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</li> <li id="toc-Continuous_integration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuous_integration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Continuous integration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuous_integration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incremental_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incremental_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Incremental development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incremental_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rapid_application_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rapid_application_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Rapid application development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rapid_application_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waterfall_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waterfall_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Waterfall development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waterfall_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spiral_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spiral_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Spiral development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spiral_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shape_Up" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shape_Up"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Shape Up</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shape_Up-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advanced_methodologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advanced_methodologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Advanced methodologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advanced_methodologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Process_meta-models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Process_meta-models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Process meta-models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Process_meta-models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Software development process</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="عملية تطوير البرمجيات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عملية تطوير البرمجيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proqram_t%C9%99minat%C4%B1_prosesi" title="Proqram təminatı prosesi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Proqram təminatı prosesi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="সফটওয়্যার উন্নয়ন প্রক্রিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সফটওয়্যার উন্নয়ন প্রক্রিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proc%C3%A9s_de_desenvolupament_de_programari" title="Procés de desenvolupament de programari – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Procés de desenvolupament de programari" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proces_v%C3%BDvoje_softwaru" title="Proces vývoje softwaru – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Proces vývoje softwaru" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%80%CF%84%CF%85%CE%BE%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Διαδικασία ανάπτυξης λογισμικού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διαδικασία ανάπτυξης λογισμικού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceso_del_desarrollo_del_software" title="Proceso del desarrollo del software – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Proceso del desarrollo del software" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%87_%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="فرایند توسعه نرم‌افزار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرایند توسعه نرم‌افزار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processus_de_d%C3%A9veloppement_logiciel" title="Processus de développement logiciel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Processus de développement logiciel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%A8%EC%96%B4_%EA%B0%9C%EB%B0%9C_%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EC%84%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="소프트웨어 개발 프로세스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소프트웨어 개발 프로세스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="सॉफ्टवेयर विकास प्रक्रिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सॉफ्टवेयर विकास प्रक्रिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proses_pengembangan_perangkat_lunak" title="Proses pengembangan perangkat lunak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Proses pengembangan perangkat lunak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modello_di_sviluppo_del_software" title="Modello di sviluppo del software – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Modello di sviluppo del software" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmat%C5%ABras_izstr%C4%81des_process" title="Programmatūras izstrādes process – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Programmatūras izstrādes process" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szoftverfejleszt%C3%A9si_folyamat" title="Szoftverfejlesztési folyamat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szoftverfejlesztési folyamat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwareontwikkelmethode" title="Softwareontwikkelmethode – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Softwareontwikkelmethode" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%95%E3%83%88%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A2%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="ソフトウェア開発工程 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソフトウェア開発工程" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasturiy_ta%CA%BCminot_ishlab_chiqish_jarayoni" title="Dasturiy taʼminot ishlab chiqish jarayoni – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dasturiy taʼminot ishlab chiqish jarayoni" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processo_de_desenvolvimento_de_software" title="Processo de desenvolvimento de software – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Processo de desenvolvimento de software" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Процесс разработки программного обеспечения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Процесс разработки программного обеспечения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%BE%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%B1" title="پرۆسەی داھێنانی نەرمامێر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پرۆسەی داھێنانی نەرمامێر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Развојни циклус софтвера – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Развојни циклус софтвера" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="மென்பொருள் உருவாக்க செயல்முறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மென்பொருள் உருவாக்க செயல்முறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="กระบวนการพัฒนาซอฟต์แวร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กระบวนการพัฒนาซอฟต์แวร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaz%C4%B1l%C4%B1m_geli%C5%9Ftirme_s%C3%BCreci" title="Yazılım