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[r]" accesskey="r"><span>Perubahan terbaru</span></a></li><li id="n-Artikel-pilihan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artikel_pilihan/Topik"><span>Artikel pilihan</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Peristiwa_terkini" title="Temukan informasi tentang peristiwa terkini"><span>Peristiwa terkini</span></a></li><li id="n-newpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_baru"><span>Halaman baru</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_sembarang" title="Tampilkan sembarang halaman [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Halaman sembarang</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Komunitas" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Komunitas" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Komunitas </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Warung-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Warung_Kopi"><span>Warung Kopi</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Komunitas" title="Tentang proyek, apa yang dapat Anda lakukan, di mana untuk mencari sesuatu"><span>Portal komunitas</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Isi" title="Tempat mencari bantuan."><span>Bantuan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Wikipedia" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Wikipedia" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikipedia </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal"><span>Tentang Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Pancapilar" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pancapilar"><span>Pancapilar</span></a></li><li id="n-Kebijakan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kebijakan_dan_pedoman"><span>Kebijakan</span></a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami"><span>Hubungi kami</span></a></li><li id="n-Bak-pasir" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bak_pasir"><span>Bak pasir</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Bagikan" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Bagikan emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bagikan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; 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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Masuk log</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas pribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id"><span>Menyumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Sungai+Efrat" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buat akun baru</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Sungai+Efrat" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah_alam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah_alam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sejarah alam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah_alam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Sejarah</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abad_Kuno" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abad_Kuno"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Abad Kuno</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abad_Kuno-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zaman_Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zaman_Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Zaman Modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zaman_Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sungai Efrat</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 128 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-128" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">128 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufraat" title="Eufraat – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eufraat" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrat" title="Euphrat – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Euphrat" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A4%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%AB%E1%8C%A5%E1%88%B5_%E1%8B%88%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%9D" title="ኤፍራጥስ ወንዝ – Amharik" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኤፍራጥስ ወንዝ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufr%C4%81te" title="Eufrāte – Inggris Kuno" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Eufrāte" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Inggris Kuno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="الفرات – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الفرات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A6%DC%AA%DC%AC" title="ܦܪܬ – Aram" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܦܪܬ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aram" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="نهر الفرات – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نهر الفرات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ufrates" title="Éufrates – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Éufrates" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C9%99rat" title="Fərat – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fərat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فرات – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فرات" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Евфрат – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Евфрат" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrates" title="Eufrates – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Eufrates" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%9E%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Еўфрат – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Еўфрат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%9E%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Эўфрат – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эўфрат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Ефрат – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ефрат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="फ़रात नदी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="फ़रात नदी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yufreres" title="Yufreres – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Yufreres" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4" title="ফোরাত – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফোরাত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrates" title="Eufrates – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Eufrates" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrat" title="Eufrat – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Eufrat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrates" title="Eufrates – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eufrates" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1ik-l%C4%83k_%C3%92%CC%A4" title="Báik-lăk Ò̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Báik-lăk Ò̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrates_River" title="Euphrates River – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Euphrates River" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فورات – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فورات" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrat" title="Eufrat – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Eufrat" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C3%B9frat" title="Eùfrat – Kashubia" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Eùfrat" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Евфрат – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Евфрат" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afon_Ewffrates" title="Afon Ewffrates – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Afon Ewffrates" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrat" title="Eufrat – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Eufrat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrat" title="Euphrat – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Euphrat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy%C3%AA_F%C4%B1rati" title="Royê Fırati – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Royê Fırati" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%85%CF%86%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Ευφράτης – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ευφράτης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Euphrates" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%ADfrato" title="Eŭfrato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eŭfrato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ufrates" title="Éufrates – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Éufrates" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrat" title="Eufrat – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eufrat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrates" title="Eufrates – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eufrates" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufratis" title="Eufratis – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Eufratis" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فرات – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrat" title="Eufrat – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eufrat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrate" title="Euphrate – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Euphrate" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrat" title="Euphrat – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Euphrat" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufraat" title="Eufraat – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Eufraat" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Eofrait" title="An Eofrait – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Eofrait" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_%C3%89ufrates" title="Río Éufrates – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Río Éufrates" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8" title="युफ्रेटीस – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="युफ्रेटीस" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%AB%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B8" title="યુફ્રેટીસ – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="યુફ્રેટીસ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%AA" title="פרת – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="फ़रात नदी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ़रात नदी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrat" title="Eufrat – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Eufrat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufr%C3%A1tesz" title="Eufrátesz – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eufrátesz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%83%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Եփրատ – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եփրատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%83%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF_%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%BF" title="Եփրատ գետ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Եփրատ գետ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Идалбат – Ingushetia" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Идалбат" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingushetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrati" title="Eufrati – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Eufrati" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efrat" title="Efrat – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Efrat" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrate" title="Eufrate – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eufrate" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%86%E3%82%B9%E5%B7%9D" title="ユーフラテス川 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユーフラテス川" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_%C3%89frat" title="Kali Éfrat – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kali Éfrat" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ევფრატი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ევფრატი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Евфрат – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Евфрат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಯೂಫ್ರೆಟೀಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯೂಫ್ರೆಟೀಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%ED%94%84%EB%9D%BC%ED%85%8C%EC%8A%A4%EA%B0%95" title="유프라테스강 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유프라테스강" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%81%D9%90%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="دریائے فِرات – Kashmir" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="دریائے فِرات" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firat" title="Firat – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Firat" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Евфрат – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Евфрат" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Euphrates" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrat" title="Euphrat – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Euphrat" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Eufrates" title="Rio Eufrates – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Rio Eufrates" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufrate" title="Ufrate – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ufrate" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufratas" title="Eufratas – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Eufratas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eifrata" title="Eifrata – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eifrata" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eofrata" title="Eofrata – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Eofrata" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Еуфрат – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Еуфрат" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="യൂഫ്രട്ടീസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യൂഫ്രട്ടീസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BC%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%BD" title="Евфрат мөрөн – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Евфрат мөрөн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="युफ्रेटिस नदी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="युफ्रेटिस नदी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Furat" title="Sungai Furat – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sungai Furat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%96%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ယူဖရေးတီးမြစ် – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယူဖရေးတီးမြစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فرات – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فرات" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrat" title="Euphrat – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Euphrat" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="युफ्रेटिस नदी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="युफ्रेटिस नदी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B8" title="युफ्रेटस – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="युफ्रेटस" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufraat" title="Eufraat – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eufraat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrat" title="Eufrat – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Eufrat" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrat" title="Eufrat – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eufrat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrates" title="Eufrates – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Eufrates" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4" title="ਫ਼ਰਾਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ਰਾਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrat" title="Eufrat – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Eufrat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%93_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="دریاۓ فرات – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دریاۓ فرات" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فرات – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فرات" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Eufrates" title="Rio Eufrates – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rio Eufrates" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrat" title="Eufrat – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Eufrat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Евфрат – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Евфрат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Евфрат – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Евфрат" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Эуфрат – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эуфрат" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrati" title="Eufrati – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Eufrati" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Euphrates" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrat" title="Eufrat – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Eufrat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="යුප්‍රටීස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යුප්‍රටීස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Euphrates" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrat" title="Eufrat – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Eufrat" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evfrat" title="Evfrat – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Evfrat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furaat" title="Furaat – Somalia" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Furaat" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumi_i_Eufratit" title="Lumi i Eufratit – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lumi i Eufratit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Еуфрат – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Еуфрат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrat" title="Eufrat – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Eufrat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frati" title="Frati – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Frati" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="புறாத்து ஆறு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புறாத்து ஆறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="యూఫ్రటీస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="యూఫ్రటీస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Фурот – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фурот" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA" title="แม่น้ำยูเฟรทีส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แม่น้ำยูเฟรทีส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrates" title="Eufrates – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Eufrates" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C4%B1rat" title="Fırat – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fırat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yefrat_y%C4%B1l%C4%9Fas%C4%B1" title="Yefrat yılğası – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Yefrat yılğası" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Євфрат – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Євфрат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="دریائے فرات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دریائے فرات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furot_(daryo)" title="Furot (daryo) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Furot (daryo)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Euphrates" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufroat" title="Eufroat – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Eufroat" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufrate_(aiwe)" title="Ufrate (aiwe) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ufrate (aiwe)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufrates" title="Eufrates – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Eufrates" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%BC%E5%8F%91%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95%E6%B2%B3" title="幼发拉底河 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="幼发拉底河" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ევფრატი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ევფრატი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%AA" title="פרת – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פרת" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%BC%E5%8F%91%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95%E6%B2%B3" title="幼发拉底河 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="幼发拉底河" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrates_H%C3%B4" title="Euphrates Hô – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Euphrates Hô" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%BC%E7%99%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95%E6%B2%B3" title="幼發拉底河 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="幼發拉底河" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34589#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sungai_Efrat" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Sungai_Efrat" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Indonesia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants 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href="/w/index.php?title=Sungai_Efrat&action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. 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vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sungai_Efrat"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sungai_Efrat&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sungai_Efrat&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sungai_Efrat&action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Sungai_Efrat" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Sungai_Efrat" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sungai_Efrat&oldid=24026431" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sungai_Efrat&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Sungai_Efrat&id=24026431&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlQ%C4%B1sald%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSungai_Efrat"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrKodu&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSungai_Efrat"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Sungai+Efrat"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Sungai_Efrat&action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sungai_Efrat&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Euphrates" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34589" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Sistem_koordinat_geografis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem koordinat geografis">Koordinat</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25917590">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sungai_Efrat&language=id&params=31_0_18_N_47_26_31_E_type:river"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°0′18″N</span> <span class="longitude">47°26′31″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.00500°N 47.44194°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.00500; 47.44194</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22657712">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;">Sungai Efrat</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-right:0em; padding-left:0em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Zalabiya,Euphrat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Zalabiya%2CEuphrat.jpg/300px-Zalabiya%2CEuphrat.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Zalabiya%2CEuphrat.jpg/450px-Zalabiya%2CEuphrat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Zalabiya%2CEuphrat.jpg/600px-Zalabiya%2CEuphrat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1241" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Situs arkeologi <a href="/wiki/Zalabiye" title="Zalabiye">Zalabiyah</a> di tepi kiri Sungai Efrat</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-right:0em; padding-left:0em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Tigr-euph.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tigr-euph.png/300px-Tigr-euph.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tigr-euph.png/450px-Tigr-euph.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Tigr-euph.png/600px-Tigr-euph.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1005" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Daerah kuning adalah <a href="/wiki/Daerah_aliran_sungai" title="Daerah aliran sungai">DAS</a> gabungan <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Tigris" title="Sungai Tigris">Sungai Tigris</a> dan Sungai Efrat</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-right:0em; padding-left:0em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25414984">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title" style="">Peta <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <div style="opacity:85%; z-index:1;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;width:250px;margin-top:0.2em;text-align:left;z-index:120"><div style="font-size:70%;margin:0.2em; background:white; display:inline;padding:0.1em 0.3em; line-height:normal"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Bahasa_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia">Wikipedia</a> | <a href="/wiki/Templat:Koordinat_Wikidata_berganda" title="Templat:Koordinat Wikidata berganda">Kode sumber</a> | <a href="/wiki/Templat:Koordinat_Wikidata_berganda/doc" title="Templat:Koordinat Wikidata berganda/doc">Tata penggunaan</a></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r17451292">.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container>label:first-of-type{clear:both}.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container a.mw-kartographer-container.floatright,.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container a.mw-kartographer-container.floatleft,.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container div.mw-kartographer-container.tright,.