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest United States universities by enrollment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Largest_United_States_university_campuses_by_enrollment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_public_university_campuses_by_enrollment" title="List of United States public university campuses by enrollment">Largest United States university campuses by enrollment</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Central_Florida" title="University of Central Florida">Central Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_International_University" title="Florida International University">Florida International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_State_University" title="Georgia State University">Georgia State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Urbana-Champaign" title="University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">Texas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>(2022–23 Academic Year)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Private_colleges_and_universities_in_Pennsylvania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Private_Colleges_and_Universities_in_Pennsylvania" title="Template:Private Colleges and Universities in Pennsylvania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Private_Colleges_and_Universities_in_Pennsylvania" title="Template talk:Private Colleges and Universities in Pennsylvania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Private_Colleges_and_Universities_in_Pennsylvania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Private Colleges and Universities in Pennsylvania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Private_colleges_and_universities_in_Pennsylvania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">Private colleges and universities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Liberal arts colleges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albright_College" title="Albright College">Albright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_College" title="Allegheny College">Allegheny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_College" title="Bryn Mawr College">Bryn Mawr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_Crest_College" title="Cedar Crest College">Cedar Crest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_University" title="Chatham University">Chatham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickinson_College" title="Dickinson College">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethtown_College" title="Elizabethtown College">Elizabethtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_%26_Marshall_College" title="Franklin & Marshall College">Franklin & Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_College" title="Geneva College">Geneva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_College" title="Gettysburg College">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grove_City_College" title="Grove City College">Grove City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haverford_College" title="Haverford College">Haverford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniata_College" title="Juniata College">Juniata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_(Pennsylvania)" title="King's College (Pennsylvania)">King's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_College" title="Lafayette College">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon_Valley_College" title="Lebanon Valley College">Lebanon Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycoming_College" title="Lycoming College">Lycoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marywood_University" title="Marywood University">Marywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercyhurst_University" title="Mercyhurst University">Mercyhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_University" title="Moravian University">Moravian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhlenberg_College" title="Muhlenberg College">Muhlenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_College" title="Saint Vincent College">Saint Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susquehanna_University" title="Susquehanna University">Susquehanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarthmore_College" title="Swarthmore College">Swarthmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursinus_College" title="Ursinus College">Ursinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_%26_Jefferson_College" title="Washington & Jefferson College">Washington & Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waynesburg_University" title="Waynesburg University">Waynesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_College_(Pennsylvania)" title="Westminster College (Pennsylvania)">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_College_(Pennsylvania)" title="Wilson College (Pennsylvania)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_College_of_Pennsylvania" title="York College of Pennsylvania">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Universities and colleges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alvernia_University" title="Alvernia University">Alvernia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_College_of_Financial_Services" title="The American College of Financial Services">The American College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadia_University" title="Arcadia University">Arcadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Art_Institutes" title="The Art Institutes">Art Institute of Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucknell_University" title="Bucknell University">Bucknell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryn_Athyn_College" title="Bryn Athyn College">Bryn Athyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairn_University" title="Cairn University">Cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlow_University" title="Carlow University">Carlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut_Hill_College" title="Chestnut Hill College">Chestnut Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarks_Summit_University" title="Clarks Summit University">Clarks Summit University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Institute_of_Music" title="Curtis Institute of Music">Curtis Institute of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Valley_University" title="Delaware Valley University">Delaware Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeSales_University" title="DeSales University">DeSales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drexel_University" title="Drexel University">Drexel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duquesne_University" title="Duquesne University">Duquesne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_University_(United_States)" title="Eastern University (United States)">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gannon_University" title="Gannon University">Gannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratz_College" title="Gratz College">Gratz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwynedd_Mercy_University" title="Gwynedd Mercy University">Gwynedd Mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harcum_College" title="Harcum College">Harcum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Harrisburg University of Science and Technology">Harrisburg University of Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family_University" title="Holy Family University">Holy Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussian_School_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussian School of Art">Hussian School of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculata_University" title="Immaculata University">Immaculata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_College" title="Keystone College">Keystone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Roche_University" title="La Roche University">La Roche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Salle_University" title="La Salle University">La Salle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lackawanna_College" title="Lackawanna College">Lackawanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Bible_College" title="Lancaster Bible College">Lancaster Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehigh_University" title="Lehigh University">Lehigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manor_College" title="Manor College">Manor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marywood_University" title="Marywood University">Marywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_University" title="Messiah University">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misericordia_University" title="Misericordia