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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-E-reader_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#E-reader_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>E-reader applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-E-reader_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disadvantages_of_epaper_display" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disadvantages_of_epaper_display"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Disadvantages of epaper display</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disadvantages_of_epaper_display-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Closed_ecosystems_for_retrieving_ebooks_and_lack_of_freedom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Closed_ecosystems_for_retrieving_ebooks_and_lack_of_freedom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Closed ecosystems for retrieving ebooks and lack of freedom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Closed_ecosystems_for_retrieving_ebooks_and_lack_of_freedom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Positive_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positive_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Positive aspects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positive_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_e-readers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_e-readers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Popular e-readers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_e-readers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_e-readers_devices_or_platform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_e-readers_devices_or_platform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Alternative e-readers devices or platform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_e-readers_devices_or_platform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">E-reader</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-boekleser" title="E-boekleser – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="E-boekleser" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A6_%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A" title="قارئ رقمي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قارئ رقمي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron_kitab_(qur%C4%9Fu)" title="Elektron kitab (qurğu) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elektron kitab (qurğu)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="ই-রিডার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ই-রিডার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%87%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Электронны чытальнік – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Электронны чытальнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%95-%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Четец за Е-книги – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Четец за Е-книги" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lector_de_llibres_electr%C3%B2nics" title="Lector de llibres electrònics – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lector de llibres electrònics" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cte%C4%8Dka_elektronick%C3%BDch_knih" title="Čtečka elektronických knih – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čtečka elektronických knih" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-bogsl%C3%A6ser" title="E-bogslæser – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="E-bogslæser" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Book-Reader" title="E-Book-Reader – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="E-Book-Reader" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-luger" title="E-luger – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="E-luger" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lector_de_libros_electr%C3%B3nicos" title="Lector de libros electrónicos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lector de libros electrónicos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika_librolegilo" title="Elektronika librolegilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elektronika librolegilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="کتابخوان الکترونیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کتابخوان الکترونیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liseuse" title="Liseuse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Liseuse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-l%C3%AAzer" title="E-lêzer – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="E-lêzer" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lector_de_libro_electr%C3%B3nico" title="Lector de libro electrónico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lector de libro electrónico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EC%B1%85_%EB%8B%A8%EB%A7%90%EA%B8%B0" title="전자책 단말기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전자책 단말기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A8%D5%B6%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B9" title="Էլեկտրոնային ընթերցիչ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էլեկտրոնային ընթերցիչ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronala_lektilo" title="Elektronala lektilo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Elektronala lektilo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lector_digital" title="Lector digital – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lector digital" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lest%C3%B6lva" title="Lestölva – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lestölva" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettore_di_ebook" title="Lettore di ebook – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lettore di ebook" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90_%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99" title="קורא ספרים אלקטרוני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קורא ספרים אלקטרוני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87-%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಇ-ಬುಕ್ ರೀಡರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇ-ಬುಕ್ ರೀಡರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_(%D2%9B%D2%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D2%93%D1%8B)" title="Электронды кітап (құрылғы) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Электронды кітап (құрылғы)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronisko_gr%C4%81matu_las%C4%81mier%C4%ABce" title="Elektronisko grāmatu lasāmierīce – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elektronisko grāmatu lasāmierīce" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-k%C3%B6nyv-olvas%C3%B3" title="E-könyv-olvasó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="E-könyv-olvasó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%87_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5-%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Читач на е-книги – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Читач на е-книги" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembaca_elektronik" title="Pembaca elektronik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pembaca elektronik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-reader" title="E-reader – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="E-reader" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%9B%B8%E7%B1%8D%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC" title="電子書籍リーダー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電子書籍リーダー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ридер – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ридер" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesebrett" title="Lesebrett – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lesebrett" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czytnik_ksi%C4%85%C5%BCek_elektronicznych" title="Czytnik książek elektronicznych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czytnik książek elektronicznych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leitor_de_livros_digitais" title="Leitor de livros digitais – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Leitor de livros digitais" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_(%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Электронная книга (устройство) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электронная книга (устройство)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-book_reader" title="E-book reader – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="E-book reader" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=E-book_reader&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="E-book reader">E-book reader</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Device for reading e-books</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/E-reader_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="E-reader (disambiguation)">E-reader (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amazon_Kindle_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Amazon_Kindle_3.JPG/220px-Amazon_Kindle_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Amazon_Kindle_3.JPG/330px-Amazon_Kindle_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Amazon_Kindle_3.JPG/440px-Amazon_Kindle_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="3328" /></a><figcaption>Amazon's <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Kindle</a> Keyboard e-reader displaying a page of an e-book</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>e-reader</b>, also called an <b>e reader</b> or <b>e device</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Mobile_computing" title="Mobile computing">mobile electronic device</a> that is designed primarily for the purpose of reading digital <a href="/wiki/E-book" class="mw-redirect" title="E-book">e-books</a> and <a href="/wiki/Periodical_literature" title="Periodical literature">periodicals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Any device that can display text on a screen may act as an e-reader; however, specialized e-reader devices may optimize portability, readability, and battery life for this purpose. Their main advantage over printed books is portability: an e-reader is capable of holding thousands of books while weighing less than one.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another advantage is the convenience provided by add-on features. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-reader&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An e-reader is a device designed as a convenient way to read e-books. It is similar in <a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(design)" title="Form factor (design)">form factor</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet computer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but often features <a href="/wiki/Electronic_paper" title="Electronic paper">electronic paper</a> ("e-ink") rather than an LCD screen. This yields much longer battery life — the battery can last for several weeks — and better readability, similar to that of paper even in sunlight.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drawbacks of this kind of display include a slow refresh rate and (usually) a grayscale-only display, which makes it unsuitable for sophisticated interactive applications such as those found on tablets. This may be perceived as an advantage, however, as the user may more easily focus on reading.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sony Librie, released in 2004 and the precursor to the <a href="/wiki/Sony_Reader" title="Sony Reader">Sony Reader</a>, was the first e-reader to use electronic paper.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many e-readers can use the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> through <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> and the built-in software can provide a link to a digital <a href="/wiki/Open_Publication_Distribution_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Publication Distribution system">Open Publication Distribution System (OPDS)</a> library or an e-book retailer, allowing the user to buy, borrow, and receive digital e-books.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An e-reader may also download e-books from a computer or read them from a <a href="/wiki/Memory_card" title="Memory card">memory card</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the use of memory cards is decreasing as most of the 2010s era e-readers lack a card slot.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-reader&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/E-book#History" class="mw-redirect" title="E-book">E-book § History</a></div> <p>An idea similar to that of an e-reader is described in a 1930 manifesto written by <a href="/wiki/Bob_Brown_(writer,_poet,_publisher)" title="Bob Brown (writer, poet, publisher)">Bob Brown</a> titled <i>The Readies</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which describes "a simple reading machine which I can carry or move around, attach to any old electric light plug and read hundred-thousand-word novels in 10 minutes". His hypothetical machine would use a <a href="/wiki/Microfilm" class="mw-redirect" title="Microfilm">microfilm</a>-style ribbon of miniaturized text which could be scrolled past a magnifying glass, and would allow the reader to adjust the type size. He envisioned that eventually words could be "recorded directly on the palpitating ether".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The establishment of the <a href="/wiki/E_Ink_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="E Ink Corporation">E Ink Corporation</a> in 1997 led to the development of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_paper" title="Electronic paper">electronic paper</a>, a technology which allows a display screen to reflect light like ordinary paper without the need for a backlight. Among the first commercial e-readers were Sony's <a href="/wiki/Data_Discman" title="Data Discman">Data Discman</a> (which was using <a href="/wiki/Mini_CD" title="Mini CD">Mini CDs</a> with special caddies) and the <a href="/wiki/Rocket_eBook" title="Rocket eBook">Rocket eBook</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rocket_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rocket-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several others were introduced around 1998, but did not gain widespread acceptance. Electronic paper was incorporated first into the <a href="/wiki/Sony_Librie" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Librie">Sony Librie</a> that was released in 2004 and <a href="/wiki/Sony_Reader" title="Sony Reader">Sony Reader</a> in 2006, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Amazon Kindle</a>, a device which, upon its release in 2007, sold out within five and a half hours.<sup id="cite_ref-Patel_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patel-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kindle includes access to the <a href="/wiki/Kindle_Store" title="Kindle Store">Kindle Store</a> for e-book sales and delivery. </p><p>In 2009, new marketing models for e-books were being developed and a new generation of reading hardware was produced. E-books (as opposed to e-readers) had yet to achieve global distribution. In the United States, the Amazon Kindle model and <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>'s <a href="/wiki/PRS-500" class="mw-redirect" title="PRS-500">PRS-500</a> were the dominant e-reading devices.