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container div.mw-kartographer-container.tleft{padding:0 0 0 0;margin:0 0 0 0}</style><div class="switcher-container mapframe-multi-container center"><div><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 323px; height: 270px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="323" data-height="270" data-zoom="9" data-overlays="["_c05f2c1a7f42f773a623ac6d8e1169bf991ad640"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,323x270.png?lang=id&domain=id.wikipedia.org&title=Sungai_Efrat&revid=24026431&groups=_c05f2c1a7f42f773a623ac6d8e1169bf991ad640" width="323" height="270" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,323x270@2x.png?lang=id&domain=id.wikipedia.org&title=Sungai_Efrat&revid=24026431&groups=_c05f2c1a7f42f773a623ac6d8e1169bf991ad640 2x" alt="Peta" /></a><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Tampilkan peta yang diperbesar</span></div><div><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 323px; height: 270px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="323" data-height="270" data-zoom="6" data-overlays="["_c05f2c1a7f42f773a623ac6d8e1169bf991ad640"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,6,a,a,323x270.png?lang=id&domain=id.wikipedia.org&title=Sungai_Efrat&revid=24026431&groups=_c05f2c1a7f42f773a623ac6d8e1169bf991ad640" width="323" height="270" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,6,a,a,323x270@2x.png?lang=id&domain=id.wikipedia.org&title=Sungai_Efrat&revid=24026431&groups=_c05f2c1a7f42f773a623ac6d8e1169bf991ad640 2x" alt="Peta" /></a><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Tampilkan peta yang diperkecil</span></div><div><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 323px; height: 270px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="323" data-height="270" data-zoom="3" data-overlays="["_c05f2c1a7f42f773a623ac6d8e1169bf991ad640"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,3,a,a,323x270.png?lang=id&domain=id.wikipedia.org&title=Sungai_Efrat&revid=24026431&groups=_c05f2c1a7f42f773a623ac6d8e1169bf991ad640" width="323" height="270" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,3,a,a,323x270@2x.png?lang=id&domain=id.wikipedia.org&title=Sungai_Efrat&revid=24026431&groups=_c05f2c1a7f42f773a623ac6d8e1169bf991ad640 2x" alt="Peta" /></a><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Tampilkan peta penuh</span></div></div>Koordinat:<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782729">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25917590">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sungai_Efrat&language=id&params=39_43_41.9_N_40_15_24.8_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°43′41.9″N</span> <span class="longitude">40°15′24.8″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.728306°N 40.256889°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.728306; 40.256889</span></span></span></a></span></span></li><li><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25917590"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sungai_Efrat&language=id&params=31_0_15.5_N_47_26_31.2_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°0′15.5″N</span> <span class="longitude">47°26′31.2″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.004306°N 47.442000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.004306; 47.442000</span></span></span></a></span></span></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Etimologi" title="Etimologi">Etimologi</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Dari bahasa Yunani <i>Eufrates</i>, dari bahasa Persia Lama <i>Ufrātu</i>, dari bahasa Elam <i>ú-ip-ra-tu-iš</i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;">Lokasi</th></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Negara</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suriah" title="Suriah">Suriah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Daerah_aliran_sungai" title="Daerah aliran sungai">DAS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suriah" title="Suriah">Suriah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_Saudi" title="Arab Saudi">Arab Saudi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Kota</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Birecik" title="Birecik">Birecik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ar-Raqqah" title="Ar-Raqqah">Raqqah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor" class="mw-redirect" title="Deir ez-Zor">Dairuz Zur</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayadin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mayadin (halaman belum tersedia)">Mayadin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haditsah" title="Haditsah">Haditsah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramadi" title="Ramadi">Ramadi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Habbaniyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Habbaniyah (halaman belum tersedia)">Habbaniyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fallujah" title="Fallujah">Fallujah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kufah" title="Kufah">Kufah</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samawah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samawah (halaman belum tersedia)">Samawah</a>, <a href="/wiki/An-Nashiriyah" title="An-Nashiriyah">Nasyiriyah</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;">Ciri-ciri fisik</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hulu_sungai" title="Hulu sungai">Hulu sungai</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> - lokasi</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sungai_Murat" title="Sungai Murat">Murat Su</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> - elevasi</span></th><td class="infobox-data">3520 m (11550 kaki)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Hulu ke-2</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> - lokasi</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karasu_(Sungai_Efrat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karasu (Sungai Efrat) (halaman belum tersedia)">Kara Su</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> - elevasi</span></th><td class="infobox-data">3290 m (10790 kaki)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Gabungan hulu</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> - lokasi</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keban (halaman belum tersedia)">Keban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> - elevasi</span></th><td class="infobox-data">610 m (2000 kaki)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Muara_sungai" title="Muara sungai">Muara sungai</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sungai_Shatt_al-Arab" title="Sungai Shatt al-Arab">Syattul Arab</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> - lokasi</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_Qurnah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al Qurnah (halaman belum tersedia)">Al Qurnah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kegubernuran_Basra" title="Kegubernuran Basra">Gubernemen Basra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> - koordinat</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25917590"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sungai_Efrat&language=id&params=31_0_18_N_47_26_31_E_type:river"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°0′18″N</span> <span class="longitude">47°26′31″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.00500°N 47.44194°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.00500; 47.44194</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Panjang" title="Panjang">Panjang</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Kira-kira 2800 km (1700 mil)</td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Debit_air" class="mw-redirect" title="Debit air">Debit air</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> - lokasi</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C4%ABt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hīt (halaman belum tersedia)">Hīt</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> - minimum</span></th><td class="infobox-data">58 m<sup>3</sup>/detik (2000 kaki<sup>3</sup>/detik)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> - rata-rata</span></th><td class="infobox-data">356 m<sup>3</sup>/detik (12600 kaki<sup>3</sup>/detik)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> - maksimum</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2514 m<sup>3</sup>/detik (88800 kaki<sup>3</sup>/detik)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;"><a href="/wiki/Daerah_Aliran_Sungai" class="mw-redirect" title="Daerah Aliran Sungai">Daerah Aliran Sungai</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Luas DAS</th><td class="infobox-data">Kira-kira 500000 km<sup>2</sup> (190000 mil<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Anak_sungai" title="Anak sungai">Anak sungai</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> - kiri</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sungai_Balikh" title="Sungai Balikh">Balikh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Kebar" title="Sungai Kebar">Khabur</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> - kanan</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sungai_Sajur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sungai