University">Misericordia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moore_College_of_Art_and_Design" title="Moore College of Art and Design">Moore College of Art and Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Aloysius_College" title="Mount Aloysius College">Mount Aloysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neumann_University" title="Neumann University">Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peirce_College" title="Peirce College">Peirce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_College_of_Art_and_Design" title="Pennsylvania College of Art and Design">Pennsylvania College of Art and Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia University">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Institute_of_Mortuary_Science" title="Pittsburgh Institute of Mortuary Science">Pittsburgh Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_Park_University" title="Point Park University">Point Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_University" title="Robert Morris University">Robert Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemont_College" title="Rosemont College">Rosemont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Charles_Borromeo_Seminary" title="St. Charles Borromeo Seminary">St. Charles Borromeo Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_University_(Pennsylvania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Francis University (Pennsylvania)">Saint Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_University" title="Saint Joseph's University">Saint Joseph's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salus_University" title="Salus University">Salus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seton_Hill_University" title="Seton Hill University">Seton Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiel_College" title="Thiel College">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_University" title="Thomas Jefferson University">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">University of Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Scranton" title="University of Scranton">University of Scranton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Valley_Forge" title="University of Valley Forge">University of Valley Forge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanova_University" title="Villanova University">Villanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widener_University" title="Widener University">Widener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkes_University" title="Wilkes University">Wilkes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colleges_and_universities_in_metropolitan_Philadelphia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Colleges_and_universities_in_metropolitan_Philadelphia" title="Template:Colleges and universities in metropolitan Philadelphia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Colleges_and_universities_in_metropolitan_Philadelphia" title="Template talk:Colleges and universities in metropolitan Philadelphia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colleges_and_universities_in_metropolitan_Philadelphia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Colleges and universities in metropolitan Philadelphia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colleges_and_universities_in_metropolitan_Philadelphia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Philadelphia" title="List of colleges and universities in Philadelphia">Colleges and universities in metropolitan Philadelphia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comprehensive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drexel_University" title="Drexel University">Drexel University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_University" title="Saint Joseph's University">Saint Joseph's University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_University" title="Temple University">Temple University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_University" title="Thomas Jefferson University">Thomas Jefferson University</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">University of Pennsylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Liberal arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut_Hill_College" title="Chestnut Hill College">Chestnut Hill College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family_University" title="Holy Family University">Holy Family University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Salle_University" title="La Salle University">La Salle University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts and sciences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Institute_of_Music" title="Curtis Institute of Music">Curtis Institute of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moore_College_of_Art_and_Design" title="Moore College of Art and Design">Moore College of Art and Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Academy_of_the_Fine_Arts" title="Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts">Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine">Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Career and vocational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peirce_College" title="Peirce College">Peirce College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Restaurant_School_at_Walnut_Hill_College" title="The Restaurant School at Walnut Hill College">The Restaurant School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Community colleges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_College_of_Philadelphia" title="Community College of Philadelphia">Community College of Philadelphia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Montgomery County, Pennsylvania">Montgomery County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comprehensive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadia_University" title="Arcadia University">Arcadia University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_State_Abington" title="Penn State Abington">Penn State Abington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwynedd_Mercy_University" title="Gwynedd Mercy University">Gwynedd Mercy University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Liberal arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_College" title="Bryn Mawr College">Bryn Mawr College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratz_College" title="Gratz College">Gratz College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manor_College" title="Manor College">Manor College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursinus_College" title="Ursinus College">Ursinus College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts and sciences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salus_University" title="Salus University">Salus University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Career and vocational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_American_College_of_Financial_Services" title="The American College of Financial Services">The American College of Financial Services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Seminary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Rabbinical_College" title="Reconstructionist Rabbinical College">Reconstructionist Rabbinical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Theological_Seminary" title="Westminster Theological Seminary">Westminster Theological Seminary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Community colleges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County_Community_College" title="Montgomery County Community College">Montgomery County Community College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Delaware_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Delaware County, Pennsylvania">Delaware County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheyney_University_of_Pennsylvania" title="Cheyney University of Pennsylvania">Cheyney University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_County_Community_College" title="Delaware County Community College">Delaware County Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_University_(United_States)" title="Eastern University (United States)">Eastern University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haverford_College" title="Haverford College">Haverford College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neumann_University" title="Neumann University">Neumann University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_State_Brandywine" title="Penn State Brandywine">Penn State Brandywine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemont_College" title="Rosemont College">Rosemont College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarthmore_College" title="Swarthmore College">Swarthmore