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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing_insulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Clothing insulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing_insulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Skin_wetness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skin_wetness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2.1</span> <span>Skin wetness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skin_wetness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Environmental factors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air_temperature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_temperature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Air temperature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_temperature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mean_radiant_temperature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mean_radiant_temperature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Mean radiant temperature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mean_radiant_temperature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_speed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_speed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Air speed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_speed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relative_humidity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relative_humidity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Relative humidity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relative_humidity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_ventilation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_ventilation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Natural ventilation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_ventilation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Models_and_indices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Models_and_indices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Models and indices</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Models_and_indices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Models and indices subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Models_and_indices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-PMV/PPD_method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PMV/PPD_method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>PMV/PPD method</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PMV/PPD_method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elevated_air_speed_method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elevated_air_speed_method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Elevated air speed method</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elevated_air_speed_method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virtual_Energy_for_Thermal_Comfort" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virtual_Energy_for_Thermal_Comfort"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Virtual Energy for Thermal Comfort</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virtual_Energy_for_Thermal_Comfort-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooling_Effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooling_Effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Cooling Effect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooling_Effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_thermal_discomfort" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_thermal_discomfort"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Local thermal discomfort</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_thermal_discomfort-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radiant_temperature_asymmetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radiant_temperature_asymmetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Radiant temperature asymmetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radiant_temperature_asymmetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Draft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Draft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Draft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Draft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Floor_surface_temperature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Floor_surface_temperature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Floor surface temperature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Floor_surface_temperature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standard_effective_temperature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_effective_temperature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Standard effective temperature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_effective_temperature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaptive_comfort_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptive_comfort_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Adaptive comfort model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adaptive_comfort_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Psychological_adaptation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological_adaptation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Psychological adaptation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychological_adaptation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physiological_adaptation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiological_adaptation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Physiological adaptation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physiological_adaptation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behavioral_adaptation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavioral_adaptation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Behavioral adaptation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Behavioral_adaptation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specificity_and_sensitivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specificity_and_sensitivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Specificity and sensitivity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Specificity_and_sensitivity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Specificity and sensitivity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Specificity_and_sensitivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Individual_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individual_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Individual differences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individual_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_sex_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_sex_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Biological sex differences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_sex_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Regional differences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermal_stress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermal_stress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Thermal stress</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Thermal_stress-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Thermal stress subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Thermal_stress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Predicted_Heat_Strain_(PHS)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predicted_Heat_Strain_(PHS)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Predicted Heat Strain (PHS)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predicted_Heat_Strain_(PHS)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Conference_on_Governmental_Industrial_Hygienists_(ACGIH)_Action_Limits_and_Threshold_Limit_Values" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Conference_on_Governmental_Industrial_Hygienists_(ACGIH)_Action_Limits_and_Threshold_Limit_Values"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>American Conference on Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Action Limits and Threshold Limit Values</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Conference_on_Governmental_Industrial_Hygienists_(ACGIH)_Action_Limits_and_Threshold_Limit_Values-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medical_environments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_environments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Medical environments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_environments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_comfort_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_comfort_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Personal comfort systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_comfort_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thermal comfort</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="ارتياح حراري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ارتياح حراري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confort_higrot%C3%A8rmic" title="Confort higrotèrmic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Confort higrotèrmic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepeln%C3%BD_komfort" title="Tepelný komfort – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tepelný komfort" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermische_Behaglichkeit" title="Thermische Behaglichkeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thermische Behaglichkeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confort_higrot%C3%A9rmico" title="Confort higrotérmico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Confort higrotérmico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="آسایش گرمایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آسایش گرمایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confort_thermique" title="Confort thermique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Confort thermique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%A0%81_%EC%BE%8C%EC%A0%81%EC%84%B1" title="열적 쾌적성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="열적 쾌적성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenyamanan_termal" title="Kenyamanan termal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kenyamanan termal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%97%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="נוחות אקלימית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נוחות אקלימית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iluminis_komfortas" title="Šiluminis komfortas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šiluminis komfortas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keselesaan_terma" title="Keselesaan terma – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Keselesaan terma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%AB%E9%81%A9%E6%80%A7%E8%A9%95%E4%BE%A1" title="快適性評価 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="快適性評価" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komfort_cieplny" title="Komfort cieplny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Komfort cieplny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conforto_t%C3%A9rmico" title="Conforto térmico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Conforto térmico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confort_termic" title="Confort termic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Confort termic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termisk_komfort" title="Termisk komfort – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Termisk komfort" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Тепловий комфорт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тепловий комфорт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about comfort zones in building construction. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Comfort_zone_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Comfort zone (disambiguation)">Comfort zone (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Human-Infrared.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Human-Infrared.jpg/220px-Human-Infrared.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Human-Infrared.jpg/330px-Human-Infrared.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Human-Infrared.jpg 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="214" /></a><figcaption>A thermal image of human</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Thermal comfort</b> is the condition of mind that expresses subjective <a href="/wiki/Contentment" title="Contentment">satisfaction</a> with the thermal environment.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashrae_55_Standard_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashrae_55_Standard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The human body can be viewed as a <a href="/wiki/Heat_engine" title="Heat engine">heat engine</a> where food is the input energy. The human body will release excess heat into the environment, so the body can continue to operate. The heat transfer is proportional to temperature difference. In cold environments, the body loses more heat to the environment and in hot environments the body does not release enough heat. Both the hot and cold scenarios lead to discomfort.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maintaining this standard of thermal comfort for occupants of buildings or other enclosures is one of the important goals of <a href="/wiki/HVAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HVAC">HVAC</a> (<a href="/wiki/Heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Heating">heating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">ventilation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air conditioning</a>) design engineers. </p><p>Thermal neutrality is maintained when the heat generated by human metabolism is allowed to dissipate, thus maintaining thermal equilibrium with the surroundings. The main factors that influence thermal neutrality are those that determine heat gain and loss, namely <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolic rate">metabolic rate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clothing_insulation" title="Clothing insulation">clothing insulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dry-bulb_temperature" title="Dry-bulb temperature">air temperature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mean_radiant_temperature" title="Mean radiant temperature">mean radiant temperature</a>, air speed and <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a>. Psychological parameters, such as individual expectations, and physiological parameters also affect thermal neutrality.