geliştirme süreci – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yazılım geliştirme süreci" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Процес розробки програмного забезпечення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Процес розробки програмного забезпечення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%DB%81:%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%B9_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1_%DA%88%D9%88%D9%84%D9%BE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%B9" title="سانچہ:سافٹ ویئر ڈولپمینٹ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سانچہ:سافٹ ویئر ڈولپمینٹ" 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Core activities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">Data modeling</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">Requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_construction" title="Software construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">Testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debugging" title="Debugging">Debugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Maintenance</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Paradigms and models</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleanroom_software_engineering" title="Cleanroom software engineering">Cleanroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_build_model" title="Incremental build model">Incremental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">Prototyping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_model" title="Spiral model">Spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-model_(software_development)" title="V-model (software development)">V model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">Waterfall</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Software_development_methodology" class="mw-redirect" title="Software development methodology">Methodologies</a> and frameworks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_software_development" title="Adaptive software development">ASD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciplined_agile_delivery" title="Disciplined agile delivery">DAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DevOps" title="DevOps">DevOps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_systems_development_method" title="Dynamic systems development method">DSDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature-driven_development" title="Feature-driven development">FDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">IID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanban_(development)" title="Kanban (development)">Kanban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lean_software_development" title="Lean software development">Lean SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)#Large-scale_Scrum" title="Scrum (software development)">LeSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model-driven_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Model-driven development">MDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Solutions_Framework" title="Microsoft Solutions Framework">MSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_software_process" title="Personal software process">PSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_unified_process" title="Rational unified process">RUP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaled_agile_framework" title="Scaled agile framework">SAFe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)" title="Scrum (software development)">Scrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEMAT" title="SEMAT">SEMAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test-driven_development" title="Test-driven development">TDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_software_process" title="Team software process">TSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_process" title="Unified process">UP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_programming" title="Extreme programming">XP</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Supporting disciplines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deployment_management#Computer_science" title="Deployment management">Deployment management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_documentation" title="Software documentation">Documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_project_management" title="Software project management">Project management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">Quality assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_experience" title="User experience">User experience</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance_test-driven_development" title="Acceptance test-driven development">ATDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavior-driven_development" title="Behavior-driven development">BDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_programming_practices#Collective_code_ownership" title="Extreme programming practices">CCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_delivery" title="Continuous delivery">CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_integration" title="Continuous integration">CI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-driven_design" title="Domain-driven design">DDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pair_programming" title="Pair programming">PP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specification_by_example" title="Specification by example">SBE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_meeting" title="Stand-up meeting">Stand-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test-driven_development" title="Test-driven development">TDD</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">Tools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Build_automation" title="Build automation">Build automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">Compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debugger" title="Debugger">Debugger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface_builder" title="Graphical user interface builder">GUI builder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">IDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_as_code" title="Infrastructure as code">Infrastructure as code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profiling_(computer_programming)" title="Profiling (computer programming)">Profiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application-release_automation" title="Application-release automation">Release automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UML_tool" title="UML tool">UML Modeling</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Standards and bodies of knowledge</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capability_Maturity_Model_Integration" title="Capability Maturity Model Integration">CMMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Standards_Association" title="IEEE Standards Association">IEEE standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Requirements_Engineering_Board" title="International