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By March 2010, some reported that the <a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Nook" title="Barnes & Noble Nook">Barnes & Noble Nook</a> may have been selling more units than the Kindle in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ectaco_jetBook#JetBook_Color" title="Ectaco jetBook">Ectaco jetBook Color</a> was the first color e-reader on the market, but its muted colors were criticized.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2021, color E-ink readers have been introduced into the market.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research released in March 2011 indicated that e-books and e-readers were more popular with the older generation than the younger generation in the UK. The survey, carried out by Silver Poll, found that around 6% of people over 55 owned an e-reader, compared with just 5% of 18- to 24-year-olds.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to an <a href="/wiki/International_Data_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="International Data Corporation">IDC</a> study from March 2011, sales for all e-readers worldwide rose to 12.8 million in 2010; 48% of them were <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Amazon Kindles</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Nook" title="Barnes & Noble Nook">Barnes & Noble Nooks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandigital_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandigital (company)">Pandigital</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sony_Reader" title="Sony Reader">Sony Readers</a> (about 800,000 units for 2010).<sup id="cite_ref-idc_03-2011_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-idc_03-2011-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 27, 2010 <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> launched a multi-function <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet computer</a> called the <a href="/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and announced agreements with five of the six largest publishers<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that would allow Apple to distribute e-books.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The iPad includes a built-in app for e-book reading called <a href="/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books">iBooks</a> and had the <a href="/wiki/IBookstore" class="mw-redirect" title="IBookstore">iBookstore</a> for content sales and delivery. The iPad, the first commercially profitable tablet, was followed in 2011 by the release of the first <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>-based tablets as well as LCD tablet versions of the Nook and Kindle. Unlike previous dedicated e-readers, tablet computers are multi-functional, utilize LCD touchscreen displays, and are more agnostic to e-book vendor apps, allowing for the installation of multiple e-book reading apps. Many Android tablets accept external media and allow uploading files directly onto the tablet's file system without resorting to online stores or cloud services. Many tablet-based and smartphone-based readers are capable of displaying PDF and DJVU files, which few of the dedicated e-book readers can handle. This opens a possibility to read publications originally published on paper and later scanned into a digital format. While these files may not be considered e-books in their strict sense, they preserve the original look of printed editions. The growth in general-purpose tablet use allowed for further growth in the popularity of e-books in the 2010s. </p><p>In 2012, there was a 26% decline in e-reader sales worldwide from a maximum of 23.2 million in 2011. The reason was given for this "alarmingly precipitous decline" was the rise of more general-purpose tablets that provided e-book reading apps along with many other abilities in a similar form factor.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, ABI Research claimed that the decline in the e-reader market was due to the aging of the customer base.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, the industry reported e-reader sales worldwide to be around 12 million, with only <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kobo_Inc." title="Kobo Inc.">Kobo Inc.</a> distributing e-readers globally and various regional distribution by <a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble" title="Barnes & Noble">Barnes & Noble</a> (US/UK), Tolino (Germany), Icarus (Netherlands), <a href="/wiki/PocketBook_International" title="PocketBook International">PocketBook International</a> (Eastern Europe and Russia) and Onyx <a href="/wiki/Boox" class="mw-redirect" title="Boox">Boox</a> (China and Vietnam).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of 2015, eMarketer estimated that there were 83.4 million e-reader users in the US, with the number predicted to grow by 3.5% in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 2014, <a href="/wiki/PricewaterhouseCoopers" class="mw-redirect" title="PricewaterhouseCoopers">PricewaterhouseCoopers</a> predicted that by 2018 e-books would make up over 50% of total consumer publishing revenue in the U.S. and UK, while at that time, e-books were over 30% of the share of the revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until late 2013, the use of an e-reader was not allowed on airplanes during takeoff and landing.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2013, the FAA allowed use of e-readers on airplanes at all times if set to <a href="/wiki/Airplane_Mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Airplane Mode">Airplane Mode</a>. European authorities followed this guidance the following month.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="E-reader_applications">E-reader applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-reader&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: E-reader applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calibre-2.12-en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Calibre-2.12-en.png/220px-Calibre-2.12-en.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Calibre-2.12-en.png/330px-Calibre-2.12-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Calibre-2.12-en.png/440px-Calibre-2.12-en.png 2x" data-file-width="1096" data-file-height="821" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Calibre_(software)" title="Calibre (software)">Calibre</a> 2.12 on <a href="/wiki/Arch_Linux" title="Arch Linux">Arch Linux</a> with the <a href="/wiki/KDE_Plasma" title="KDE Plasma">KDE</a> desktop environment.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many of the major book retailers and third-party developers offer e-reader applications for desktops, tablets, and mobile devices, to allow the reading of e-books and other documents independent of dedicated e-book devices.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> E-reader applications are available for computers running <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">MacOS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, as well as for smartphones running <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>, <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows Phone</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-reader&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The introduction of e-readers brought substantial changes to the publishing industry, also awakening fears and predictions about the possible disappearance of books and print periodicals.