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Dear_&_Brager_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Dear_&_Brager-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neutral temperature is the temperature that can lead to thermal neutrality and it may vary greatly between individuals and depending on factors such as activity level, clothing, and humidity. People are highly sensitive to even small differences in environmental temperature. At 24 °C, a difference of 0.38 °C can be detected between the temperature of two rooms.<sup id="cite_ref-Battistel_Vilardi_Zampini_Parin_2023_p._4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Battistel_Vilardi_Zampini_Parin_2023_p.-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) model stands among the most recognized thermal comfort models. It was developed using principles of heat balance and experimental data collected in a controlled climate chamber under <a href="/wiki/Steady_state" title="Steady state">steady state</a> conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Fanger_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fanger-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The adaptive model, on the other hand, was developed based on hundreds of field studies with the idea that occupants dynamically interact with their environment. Occupants control their thermal environment by means of clothing, operable windows, fans, personal heaters, and sun shades.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Dear_&_Brager_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Dear_&_Brager-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nicol_and_Humphreys_adaptive_theory_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicol_and_Humphreys_adaptive_theory-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PMV model can be applied to air-conditioned buildings, while the adaptive model can be applied only to buildings where no mechanical systems have been installed.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashrae_55_Standard_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashrae_55_Standard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no consensus about which comfort model should be applied for buildings that are partially air-conditioned spatially or temporally. </p><p>Thermal comfort calculations in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/ASHRAE_55" title="ASHRAE 55">ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ashrae_55_Standard_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashrae_55_Standard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> 7730 Standard<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the EN 16798-1 Standard<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can be freely performed with either the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_Built_Environment" title="Center for the Built Environment">CBE</a> Thermal Comfort Tool for ASHRAE 55,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the Python package pythermalcomfort<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or with the R package comf. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance">Significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_comfort&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Satisfaction with the thermal environment is important because thermal conditions are potentially life-threatening for humans if the <a href="/wiki/Human_body_temperature" title="Human body temperature">core body temperature</a> reaches conditions of <a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">hyperthermia</a>, above 37.5–38.3 °C (99.5–100.9 °F),<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">hypothermia</a>, below 35.0 °C (95.0 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buildings modify the conditions of the external environment and reduce the effort that the human body needs to do in order to stay stable at a normal <a href="/wiki/Human_body_temperature" title="Human body temperature">human body temperature</a>, important for the correct functioning of human <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiological processes</a>. </p><p>The Roman writer <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a> actually linked this purpose to the birth of architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/David_J._Linden" title="David J. Linden">David Linden</a> also suggests that the reason why we associate tropical beaches with paradise is because in those environments is where human bodies need to do less <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolic effort</a> to maintain their core temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temperature not only supports human life; coolness and warmth have also become in different cultures a symbol of protection, community and even the sacred.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Building_science" title="Building science">building science</a> studies, thermal comfort has been related to productivity and health. Office workers who are satisfied with their thermal environment are more productive.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The combination of high temperature and high relative humidity reduces thermal comfort and <a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">indoor air quality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Indoor_Air_2004_74-81_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indoor_Air_2004_74-81-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although a single static temperature can be comfortable, people are attracted by thermal changes, such as campfires and cool pools. Thermal pleasure is caused by varying thermal sensations from a state of unpleasantness to a state of pleasantness, and the scientific term for it is positive thermal <a href="/wiki/Alliesthesia" title="Alliesthesia">alliesthesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alliesthesia_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alliesthesia-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From a state of thermal neutrality or comfort any change will be perceived as unpleasant.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This challenges the assumption that <a href="/wiki/Building_automation" title="Building automation">mechanically controlled buildings</a> should deliver uniform temperatures and comfort, if it is at the cost of excluding thermal pleasure.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influencing_factors">Influencing factors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_comfort&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Influencing factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since there are large variations from person to person in terms of <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychological</a> satisfaction, it is hard to find an optimal temperature for everyone in a given space. Laboratory and field data have been collected to define conditions that will be found comfortable for a specified percentage of occupants.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashrae_55_Standard_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashrae_55_Standard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are numerous factors that directly affect thermal comfort that can be grouped in two categories: </p> <ol><li><b>Personal factors</b> – characteristics of the occupants such as metabolic rate and clothing level</li> <li><b>Environmental factors</b> – which are conditions of the thermal environment, specifically air temperature, mean radiant temperature, air speed and humidity</li></ol> <p>Even if all these factors may vary with time, standards usually refer to a steady state to study thermal comfort, just allowing limited temperature variations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_factors">Personal factors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_comfort&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Personal factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metabolic_rate">Metabolic rate</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_comfort&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Metabolic rate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolic rate">Metabolic rate</a></div> <p>People have different metabolic rates that can fluctuate due to activity level and environmental conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ASHRAE 55-2017 defines metabolic rate as the rate of transformation of chemical energy into heat and mechanical work by metabolic activities of an individual, per unit of skin surface area.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashrae_55_Standard_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashrae_55_Standard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 3">: 3 </span></sup> </p><p>Metabolic rate is expressed in units of met, equal to 58.2 W/m² (18.4 Btu/h·ft²). One met is equal to the energy produced per unit surface area of an average person seated at rest. </p><p>ASHRAE 55 provides a table of metabolic rates for a variety of activities. Some common values are 0.7 met for sleeping, 1.0 met for a seated and quiet position, 1.2–1.4 met for light activities standing, 2.0 met or more for activities that involve movement, walking, lifting heavy loads or operating machinery. For intermittent activity, the standard states that it is permissible to use a time-weighted average metabolic rate if individuals are performing activities that vary over a period of one hour or less. For longer periods, different metabolic rates must be considered.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashrae_55_Standard_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashrae_55_Standard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, estimating metabolic rates is complex, and for levels above 2 or 3 met – especially if there are various ways of performing such activities – the accuracy is low. Therefore, the standard is not applicable for activities with an average level higher than 2 met. Met values can also be determined more accurately than the tabulated ones, using an empirical equation that takes into account the rate of respiratory oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production. Another physiological yet less accurate method is related to the heart rate, since there is a relationship between the latter and oxygen consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Compendium of Physical Activities is used by physicians to record physical activities. It has a different definition of met that is the ratio of the metabolic rate of the activity in question to a resting metabolic rate.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the formulation of the concept is different from the one that ASHRAE uses, these met values cannot be used directly in PMV calculations, but it opens up a new way of quantifying physical activities. </p><p>Food and drink habits may have an influence on metabolic rates, which indirectly influences thermal preferences. These effects may change depending on food and drink intake.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated16_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated16-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Body shape is another factor that affects metabolic rate and hence thermal comfort. Heat dissipation depends on body surface area. The surface area of an average person is 1.8 m<sup>2</sup> (19 ft<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-Ashrae_55_Standard_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashrae_55_Standard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A tall and skinny person has a larger surface-to-volume ratio, can dissipate heat more easily, and can tolerate higher temperatures more than a person with a rounded body shape.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated16_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated16-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Clothing_insulation">Clothing insulation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_comfort&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Clothing insulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Clothing_insulation" title="Clothing insulation">Clothing insulation</a></div> <p>The amount of thermal insulation worn by a person has a substantial impact on thermal comfort, because it influences the heat loss and consequently the thermal balance. Layers of insulating clothing prevent heat loss and can either help keep a person warm or lead to overheating. Generally, the thicker the garment is, the greater insulating ability it has. Depending on the type of material the clothing is made out of, air movement and relative humidity can decrease the insulating ability of the material.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1 clo is equal to 0.155 m<sup>2</sup>·K/W (0.88 °F·ft<sup>2</sup>·h/Btu). This corresponds to trousers, a long sleeved shirt, and a jacket. Clothing insulation values for other common ensembles or single garments can be found in ASHRAE 55.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashrae_55_Standard_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashrae_55_Standard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Skin_wetness">Skin wetness</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_comfort&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Skin wetness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Skin wetness is defined as "the proportion of the total skin surface area of the body covered with sweat".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wetness of skin in different areas also affects perceived thermal comfort. Humidity can increase wetness in different areas of the body, leading to a perception of discomfort. This is usually localized in different parts of the body, and local thermal comfort limits for skin wetness differ by locations of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extremities are much more sensitive to thermal discomfort from wetness than the trunk of the body. Although local thermal discomfort can be caused by wetness, the thermal comfort of the whole body will not be affected by the wetness of certain parts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_factors">Environmental factors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_comfort&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Environmental factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air_temperature">Air temperature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_comfort&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Air temperature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dry-bulb_temperature" title="Dry-bulb temperature">Dry-bulb temperature</a></div> <p>The air temperature is the average temperature of the air surrounding the occupant, with respect to location and time. According to ASHRAE 55 standard, the spatial average takes into account the ankle, waist and head levels, which vary for seated or standing occupants. The temporal average is based on three-minutes intervals with at least 18 equally spaced points in time. Air temperature is measured with a dry-bulb thermometer and for this reason it is also known as <a href="/wiki/Dry-bulb_temperature" title="Dry-bulb temperature">dry-bulb temperature</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mean_radiant_temperature">Mean radiant temperature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_comfort&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mean radiant temperature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mean_radiant_temperature" title="Mean radiant temperature">Mean radiant temperature</a></div> <p>The radiant temperature is related to the amount of radiant heat transferred from a surface, and it depends on the material's ability to absorb or emit heat, or its <a href="/wiki/Emissivity" title="Emissivity">emissivity</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mean_radiant_temperature" title="Mean radiant temperature">mean radiant temperature</a> depends on the temperatures and emissivities of the surrounding surfaces as well as the <a href="/wiki/View_factor" title="View factor">view factor</a>, or the amount of the surface that is “seen” by the object. So the mean radiant temperature experienced by a person in a room with the sunlight streaming in varies based on how much of their body is in the sun. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air_speed">Air speed</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_comfort&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Air speed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Air speed is defined as the rate of air movement at a point, without regard to direction. According to <a href="/wiki/ASHRAE_55" title="ASHRAE 55">ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55</a>, it is the average speed of the air surrounding a representative occupant, with respect to location and time. The spatial average is for three heights as defined for average air temperature. For an occupant moving in a space the sensors shall follow the movements of the occupant. The air speed is averaged over an interval not less than one and not greater than three minutes. Variations that occur over a period greater than three minutes shall be treated as multiple different air speeds.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relative_humidity">Relative humidity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_comfort&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Relative humidity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">Relative humidity</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">Relative humidity</a> (RH) is the ratio of the amount of water vapor in the air to the amount of water vapor that the air could hold at the specific temperature and pressure. While the human body has <a href="/wiki/Thermoreceptor" title="Thermoreceptor">thermoreceptors</a> in the skin that enable perception of temperature, relative humidity is detected indirectly. <a href="/wiki/Sweating" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweating">Sweating</a> is an effective heat loss mechanism that relies on evaporation from the skin. However at high RH, the air has close to the maximum water vapor that it can hold, so evaporation, and therefore heat loss, is decreased. On the other hand, very dry environments (RH < 20–30%) are also uncomfortable because of their effect on the mucous membranes. The recommended level of indoor humidity is in the range of 30–60% in air conditioned buildings,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but new standards such as the adaptive model allow lower and higher humidity, depending on the other factors involved in thermal comfort. </p><p>Recently, the effects of low relative humidity and high air velocity were tested on humans after bathing. Researchers found that low relative humidity engendered thermal discomfort as well as the sensation of dryness and itching. It is recommended to keep relative humidity levels higher in a bathroom than other rooms in the house for optimal conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various types of <a href="/wiki/Apparent_temperature" title="Apparent temperature">apparent temperature</a> have been developed to combine air temperature and air humidity. For higher temperatures, there are quantitative scales, such as the <a href="/wiki/Heat_index" title="Heat index">heat index</a>. For lower temperatures, a related interplay was identified only qualitatively: </p> <ul><li>High humidity and low temperatures cause the air to feel chilly.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Cold air with high relative humidity "feels" colder than dry air of the same temperature because high humidity in cold weather increases the conduction of heat from the body.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>There has been controversy over why damp cold air feels colder than dry cold air. Some believe it is because when the humidity is high, our skin and clothing become moist and are better conductors of heat, so there is more cooling by conduction.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The influence of humidity can be exacerbated with the combined use of fans (forced convection cooling).<sup id="cite_ref-Morris_English_Hospers_Capon_p=675_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris_English_Hospers_Capon_p=675-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Natural_ventilation">Natural ventilation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_comfort&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Natural ventilation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Natural_ventilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural ventilation">Natural ventilation</a></div> <p>Many buildings use an <a href="/wiki/HVAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HVAC"> HVAC unit</a> to control their thermal environment. Other buildings are <a href="/wiki/Naturally_ventilated" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturally ventilated">naturally ventilated</a> (or would have <a href="/wiki/Cross_ventilation" title="Cross ventilation">cross ventilation</a>) and do not rely on mechanical systems to provide thermal comfort. Depending on the climate, this can drastically reduce energy consumption. It is sometimes seen as a risk, though, since indoor temperatures can be too extreme if the building is poorly designed. Properly designed, naturally ventilated buildings keep indoor conditions within the range where opening windows and using fans in the summer, and wearing extra clothing in the winter, can keep people thermally comfortable.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Models_and_indices">Models and indices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_comfort&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Models and indices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several different models or indices that can be used to assess thermal comfort conditions indoors as described below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PMV/PPD_method"><span id="PMV.2FPPD_method"></span>PMV/PPD method</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_comfort&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: PMV/PPD method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Psychrometric_chart_-_PMV_method.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Psychrometric_chart_-_PMV_method.png/200px-Psychrometric_chart_-_PMV_method.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Psychrometric_chart_-_PMV_method.png/300px-Psychrometric_chart_-_PMV_method.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Psychrometric_chart_-_PMV_method.png/400px-Psychrometric_chart_-_PMV_method.png 2x" data-file-width="1109" data-file-height="917" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Psychrometric Chart</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Temperature-relative_humidity_chart_-_PMV_method.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Temperature-relative_humidity_chart_-_PMV_method.png/200px-Temperature-relative_humidity_chart_-_PMV_method.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Temperature-relative_humidity_chart_-_PMV_method.png/300px-Temperature-relative_humidity_chart_-_PMV_method.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Temperature-relative_humidity_chart_-_PMV_method.png/400px-Temperature-relative_humidity_chart_-_PMV_method.png 2x" data-file-width="1246" data-file-height="1056" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Temperature-relative humidity chart</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Two alternative representations of thermal comfort for the PMV/PPD method</div></div></div></div> <p>The PMV/PPD model was developed by <a href="/wiki/P._Ole_Fanger" class="mw-redirect" title="P. Ole Fanger">P.O. Fanger</a> using heat-balance equations and empirical studies about <a href="/wiki/Skin_temperature" title="Skin temperature">skin temperature</a> to define comfort. Standard thermal comfort surveys ask subjects about their thermal sensation on a seven-point scale from cold (−3) to hot (+3). Fanger's equations are used to calculate the predicted mean vote (PMV) of a group of subjects for a particular combination of <a href="/wiki/Dry-bulb_temperature" title="Dry-bulb temperature">air temperature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mean_radiant_temperature" title="Mean radiant temperature">mean radiant temperature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a>, air speed, metabolic rate, and <a href="/wiki/Clothing_insulation" title="Clothing insulation">clothing insulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fanger_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fanger-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PMV equal to zero is representing thermal neutrality, and the comfort zone is defined by the combinations of the six parameters for which the PMV is within the recommended limits <span class="nowrap">(−0.5 < PMV < +0.5)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashrae_55_Standard_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashrae_55_Standard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although predicting the thermal sensation of a population is an important step in determining what conditions are comfortable, it is more useful to consider whether or not people will be satisfied. Fanger developed another equation to relate the PMV to the Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD). This relation was based on studies that surveyed subjects in a chamber where the indoor conditions could be precisely controlled.<sup id="cite_ref-Fanger_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fanger-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The PMV/PPD model is applied globally but does not directly take into account the adaptation mechanisms and outdoor thermal conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Dear_&_Brager_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Dear_&_Brager-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ASHRAE Standard 55-2017 uses the PMV model to set the requirements for indoor thermal conditions. It requires that at least 80% of the occupants be satisfied.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashrae_55_Standard_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashrae_55_Standard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_Built_Environment" title="Center for the Built Environment">CBE</a> Thermal Comfort Tool for ASHRAE 55<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allows users to input the six comfort parameters to determine whether a certain combination complies with ASHRAE 55. The results are displayed on a <a href="/wiki/Psychrometric_chart" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychrometric chart">psychrometric</a> or a temperature-relative humidity chart and indicate the ranges of temperature and relative humidity that will be comfortable with the given the values input for the remaining four parameters.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The PMV/PPD model has a low prediction accuracy.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using the world largest thermal comfort field survey database,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the accuracy of PMV in predicting occupant's thermal sensation was only 34%, meaning that the thermal sensation is correctly predicted one out of three times. The PPD was overestimating subject's thermal unacceptability outside the thermal neutrality ranges (-1≤PMV≤1). The PMV/PPD accuracy varies strongly between ventilation strategies, building types and climates.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elevated_air_speed_method">Elevated air speed method</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_comfort&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Elevated air speed method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ASHRAE 55 2013 accounts for air speeds above 0.2 metres per second (0.66 ft/s) separately than the baseline model. Because air movement can provide direct cooling to people, particularly if they are not wearing much clothing, higher temperatures can be more comfortable than the PMV model predicts. Air speeds up to 0.8 m/s (2.6 ft/s) are allowed without local control, and 1.2 m/s is possible with local control. This elevated air movement increases the maximum temperature for an office space in the summer to 30 °C from 27.5 °C (86.0–81.5 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-Ashrae_55_Standard_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashrae_55_Standard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Virtual_Energy_for_Thermal_Comfort">Virtual Energy for Thermal Comfort</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_comfort&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Virtual Energy for Thermal Comfort"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Virtual Energy for Thermal Comfort" is the amount of energy that will be required to make a non-air-conditioned building relatively as comfortable as one with <a href="/wiki/Air-conditioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Air-conditioning">air-conditioning</a>. This is based on the assumption that the home will eventually install air-conditioning or heating.