College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanova_University" title="Villanova University">Villanova University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chester_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Chester County, Pennsylvania">Chester County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immaculata_University" title="Immaculata University">Immaculata University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_University_(Pennsylvania)" title="Lincoln University (Pennsylvania)">Lincoln University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_State_Great_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Penn State Great Valley">Penn State Great Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Valley_Forge" title="University of Valley Forge">University of Valley Forge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Chester_University" title="West Chester University">West Chester University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widener_University" title="Widener University">Widener University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bucks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Bucks County, Pennsylvania">Bucks County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bucks_County_Community_College" title="Bucks County Community College">Bucks County Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairn_University" title="Cairn University">Cairn University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Valley_University" title="Delaware Valley University">Delaware Valley University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camden_County_College" title="Camden County College">Camden County College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowan_College_at_Burlington_County" title="Rowan College at Burlington County">Rowan College at Burlington County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowan_College_of_South_Jersey" title="Rowan College of South Jersey">Rowan College of South Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowan_University" title="Rowan University">Rowan University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooper_Medical_School_of_Rowan_University" title="Cooper Medical School of Rowan University">Cooper Medical School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowan-Virtua_School_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine">Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University%E2%80%93Camden" title="Rutgers University–Camden">Camden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutgers_Biomedical_and_Health_Sciences" title="Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences">Biomedical and Health Sciences</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem_Community_College" title="Salem Community College">Salem Community College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_College_of_Art_and_Design" title="Delaware College of Art and Design">Delaware College of Art and Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widener_University_Delaware_Law_School" title="Widener University Delaware Law School">Delaware Law School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Technical_Community_College" title="Delaware Technical Community College">Delaware Technical Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldey%E2%80%93Beacom_College" title="Goldey–Beacom College">Goldey–Beacom College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_University" title="Wilmington University">Wilmington University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Delaware" title="University of Delaware">University of Delaware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Association_of_Rowing_Colleges" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#DAF0FD"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Association_of_Rowing_Colleges" title="Template:Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Association_of_Rowing_Colleges" title="Template talk:Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Association_of_Rowing_Colleges" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Association_of_Rowing_Colleges" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Association_of_Rowing_Colleges" title="Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges">Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">BU</a> <a href="/wiki/Boston_University_Terriers" title="Boston University Terriers">Terriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown</a> <a href="/wiki/Brown_Bears" title="Brown Bears">Bears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a> <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Lions" title="Columbia Lions">Lions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell</a> <a href="/wiki/Cornell_Big_Red" title="Cornell Big Red">Big Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth</a> <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_Big_Green" title="Dartmouth Big Green">Big Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown</a> <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_Hoyas" title="Georgetown Hoyas">Hoyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a> <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson" title="Harvard Crimson">Crimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="College of the Holy Cross">Holy Cross</a> <a href="/wiki/Holy_Cross_Crusaders" title="Holy Cross Crusaders">Crusaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology#Athletics" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Navy_Midshipmen" title="Navy Midshipmen">Midshipmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_University" title="Northeastern University">Northeastern</a> <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Huskies" title="Northeastern Huskies">Huskies</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Penn</a> <a href="/wiki/College_Boat_Club" title="College Boat Club">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton</a> <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigers" title="Princeton Tigers">Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers</a> <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_Scarlet_Knights" title="Rutgers Scarlet Knights">Scarlet Knights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University" title="Syracuse University">Syracuse</a> <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_Orange" title="Syracuse Orange">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">Wisconsin</a> <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Badgers" title="Wisconsin Badgers">Badgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a> <a href="/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs" title="Yale Bulldogs">Bulldogs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philadelphia_College_Radio_Collective" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philadelphia_College_Radio_Collective" title="Template:Philadelphia College Radio Collective"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philadelphia_College_Radio_Collective" title="Template talk:Philadelphia College Radio Collective"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philadelphia_College_Radio_Collective" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philadelphia College Radio Collective"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philadelphia_College_Radio_Collective" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_College_Radio_Collective" title="Philadelphia College Radio Collective">Philadelphia College Radio Collective</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_College" title="Bryn Mawr College">Bryn Mawr College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haverford_College" title="Haverford College">Haverford College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Salle_University" title="La Salle University">La Salle University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_University" title="Saint Joseph's University">Saint Joseph's University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarthmore_College" title="Swarthmore College">Swarthmore College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_University" title="Temple University">Temple University</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">University of Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanova_University" title="Villanova University">Villanova University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49117#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49117#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49117#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000419368972">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/267632219">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/533808/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/37246-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79065482">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17031516r">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17031516r">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35416061">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2003184557&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2003184559&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX145662">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/453054">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90334855">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810580363605606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/44957">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269198905171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058523130606706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/place/d6f82483-cd41-433a-90f5-82587664e6e4">MusicBrainz place</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0131007X?