Requirements Engineering Board">IREB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9001" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9001">ISO 9001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_7" title="ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 7">ISO/IEC standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITIL" title="ITIL">ITIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Management_Group" title="Object Management Group">OMG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Management_Body_of_Knowledge" title="Project Management Body of Knowledge">PMBOK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_Engineering_Body_of_Knowledge" title="Software Engineering Body of Knowledge">SWEBOK</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Glossaries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Glossary of artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_computer_science" title="Glossary of computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_electrical_and_electronics_engineering" title="Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering">Electrical and electronics engineering</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Outlines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_software_development" title="Outline of software development">Outline of software development</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Software_development_process" title="Template:Software development process"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Software_development_process" title="Template talk:Software development process"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Software_development_process" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Software development process"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">software engineering</a>, a <b>software development process</b> or <b>software development life cycle</b> (<b>SDLC</b>) is a process of planning and managing <a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">software development</a>. It typically involves dividing software development work into smaller, parallel, or sequential steps or sub-processes to improve <a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">design</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Software_product_management" title="Software product management">product management</a>. The methodology may include the pre-definition of specific <a href="/wiki/Deliverable" title="Deliverable">deliverables</a> and artifacts that are created and completed by a project team to develop or maintain an application.<sup id="cite_ref-CMS08_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMS08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most modern development processes can be vaguely described as <a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">agile</a>. Other methodologies include <a href="/wiki/Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">waterfall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">prototyping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">iterative and incremental development</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spiral_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiral development">spiral development</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development">rapid application development</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Extreme_programming" title="Extreme programming">extreme programming</a>. </p><p>A life-cycle "model" is sometimes considered a more general term for a category of methodologies and a software development "process" is a particular instance as adopted by a specific organization.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For example, many specific software development processes fit the spiral life-cycle model. The field is often considered a subset of the <a href="/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle" title="Systems development life cycle">systems development life cycle</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_development_process&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The software development methodology framework did not emerge until the 1960s. According to Elliott (2004), the <a href="/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle" title="Systems development life cycle">systems development life cycle</a> can be considered to be the oldest formalized methodology framework for building <a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">information systems</a>. The main idea of the software development life cycle has been "to pursue the development of information systems in a very deliberate, structured and methodical way, requiring each stage of the life cycle––from the inception of the idea to delivery of the final system––to be carried out rigidly and sequentially"<sup id="cite_ref-Ell04_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ell04-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> within the context of the framework being applied. The main target of this methodology framework in the 1960s was "to develop large scale functional <a href="/wiki/Business_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Business system">business systems</a> in an age of large scale business conglomerates. Information systems activities revolved around heavy <a href="/wiki/Data_processing" title="Data processing">data processing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Number_crunching" class="mw-redirect" title="Number crunching">number crunching</a> routines."<sup id="cite_ref-Ell04_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ell04-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Requirements gathering and analysis:</b> The first phase of the custom software development process involves understanding the client's requirements and objectives. This stage typically involves engaging in thorough discussions and conducting interviews with stakeholders to identify the desired features, functionalities, and overall scope of the software. The development team works closely with the client to analyze existing systems and workflows, determine technical feasibility, and define project milestones. </p><p><b>Planning and design:</b> Once the requirements are understood, the custom software development team proceeds to create a comprehensive project plan. This plan outlines the development roadmap, including timelines, resource allocation, and deliverables. The software architecture and design are also established during this phase. User interface (UI) and user experience (UX) design elements are considered to ensure the software's usability, intuitiveness, and visual appeal. </p><p><b>Development:</b> With the planning and design in place, the development team begins the coding process. This phase involves <a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">writing</a>, testing, and debugging the software code. Agile methodologies, such as scrum or kanban, are often employed to promote flexibility, collaboration, and iterative development. Regular communication between the development team and the client ensures transparency