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Passive design improves thermal comfort in a building, thus reducing demand for heating or cooling. In many <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>, however, most occupants do not currently heat or cool, due to economic constraints, as well as climate conditions which border lines comfort conditions such as cold winter nights in Johannesburg (South Africa) or warm summer days in San Jose, Costa Rica. At the same time, as incomes rise, there is a strong tendency to introduce cooling and heating systems. If we recognize and reward passive design features that improve thermal comfort today, we diminish the risk of having to install HVAC systems in the future, or we at least ensure that such systems will be smaller and less frequently used. Or in case the heating or cooling system is not installed due to high cost, at least people should not suffer from discomfort indoors. To provide an example, in San Jose, Costa Rica, if a house were being designed with high level of glazing and small opening sizes, the internal temperature would easily rise above 30 °C (86 °F) and natural ventilation would not be enough to remove the internal heat gains and solar gains. This is why Virtual Energy for Comfort is important. </p><p><a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>'s assessment tool the EDGE software (<a href="/wiki/Excellence_in_Design_for_Greater_Efficiencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Excellence in Design for Greater Efficiencies">Excellence in Design for Greater Efficiencies</a>) illustrates the potential issues with discomfort in buildings and has created the concept of Virtual Energy for Comfort which provides for a way to present potential thermal discomfort. This approach is used to award for design solutions which improves thermal comfort even in a fully free running building. Despite the inclusion of requirements for overheating in CIBSE, overcooling has not been assessed. However, overcooling can be an issue, mainly in the developing world, for example in cities such as Lima (Peru), Bogota, and Delhi, where cooler indoor temperatures can occur frequently. This may be a new area for research and design guidance for reduction of discomfort. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cooling_Effect">Cooling Effect</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_comfort&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cooling Effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ASHRAE 55-2017 defines the Cooling Effect (CE) at elevated air speed (above 0.2 metres per second (0.66 ft/s)) as the value that, when subtracted from both the air temperature and the mean radiant temperature, yields the same SET value under still air (0.1 m/s) as in the first SET calculation under elevated air speed.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashrae_55_Standard_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashrae_55_Standard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle SET(t_{a},t_{r},v,met,clo,RH)=SET(t_{a}-CE,t_{r}-CE,v=0.1,met,clo,RH)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>S</mi> <mi>E</mi> <mi>T</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mi>l</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>R</mi> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mi>E</mi> <mi>T</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mi>E</mi> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mi>E</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mi>l</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>R</mi> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle SET(t_{a},t_{r},v,met,clo,RH)=SET(t_{a}-CE,t_{r}-CE,v=0.1,met,clo,RH)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bd4c93d8c2a5c05a5027a52a52a2730399396241" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:76.716ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle SET(t_{a},t_{r},v,met,clo,RH)=SET(t_{a}-CE,t_{r}-CE,v=0.1,met,clo,RH)}"></span></dd></dl> <p>The CE can be used to determine the PMV adjusted for an environment with elevated air speed using the adjusted temperature, the adjusted radiant temperature and still air (0.2 metres per second (0.66 ft/s)). Where the adjusted temperatures are equal to the original air and mean radiant temperatures minus the CE. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_thermal_discomfort">Local thermal discomfort</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_comfort&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Local thermal discomfort"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Avoiding local thermal discomfort, whether caused by a vertical air temperature difference between the feet and the head, by an asymmetric radiant field, by local convective cooling (draft), or by contact with a hot or cold floor, is essential to providing acceptable thermal comfort. People are generally more sensitive to local discomfort when their thermal sensation is cooler than neutral, while they are less sensitive to it when their body is warmer than neutral.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Radiant_temperature_asymmetry">Radiant temperature asymmetry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_comfort&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Radiant temperature asymmetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Large differences in the thermal radiation of the surfaces surrounding a person may cause local discomfort or reduce acceptance of the thermal conditions. ASHRAE Standard 55 sets limits on the allowable temperature differences between various surfaces. Because people are more sensitive to some asymmetries than others, for example that of a warm ceiling versus that of hot and cold vertical surfaces, the limits depend on which surfaces are involved. The ceiling is not allowed to be more than +5 °C (9.0 °F) warmer, whereas a wall may be up to +23 °C (41 °F) warmer than the other surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashrae_55_Standard_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashrae_55_Standard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Draft">Draft</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_comfort&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Draft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While air movement can be pleasant and provide comfort in some circumstances, it is sometimes unwanted and causes discomfort. This unwanted air movement is called "draft" and is most prevalent when the thermal sensation of the whole body is cool. People are most likely to feel a draft on uncovered body parts such as their head, neck, shoulders, ankles, feet, and legs, but the sensation also depends on the air speed, air temperature, activity, and clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashrae_55_Standard_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashrae_55_Standard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Floor_surface_temperature">Floor surface temperature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_comfort&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Floor surface temperature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Floors that are too warm or too cool may cause discomfort, depending on footwear. ASHRAE 55 recommends that floor temperatures stay in the range of 19–29 °C (66–84 °F) in spaces where occupants will be wearing lightweight shoes.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashrae_55_Standard_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashrae_55_Standard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_effective_temperature">Standard effective temperature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_comfort&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Standard effective temperature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Standard effective temperature (SET) is a model of human response to the thermal environment. Developed by A.P. Gagge and accepted by ASHRAE in 1986,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is also referred to as the Pierce Two-Node model.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its calculation is similar to PMV because it is a comprehensive comfort index based on heat-balance equations that incorporates the personal factors of clothing and metabolic rate. Its fundamental difference is it takes a two-node method to represent human physiology in measuring skin temperature and skin wettedness.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The SET index is defined as the equivalent dry bulb temperature of an isothermal environment at 50% <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> in which a subject, while wearing clothing standardized for activity concerned, would have the same heat stress (skin temperature) and thermoregulatory strain (skin wettedness) as in the actual test environment.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research has tested the model against experimental data and found it tends to overestimate skin temperature and underestimate skin wettedness.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fountain and Huizenga (1997) developed a thermal sensation prediction tool that computes SET.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SET index can also be calculated using either the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_Built_Environment" title="Center for the Built Environment">CBE</a> Thermal Comfort Tool for ASHRAE 55,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Python package pythermalcomfort,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the R package comf. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adaptive_comfort_model">Adaptive comfort model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_comfort&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Adaptive comfort model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adaptive_chart_-_adaptive_method.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Adaptive_chart_-_adaptive_method.png/220px-Adaptive_chart_-_adaptive_method.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Adaptive_chart_-_adaptive_method.png/330px-Adaptive_chart_-_adaptive_method.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Adaptive_chart_-_adaptive_method.png/440px-Adaptive_chart_-_adaptive_method.png 2x" data-file-width="1094" data-file-height="882" /></a><figcaption>Adaptive chart according to ASHRAE Standard 55-2010</figcaption></figure> <p>The adaptive model is based on the idea that outdoor climate might be used as a proxy of indoor comfort because of a statistically significant correlation between them. The adaptive hypothesis predicts that contextual factors, such as having access to environmental controls, and past thermal history can influence building occupants' thermal expectations and preferences.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Dear_&_Brager_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Dear_&_Brager-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous researchers have conducted field studies worldwide in which they survey building occupants about their thermal comfort while taking simultaneous environmental measurements. Analyzing a database of results from 160 of these buildings revealed that occupants of naturally ventilated buildings accept and even prefer a wider range of temperatures than their counterparts in sealed, air-conditioned buildings because their preferred temperature depends on outdoor conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Dear_&_Brager_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Dear_&_Brager-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These results were incorporated in the ASHRAE 55-2004 standard as the adaptive comfort model. The adaptive chart relates indoor comfort temperature to prevailing outdoor temperature and defines zones of 80% and 90% satisfaction.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashrae_55_Standard_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashrae_55_Standard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ASHRAE-55 2010 Standard introduced the prevailing mean outdoor temperature as the input variable for the adaptive model. It is based on the arithmetic average of the mean daily outdoor temperatures over no fewer than 7 and no more than 30 sequential days prior to the day in question.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashrae_55_Standard_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashrae_55_Standard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can also be calculated by weighting the temperatures with different coefficients, assigning increasing importance to the most recent temperatures. In case this weighting is used, there is no need to respect the upper limit for the subsequent days. In order to apply the adaptive model, there should be no mechanical cooling system for the space, occupants should be engaged in sedentary activities with metabolic rates of 1–1.3 met, and a prevailing mean temperature of 10–33.5 °C (50.0–92.3 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-Ashrae_55_Standard_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashrae_55_Standard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This model applies especially to occupant-controlled, natural-conditioned spaces, where the outdoor climate can actually affect the indoor conditions and so the comfort zone. In fact, studies by de Dear and Brager showed that occupants in naturally ventilated buildings were tolerant of a wider range of temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Dear_&_Brager_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Dear_&_Brager-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is due to both behavioral and physiological adjustments, since there are different types of adaptive processes.<sup id="cite_ref-Roche,_P._2011_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roche,_P._2011-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ASHRAE Standard 55-2010 states that differences in recent thermal experiences, changes in clothing, availability of control options, and shifts in occupant expectations can change people's thermal responses.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashrae_55_Standard_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashrae_55_Standard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adaptive models of thermal comfort are implemented in other standards, such as European EN 15251 and ISO 7730 standard. While the exact derivation methods and results are slightly different from the ASHRAE 55 adaptive standard, they are substantially the same. A larger difference is in applicability. The ASHRAE adaptive standard only applies to buildings without mechanical cooling installed, while EN15251 can be applied to <a href="/wiki/Mixed-mode_ventilation" title="Mixed-mode ventilation">mixed-mode</a> buildings, provided the system is not running.<sup id="cite_ref-EN_15251_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EN_15251-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are basically three categories of thermal adaptation, namely: behavioral, physiological, and psychological. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Psychological_adaptation">Psychological adaptation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_comfort&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Psychological adaptation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An individual's comfort level in a given environment may change and adapt over time due to psychological factors. Subjective perception of thermal comfort may be influenced by the memory of previous experiences. Habituation takes place when repeated exposure moderates future expectations, and responses to sensory input. This is an important factor in explaining the difference between field observations and PMV predictions (based on the static model) in naturally ventilated buildings. In these buildings, the relationship with the outdoor temperatures has been twice as strong as predicted.