Sajur (halaman belum tersedia)">Sajur</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sungai Efrat</b> atau <b>Sungai Eufrat</b> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sumeria" title="Bahasa Sumeria">bahasa Sumeria</a>: <span style="font-size:125%;font-family:Akkadian" title="kuneiform klasik Sumeria" lang="Xsux">𒌓𒄒𒉣</span>, <i>Buranuna</i>; <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Akkadia" title="Bahasa Akkadia">bahasa Akkadia</a>: <span lang="akk"><span style="font-size:125%;font-family:'Free Idg Serif';" title="Neo-Assyrian cuneiform">𒌓𒄒𒉣</span></span>, <i>Purattu</i>; <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Suryani" title="Bahasa Suryani">bahasa Suryani</a>: <span lang="syr"><i>̇ܦܪܬ</i></span>, <i>Pǝrāt</i>; <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Ibrani" title="Bahasa Ibrani">bahasa Ibrani</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">פרת</span>‎, <i>Perat</i>; <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab" title="Bahasa Arab">bahasa Arab</a>: <span lang="ar">الفرات</span>, <i>Al Furat</i>; <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Turki" title="Bahasa Turki">bahasa Turki</a>: <span lang="tr"><i>Fırat</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Kurdi" title="Bahasa Kurdi">bahasa Kurdi</a>: <span lang="ku">Firat</span>; <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Armenia" title="Bahasa Armenia">bahasa Armenia</a>: <span lang="hy">Եփրատ</span>, <i>Yeprat</i>) adalah sungai terpanjang di <a href="/wiki/Asia_Barat" title="Asia Barat">Asia Barat</a>, dan merupakan salah satu sungai terpenting dalam sejarah. Sungai Efrat dan <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Tigris" title="Sungai Tigris">Sungai Tigris</a> adalah dua bengawan yang menjadi sebab daerah di sepanjang tepiannya disebut <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, negeri di antara dua sungai. Dari sumbernya di <a href="/wiki/Kawasan_Anatolia_Timur" title="Kawasan Anatolia Timur">kawasan timur Turki</a>, Sungai Efrat mengalir melintasi <a href="/wiki/Suriah" title="Suriah">Suriah</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a>, sampai akhirnya bersatu dengan Sungai Tigris menjadi <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Shatt_al-Arab" title="Sungai Shatt al-Arab">Sungai Syattul Arab</a> yang bermuara di <a href="/wiki/Teluk_Persia" title="Teluk Persia">Teluk Persia</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologi">Etimologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sungai_Efrat&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Etimologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sungai_Efrat&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Etimologi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Efrátis</i> (<span lang="grc">Εὐφράτης</span>), nama Sungai Efrat dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani_Kuno" title="Bahasa Yunani Kuno">bahasa Yunani Kuno</a>, seakan-akan terbentuk dari penggabungan kata <i>eu</i> (εὖ) yang berarti "baik" dan <i>frato</i> (ϕράζω) yang berarti "aku nyatakan", tetapi sesungguhnya diserap dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Persia_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Persia Lama">bahasa Persia Lama</a>, <i>Ufrātu</i> (𐎢𐎳𐎼𐎠𐎬𐎢),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang juga diserap dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Elam" title="Bahasa Elam">bahasa Elam</a> <i>ú-ip-ra-tu-iš</i> (𒌑𒅁𒊏𒌅𒅖). Nama dalam bahasa Elam ini pun berasal dari sebuah nama yang dalam <a href="/wiki/Aksara_paku" title="Aksara paku">aksara paku</a> tertulis 𒌓𒄒𒉣. Dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sumeria" title="Bahasa Sumeria">bahasa Sumer</a>, huruf-huruf ini dilafalkan "buranuna", tetapi dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Akkadia" title="Bahasa Akkadia">bahasa Akad</a> dilafalkan "purattu". Ada banyak kata beraksara paku yang sama persis bentuknya, tetapi dilafalkan berlainan dalam bahasa Sumeria dan bahasa Akadia, kendati sama saja artinya. <i>Purattu</i>, nama sungai Efrat dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Akkadia" title="Bahasa Akkadia">bahasa Akad</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> terlestarikan dalam <a href="/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Semit" title="Rumpun bahasa Semit">bahasa-bahasa Semit</a> (bdk. <i>Pərāṯ</i> dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Suryani" title="Bahasa Suryani">bahasa Suryani</a>, dan <i>Al Furāt</i> dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab" title="Bahasa Arab">bahasa Arab</a>) dan bahasa bangsa-bangsa lain di sekitarnya (bdk. <i>Puranti</i> dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Hurri" title="Bahasa Hurri">bahasa Huri</a> , dan <i>Uruttu</i> dalam <a href="/wiki/Subartu" title="Subartu">bahasa Subartu</a>). Bentuk Elam, Akad, dan mungkin pula bentuk Sumer diduga berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistik)" title="Stratum (linguistik)">bahasa substratum</a> yang tak tercatat.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamaz_V._Gamkrelidze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamaz V. Gamkrelidze (halaman belum tersedia)">Tamaz V. Gamkrelidze</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vyacheslav_Ivanov_(filolog)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vyacheslav Ivanov (filolog) (halaman belum tersedia)">Vyacheslav Ivanov</a> menduga bahwa kata <i>*burudu</i> dalam bahasa Proto-Sumer (<i>urudu</i> dalam bahasa Sumer), yang berarti "tembaga", adalah cikal bakal dari nama Sungai Efrat, dengan alasan bahwa Sungai Efrat adalah jalur pengangkutan bijih tembaga dengan menggunakan rakit, karena Mesopotamia adalah pusat kepandaian mengolah tembaga pada zaman Sumer.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rujukan tertua bagi Sungai Efrat tercantum dalam naskah-naskah beraksara paku yang ditemukan di kota <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0urupak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šurupak (halaman belum tersedia)">Šurupak</a> dan di kota <a href="/wiki/Nibru" title="Nibru">Nipur</a> pra-<a href="/wiki/Sargon_dari_Akkad" class="mw-redirect" title="Sargon dari Akkad">Sargon</a> yang berada di kawasan selatan <a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a>. Naskah-naskah ini diperkirakan berasal dari pertengahan milenium ke-3 pra-Masehi. Di dalam naskah-naskah berbahasa Sumer ini, Sungai Efrat dinamakan <i>Buranuna</i> (<a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">logograf</a>: UD.KIB.NUN). Nama ini dapat pula ditulis KIB.NUN.(NA) maupun <sup>d</sup>KIB.NUN, diawali dengan imbuhan "<sup><a href="/wiki/Dingir" title="Dingir">d</a></sup>", yang menunjukkan bahwa sungai ini didewakan. Nama kota <a href="/wiki/Sipar" title="Sipar">Sipar</a> di Irak dalam bahasa Sumeria juga ditulis UD.KIB.NUN, sehingga menyiratkan adanya hubungan kesejarahan yang erat antara kota ini dan Sungai Efrat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah_alam">Sejarah alam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sungai_Efrat&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah alam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sungai_Efrat&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah alam"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paya-paya_Mesopotamia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paya-paya Mesopotamia (halaman belum tersedia)">Paya-paya Mesopotamia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Rafetus_euphraticus_(29056605113).