and enables quick feedback and adjustments. </p><p><b>Testing and quality assurance:</b> To ensure the software's reliability, performance, and security, rigorous testing and quality assurance (QA) processes are carried out. Different testing techniques, including unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and user acceptance testing, are employed to identify and rectify any issues or bugs. QA activities aim to validate the software against the predefined requirements, ensuring that it functions as intended. </p><p><b>Deployment and implementation:</b> Once the software passes the testing phase, it is ready for deployment and implementation. The development team assists the client in setting up the software environment, migrating data if necessary, and configuring the system. User training and documentation are also provided to ensure a smooth transition and enable users to maximize the software's potential. </p><p><b>Maintenance and support:</b> After the software is deployed, ongoing maintenance and support become crucial to address any issues, enhance performance, and incorporate future enhancements. Regular updates, bug fixes, and security patches are released to keep the software up-to-date and secure. This phase also involves providing technical support to end users and addressing their queries or concerns. Methodologies, processes, and frameworks range from specific prescriptive steps that can be used directly by an organization in day-to-day work, to flexible frameworks that an organization uses to generate a custom set of steps tailored to the needs of a specific project or group. In some cases, a "sponsor" or "maintenance" organization distributes an official set of documents that describe the process. Specific examples include: </p> <dl><dt>1970s</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">Structured programming</a> since 1969</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_Gemini_SDM" title="Cap Gemini SDM">Cap Gemini SDM</a>, originally from PANDATA, the first English translation was published in 1974. SDM stands for System Development Methodology</li></ul> <dl><dt>1980s</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structured_systems_analysis_and_design_method" title="Structured systems analysis and design method">Structured systems analysis and design method</a> (SSADM) from 1980 onwards</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_systems_methodology" title="Soft systems methodology">Information Requirement Analysis/Soft systems methodology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1990s</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object-oriented programming</a> (OOP) developed in the early 1960s and became a dominant programming approach during the mid-1990s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development">Rapid application development</a> (RAD), since 1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_systems_development_method" title="Dynamic systems development method">Dynamic systems development method</a> (DSDM), since 1994</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)" title="Scrum (software development)">Scrum</a>, since 1995</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_software_process" title="Team software process">Team software process</a>, since 1998</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_Unified_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational Unified Process">Rational Unified Process</a> (RUP), maintained by IBM since 1998</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_programming" title="Extreme programming">Extreme programming</a>, since 1999</li></ul> <dl><dt>2000s</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_Unified_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Agile Unified Process">Agile Unified Process</a> (AUP) maintained since 2005 by <a href="/wiki/Scott_Ambler" title="Scott Ambler">Scott Ambler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciplined_agile_delivery" title="Disciplined agile delivery">Disciplined agile delivery</a> (DAD) Supersedes AUP</li></ul> <dl><dt>2010s</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scaled_Agile_Framework" class="mw-redirect" title="Scaled Agile Framework">Scaled Agile Framework</a> (SAFe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large-Scale_Scrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Large-Scale Scrum">Large-Scale Scrum</a> (LeSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DevOps" title="DevOps">DevOps</a></li></ul> <p>Since DSDM in 1994, all of the methodologies on the above list except RUP have been agile methodologies - yet many organizations, especially governments, still use pre-agile processes (often waterfall or similar). Software process and <a href="/wiki/Software_quality" title="Software quality">software quality</a> are closely interrelated; some unexpected facets and effects have been observed in practice.<sup id="cite_ref-ieeesw_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieeesw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among these, another software development process has been established in <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open source</a>. The adoption of these best practices known and established processes within the confines of a company is called <a href="/wiki/Inner_source" title="Inner source">inner source</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prototyping">Prototyping</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_development_process&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prototyping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">Software prototyping</a> is about creating prototypes, i.e. incomplete versions of the software program being developed. </p><p>The basic principles are:<sup id="cite_ref-CMS08_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMS08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Prototyping is not a standalone, complete development methodology, but rather an approach to try out particular features in the context of a full methodology (such as incremental, spiral, or rapid application development (RAD)).</li> <li>Attempts to reduce inherent project risk by breaking a project into smaller segments and providing more ease of change during the development process.</li> <li>The client is involved throughout the development process, which increases the likelihood of client acceptance of the final implementation.</li> <li>While some prototypes are developed with the expectation that they will be discarded, it is possible in some cases to evolve from prototype to working system.