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Dear_&_Brager_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Dear_&_Brager-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Psychological adaptation is subtly different in the static and adaptive models. Laboratory tests of the static model can identify and quantify non-heat transfer (psychological) factors that affect reported comfort. The adaptive model is limited to reporting differences (called psychological) between modeled and reported comfort.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Thermal comfort as a "condition of mind" is <i>defined</i> in psychological terms. Among the factors that affect the condition of mind (in the laboratory) are a sense of control over the temperature, knowledge of the temperature and the appearance of the (test) environment. A thermal test chamber that appeared residential "felt" warmer than one which looked like the inside of a refrigerator.<sup id="cite_ref-Rohles_14–22_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rohles_14–22-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Physiological_adaptation">Physiological adaptation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_comfort&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Physiological adaptation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">Thermoregulation</a></div> <p>The body has several thermal adjustment mechanisms to survive in drastic temperature environments. In a cold environment the body utilizes <a href="/wiki/Vasoconstriction" title="Vasoconstriction">vasoconstriction</a>; which reduces blood flow to the skin, skin temperature and heat dissipation. In a warm environment, <a href="/wiki/Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">vasodilation</a> will increase blood flow to the skin, heat transport, and skin temperature and heat dissipation.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated19_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated19-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If there is an imbalance despite the vasomotor adjustments listed above, in a warm environment sweat production will start and provide evaporative cooling. If this is insufficient, <a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">hyperthermia</a> will set in, body temperature may reach 40 °C (104 °F), and <a href="/wiki/Heat_stroke" title="Heat stroke">heat stroke</a> may occur. In a cold environment, shivering will start, involuntarily forcing the muscles to work and increasing the heat production by up to a factor of 10. If equilibrium is not restored, <a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">hypothermia</a> can set in, which can be fatal.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated19_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated19-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Long-term adjustments to extreme temperatures, of a few days to six months, may result in <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular">cardiovascular</a> and endocrine adjustments. A hot climate may create increased blood volume, improving the effectiveness of vasodilation, enhanced performance of the sweat mechanism, and the readjustment of thermal preferences. In cold or underheated conditions, vasoconstriction can become permanent, resulting in decreased blood volume and increased body metabolic rate.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated19_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated19-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Behavioral_adaptation">Behavioral adaptation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_comfort&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Behavioral adaptation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In naturally ventilated buildings, occupants take numerous actions to keep themselves comfortable when the indoor conditions drift towards discomfort. Operating windows and fans, adjusting blinds/shades, changing clothing, and consuming food and drinks are some of the common adaptive strategies. Among these, adjusting windows is the most common.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicol_2001_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicol_2001-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those occupants who take these sorts of actions tend to feel cooler at warmer temperatures than those who do not.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The behavioral actions significantly influence energy simulation inputs, and researchers are developing behavior models to improve the accuracy of simulation results. For example, there are many window-opening models that have been developed to date, but there is no consensus over the factors that trigger window opening.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicol_2001_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicol_2001-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People might adapt to seasonal heat by becoming more nocturnal, doing physical activity and even conducting business at night. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specificity_and_sensitivity">Specificity and sensitivity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_comfort&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Specificity and sensitivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individual_differences">Individual differences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_comfort&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Individual differences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cold_sensitivity" title="Cold sensitivity">Cold sensitivity</a></div> <p>The thermal sensitivity of an individual is quantified by the descriptor <i>F</i><sub><i>S</i></sub>, which takes on higher values for individuals with lower tolerance to non-ideal thermal conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-classification1_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classification1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This group includes pregnant women, the disabled, as well as individuals whose age is below fourteen or above sixty, which is considered the adult range. Existing literature provides consistent evidence that sensitivity to hot and cold surfaces usually declines with age. There is also some evidence of a gradual reduction in the effectiveness of the body in thermo-regulation after the age of sixty.<sup id="cite_ref-classification1_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classification1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is mainly due to a more sluggish response of the counteraction mechanisms in lower parts of the body that are used to maintain the core temperature of the body at ideal values.<sup id="cite_ref-classification1_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classification1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seniors prefer warmer temperatures than young adults (76 vs 72 degrees F or 24.4 vs 22.2 Celsius).<sup id="cite_ref-Rohles_14–22_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rohles_14–22-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Situational factors include the health, psychological, sociological, and vocational activities of the persons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biological_sex_differences">Biological sex differences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_comfort&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Biological sex differences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While thermal comfort preferences between sexes seem to be small, there are some average differences. Studies have found males on average report discomfort due to rises in temperature much earlier than females. Males on average also estimate higher levels of their sensation of discomfort than females. One recent study tested males and females in the same cotton clothing, performing mental jobs while using a dial vote to report their thermal comfort to the changing temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many times, females preferred higher temperatures than males. But while females tend to be more sensitive to temperatures, males tend to be more sensitive to relative-humidity levels.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An extensive field study was carried out in naturally ventilated residential buildings in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. This investigation explored the sexes thermal sensitivity to the indoor environment in non-air-conditioned residential buildings. Multiple hierarchical regression for categorical moderator was selected for data analysis; the result showed that as a group females were slightly more sensitive than males to the indoor air temperatures, whereas, under thermal neutrality, it was found that males and females have similar thermal sensation.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_differences">Regional differences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_comfort&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Regional differences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In different areas of the world, thermal comfort needs may vary based on climate. In China<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (November 2019)">where?</span></a></i>]</sup> the climate has hot humid summers and cold winters, causing a need for efficient thermal comfort. Energy conservation in relation to thermal comfort has become a large issue in China in the last several decades due to rapid economic and population growth.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers are now looking into ways to heat and cool buildings in China for lower costs and also with less harm to the environment. </p><p>In tropical areas of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, urbanization is creating <a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">urban heat islands</a> (UHI). These are urban areas that have risen over the thermal comfort limits due to a large influx of people and only drop within the comfortable range during the rainy season.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Urban heat islands can occur over any urban city or built-up area with the correct conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the hot, humid region of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, the issue of thermal comfort has been important in <a href="/wiki/Mosques" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosques">mosques</a>; because they are very large open buildings that are used only intermittently (very busy for the <a href="/wiki/Jumu%27ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumu'ah">noon prayer</a> on Fridays) it is hard to ventilate them properly. The large size requires a large amount of ventilation, which requires a lot of energy since the buildings are used only for short periods of time. Temperature regulation in mosques is a challenge due to the intermittent demand, leading to many mosques being either too hot or too cold. The stack effect also comes into play due to their large size and creates a large layer of hot air above the people in the mosque. New designs have placed the ventilation systems lower in the buildings to provide more temperature control at ground level.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New monitoring steps are also being taken to improve efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thermal_stress">Thermal stress</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_comfort&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Thermal stress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Thermal_stress" title="Thermal stress">thermal stress</a> on objects, which describes the change materials experience when subject to extreme temperatures.</div> <p>The concept of thermal comfort is closely related to thermal stress. This attempts to predict the impact of <a href="/wiki/Solar_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar radiation">solar radiation</a>, air movement, and <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a> for military personnel undergoing training exercises or athletes during competitive events. Several thermal stress indices have been proposed, such as the Predicted Heat Strain (PHS) or the <a href="/wiki/Humidex" title="Humidex">humidex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, humans do not perform well under thermal stress. People's performances under thermal stress is about 11% lower than their performance at normal thermal wet conditions. Also, human performance in relation to thermal stress varies greatly by the type of task which the individual is completing. Some of the physiological effects of thermal heat stress include increased blood flow to the skin, sweating, and increased ventilation.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predicted_Heat_Strain_(PHS)"><span id="Predicted_Heat_Strain_.28PHS.29"></span>Predicted Heat Strain (PHS)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_comfort&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Predicted Heat Strain (PHS)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The PHS model, developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) committee, allows the analytical evaluation of the thermal stress experienced by a working subject in a hot environment.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It describes a method for predicting the sweat rate and the internal core temperature that the human body will develop in response to the working conditions. The PHS is calculated as a function of several physical parameters, consequently it makes it possible to determine which parameter or group of parameters should be modified, and to what extent, in order to reduce the risk of physiological strains. The PHS model does not predict the physiological response of an individual subject, but only considers standard subjects in good health and fit for the work they perform. The PHS can be determined using either the Python package pythermalcomfort<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the R package comf. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Conference_on_Governmental_Industrial_Hygienists_(ACGIH)_Action_Limits_and_Threshold_Limit_Values"><span id="American_Conference_on_Governmental_Industrial_Hygienists_.28ACGIH.29_Action_Limits_and_Threshold_Limit_Values"></span>American Conference on Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Action Limits and Threshold Limit Values</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_comfort&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: American Conference on Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Action Limits and Threshold Limit Values"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ACGIH has established Action Limits and Threshold Limit Values for heat stress based upon the estimated metabolic rate of a worker and the environmental conditions the worker is subjected to. </p><p>This methodology has been adopted by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) as an effective method of assesing heat stress within workplaces.