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Rafetus_euphraticus_%2829056605113%29.jpg/220px-Rafetus_euphraticus_%2829056605113%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Rafetus_euphraticus_%2829056605113%29.jpg/330px-Rafetus_euphraticus_%2829056605113%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Rafetus_euphraticus_%2829056605113%29.jpg/440px-Rafetus_euphraticus_%2829056605113%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafetus_euphraticus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rafetus euphraticus (halaman belum tersedia)">Rafetus euphraticus</a></i>, kura-kura cangkang lunak efrat</figcaption></figure> <p>Aliran Sungai Efrat melewati sejumlah mintakat <a href="/wiki/Vegetasi" title="Vegetasi">vegetasi</a> yang berbeda-beda. Meskipun keberadaan manusia selama ribuan tahun di sebagian besar daerah lembah Sungai Efrat telah merusak bentang alamnya, masih ada lingkungan-lingkungan vegetasi asli. Curah hujan tahunan yang tetap dari daerah hulu Sungai Efrat sampai ke Teluk Persia sangat menentukan jenis-jenis vegetasi yang dapat ditunjang alam. Aliran udik Sungai Efrat, yang melewati daerah pegunungan di kawasan tenggara dan lereng-lereng perbukitan di kawasan selatan wilayah negara Turki, menunjang keberadaan mintakat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hutan_belukar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hutan belukar (halaman belum tersedia)">hutan belukar</a> <a href="/wiki/Gersang" title="Gersang">gersang</a>. Spesies tumbuh-tumbuhan di daerah-daerah yang lebih lembap pada mintakat ini adalah berbagai jenis <a href="/wiki/Ek" class="mw-redirect" title="Ek">pohon ek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pistacia" title="Pistacia">pistacio</a>, dan <i><a href="/wiki/Rosaceae" title="Rosaceae">rosaceae</a></i> (mawar-mawaran). Daerah-daerah yang lebih kering pada mintakat ini hanya ditumbuhi hutan ek yang lebih renggang dan <i>rosaceae</i>. Di mintakat ini terdapat pula berbagai jenis <a href="/wiki/Serealia" title="Serealia">serealia</a>, antara lain <a href="/wiki/Einkorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Einkorn">gandum biji tunggal</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Triticum_dicoccum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triticum dicoccum (halaman belum tersedia)">gandum biji ganda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gandum_hitam" title="Gandum hitam">gandum hitam</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Haver" title="Haver">haver</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di selatan mintakat ini, terbentang mintakat campuran antara hutan belukar dan <a href="/wiki/Stepa" title="Stepa">stepa</a>. Di antara kota Raqqah dan perbatasan Suriah-Irak, Sungai Efrat mengalir melewati bentangan stepa yang luas. Tumbuhan khas stepa ini adalah <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artemisia_herba-alba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artemisia herba-alba (halaman belum tersedia)">artemisia herba-alba</a></i> (sudamala putih) dan <i><a href="/wiki/Amaranthaceae" title="Amaranthaceae">chenopodiaceae</a></i> (bayam-bayaman). Sepanjang sejarah, mintakat ini digunduli oleh penduduknya yang mencari penghidupan dengan cara <a href="/wiki/Pastoralisme" title="Pastoralisme">membiakkan serta menggembalakan</a> <a href="/wiki/Kambing" title="Kambing">kambing</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Domba" title="Domba">biri-biri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di sebelah tenggara perbatasan Suriah-Irak, terbentang <a href="/wiki/Gurun" title="Gurun">padang gurun</a> yang sesungguhnya. Mintakat ini sama sekali tidak menunjang keberadaan vegetasi atau hanya bidang-bidang kecil yang ditumbuhi <i>chenopodiaceae</i> dan <i><a href="/wiki/Poa" title="Poa">poa sinaica</a></i> (rumput biru semusim). Kendati kini sudah musnah lantaran ulah manusia, penelitian menunjukkan bahwa daerah lembah Sungai Efrat pernah memiliki <a href="/wiki/Mintakat_riparian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mintakat riparian">hutan tepian sungai</a>. Spesies tumbuh-tumbuhan yang menjadi ciri khas hutan tepian sungai ini adalah <i><a href="/wiki/Pohon_berangan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pohon berangan">platanus orientalis</a></i> (pohon berangan), <i><a href="/wiki/Populus" class="mw-redirect" title="Populus">populus euphratica</a></i> (pohon hawar efrat), <a href="/wiki/Tamariska" title="Tamariska"><i>tamarix</i></a> (pohon tamariska), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraxinus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fraxinus (halaman belum tersedia)">fraxinus</a></i> (sejenis pohon salam), dan berbagai jenis tumbuh-tumbuhan lahan basah.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Di antara berbagai spesies ikan yang hidup di perairan Sungai Efrat dan Sungai Tigris, yang paling umum dijumpai orang adalah spesies-spesies <i><a href="/wiki/Cyprinidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprinidae">cyprinidae</a></i> (ikan mas), yakni 34 spesies dari keseluruhan 52 spesies ikan yang ada.<sup id="cite_ref-coad_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coad-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di antara berbagai spesies <i>cyprinidae</i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luciobarbus_esocinus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luciobarbus esocinus (halaman belum tersedia)">luciobarbus esocinus</a></i> memiliki sifat-sifat yang disukai para penggemar kegiatan <a href="/wiki/Penangkapan_ikan_rekreasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Penangkapan ikan rekreasi">memancing</a>, sampai-sampai dijuluki "ikan salem tigris" oleh orang-orang Inggris. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafetus_euphraticus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rafetus euphraticus (halaman belum tersedia)">Rafetus euphraticus</a></i> adalah sejenis <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trionychidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trionychidae (halaman belum tersedia)">trionychidae</a></i> (kura-kura cangkang lunak) yang hanya hidup di perairan Sungai Efrat dan Sungai Tigris.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-navalintelligencedivision203205_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-navalintelligencedivision203205-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relief-relief istana <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Asiria_Baru" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerajaan Asiria Baru">Kekaisaran Asyur Baru</a>, yang dibangun pada milenium pertama pra-Masehi, menggambarkan adegan perburuan <a href="/wiki/Singa" title="Singa">singa</a> dan banteng di bentang alam yang subur.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orang-orang Eropa, yang pernah berkelana sampai ke daerah lembah Sungai Efrat di Suriah pada kurun waktu abad ke-16 sampai abad ke-19, melaporkan tentang keberagaman margasatwa di daerah tersebut. Kini banyak yang sudah langka bahkan punah. Spesies-spesies satwa seperti <a href="/wiki/Gazel" title="Gazel">kijang</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equus_hemionus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Equus hemionus (halaman belum tersedia)">equus hemionus</a></i> (keledai liar), dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Burung_unta_arab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burung unta arab (halaman belum tersedia)">burung unta arab</a> (sudah punah), hidup bebas di kawasan stepa yang memagari daerah lembah Sungai Efrat, sementara daerah lembah Sungai Efrat itu sendiri merupakan daerah yang dihuni satwa <a href="/wiki/Babi_celeng" title="Babi celeng">celeng</a>. Spesies-spesies satwa pemakan daging yang hidup di daerah ini adalah <a href="/wiki/Serigala_abu-abu" class="mw-redirect" title="Serigala abu-abu">serigala kelabu</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Canis_aureus" class="mw-redirect" title="Canis aureus">canis aureus</a></i> (jakal), <a href="/wiki/Rubah_merah" title="Rubah merah">rubah merah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macan_tutul" title="Macan tutul">macan tutul</a>, dan singa. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beruang_cokelat_syam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beruang cokelat syam (halaman belum tersedia)">Beruang cokelat syam</a> mendiami daerah pegunungan di kawasan tenggara Turki. Keberadaan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castor_fiber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castor fiber (halaman belum tersedia)">castor fiber</a></i> (berang-berang pengerat erasia) dibuktikan oleh sekumpulan tulang temuan dari situs prasejarah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tal_Abu_Hurairah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tal Abu Hurairah (halaman belum tersedia)">Abu Hurairah</a> di Suriah, tetapi berang-berang pengerat ini tidak pernah dilihat orang sepanjang zaman sejarah.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sungai_Efrat&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sungai_Efrat&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abad_Kuno">Abad Kuno</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sungai_Efrat&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Abad Kuno" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sungai_Efrat&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Abad Kuno"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaman_Jemdet_Nasr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaman Jemdet Nasr (halaman belum tersedia)">Zaman Jemdet Nasr</a> (3600–3100 SM) dan Zaman Wangsa Perdana (3100–2350 SM), terjadi pertambahan jumlah maupun ukuran permukiman manusia di kawasan selatan Mesopotamia, yang menyiratkan adanya lonjakan populasi. Permukiman-permukiman ini, yang mencakup situs-situs <a href="/wiki/Babilonia" title="Babilonia">bangsa Sumer-Akad</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/Sipar" title="Sipar">Sipar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adab_(kota)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adab (kota) (halaman belum tersedia)">Adab</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Ki%C5%A1" title="Kiš">Kiš</a>, adalah <a href="/wiki/Negara_kota" title="Negara kota">negara-negara kota</a> yang saling bersaing.