</li></ul> <p>A basic understanding of the fundamental business problem is necessary to avoid solving the wrong problems, but this is true for all software methodologies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methodologies">Methodologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_development_process&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Methodologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agile_development">Agile development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_development_process&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Agile development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile software development</a></div> <p>"Agile software development" refers to a group of software development frameworks based on iterative development, where requirements and solutions evolve via collaboration between self-organizing cross-functional teams. The term was coined in the year 2001 when the <a href="/wiki/Agile_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="Agile Manifesto">Agile Manifesto</a> was formulated. </p><p>Agile software development uses iterative development as a basis but advocates a lighter and more people-centric viewpoint than traditional approaches. Agile processes fundamentally incorporate iteration and the continuous feedback that it provides to successively refine and deliver a software system. </p><p>The Agile model also includes the following software development processes: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_systems_development_method" title="Dynamic systems development method">Dynamic systems development method</a> (DSDM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanban_(development)" title="Kanban (development)">Kanban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrum_(development)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scrum (development)">Scrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lean_software_development" title="Lean software development">Lean software development</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continuous_integration">Continuous integration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_development_process&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Continuous integration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Continuous_integration" title="Continuous integration">Continuous integration</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Continuous_integration" title="Continuous integration">Continuous integration</a> is the practice of merging all developer working copies to a shared <a href="/wiki/Trunk_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trunk (software)">mainline</a> several times a day.<sup id="cite_ref-CI0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CI0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Grady_Booch" title="Grady Booch">Grady Booch</a> first named and proposed CI in <a href="/wiki/Booch_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Booch method">his 1991 method</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although he did not advocate integrating several times a day. <a href="/wiki/Extreme_programming" title="Extreme programming">Extreme programming</a> (XP) adopted the concept of CI and did advocate integrating more than once per day – perhaps as many as tens of times per day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incremental_development">Incremental development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_development_process&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Incremental development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">Iterative and incremental development</a></div> <p>Various methods are acceptable for combining linear and iterative systems development methodologies, with the primary objective of each being to reduce inherent project risk by breaking a project into smaller segments and providing more ease-of-change during the development process. </p><p>There are three main variants of incremental development:<sup id="cite_ref-CMS08_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMS08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>A series of mini-waterfalls are performed, where all phases of the waterfall are completed for a small part of a system, before proceeding to the next increment, or</li> <li>Overall requirements are defined before proceeding to evolutionary, mini-waterfall development of individual increments of a system, or</li> <li>The initial software concept, requirements analysis, and design of architecture and system core are defined via waterfall, followed by incremental implementation, which culminates in installing the final version, a working system.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rapid_application_development">Rapid application development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_development_process&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rapid application development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development">Rapid application development</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RADModel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/RADModel.JPG/220px-RADModel.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/RADModel.JPG/330px-RADModel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/RADModel.JPG/440px-RADModel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption>Rapid Application Development (RAD) Model</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development">Rapid application development</a> (RAD) is a software development methodology, which favors <a href="/wiki/Iterative_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Iterative development">iterative development</a> and the rapid construction of <a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">prototypes</a> instead of large amounts of up-front planning. The "planning" of software developed using RAD is interleaved with writing the software itself. The lack of extensive pre-planning generally allows software to be written much faster and makes it easier to change requirements. </p><p>The rapid development process starts with the development of preliminary <a href="/wiki/Data_model" title="Data model">data models</a> and <a href="/wiki/Business_process_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Business process model">business process models</a> using <a href="/wiki/Structured_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Structured technique">structured techniques</a>. In the next stage, requirements are verified using prototyping, eventually to refine the data and process models. These stages are repeated iteratively; further development results in "a combined business requirements and technical design statement to be used for constructing new systems".<sup id="cite_ref-WBD04_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WBD04-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term was first used to describe a software development process introduced by <a href="/wiki/James_Martin_(author)" title="James Martin (author)">James Martin</a> in 1991. According to Whitten (2003), it is a merger of various <a href="/wiki/Structured_Analysis_and_Design_Technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Structured Analysis and Design Technique">structured techniques</a>, especially data-driven <a href="/wiki/Information_technology_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Information technology engineering">information technology engineering</a>, with prototyping techniques to accelerate software systems development.