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500311162">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/38026">Musée d'Orsay</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w3id.org/isil/US-5">ISIL</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/944912">Trove</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/14446389X">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6w41pg6">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&oldid=1259225793">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&oldid=1259225793</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_Pennsylvania" title="Category:University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1740_establishments_in_Pennsylvania" title="Category:1740 establishments in Pennsylvania">1740 establishments in Pennsylvania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arch_Street" title="Category:Arch Street">Arch Street</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chestnut_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Category:Chestnut Street (Philadelphia)">Chestnut Street (Philadelphia)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Collegiate_Gothic_architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Collegiate Gothic architecture in the United States">Collegiate Gothic architecture in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Colonial_colleges" title="Category:Colonial colleges">Colonial colleges</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eastern_Pennsylvania_Rugby_Union" title="Category:Eastern Pennsylvania Rugby Union">Eastern Pennsylvania Rugby Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Educational_institutions_established_in_1740" title="Category:Educational institutions established in 1740">Educational institutions established in 1740</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Universities_and_colleges_established_in_the_18th_century" title="Category:Universities and colleges established in the 18th century">Universities and colleges established in the 18th century</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gothic_Revival_architecture_in_Pennsylvania" title="Category:Gothic Revival architecture in Pennsylvania">Gothic Revival architecture in Pennsylvania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Locust_Street" title="Category:Locust Street">Locust Street</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Need-blind_educational_institutions" title="Category:Need-blind educational institutions">Need-blind educational institutions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philadelphia_Big_5" title="Category:Philadelphia Big 5">Philadelphia Big 5</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Private_universities_and_colleges_in_Pennsylvania" title="Category:Private universities and colleges in Pennsylvania">Private universities and colleges in Pennsylvania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Universities_and_colleges_in_Philadelphia" title="Category:Universities and colleges in Philadelphia">Universities and colleges in Philadelphia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_City,_Philadelphia" title="Category:University City, Philadelphia">University City, Philadelphia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ivy_Plus_universities" title="Category:Ivy Plus universities">Ivy Plus universities</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Swiss_French-language_sources_(fr-ch)" title="Category:CS1 Swiss French-language sources (fr-ch)">CS1 Swiss French-language sources (fr-ch)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_August_2023" title="Category:Use mdy dates from August 2023">Use mdy dates from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_that_are_excessively_detailed_from_June_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from June 2024">Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_are_excessively_detailed" title="Category:All articles that are excessively detailed">All articles that are excessively detailed</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_style_issues_from_June_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with style issues from June 2024">Wikipedia articles with style issues from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_style_issues" title="Category:All articles with style issues">All articles with style issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_neutral_point_of_view_disputes_from_July_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from July 2023">Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes from July 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_neutral_point_of_view_disputes" title="Category:All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes">All Wikipedia neutral point of view disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_possible_conflicts_of_interest_from_July_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with possible conflicts of interest from July 2023">Wikipedia articles with possible conflicts of interest from July 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues" title="Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues">Articles with multiple maintenance issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_using_infobox_university" title="Category:Articles using infobox university">Articles using infobox university</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_university_with_the_nickname_alias" title="Category:Pages using infobox university with the nickname alias">Pages using infobox university with the nickname alias</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2011" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 01:35 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-zntss","wgBackendResponseTime":214,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.732","walltime":"4.197","ppvisitednodes":{"value":21187,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1030543,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":146173,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":35,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1374826,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3465.607 1 -total"," 54.52% 1889.405 2 Template:Reflist"," 35.75% 1238.887 251 Template:Cite_web"," 16.80% 582.166 1 Template:Infobox_university"," 16.68% 578.233 2 Template:Infobox"," 7.39% 256.004 54 Template:Cite_news"," 6.59% 228.299 14 Template:If_empty"," 5.03% 174.396 19 Template:Navbox"," 4.11% 142.468 1 Template:Langx"," 4.03% 139.558 1 Template:Navboxes"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.252","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24104581,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","340","14.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","300","12.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","12.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","160","6.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","5.1"],["type","100","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::formatDate","80","3.4"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","3.4"],["gsub","80","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","60","2.6"],["[others]","740","31.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-mczds","timestamp":"20241124013547","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_of_Pennsylvania","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q49117","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q49117","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-10T03:27:11Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T01:35:39Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/92\/UPenn_shield_with_banner.svg","headline":"private research university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States"}</script> </body> </html>