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_comfort&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The factors affecting thermal comfort were explored experimentally in the 1970s. Many of these studies led to the development and refinement of <a href="/wiki/ASHRAE_55" title="ASHRAE 55">ASHRAE Standard 55</a> and were performed at <a href="/wiki/Kansas_State_University" title="Kansas State University">Kansas State University</a> by <a href="/wiki/P._Ole_Fanger" class="mw-redirect" title="P. Ole Fanger">Ole Fanger</a> and others. Perceived comfort was found to be a complex interaction of these variables. It was found that the majority of individuals would be satisfied by an ideal set of values. As the range of values deviated progressively from the ideal, fewer and fewer people were satisfied. This observation could be expressed statistically as the percent of individuals who expressed satisfaction by <i>comfort conditions</i> and the <i>predicted mean vote</i> (PMV). This approach was challenged by the adaptive comfort model, developed from the ASHRAE 884 project, which revealed that occupants were comfortable in a broader range of temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Dear_&_Brager_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Dear_&_Brager-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This research is applied to create Building Energy Simulation (BES) programs for residential buildings. Residential buildings in particular can vary much more in thermal comfort than public and commercial buildings. This is due to their smaller size, the variations in clothing worn, and different uses of each room. The main rooms of concern are bathrooms and bedrooms. Bathrooms need to be at a temperature comfortable for a human with or without clothing. Bedrooms are of importance because they need to accommodate different levels of clothing and also different metabolic rates of people asleep or awake.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discomfort hours is a common metric used to evaluate the thermal performance of a space. </p><p>Thermal comfort research in clothing is currently being done by the military. New air-ventilated garments are being researched to improve evaporative cooling in military settings. Some models are being created and tested based on the amount of cooling they provide.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the last twenty years, researchers have also developed advanced thermal comfort models that divide the human body into many segments, and predict local thermal discomfort by considering heat balance.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has opened up a new arena of thermal comfort modeling that aims at heating/cooling selected body parts. </p><p>Another area of study is the <a href="/wiki/Hue-heat_hypothesis" title="Hue-heat hypothesis">hue-heat hypothesis</a> that states that an environment with warm colors (red, orange yellow hues) will feel warmer in terms of temperature and comfort, while an environment with cold colors (blue, green hues) will feel cooler.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hue-heat hypothesis has both been investigated scientifically<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ingrained in popular culture in the terms warm and cold colors <sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_environments">Medical environments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_comfort&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Medical environments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Thermal_comfort" title="Talk:Thermal comfort">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thermal_comfort&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Thermal+comfort%22">"Thermal comfort"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Thermal+comfort%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Thermal+comfort%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Thermal+comfort%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Thermal+comfort%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Thermal+comfort%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Whenever the studies referenced tried to discuss the thermal conditions for different groups of occupants in one room, the studies ended up simply presenting comparisons of thermal comfort satisfaction based on the subjective studies. No study tried to reconcile the different thermal comfort requirements of different types of occupants who compulsorily must stay in one room. Therefore, it looks to be necessary to investigate the different thermal conditions required by different groups of occupants in hospitals to reconcile their different requirements in this concept. To reconcile the differences in the required thermal comfort conditions it is recommended to test the possibility of using different ranges of local radiant temperature in one room via a suitable mechanical system. </p><p>Although different researches are undertaken on thermal comfort for patients in hospitals, it is also necessary to study the effects of thermal comfort conditions on the quality and the quantity of healing for patients in hospitals. There are also original researches that show the link between thermal comfort for staff and their levels of productivity, but no studies have been produced individually in hospitals in this field. Therefore, research for coverage and methods individually for this subject is recommended. Also research in terms of cooling and heating delivery systems for patients with low levels of immune-system protection (such as HIV patients, burned patients, etc.) are recommended. There are important areas, which still need to be focused on including thermal comfort for staff and its relation with their productivity, using different heating systems to prevent hypothermia in the patient and to improve the thermal comfort for hospital staff simultaneously. </p><p>Finally, the interaction between people, systems and architectural design in hospitals is a field in which require further work needed to improve the knowledge of how to design buildings and systems to reconcile many conflicting factors for the people occupying these buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_comfort_systems">Personal comfort systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_comfort&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Personal comfort systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Personal comfort systems (PCS) refer to devices or systems which heat or cool a building occupant personally.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang_et_al_2015_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang_et_al_2015-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This concept is best appreciated in contrast to central HVAC systems which have uniform temperature settings for extensive areas. Personal comfort systems include fans and air diffusers of various kinds (e.g. desk fans, nozzles and slot diffusers, overhead fans, <a href="/wiki/High-volume_low-speed_fan" title="High-volume low-speed fan">high-volume low-speed fans</a> etc.) and personalized sources of radiant or conductive heat (footwarmers, legwarmers, hot water bottles etc.). PCS has the potential to satisfy individual comfort requirements much better than current HVAC systems, as interpersonal differences in thermal sensation due to age, sex, body mass, metabolic rate, clothing and thermal adaptation can amount to an equivalent temperature variation of 2–5 °C (3,6–9 °F), which is impossible for a central, uniform HVAC system to cater to.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang_et_al_2015_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang_et_al_2015-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides, research has shown that the perceived ability to control one's thermal environment tends to widen one's range of tolerable temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Dear_&_Brager_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Dear_&_Brager-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, PCS devices have been used in isolation from one another. However, it has been proposed by Andersen et al. (2016) that a network of PCS devices which generate well-connected microzones of thermal comfort, and report real-time occupant information and respond to programmatic actuation requests (e.g. a party, a conference, a concert etc.) can combine with occupant-aware building applications to enable new methods of comfort maximization.<sup id="cite_ref-Andersen_et_al_2016_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andersen_et_al_2016-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_comfort&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASHRAE" title="ASHRAE">ASHRAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASHRAE_55" title="ASHRAE 55">ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">Air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_insulation" title="Building insulation">Building insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_and_heat_adaptations_in_humans" title="Cold and heat adaptations in humans">Cold and heat adaptations in humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_stress" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat stress">Heat stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_radiant_temperature" title="Mean radiant temperature">Mean radiant temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahoney_tables" title="Mahoney tables">Mahoney tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Ole_Fanger" class="mw-redirect" title="P. Ole Fanger">Povl Ole Fanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_G._Nevins" title="Ralph G. Nevins">Ralph G. Nevins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_air_distribution" title="Room air distribution">Room air distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">Room temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilative_cooling" title="Ventilative cooling">Ventilative cooling</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermal_comfort&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ashrae_55_Standard-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ashrae_55_Standard_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashrae_55_Standard_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashrae_55_Standard_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashrae_55_Standard_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashrae_55_Standard_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashrae_55_Standard_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashrae_55_Standard_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashrae_55_Standard_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashrae_55_Standard_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashrae_55_Standard_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashrae_55_Standard_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashrae_55_Standard_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashrae_55_Standard_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashrae_55_Standard_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashrae_55_Standard_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashrae_55_Standard_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashrae_55_Standard_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashrae_55_Standard_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashrae_55_Standard_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2017, Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFÇengelBoles2015" class="citation book cs1">Çengel, Yunus A.; Boles, Michael A. (2015). <i>Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach</i> (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-339817-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-339817-4"><bdi>978-0-07-339817-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thermodynamics%3A+An+Engineering+Approach&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-07-339817-4&rft.aulast=%C3%87engel&rft.aufirst=Yunus+A.&rft.au=Boles%2C+Michael+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermal+comfort" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-de_Dear_&_Brager-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-de_Dear_&_Brager_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_Dear_&_Brager_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_Dear_&_Brager_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_Dear_&_Brager_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_Dear_&_Brager_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_Dear_&_Brager_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_Dear_&_Brager_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_Dear_&_Brager_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_Dear_&_Brager_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_DearBrager1998" class="citation journal cs1">de Dear, Richard; Brager, Gail (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://escholarship.org/uc/item/4qq2p9c6">"Developing an adaptive model of thermal comfort and preference"</a>. <i>ASHRAE Transactions</i>. <b>104</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">145–</span>67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ASHRAE+Transactions&rft.atitle=Developing+an+adaptive+model+of+thermal+comfort+and+preference&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=de+Dear&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Brager%2C+Gail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F4qq2p9c6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermal+comfort" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Battistel_Vilardi_Zampini_Parin_2023_p.-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Battistel_Vilardi_Zampini_Parin_2023_p._4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattistelVilardiZampiniParin2023" class="citation journal cs1">Battistel, Laura; Vilardi, Andrea; Zampini, Massimiliano; Parin, Riccardo (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10695924">"An investigation on humans' sensitivity to environmental temperature"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 21353. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-023-47880-5">10.1038/s41598-023-47880-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10695924">10695924</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38049468">38049468</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=An+investigation+on+humans%27+sensitivity+to+environmental+temperature&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21353&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10695924%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38049468&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-023-47880-5&rft.aulast=Battistel&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft.au=Vilardi%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Zampini%2C+Massimiliano&rft.au=Parin%2C+Riccardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10695924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermal+comfort" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fanger-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fanger_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fanger_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fanger_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFanger1970" class="citation book cs1">Fanger, P Ole (1970). <i>Thermal Comfort: Analysis and applications in environmental engineering</i>. Danish Technical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8757103410" title="Special:BookSources/8757103410"><bdi>8757103410</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thermal+Comfort%3A+Analysis+and+applications+in+environmental+engineering&rft.pub=Danish+Technical+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=8757103410&rft.aulast=Fanger&rft.aufirst=P+Ole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermal+comfort" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicol_and_Humphreys_adaptive_theory-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nicol_and_Humphreys_adaptive_theory_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolHumphreys2002" class="citation journal cs1">Nicol, Fergus; Humphreys, Michael (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ip20017719.eng.ufjf.br/public/ProAC/MetodologiaCientifica/AdaptThermComfortStandard.pdf">"Adaptive thermal comfort and sustainable thermal standards for buildings"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Energy and Buildings</i>. <b>34</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">563–</span>572. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002EneBu..34..563N">2002EneBu..34..563N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0378-7788%2802%2900006-3">10.1016/S0378-7788(02)00006-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17571584">17571584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energy+and+Buildings&rft.atitle=Adaptive+thermal+comfort+and+sustainable+thermal+standards+for+buildings&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E563-%3C%2Fspan%3E572&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17571584%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0378-7788%2802%2900006-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002EneBu..34..563N&rft.aulast=Nicol&rft.aufirst=Fergus&rft.au=Humphreys%2C+Michael&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fip20017719.eng.ufjf.br%2Fpublic%2FProAC%2FMetodologiaCientifica%2FAdaptThermComfortStandard.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermal+comfort" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ISO, 2005. 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O, Danish Technical Press, 1970 (Republished by McGraw-Hill, New York, 1973).</li> <li>Thermal Comfort chapter, Fundamentals volume of the <i><a href="/wiki/ASHRAE_Handbook" title="ASHRAE Handbook">ASHRAE Handbook</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/ASHRAE" title="ASHRAE">ASHRAE</a>, Inc., Atlanta, GA, 2005.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss1998" class="citation book cs1">Weiss, Hal (1998). <i>Secrets of Warmth: For Comfort or Survival</i>. Seattle, WA: Mountaineers Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89886-643-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89886-643-8"><bdi>978-0-89886-643-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40999076">40999076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secrets+of+Warmth%3A+For+Comfort+or+Survival&rft.place=Seattle%2C+WA&rft.pub=Mountaineers+Books&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40999076&rft.isbn=978-0-89886-643-8&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Hal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermal+comfort" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Godish, T. Indoor Environmental Quality. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2001.</li> <li>Bessoudo, M. <i>Building Facades and Thermal Comfort: The impacts of climate, solar shading, and glazing on the indoor thermal environment.</i> <a href="/wiki/VDM_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="VDM Verlag">VDM Verlag</a>, 2008</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicol2012" class="citation book cs1">Nicol, Fergus (2012). <i>Adaptive thermal comfort : principles and practice</i>. London New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415691598" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415691598"><bdi>978-0415691598</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adaptive+thermal+comfort+%3A+principles+and+practice&rft.place=London+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0415691598&rft.aulast=Nicol&rft.aufirst=Fergus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermal+comfort" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphreys2016" class="citation book cs1">Humphreys, Michael (2016). <i>Adaptive thermal comfort : foundations and analysis</i>. Abingdon, U.K. New York, NY: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415691611" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415691611"><bdi>978-0415691611</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adaptive+thermal+comfort+%3A+foundations+and+analysis&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+U.K.+New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0415691611&rft.aulast=Humphreys&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermal+comfort" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Communications in development and assembly of textile products, Open Access Journal, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdatp.org">ISSN 2701-939X</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/heatstress/default.html">Heat Stress</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/coldstress/default.html">Cold Stress</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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talk:HVAC"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:HVAC" title="Special:EditPage/Template:HVAC"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning216" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" title="Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamental <br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_changes_per_hour" title="Air changes per hour">Air changes per hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bake-out" title="Bake-out">Bake-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_envelope" title="Building envelope">Building envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">Convection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilution_(equation)" title="Dilution (equation)">Dilution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_energy_consumption" title="Domestic energy consumption">Domestic energy consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">Enthalpy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump_and_refrigeration_cycle" title="Heat pump and refrigeration cycle">Heat pump and refrigeration cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">Heat transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">Humidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(HVAC)" title="Infiltration (HVAC)">Infiltration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">Latent heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outgassing" title="Outgassing">Outgassing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensible_heat" title="Sensible heat">Sensible heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_effect" title="Stack effect">Stack effect</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thermal comfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_destratification" title="Thermal destratification">Thermal destratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_mass" title="Thermal mass">Thermal mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapour_pressure_of_water" title="Vapour pressure of water">Vapour pressure of water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absorption-compression_heat_pump" title="Absorption-compression heat pump">Absorption-compression heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absorption_refrigerator" title="Absorption refrigerator">Absorption refrigerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_barrier" title="Air barrier">Air barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">Air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifreeze" title="Antifreeze">Antifreeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automobile_air_conditioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile air conditioning">Automobile air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_building" title="Autonomous building">Autonomous building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_insulation_material" title="Building insulation material">Building insulation materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_heating" title="Central heating">Central heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_solar_heating" title="Central solar heating">Central solar heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilled_beam" title="Chilled beam">Chilled beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilled_water" title="Chilled water">Chilled water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_air_volume" title="Constant air volume">Constant air volume</a> (CAV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolant" title="Coolant">Coolant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_ventilation" title="Cross ventilation">Cross ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedicated_outdoor_air_system" title="Dedicated outdoor air system">Dedicated outdoor air system</a> (DOAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_water_source_cooling" title="Deep water source cooling">Deep water source cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand_controlled_ventilation" title="Demand controlled ventilation">Demand controlled ventilation</a> (DCV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displacement_ventilation" title="Displacement ventilation">Displacement ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_cooling" title="District cooling">District cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">District heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_heating" title="Electric heating">Electric heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery_ventilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy recovery ventilation">Energy recovery ventilation</a> (ERV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestop" title="Firestop">Firestop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced-air" title="Forced-air">Forced-air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced-air_gas" title="Forced-air gas">Forced-air gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_cooling" title="Free cooling">Free cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_recovery_ventilation" title="Heat recovery ventilation">Heat recovery ventilation</a> (HRV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_heat" title="Hybrid heat">Hybrid heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronics" title="Hydronics">Hydronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_storage_air_conditioning" title="Ice storage air conditioning">Ice storage air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_ventilation" title="Kitchen ventilation">Kitchen ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-mode_ventilation" title="Mixed-mode ventilation">Mixed-mode ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_cooling" title="Passive cooling">Passive cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_daytime_radiative_cooling" title="Passive daytime radiative cooling">Passive daytime radiative cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_house" title="Passive house">Passive house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_ventilation" title="Passive ventilation">Passive ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_heating_and_cooling" title="Radiant heating and cooling">Radiant heating and cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant cooling">Radiant cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant heating">Radiant heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radon_mitigation" title="Radon mitigation">Radon mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">Refrigeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_heat" title="Renewable heat">Renewable heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_air_distribution" title="Room air distribution">Room air distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_air_heat" title="Solar air heat">Solar air heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_combisystem" title="Solar combisystem">Solar combisystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar cooling">Solar cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar heating">Solar heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">Thermal insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosiphon" title="Thermosiphon">Thermosiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underfloor_air_distribution" title="Underfloor air distribution">Underfloor air distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underfloor_heating" title="Underfloor heating">Underfloor heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_barrier" title="Vapor barrier">Vapor barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor-compression_refrigeration" title="Vapor-compression refrigeration">Vapor-compression refrigeration</a> (VCRS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_air_volume" title="Variable air volume">Variable air volume</a> (VAV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_refrigerant_flow" title="Variable refrigerant flow">Variable refrigerant flow</a> (VRF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">Ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioner_inverter" class="mw-redirect" title="Air conditioner inverter">Air conditioner inverter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_door" title="Air door">Air door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_filter" title="Air filter">Air filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_handler" title="Air handler">Air handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_ioniser" title="Air ioniser">Air ionizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-mixing_plenum" title="Air-mixing plenum">Air-mixing plenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_purifier" title="Air purifier">Air purifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_source_heat_pump" title="Air source heat pump">Air source heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_fan" title="Attic fan">Attic fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_balancing_valve" title="Automatic balancing valve">Automatic balancing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_boiler" title="Back