<sup id="cite_ref-WBD04_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WBD04-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The basic principles of rapid application development are:<sup id="cite_ref-CMS08_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMS08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Key objective is for fast development and delivery of a high-quality system at a relatively low investment cost.</li> <li>Attempts to reduce inherent project risk by breaking a project into smaller segments and providing more ease of change during the development process.</li> <li>Aims to produce high-quality systems quickly, primarily via iterative Prototyping (at any stage of development), active user involvement, and computerized development tools. These tools may include <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> (GUI) builders, <a href="/wiki/Computer_Aided_Software_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer Aided Software Engineering">Computer Aided Software Engineering</a> (CASE) tools, <a href="/wiki/Database_Management_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Database Management System">Database Management Systems</a> (DBMS), <a href="/wiki/Fourth-generation_programming_language" title="Fourth-generation programming language">fourth-generation programming languages</a>, code generators, and object-oriented techniques.</li> <li>Key emphasis is on fulfilling the business need, while technological or engineering excellence is of lesser importance.</li> <li>Project control involves prioritizing development and defining delivery deadlines or “timeboxes”. If the project starts to slip, the emphasis is on reducing requirements to fit the timebox, not on increasing the deadline.</li> <li>Generally includes <a href="/wiki/Joint_application_design" title="Joint application design">joint application design</a> (JAD), where users are intensely involved in <a href="/wiki/System_design" class="mw-redirect" title="System design">system design</a>, via consensus building in either structured workshops, or electronically facilitated interaction.</li> <li>Active user involvement is imperative.</li> <li>Iteratively produces production software, as opposed to a throwaway prototype.</li> <li>Produces documentation necessary to facilitate future development and maintenance.</li> <li>Standard systems analysis and design methods can be fitted into this framework.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waterfall_development">Waterfall development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_development_process&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Waterfall development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">Waterfall model</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waterfall_model.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Waterfall_model.svg/220px-Waterfall_model.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Waterfall_model.svg/330px-Waterfall_model.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Waterfall_model.svg/440px-Waterfall_model.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The activities of the software development process represented in the <a href="/wiki/Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">waterfall model</a>. There are several other models to represent this process.</figcaption></figure> <p>The waterfall model is a sequential development approach, in which development is seen as flowing steadily downwards (like a waterfall) through several phases, typically: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">Requirements analysis</a> resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Software_requirements_specification" title="Software requirements specification">software requirements specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">Implementation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">Testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_integration" title="System integration">Integration</a>, if there are multiple subsystems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Deployment</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Installation_(computer_programs)" title="Installation (computer programs)">Installation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Maintenance</a></li></ul> <p>The first formal description of the method is often cited as an article published by <a href="/wiki/Winston_W._Royce" title="Winston W. Royce">Winston W. Royce</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1970, although Royce did not use the term "waterfall" in this article. Royce presented this model as an example of a flawed, non-working model.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The basic principles are:<sup id="cite_ref-CMS08_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMS08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The Project is divided into sequential phases, with some overlap and splashback acceptable between phases.</li> <li>Emphasis is on planning, time schedules, target dates, budgets, and implementation of an entire system at one time.</li> <li>Tight control is maintained over the life of the project via extensive written documentation, formal reviews, and approval/signoff by the user and <a href="/wiki/Information_technology_management" title="Information technology management">information technology management</a> occurring at the end of most phases before beginning the next phase. Written documentation is an explicit deliverable of each phase.</li></ul> <p>The waterfall model is a traditional engineering approach applied to software engineering. A strict waterfall approach discourages revisiting and revising any prior phase once it is complete. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (January 2021)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> This "inflexibility" in a pure waterfall model has been a source of criticism by supporters of other more "flexible" models. It has been widely blamed for several large-scale government projects running over budget, over time and sometimes failing to deliver on requirements due to the <a href="/wiki/Big_design_up_front" title="Big design up front">big design up front</a> approach.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (January 2021)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> Except when contractually required, the waterfall model has been largely superseded by more flexible and versatile methodologies developed specifically for software development.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (January 2021)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> See <a href="/wiki/Waterfall_model#Criticism" title="Waterfall model">Criticism of waterfall model</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spiral_development">Spiral development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_development_process&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Spiral development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spiral_model_(Boehm,_1988).