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-reader&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disadvantages_of_epaper_display">Disadvantages of epaper display</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-reader&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Disadvantages of epaper display"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The graphical design of ebooks underlies the format and technical limits of e-readers because till recently the vast majority of E-ink readers did not support color displays and had a limited resolution and size.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2024, however, colour e-readers aren't that rare and there are many colour devices in the market like <a href="/wiki/BOOX_Go_Color_7" class="mw-redirect" title="BOOX Go Color 7">BOOX Go Color 7</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobo_Libera_Colour&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kobo Libera Colour (page does not exist)">Kobo Libera Colour</a> which both utilize <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaleido&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaleido (page does not exist)">Kaleido 3</a> epaper screens supporting up to 4096 colours. The reading experience on epaper displays which are not illuminated depends on the environment lighting condition.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Closed_ecosystems_for_retrieving_ebooks_and_lack_of_freedom">Closed ecosystems for retrieving ebooks and lack of freedom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-reader&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Closed ecosystems for retrieving ebooks and lack of freedom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>E-readers are usually designed to only offer access to the online shop of one provider. This structure is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Digital_ecosystem" title="Digital ecosystem">(digital) ecosystem</a> and helps smaller companies (e.g. Kibano Digireader) to compete against multinational companies (like <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, customers only have the possibility of purchasing books from a limited selection of ebooks in the online shop (accessible via the e-reader) and therefore do not have the possibility of purchasing e-books from the open market.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the use of ecosystems, companies are not forced to compete against each other and therefore the cost of e-books do not decrease. With only the option of using an online shop, the social interaction of buying or borrowing a book disappears.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are, however, notable exceptions such as <a href="/wiki/Onyx_Boox" title="Onyx Boox">Onyx Boox</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meebook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meebook (page does not exist)">Meebook</a> devices which run an open <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> system. Then the users can download and read ebooks from whichever source they prefer either by installing a bookstore app(e.g. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Kindle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kobo_eReader" title="Kobo eReader">Kobo</a> and the like), use a web browser or directly download the ebook file. There are also ebook readers with an open <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> system. A notable example is <a href="/wiki/PineNote" class="mw-redirect" title="PineNote">PineNote</a> from <a href="/wiki/Pine64" title="Pine64">Pine64</a>. However, the software ecosystem of these ebook readers usually aren't mature as mainstream options in the market. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a>, media products, including paper books, often have a tax reduction. Therefore, the <a href="/wiki/Value-added_tax" title="Value-added tax">VAT</a> for conventional books was often lower than that of e-books. In legal terms, e-books were considered a service since it was regarded as a temporary lease of the product. Therefore, ebook prices were often similar to paper book prices, even if the production of ebooks has a lower cost.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2018, the EU allowed its member countries to charge the same VAT for ebooks as for paper books.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a> has expressed concern about the perceived loss of freedom or privacy that comes with e-readers, namely the inability to read whatever a reader prefers without the possibility of being tracked.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Positive_aspects">Positive aspects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-reader&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Positive aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>E-readers can hold thousands of books limited only by their memory and use the same physical space as a conventional book. Most <a href="/wiki/Electronic_paper" title="Electronic paper">E-ink</a> displays are not back-illuminated and therefore seem to cause no more eye strain than a traditional book and less eye strain than <a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display" title="Liquid-crystal display">LCD screens</a>, with a longer battery life.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Features such as the ability to adjust font size and spacing can help people who have difficulty reading or <a href="/wiki/Dyslexia" title="Dyslexia">dyslexia</a>. Some e-readers link to definitions or translations of key words.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> notes that 85% of its e-reader users look up a word while reading.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>E-readers can instantly download content from supported public libraries by using apps like <a href="/wiki/OverDrive,_Inc." title="OverDrive, Inc.">OverDrive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_e-readers">Popular e-readers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-reader&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Popular e-readers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon</a> (Global): <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Kindle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle#Kindle_Paperwhite" title="Amazon Kindle">Kindle Paperwhite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle#Kindle_Voyage" title="Amazon Kindle">Kindle Voyage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle#Kindle_Oasis_(first_iteration)" title="Amazon Kindle">Kindle Oasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle#Kindle_Oasis_(second_iteration)" title="Amazon Kindle">Kindle Oasis 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kindle_Scribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kindle Scribe">Kindle Scribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Nook" title="Barnes & Noble Nook">Barnes & Noble</a> (US/UK): <a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Nook_1st_Edition" title="Barnes & Noble Nook 1st Edition">Nook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nook_GlowLight" class="mw-redirect" title="Nook GlowLight">Nook GlowLight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nook_GlowLight_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="Nook GlowLight Plus">Nook GlowLight Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookeen" title="Bookeen">Bookeen</a> (France): Cybook Opus, Cybook Orizon, Cybook Odyssey, Cybook Odyssey HD FrontLight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobo_eReader" title="Kobo eReader">Kobo</a> (Global): <a href="/wiki/Kobo_Touch" title="Kobo Touch">Kobo Touch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kobo_Glo" title="Kobo Glo">Kobo Glo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kobo_Mini" title="Kobo Mini">Kobo Mini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kobo_Aura" title="Kobo Aura">Kobo Aura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kobo_Aura_HD" title="Kobo Aura HD">Kobo Aura