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banyak dari kota-kota ini dibangun di tepi aliran Sungai Efrat dan Sungai Tigris, yang kini sudah mengering, tetapi masih dapat dilihat bekas-bekasnya dalam citra-citra <a href="/wiki/Pengindraan_jauh" title="Pengindraan jauh">pengindraan jarak jauh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perkembangan serupa juga berlangsung di kawasan <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_Hulu" title="Mesopotamia Hulu">udik Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subartu" title="Subartu">Subartu</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Asyur" title="Asyur">Asyur</a>, kendati baru bermula pada pertengahan milenium ke-3 dan dalam skala yang lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan kawasan hilir Mesopotamia. Pada kurun waktu inilah situs-situs seperti <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Suriah" title="Mari, Suriah">Mari</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tel_Leilan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tel Leilan (halaman belum tersedia)">Tel Leilan</a> tumbuh menjadi kota-kota terkemuka untuk pertama kalinya.<sup id="cite_ref-akkermansschwartz233_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-akkermansschwartz233-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sebagian besar daerah Lembah Sungai Efrat untuk pertama kalinya dipersatukan di bawah daulat penguasa tunggal pada zaman <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Akkadia" title="Kekaisaran Akkadia">Kekaisaran Akad</a> (2335–2154 SM) dan <a href="/wiki/Dinasti_Ketiga_Ur" title="Dinasti Ketiga Ur">Kekaisaran Ur III</a>, yang menguasai sebagian besar dari wilayah negara Irak dan kawasan timur laut wilayah negara Suriah sekarang ini, baik secara langsung maupun melalui jajahan-jajahannya.<sup id="cite_ref-vandemieroop63_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vandemieroop63-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sesudah dua kekaisaran ini runtuh, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kekaisaran_Asyur_Lama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kekaisaran Asyur Lama (halaman belum tersedia)">Kekaisaran Asyur Lama</a> (1975–1750 SM) dan Kerajaan Mari mendaulat kawasan timur laut Syam dan kawasan utara Mesopotamia, sementara kawasan selatan Mesopotamia dikuasai oleh negara-negara kota seperti <a href="/wiki/Isin" title="Isin">Isin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ki%C5%A1" title="Kiš">Kiš</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a>, sebelum dijadikan bagian dari wilayah negara <a href="/wiki/Babilonia" title="Babilonia">Babel</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hamurabi</a> mulai dari permulaan sampai dengan pertengahan abad ke-18 SM.<sup id="cite_ref-vandemieroop111_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vandemieroop111-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada separuh akhir milenium ke-2 SM, daerah lembah Sungai Efrat terbagi menjadi wilayah Kerajaan Babel <a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Kass" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsa Kass">Kerajaan Babel Orang Kasi</a> di sebelah selatan, dan wilayah <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Kerajaan Mitani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asyur" title="Asyur">Kerajaan Asyur</a>, serta <a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Het" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsa Het">Kekaisaran Orang Het</a> di sebelah utara. Pada akhirnya, <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Asyur_Pertengahan" title="Kekaisaran Asyur Pertengahan">Kekaisaran Asyur Pertengahan</a> (1365–1020 SM) berdaulat atas Kekaisaran Orang Het, Kerajaan Mitani, dan Kerajaan Babel Orang Kasi.<sup id="cite_ref-vandemieroop132_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vandemieroop132-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sesudah Kekaisaran Asyur Pertengahan runtuh pada penghujung abad ke-11 SM, Kerajaan Babel dan Kerajaan Asyur bertarung memperebutkan daerah lembah Sungai Efrat yang kini termasuk wilayah negara Irak. <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Asiria_Baru" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerajaan Asiria Baru">Kekaisaran Asyur Baru</a> (935–605 SM) pada akhirnya berjaya memenangi pertarungan ini, bahkan berhasil pula menguasai kawasan utara daerah lembah Sungai Efrat pada separuh awal milenium pertama pra-Masehi.<sup id="cite_ref-vandemieroop241_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vandemieroop241-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dari abad ke abad kemudian, daerah lembah Sungai Efrat silih berganti dikuasai oleh Kekaisaran Asyur Baru (runtuh antara tahun 612 dan 599 SM), <a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Mede" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsa Mede">Kekaisaran Orang Madai</a> (612–546 SM), serta <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Babilonia_Baru" title="Kekaisaran Babilonia Baru">Kekaisaran Babel Baru</a> (612–539 SM) pada tahun-tahun menjelang akhir abad ke-7 SM, dan pada akhirnya jatuh ke tangan <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Akhemeniyah" title="Kekaisaran Akhemeniyah">Kekaisaran Wangsa Hakamanes</a> (539–333 SM).<sup id="cite_ref-vandemieroop270_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vandemieroop270-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kekaisaran Wangsa Hakamanes pun pada gilirannya ditaklukkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Agung" title="Aleksander Agung">Aleksander Agung</a>, Raja Makedonia yang mengalahkan <a href="/wiki/Darius_III_dari_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius III dari Persia">Raja Darius III</a> dan wafat di Babel pada tahun 323 SM.<sup id="cite_ref-vandemieroop286_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vandemieroop286-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sepeninggal Aleksander Agung, daerah lembah Sungai Efrat dikuasai oleh <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Seleukia" title="Kekaisaran Seleukia">Kekaisaran Wangsa Seleukos</a> (312–150 SM), dan selanjutnya oleh <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kekaisaran Parthia">Kekaisaran Wangsa Aršak</a> (150 SM – 226 M). Pada zaman Kekaisaran Wangsa Aršak, sejumlah negara <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Asiria_Baru" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerajaan Asiria Baru">Asyur Baru</a>, semisal <a href="/wiki/Adiabene" title="Adiabene">Kerajaan Adiabene</a>, menguasai daerah-daerah tertentu di dalam bentang daerah lembah Sungai Efrat. <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Romawi" title="Kekaisaran Romawi">Kekaisaran Romawi</a>, demikian pula penerusnya, <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Romawi_Timur" title="Kekaisaran Romawi Timur">Kekaisaran Romawi Timur</a>, bertarung melawan <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Sasaniyah" title="Kekaisaran Sasaniyah">Kekaisaran Wangsa Sasan</a> (226–638 M), lantaran memperebutkan daerah lembah Sungai Efrat, sampai akhirnya <a href="/wiki/Penyebaran_Islam" title="Penyebaran Islam">ditaklukkan oleh kaum Muslim</a> pada pertengahan abad ke-7 M. <a href="/wiki/Pertempuran_Karbala" title="Pertempuran Karbala">Pertempuran Karbala</a> berkecamuk di tepi sungai Efrat pada tahun 680 M. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zaman_Modern">Zaman Modern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sungai_Efrat&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Zaman Modern" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sungai_Efrat&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Zaman Modern"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Politik_air_di_Timur_Tengah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politik air di Timur Tengah (halaman belum tersedia)">Politik air di Timur Tengah</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Iraq_(1921%E2%80%931958).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Iraq_%281921%E2%80%931958%29.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Iraq_%281921%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Iraq_%281921%E2%80%931958%29.svg/330px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Iraq_%281921%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Iraq_%281921%E2%80%931958%29.svg/440px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Iraq_%281921%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="509" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>Lambang Kebesaran Kerajaan Irak 1932-1959 menampilkan gambar dua aliran menyatu menjadi Sungai Syatul Arab, serta gambar hutan kurma Irak, hutan kurma terbesar di dunia pada zamannya</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Baghdad_Railway_Euphrates_wooden_bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Baghdad_Railway_Euphrates_wooden_bridge.jpg/220px-Baghdad_Railway_Euphrates_wooden_bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Baghdad_Railway_Euphrates_wooden_bridge.jpg/330px-Baghdad_Railway_Euphrates_wooden_bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Baghdad_Railway_Euphrates_wooden_bridge.jpg/440px-Baghdad_Railway_Euphrates_wooden_bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4511" data-file-height="3873" /></a><figcaption>Jembatan kayu penyangga <a href="/wiki/Jalur_kereta_api_Baghdad" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalur kereta api Baghdad">rel kereta api rute Berlin-Bagdad</a> yang melintasi Sungai Efrat, <i><a href="/wiki/Circa" title="Circa">ca.