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Spiral_model_%28Boehm%2C_1988%29.svg/400px-Spiral_model_%28Boehm%2C_1988%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Spiral_model_%28Boehm%2C_1988%29.svg/600px-Spiral_model_%28Boehm%2C_1988%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Spiral_model_%28Boehm%2C_1988%29.svg/800px-Spiral_model_%28Boehm%2C_1988%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Spiral model (Boehm, 1988)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spiral_model" title="Spiral model">Spiral model</a></div> <p>In 1988, <a href="/wiki/Barry_Boehm" title="Barry Boehm">Barry Boehm</a> published a formal software system development "spiral model," which combines some key aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">waterfall model</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development">rapid prototyping</a> methodologies, in an effort to combine advantages of <a href="/wiki/Top-down_and_bottom-up_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Top-down and bottom-up design">top-down and bottom-up</a> concepts. It provided emphasis on a key area many felt had been neglected by other methodologies: deliberate iterative risk analysis, particularly suited to large-scale complex systems. </p><p>The basic principles are:<sup id="cite_ref-CMS08_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMS08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Focus is on risk assessment and on minimizing project risk by breaking a project into smaller segments and providing more ease-of-change during the development process, as well as providing the opportunity to evaluate risks and weigh consideration of project continuation throughout the life cycle.</li> <li>"Each cycle involves a progression through the same sequence of steps, for each part of the product and for each of its levels of elaboration, from an overall concept-of-operation document down to the coding of each individual program."<sup id="cite_ref-BB86_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BB86-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Each trip around the spiral traverses four basic quadrants: (1) determine objectives, alternatives, and constraints of the iteration, and (2) evaluate alternatives; Identify and resolve risks; (3) develop and verify deliverables from the iteration; and (4) plan the next iteration.<sup id="cite_ref-RT-BB86_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RT-BB86-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Begin each cycle with an identification of stakeholders and their "win conditions", and end each cycle with review and commitment.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shape_Up">Shape Up</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_development_process&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Shape Up"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shape Up is a software development approach introduced by <a href="/wiki/Basecamp_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Basecamp (company)">Basecamp</a> in 2018. It is a set of principles and techniques that Basecamp developed internally to overcome the problem of projects dragging on with no clear end. Its primary target audience is remote teams. Shape Up has no estimation and velocity tracking, backlogs, or sprints, unlike <a href="/wiki/Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">waterfall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">agile</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)" title="Scrum (software development)">scrum</a>. Instead, those concepts are replaced with appetite, betting, and cycles. As of 2022, besides Basecamp, notable organizations that have adopted Shape Up include UserVoice and Block.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advanced_methodologies">Advanced methodologies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_development_process&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Advanced methodologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other high-level software project methodologies include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavior-driven_development" title="Behavior-driven development">Behavior-driven development</a> and business process management.<sup id="cite_ref-ieeeswbdd_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieeeswbdd-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_model" title="Chaos model">Chaos model</a> - The main rule always resolves the most important issue first.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_funding_methodology" title="Incremental funding methodology">Incremental funding methodology</a> - an iterative approach</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightweight_methodology" title="Lightweight methodology">Lightweight methodology</a> - a general term for methods that only have a few rules and practices</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_systems_analysis_and_design_method" title="Structured systems analysis and design method">Structured systems analysis and design method</a> - a specific version of waterfall</li> <li>Slow programming, as part of the larger <a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow Movement</a>, emphasizes careful and gradual work without (or minimal) time pressures. Slow programming aims to avoid bugs and overly quick release schedules.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-Model_(software_development)" class="mw-redirect" title="V-Model (software development)">V-Model (software development)</a> - an extension of the waterfall model</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Process">Unified Process</a> (UP) is an iterative software development methodology framework, based on <a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">Unified Modeling Language</a> (UML). UP organizes the development of software into four phases, each consisting of one or more executable iterations of the software at that stage of development: inception, elaboration, construction, and guidelines.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process_meta-models">Process meta-models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_development_process&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Process meta-models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some "<a href="/wiki/Process_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Process model">process models</a>" are abstract descriptions for evaluating, comparing, and improving the specific process adopted by an organization. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207" title="ISO/IEC 12207">ISO/IEC 12207</a> is the international standard describing the method to select, implement, and monitor the life cycle for software.