boiler">Back boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_pipe" title="Barrier pipe">Barrier pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_damper" title="Blast damper">Blast damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">Boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_fan" title="Centrifugal fan">Centrifugal fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_heater" title="Ceramic heater">Ceramic heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiller" title="Chiller">Chiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensate_pump" title="Condensate pump">Condensate pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)" title="Condenser (heat transfer)">Condenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensing_boiler" title="Condensing boiler">Condensing boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection_heater" title="Convection heater">Convection heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressor" title="Compressor">Compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damper_(flow)" title="Damper (flow)">Damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumidifier" title="Dehumidifier">Dehumidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_(flow)" title="Duct (flow)">Duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economizer" title="Economizer">Economizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_precipitator" title="Electrostatic precipitator">Electrostatic precipitator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooler" title="Evaporative cooler">Evaporative cooler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporator" title="Evaporator">Evaporator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_hood" class="mw-redirect" title="Exhaust hood">Exhaust hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_tank" title="Expansion tank">Expansion tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(machine)" title="Fan (machine)">Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_coil_unit" title="Fan coil unit">Fan coil unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_filter_unit" title="Fan filter unit">Fan filter unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_heater" title="Fan heater">Fan heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_damper" title="Fire damper">Fire damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace" title="Fireplace">Fireplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace_insert" title="Fireplace insert">Fireplace insert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeze_stat" title="Freeze stat">Freeze stat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flue" title="Flue">Flue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fume_hood" title="Fume hood">Fume hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furnace_(house_heating)" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnace (house heating)">Furnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_heater" title="Gas heater">Gas heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_heater" title="Gasoline heater">Gasoline heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grease_duct" title="Grease duct">Grease duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grille_(architecture)" title="Grille (architecture)">Grille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground-coupled_heat_exchanger" title="Ground-coupled heat exchanger">Ground-coupled heat exchanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_source_heat_pump" title="Ground source heat pump">Ground source heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">Heat exchanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pipe" title="Heat pipe">Heat pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">Heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating_film" title="Heating film">Heating film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating_system" title="Heating system">Heating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEPA" title="HEPA">HEPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_efficiency_glandless_circulating_pump" title="High efficiency glandless circulating pump">High efficiency glandless circulating pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-pressure_cut-off_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="High-pressure cut-off switch">High-pressure cut-off switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidifier" title="Humidifier">Humidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_heater" title="Infrared heater">Infrared heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverter_compressor" title="Inverter compressor">Inverter compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerosene_heater" title="Kerosene heater">Kerosene heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louver" title="Louver">Louver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Mechanical room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_heater" title="Oil heater">Oil heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaged_terminal_air_conditioner" title="Packaged terminal air conditioner">Packaged terminal air conditioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plenum_space" title="Plenum space">Plenum space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressurisation_ductwork" title="Pressurisation ductwork">Pressurisation ductwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_duct_work" title="Process duct work">Process duct work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_(heating)" title="Radiator (heating)">Radiator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_reflector" title="Radiator reflector">Radiator reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recuperator" title="Recuperator">Recuperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerant" title="Refrigerant">Refrigerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_(air_and_heating)" title="Register (air and heating)">Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversing_valve" title="Reversing valve">Reversing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-around_coil" title="Run-around coil">Run-around coil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail_switch" title="Sail switch">Sail switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_compressor" title="Scroll compressor">Scroll compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_chimney" title="Solar chimney">Solar chimney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar-assisted_heat_pump" title="Solar-assisted heat pump">Solar-assisted heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_heater" title="Space heater">Space heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_canopy" title="Smoke canopy">Smoke canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_damper" title="Smoke damper">Smoke damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_exhaust_ductwork" title="Smoke exhaust ductwork">Smoke exhaust ductwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion_valve" title="Thermal expansion valve">Thermal expansion valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_wheel" title="Thermal wheel">Thermal wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickle_vent" title="Trickle vent">Trickle vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trombe_wall" title="Trombe wall">Trombe wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TurboSwing" title="TurboSwing">TurboSwing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_vanes_(HVAC)" title="Turning vanes (HVAC)">Turning vanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-low_particulate_air" title="Ultra-low particulate air">Ultra-low particulate air</a> (ULPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole-house_fan" title="Whole-house fan">Whole-house fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-burning_stove" title="Wood-burning stove">Wood-burning stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_valve" title="Zone valve">Zone valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement<br />and control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_flow_meter" title="Air flow meter">Air flow meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquastat" title="Aquastat">Aquastat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BACnet" title="BACnet">BACnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blower_door" title="Blower door">Blower door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_automation" title="Building automation">Building automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_sensor" title="Carbon dioxide sensor">Carbon dioxide sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_air_delivery_rate" title="Clean air delivery rate">Clean air delivery rate</a> (CADR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_valve" title="Control valve">Control valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_detector" title="Gas detector">Gas detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_energy_monitor" title="Home energy monitor">Home energy monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidistat" title="Humidistat">Humidistat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HVAC_control_system" title="HVAC control system">HVAC control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_thermometer" title="Infrared thermometer">Infrared thermometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent buildings">Intelligent buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LonWorks" title="LonWorks">LonWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_efficiency_reporting_value" title="Minimum efficiency reporting value">Minimum efficiency reporting value</a> (MERV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_temperature_and_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal temperature and pressure">Normal temperature and pressure</a> (NTP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenTherm" title="OpenTherm">OpenTherm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_communicating_thermostat" title="Programmable communicating thermostat">Programmable communicating thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_thermostat" title="Programmable thermostat">Programmable thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">Room temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_thermostat" title="Smart thermostat">Smart thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">Standard temperature and pressure</a> (STP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermographic_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermographic camera">Thermographic camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">Thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions,<br />trades,<br />and services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_acoustics" title="Architectural acoustics">Architectural acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_technologist" title="Architectural technologist">Architectural technologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_information_modeling" title="Building information modeling">Building information modeling</a> (BIM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_energy_retrofit" title="Deep energy retrofit">Deep energy retrofit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_cleaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Duct cleaning">Duct cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_leakage_testing" title="Duct leakage testing">Duct leakage testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronic_balancing" title="Hydronic balancing">Hydronic balancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_exhaust_cleaning" title="Kitchen exhaust cleaning">Kitchen exhaust cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical,_electrical,_and_plumbing" title="Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing">Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mold_growth,_assessment,_and_remediation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold growth, assessment, and remediation">Mold growth, assessment, and remediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerant_reclamation" title="Refrigerant reclamation">Refrigerant reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testing,_adjusting,_balancing" title="Testing, adjusting, balancing">Testing, adjusting, balancing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry <br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Conditioning,_Heating_and_Refrigeration_Institute" title="Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute">AHRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Movement_and_Control_Association" title="Air Movement and Control Association">AMCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASHRAE" title="ASHRAE">ASHRAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_Research_Establishment" title="Building Research Establishment">BRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSRIA" title="BSRIA">BSRIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institution_of_Building_Services_Engineers" title="Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers">CIBSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Refrigeration" title="Institute of Refrigeration">Institute of Refrigeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Refrigeration" title="International Institute of Refrigeration">IIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design">LEED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheet_Metal_and_Air_Conditioning_Contractors%27_National_Association" title="Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National Association">SMACNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Mechanical_Code" title="Uniform Mechanical Code">UMC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health and safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a> (IAQ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_building_syndrome" title="Sick building syndrome">Sick building syndrome</a> (SBS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a> (VOC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASHRAE_Handbook" title="ASHRAE Handbook">ASHRAE Handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_science" title="Building science">Building science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireproofing" title="Fireproofing">Fireproofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_HVAC_terms" title="Glossary of HVAC terms">Glossary of HVAC terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_Spaces" title="Warm Spaces">Warm Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Refrigeration_Day" title="World Refrigeration Day">World Refrigeration Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Home_automation" title="Template:Home automation">Template:Home automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_energy" title="Template:Solar energy">Template:Solar energy</a></li></ul> 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