HD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onyx_Boox" title="Onyx Boox">Onyx Boox</a> (Europe, Russia, China and Vietnam): Onyx Boox Max2, Onyx Boox Note</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PocketBook_International" title="PocketBook International">PocketBook</a> (Europe and Russia): PocketBook Touch, PocketBook Mini, PocketBook Touch Lux, PocketBook Color Lux, PocketBook Aqua</li> <li>Tolino (Germany): Tolino Shine, Tolino Shine 2 HD, Tolino Vision, Tolino Vision 2</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_e-readers_devices_or_platform">Alternative e-readers devices or platform</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-reader&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Alternative e-readers devices or platform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>: <a href="/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPad_Mini" title="IPad Mini">iPad Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon</a>: <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Fire" title="Amazon Fire">Fire Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> based tablet</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-reader&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_e-readers" title="Comparison of e-readers">Comparison of e-readers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_e-book_formats#Supporting_platforms" title="Comparison of e-book formats">Supporting platforms for e-book formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Publication_Distribution_System" title="Open Publication Distribution System">Open Publication Distribution System</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-reader&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 37em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/topics/ereaders/best-e-book-readers/">"Best E-Book Readers of 2017"</a>. <i>CNET</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170527025111/https://www.cnet.com/topics/ereaders/best-e-book-readers/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-05-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=Best+E-Book+Readers+of+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Ftopics%2Fereaders%2Fbest-e-book-readers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-reader" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK.N" class="citation book cs1">K.N, Shoba. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZoLkBQAAQBAJ&dq=An+e-reader,+also+called+an+e-book+reader+or+e-book+device,+is+a+mobile+electronic+device&pg=PT68"><i>Vocabulary 2.0: Smart Words of the 21st Century</i></a>. Notion Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-84049-15-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-84049-15-7"><bdi>978-93-84049-15-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117053103/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZoLkBQAAQBAJ&dq=An+e-reader,+also+called+an+e-book+reader+or+e-book+device,+is+a+mobile+electronic+device&pg=PT68">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vocabulary+2.0%3A+Smart+Words+of+the+21st+Century&rft.pub=Notion+Press&rft.isbn=978-93-84049-15-7&rft.aulast=K.N&rft.aufirst=Shoba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZoLkBQAAQBAJ%26dq%3DAn%2Be-reader%2C%2Balso%2Bcalled%2Ban%2Be-book%2Breader%2Bor%2Be-book%2Bdevice%2C%2Bis%2Ba%2Bmobile%2Belectronic%2Bdevice%26pg%3DPT68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-reader" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay2011" class="citation news cs1">Ray, C. Claiborne (October 24, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/25/science/25qna.html">"The Weight of Memory"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Q&A (column). p. D2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227031902/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/25/science/25qna.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 27, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 24,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Weight+of+Memory&rft.pages=D2&rft.date=2011-10-24&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=C.+Claiborne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F10%2F25%2Fscience%2F25qna.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-reader" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhojaraju2016" class="citation book cs1">Bhojaraju, Gunjal (2016-12-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dTfVDQAAQBAJ&dq=Any+device+that+can+display+text+on+a+screen+may+act+as+an+e-reader&pg=PA169"><i>Managing Knowledge and Scholarly Assets in Academic Libraries</i></a>. IGI Global. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5225-1742-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5225-1742-9"><bdi>978-1-5225-1742-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117053104/https://books.google.com/books?id=dTfVDQAAQBAJ&dq=Any+device+that+can+display+text+on+a+screen+may+act+as+an+e-reader&pg=PA169">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Managing+Knowledge+and+Scholarly+Assets+in+Academic+Libraries&rft.pub=IGI+Global&rft.date=2016-12-28&rft.isbn=978-1-5225-1742-9&rft.aulast=Bhojaraju&rft.aufirst=Gunjal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdTfVDQAAQBAJ%26dq%3DAny%2Bdevice%2Bthat%2Bcan%2Bdisplay%2Btext%2Bon%2Ba%2Bscreen%2Bmay%2Bact%2Bas%2Ban%2Be-reader%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-reader" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2010/11/and-the-most-popular-way-to-read-an-e-book-is/">And the most popular way to read an e-book is</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170925230212/https://www.wired.com/2010/11/and-the-most-popular-way-to-read-an-e-book-is">Archived</a> 2017-09-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a>. November 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalcone2010" class="citation web cs1">Falcone, John (July 6, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-20009738-1/kindle-vs-nook-vs-ipad-which-e-book-reader-should-you-buy/">"Kindle vs. Nook vs. iPad: Which e-book reader should you buy?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNet" class="mw-redirect" title="CNet">CNet</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130121115052/http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-20009738-1/kindle-vs-nook-vs-ipad-which-e-book-reader-should-you-buy/">Archived</a> from the original on January 21, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kindle+vs.+Nook+vs.+iPad%3A+Which+e-book+reader+should+you+buy%3F&rft.pub=CNet&rft.date=2010-07-06&rft.aulast=Falcone&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.cnet.com%2F8301-17938_105-20009738-1%2Fkindle-vs-nook-vs-ipad-which-e-book-reader-should-you-buy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-reader" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.techzim.co.zw/2017/05/gadget-cant-live-without-kindle/">The one gadget I can't live without… is not my phone</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170516223219/http://www.techzim.co.zw/2017/05/gadget-cant-live-without-kindle/">Archived</a> 2017-05-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Techzim. Retrieved May 17, 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514132046/http://www.mobilemag.com/2004/03/25/sony-librie-the-first-ever-e-ink-e-book-reader/">"Sony LIBRIe – The first ever E-ink e-book Reader"</a>. <i>Mobile mag</i>. 2004-03-25. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobilemag.com/2004/03/25/sony-librie-the-first-ever-e-ink-e-book-reader/">the original</a> on 14 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mobile+mag&rft.atitle=Sony+LIBRIe+%E2%80%93+The+first+ever+E-ink+e-book+Reader&rft.date=2004-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mobilemag.com%2F2004%2F03%2F25%2Fsony-librie-the-first-ever-e-ink-e-book-reader%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-reader" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moneycrashers.com/rent-borrow-ebooks-online/">"How to Rent or Borrow eBooks Online"</a>. <i>Money crashers</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170510144444/http://www.moneycrashers.com/rent-borrow-ebooks-online">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-05-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Money+crashers&rft.atitle=How+to+Rent+or+Borrow+eBooks+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moneycrashers.com%2Frent-borrow-ebooks-online%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-reader" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.howtogeek.com/233492/everything-you-need-to-know-about-using-a-microsd-card-with-your-amazon-fire-tablet/">"Everything You Need to Know About Using a MicroSD Card With Your Amazon Fire Tablet"</a>. <i>How to geek</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809214949/https://www.howtogeek.com/233492/everything-you-need-to-know-about-using-a-microsd-card-with-your-amazon-fire-tablet/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-08-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=How+to+geek&rft.atitle=Everything+You+Need+to+Know+About+Using+a+MicroSD+Card+With+Your+Amazon+Fire+Tablet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.howtogeek.com%2F233492%2Feverything-you-need-to-know-about-using-a-microsd-card-with-your-amazon-fire-tablet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-reader" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.the-ebook-reader.com/2017/03/31/will-memory-cards-be-phase-out-for-ereaders-altogether/">"Will Memory Cards Be Phase Out for eReaders Altogether?"</a>. <i>The eBook Reader Blog</i>. 31 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170604183630/http://blog.the-ebook-reader.com/2017/03/31/will-memory-cards-be-phase-out-for-ereaders-altogether/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-06-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2018-09-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5210%2Ffm.v23i10.9437">"Children learning to read in a digital world"</a>. <i>First Monday</i>. <b>23</b> (10). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5210%2Ffm.v23i10.9437">10.5210/fm.v23i10.9437</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1396-0466">1396-0466</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52928911">52928911</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=First+Monday&rft.atitle=Children+learning+to+read+in+a+digital+world&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=10&rft.date=2018-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52928911%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1396-0466&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5210%2Ffm.v23i10.9437&rft.aulast=Barzillai&rft.aufirst=Mirit&rft.au=Thomson%2C+Jenny+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5210%252Ffm.v23i10.9437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-reader" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/b?ie=UTF8&node=17717476011">"Kindle Features: Search, X-Ray, Wikipedia and Dictionary Lookup, Instant Translations"</a>. <i>Amazon</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200304070202/https://www.amazon.com/b?ie=UTF8&node=17717476011">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amazon&rft.atitle=Kindle+Features%3A+Search%2C+X-Ray%2C+Wikipedia+and+Dictionary+Lookup%2C+Instant+Translations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fb%3Fie%3DUTF8%26node%3D17717476011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-reader" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKozlowski2015" class="citation web cs1">Kozlowski, Michael (2015-10-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goodereader.com/blog/e-book-news/what-are-the-most-looked-up-words-on-the-kindle">"What are the most looked up words on the Kindle?"</a>. <i>Good e-Reader</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190507153441/https://goodereader.com/blog/e-book-news/what-are-the-most-looked-up-words-on-the-kindle">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Good+e-Reader&rft.atitle=What+are+the+most+looked+up+words+on+the+Kindle%3F&rft.date=2015-10-14&rft.aulast=Kozlowski&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgoodereader.com%2Fblog%2Fe-book-news%2Fwhat-are-the-most-looked-up-words-on-the-kindle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-reader" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2019/05/guidemaster-ars-tests-and-picks-the-best-e-readers-for-every-budget/">"Guidemaster: Ars tests and picks the best e-readers for every budget"</a>. 23 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190528141849/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2019/05/guidemaster-ars-tests-and-picks-the-best-e-readers-for-every-budget/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guidemaster%3A+Ars+tests+and+picks+the+best+e-readers+for+every+budget&rft.date=2019-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fgadgets%2F2019%2F05%2Fguidemaster-ars-tests-and-picks-the-best-e-readers-for-every-budget%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-reader" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-reader&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dedicated_ebook_devices" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Dedicated ebook devices">Dedicated ebook devices</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/E-reader">"E-reader"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ebooks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ebook" title="Ebook">Ebooks</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_e-book_formats" title="Comparison of e-book formats">Formats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EPUB" title="EPUB">ePub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FictionBook" title="FictionBook">FictionBook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_book_archive" title="Comic book archive">CBR/CBZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindle_File_Format" title="Kindle File Format">Kindle File Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobipocket" title="Mobipocket">Mobipocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_file" title="Text file">Plain text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBooks_Author" class="mw-redirect" title="IBooks Author">IBA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reading</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Amazon Kindle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Nook" title="Barnes & Noble Nook">Barnes & Noble Nook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookeen" title="Bookeen">Bookeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elonex_ebook" class="mw-redirect" title="Elonex ebook">Elonex ebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnTourage_eDGe" title="EnTourage eDGe">enTourage eDGe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanlin_eReader" title="Hanlin eReader">Hanlin eReader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRiver_Story" title="IRiver Story">iRiver Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobo_eReader" title="Kobo eReader">Kobo eReader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onyx_Boox" title="Onyx Boox">Onyx Boox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_Logic" title="Plastic Logic">Plastic Logic Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PocketBook_International" title="PocketBook International">PocketBook eReader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_eBook" title="Rocket eBook">Rocket eBook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoftBook" title="SoftBook">SoftBook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">Tablets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Acrobat" title="Adobe