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Capability_Maturity_Model_Integration" title="Capability Maturity Model Integration">Capability Maturity Model Integration</a> (CMMI) is one of the leading models and is based on best practices. Independent assessments grade organizations on how well they follow their defined processes, not on the quality of those processes or the software produced. CMMI has replaced <a href="/wiki/Capability_Maturity_Model" title="Capability Maturity Model">CMM</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9000">ISO 9000</a> describes standards for a formally organized process to manufacture a product and the methods of managing and monitoring progress. Although the standard was originally created for the manufacturing sector, ISO 9000 standards have been applied to software development as well. Like CMMI, certification with ISO 9000 does not guarantee the quality of the end result, only that formalized business processes have been followed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">ISO/IEC 15504</a> <i>Information technology—Process assessment is</i> also known as Software Process Improvement Capability Determination (SPICE), is a "framework for the assessment of software processes". This standard is aimed at setting out a clear model for process comparison. SPICE is used much like CMMI. It models processes to manage, control, guide, and monitor software development. This model is then used to measure what a development organization or project team actually does during software development. This information is analyzed to identify weaknesses and drive improvement. It also identifies strengths that can be continued or integrated into common practice for that organization or team.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_24744" title="ISO/IEC 24744">ISO/IEC 24744</a> <i>Software Engineering—Metamodel for Development Methodologies</i>, is a power type-based metamodel for software development methodologies.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_systems_methodology" title="Soft systems methodology">Soft systems methodology</a> - a general method for improving management processes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_engineering" title="Method engineering">Method engineering</a> - a general method for improving information system processes.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Process_patterns" title="Process patterns">Process patterns</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_development_process&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle" title="Systems development life cycle">Systems development life cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_software_engineering" title="Computer-aided software engineering">Computer-aided software engineering</a> (some of these tools support specific methodologies)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_software_development_philosophies" title="List of software development philosophies">List of software development philosophies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_software_engineering" title="Outline of software engineering">Outline of software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_project_management" title="Software project management">Software Project Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_effort_estimation" title="Software development effort estimation">Software development effort estimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Software release life cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top-down_and_bottom-up_design#Computer_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Top-down and bottom-up design">Top-down and bottom-up design#Computer science</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_development_process&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output 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analysis">Systems analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstraction_(computer_science)" title="Abstraction (computer science)">Abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CI/CD" title="CI/CD">CI/CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_compatibility" title="Computer compatibility">Compatibility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">Backward compatibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">Compatibility layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_mode" title="Compatibility mode">Compatibility mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_compatibility" title="Forward compatibility">Forward compatibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_incompatibility" title="Software incompatibility">Software incompatibility</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Component-based_software_engineering" title="Component-based software engineering">Component-based software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">Data modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_architecture" title="Enterprise architecture">Enterprise architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_specification" title="Functional specification">Functional specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_archaeology" title="Software archaeology">Software archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">Software architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Software development process/methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">Software quality assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_system" title="Software system">Software system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_verification_and_validation" title="Software verification and validation">Software verification and validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_analysis" title="Structured analysis">Structured analysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essential_systems_analysis" title="Essential systems analysis">Essential analysis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orientations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspect-oriented_programming" title="Aspect-oriented programming">Aspect-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle" title="Systems development life cycle">SDLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service-oriented_architecture" title="Service-oriented architecture">Service orientation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Developmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_unified_process" title="Enterprise unified process">EUP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executable_UML" title="Executable UML">Executable UML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_build_model" title="Incremental build model">Incremental model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">Iterative model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">Prototype model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)" title="Scrum (software development)">Scrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_model" title="Spiral model">Spiral model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_process" title="Unified process">UP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-model_(software_development)" title="V-model (software development)">V-model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">Waterfall model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_programming" title="Extreme programming">XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model-driven_engineering" title="Model-driven engineering">Model-driven engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-trip_engineering" title="Round-trip engineering">Round-trip engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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