</a></i> 1900–1910</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Euphrates_River_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Euphrates_River_%281%29.JPG/220px-Euphrates_River_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Euphrates_River_%281%29.JPG/330px-Euphrates_River_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Euphrates_River_%281%29.JPG/440px-Euphrates_River_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Aliran Sungai Efrat di dekat kota <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2hta" title="Kâhta">Kâhta</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Seusai <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_I" title="Perang Dunia I">Perang Dunia I</a>, tapal-tapal batas antarnegara di kawasan barat daya Asia diperbaharui dengan <a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Lausanne" title="Perjanjian Lausanne">Perjanjian Lausanne tahun 1923</a>, berbarengan dengan <a href="/wiki/Pemisahan_Kekaisaran_Utsmaniyah" title="Pemisahan Kekaisaran Utsmaniyah">pemecahbelahan wilayah</a> <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Utsmaniyah" title="Kesultanan Utsmaniyah">Kekaisaran Utsmaniyah</a>. Klausa 109 dari perjanjian ini mewajibkan ketiga negara yang terletak di tepi Sungai Efrat kala itu, yakni Turki, <a href="/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis">Prancis</a> di <a href="/wiki/Mandat_Prancis_di_Suriah_dan_Lebanon" title="Mandat Prancis di Suriah dan Lebanon">Wilayah Mandat Suriah</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Britania_Raya" title="Britania Raya">Inggris Raya</a> di <a href="/wiki/Mandat_untuk_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandat untuk Mesopotamia">Wilayah Mandat Irak</a>, untuk merumuskan kesepakatan bersama terkait pemanfaatan air Sungai Efrat dan segala macam pembangunan instalasi tenaga air.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kesepakatan antara Turki dan Irak, yang ditandatangani pada tahun 1946, mewajibkan Turki untuk melaporkan kepada Irak setiap kali melakukan perubahan dalam bentuk apa pun atas pemanfaatan tenaga air Sungai Tigris dan Sungai Efrat, dan memperbolehkan Irak membangun bendungan-bendungan di wilayah Turki untuk mengatur aliran Sungai Efrat.<sup id="cite_ref-geopolicity1112_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geopolicity1112-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gambar Sungai Efrat ditampilkan dalam <a href="/wiki/Lambang_Irak" title="Lambang Irak">Lambang Negara Irak</a> pada kurun waktu 1932-1959. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sungai_Efrat&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sungai_Efrat&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNegevGibson2001">Negev & Gibson 2001</a>, hlm. 169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoods2005">Woods 2005</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Witzel, Michael (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/C._ASIA_.pdf">"Early Loan Words in Western Central Asia: Substrates, Migrations and Trade"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Dalam Mair, Victor H. <i>Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World</i>. University of Hawai'i Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+Loan+Words+in+Western+Central+Asia%3A+Substrates%2C+Migrations+and+Trade&rft.btitle=Contact+and+Exchange+in+the+Ancient+World&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Witzel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.fas.harvard.edu%2F~witzel%2FC._ASIA_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASungai+Efrat" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGamkrelidzeV._Ivanov1995" class="citation">Gamkrelidze, Thomas; V. Ivanov, Vjaceslav (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M2aqp2n2mKkC&pg=PA616&lpg=PA616"><i>Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-Language and Proto-Culture</i></a>, Walter de Gruyter, hlm. 616</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+and+the+Indo-Europeans%3A+A+Reconstruction+and+Historical+Analysis+of+a+Proto-Language+and+Proto-Culture&rft.pages=616&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Gamkrelidze&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=V.+Ivanov%2C+Vjaceslav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM2aqp2n2mKkC%26pg%3DPA616%26lpg%3DPA616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASungai+Efrat" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMooreHillmanLegge2000">Moore, Hillman & Legge 2000</a>, hlm. 52–58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMooreHillmanLegge2000">Moore, Hillman & Legge 2000</a>, hlm. 63–65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMooreHillmanLegge2000">Moore, Hillman & Legge 2000</a>, hlm. 69–71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coad-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-coad_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoad1996">Coad 1996</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGray1864">Gray 1864</a>, hlm. 81–82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-navalintelligencedivision203205-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-navalintelligencedivision203205_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNaval_Intelligence_Division1944">Naval Intelligence Division 1944</a>, hlm. 203–205</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomason2001">Thomason 2001</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMooreHillmanLegge2000">Moore, Hillman & Legge 2000</a>, hlm. 85–91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdams1981">Adams 1981</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHritzWilkinson2006">Hritz & Wilkinson 2006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-akkermansschwartz233-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-akkermansschwartz233_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkkermansSchwartz2003">Akkermans & Schwartz 2003</a>, hlm. 233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vandemieroop63-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vandemieroop63_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_de_Mieroop2007">van de Mieroop 2007</a>, hlm. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vandemieroop111-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vandemieroop111_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_de_Mieroop2007">van de Mieroop 2007</a>, hlm. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vandemieroop132-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vandemieroop132_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_de_Mieroop2007">van de Mieroop 2007</a>, hlm. 132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vandemieroop241-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vandemieroop241_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_de_Mieroop2007">van de Mieroop 2007</a>, hlm. 241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vandemieroop270-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vandemieroop270_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_de_Mieroop2007">van de Mieroop 2007</a>, hlm. 270</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vandemieroop286-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vandemieroop286_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_de_Mieroop2007">van de Mieroop 2007</a>, hlm. 287</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Lausanne"><i>Treaty of peace with Turkey signed at Lausanne</i></a>, World War I Document Archive<span class="reference-accessdate">, diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">19 Desember</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treaty+of+peace+with+Turkey+signed+at+Lausanne&rft.pub=World+War+I+Document+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwi.lib.byu.edu%2Findex.php%2FTreaty_of_Lausanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ASungai+Efrat" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-geopolicity1112-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-geopolicity1112_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeopolicity2010">Geopolicity 2010</a>, hlm. 11–12</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output 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