Acrobat">Adobe Acrobat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Digital_Editions" title="Adobe Digital Editions">Adobe Digital Editions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldiko" title="Aldiko">Aldiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books">Apple Books</a> <small>(iBooks)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakuten_Aquafadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakuten Aquafadas">Aquafadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blio" title="Blio">Blio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluefire_Reader" title="Bluefire Reader">Bluefire Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calibre_(software)" title="Calibre (software)">Calibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBReader" title="FBReader">FBReader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foliate_(software)" title="Foliate (software)">Foliate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Books" title="Google Play Books">Google Play Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindle_app" class="mw-redirect" title="Kindle app">Kindle app</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitabu" title="Kitabu">Kitabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobo_Inc." title="Kobo Inc.">Kobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lector_(software)" title="Lector (software)">Lector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lektz" title="Lektz">Lektz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucifox" title="Lucifox">Lucifox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Reader" title="Microsoft Reader">Microsoft Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MuPDF" title="MuPDF">MuPDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okular" title="Okular">Okular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OverDrive_Media_Console" title="OverDrive Media Console">OverDrive Media Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snapplify" title="Snapplify">Snapplify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STDU_Viewer" title="STDU Viewer">STDU Viewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatra_PDF" title="Sumatra PDF">Sumatra PDF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Editing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABBYY_FineReader" title="ABBYY FineReader">ABBYY FineReader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AbiWord" title="AbiWord">AbiWord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_InDesign" title="Adobe InDesign">Adobe InDesign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_RoboHelp" title="Adobe RoboHelp">Adobe RoboHelp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakuten_Aquafadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakuten Aquafadas">Aquafadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantis_Word_Processor" title="Atlantis Word Processor">Atlantis Word Processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booktype" title="Booktype">Booktype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calibre_(software)" title="Calibre (software)">Calibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligra" title="Calligra">Calligra Author</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collabora_Online" title="Collabora Online">Collabora Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXeLearning" title="EXeLearning">eXeLearning</a></li> <li>Help & Manual</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HelpNDoc" title="HelpNDoc">HelpNDoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBooks_Author" class="mw-redirect" title="IBooks Author">iBooks Author</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IStudio_Publisher" title="IStudio Publisher">iStudio Publisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaTeX" title="LaTeX">LaTeX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LibreOffice" title="LibreOffice">LibreOffice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MadCap_Software" title="MadCap Software">MadCap Flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_XML_Editor" title="Oxygen XML Editor">Oxygen XML Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PagePlus" title="PagePlus">PagePlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pages_(word_processor)" title="Pages (word processor)">Pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuarkXPress" title="QuarkXPress">QuarkXPress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrivener_(software)" title="Scrivener (software)">Scrivener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigil_(application)" title="Sigil (application)">Sigil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writer2epub" title="Writer2epub">Writer2epub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ebook_suppliers" title="Category:Ebook suppliers">Vendors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books">Apple Books Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindle_Store" title="Kindle Store">Amazon Kindle Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baen_Free_Library" title="Baen Free Library">Baen Free Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble" title="Barnes & Noble">Barnes & Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booktrack" title="Booktrack">Booktrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BookWalker" title="BookWalker">BookWalker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feedbooks" title="Feedbooks">Feedbooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarir_Bookstore" title="Jarir Bookstore">Jarir.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobo_Inc." title="Kobo Inc.">Kobo Bookstore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Reader" title="Sony Reader">Sony Reader Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smashwords" title="Smashwords">Smashwords</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Noncommercial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aozora_Bunko" title="Aozora Bunko">Aozora Bunko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faded_Page" class="mw-redirect" title="Faded Page">Faded Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HathiTrust" title="HathiTrust">HathiTrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg_Australia" title="Project Gutenberg Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg_Canada" title="Project Gutenberg Canada">Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_journal_publishing_reform" title="Academic journal publishing reform">Academic journal publishing reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_e-readers" title="Comparison of e-readers">Comparison of ebook readers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_iOS_e-reader_software" title="Comparison of iOS e-reader software">Comparison of iOS ebook reader software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Android_e-reader_software" title="Comparison of Android e-reader software">Comparison of Android ebook reader software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-book_lending" title="E-book lending">E-book lending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">Electronic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBooks_Author_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="IBooks Author Conference">iBooks Author Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Digital_Publishing_Forum" title="International Digital Publishing Forum">International Digital Publishing Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindle_single" title="Kindle single">Kindle single</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Publication_Distribution_System" title="Open Publication Distribution System">OPDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflowable_document" title="Reflowable document">Reflowable document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-publishing" title="Self-publishing">Self-publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_publishing" title="Semantic publishing">Semantic publishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Computer_sizes_and_classes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Computer_sizes" title="Template:Computer sizes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Computer_sizes" title="Template talk:Computer sizes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Computer_sizes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Computer sizes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Computer_sizes_and_classes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_size_categories" title="List of computer size categories">Computer sizes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classes_of_computers" title="Classes of computers">classes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">Micro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Static</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_appliance" title="Computer appliance">Appliances</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcade_cabinet" title="Arcade cabinet">Arcade cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diskless_node" title="Diskless node">Diskless node</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_appliance" title="Internet appliance">Internet appliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent terminal">Intelligent terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_kiosk" title="Interactive kiosk">Interactive kiosk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_client" title="Rich client">Rich client</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulator_ride" title="Simulator ride">Simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_speaker" title="Smart speaker">Smart speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_TV" title="Smart TV">Smart TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_client" title="Thin client">Thin client</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">Video game console</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_video_game_console" title="Home video game console">Home console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microconsole" title="Microconsole">Microconsole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaming_computer" title="Gaming computer">Gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_computer" title="Home computer">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_PC" title="Industrial PC">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">Personal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_supercomputer" title="Personal supercomputer">Personal super</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_computer" title="Public computer">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">Server</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_server" title="Home server">Home server</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation">Workstation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By size</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-in-one_computer" title="All-in-one computer">All-in-one</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panel_PC" title="Panel PC">Panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_computer" title="Table computer">Tabletop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_computer" title="Surface computer">Surface</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">Desktop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deskside_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Deskside computer">Deskside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizza-box_form_factor" title="Pizza-box form factor">Pizza box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_tower" title="Computer tower">Tower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_computer" title="Portable computer">Portable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_form_factor_PC" title="Small form factor PC">Small form factor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mini_PC" title="Mini PC">Mini PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug_computer" title="Plug computer">Plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_PC" title="Stick PC">Stick PC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-inch_rack" title="19-inch rack">Rack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blade_server" title="Blade server">Blade server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_PC" title="Blade PC">Blade PC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_computing" title="Mobile computing">Mobile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">Laptop</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-in-1_laptop" title="2-in-1 laptop">2-in-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-in-1_laptop#2-in-1_convertible" title="2-in-1 laptop">Convertible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudbook" title="Cloudbook">Cloudbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_workstation" title="Mobile workstation">Mobile workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notebook_(laptop)" title="Notebook (laptop)">Notebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subnotebook" title="Subnotebook">Subnotebook</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Netbook" title="Netbook">Netbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartbook" title="Smartbook">Smartbook</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">Tablet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-in-1_laptop#2-in-1_detachable" title="2-in-1 laptop">Detachable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phablet" title="Phablet">Phablet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">Handheld</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_organizer" title="Electronic organizer">Electronic organizer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">E-reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handheld_game_console" title="Handheld game console">Handheld game console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handheld_PC" title="Handheld PC">Handheld PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_data_terminal" title="Mobile data terminal">Mobile data terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_phone" title="Feature phone">Feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foldable_smartphone" title="Foldable smartphone">Foldable</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmtop_PC" title="Palmtop PC">Palmtop PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">Personal digital assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_computer" title="Pocket computer">Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_data_terminal" title="Portable data terminal">Portable data terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">Portable media player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siftable" title="Siftable">Siftable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-mobile_PC" title="Ultra-mobile PC">Ultra-mobile PC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calculator" title="Calculator">Calculator</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphing_calculator" title="Graphing calculator">Graphing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_calculator" title="Programmable calculator">Programmable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_calculator" title="Scientific calculator">Scientific</a></li></ul> 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