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vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sadržaj</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Način_rada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Način_rada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Način rada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Način_rada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parametri_triode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parametri_triode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Parametri triode</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Parametri_triode-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Sadržaj cjeline Parametri triode</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Parametri_triode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radna_točka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radna_točka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Radna točka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radna_točka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strmina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strmina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Strmina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strmina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Faktor_pojačanja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faktor_pojačanja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Faktor pojačanja</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Faktor_pojačanja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unutarnji_dinamički_otpor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unutarnji_dinamički_otpor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Unutarnji dinamički otpor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unutarnji_dinamički_otpor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Povezanost_osnovnih_parametara_elektronske_cijevi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Povezanost_osnovnih_parametara_elektronske_cijevi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Povezanost osnovnih parametara elektronske cijevi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Povezanost_osnovnih_parametara_elektronske_cijevi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pojačanje_elektroničkog_sklopa_s_elektronskom_cijevi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pojačanje_elektroničkog_sklopa_s_elektronskom_cijevi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pojačanje elektroničkog sklopa s elektronskom cijevi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pojačanje_elektroničkog_sklopa_s_elektronskom_cijevi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ponašanje_na_višim_frekvencijama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ponašanje_na_višim_frekvencijama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ponašanje na višim frekvencijama</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ponašanje_na_višim_frekvencijama-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Sadržaj cjeline Ponašanje na višim frekvencijama</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ponašanje_na_višim_frekvencijama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ulazna_impedancija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ulazna_impedancija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ulazna impedancija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ulazna_impedancija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izlazna_impedancija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izlazna_impedancija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Izlazna impedancija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izlazna_impedancija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usporedba_elektronskih_cijevi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usporedba_elektronskih_cijevi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Usporedba elektronskih cijevi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usporedba_elektronskih_cijevi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Sadržaj cjeline Usporedba elektronskih cijevi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Usporedba_elektronskih_cijevi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trioda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trioda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Trioda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trioda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tetroda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tetroda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Tetroda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tetroda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pentoda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pentoda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Pentoda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pentoda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Literatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izvori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izvori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Izvori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izvori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaz sadržaja stranice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaz sadržaja stranice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Trioda</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupan je na 48 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triode" title="Triode – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Triode" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triode" title="Triode – švicarski njemački" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Triode" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="švicarski njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%8A" title="صمام ثلاثي – arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صمام ثلاثي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triod" title="Triod – azerbajdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Triod" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%91%D0%B4" title="Трыёд – bjeloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трыёд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bjeloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%91%D0%B4" title="Трыёд – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Трыёд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A1" title="ট্রায়োড – bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ট্রায়োড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trioda" title="Trioda – bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Trioda" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%ADode" title="Tríode – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tríode" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trioda" title="Trioda – češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Trioda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triode" title="Triode – danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Triode" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronenr%C3%B6hre#Triode" title="Elektronenröhre – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elektronenröhre" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triode" title="Triode – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Triode" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triodo" title="Triodo – španjolski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Triodo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španjolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triood" title="Triood – estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Triood" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triodo" title="Triodo – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Triodo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AF" title="ترایود – perzijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترایود" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triode_(%C3%A9lectronique)" title="Triode (électronique) – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Triode (électronique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri%C3%B3id" title="Trióid – irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Trióid" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94" title="טריודה – hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טריודה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1" title="ट्रायोड – hindski" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ट्रायोड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri%C3%B3da" title="Trióda – mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Trióda" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triode" title="Triode – indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Triode" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%A5%B5%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E7%AE%A1" title="三極真空管 – japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="三極真空管" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ტრიოდი – gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტრიოდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Триод – kazaški" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Триод" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/3%EA%B7%B9_%EC%A7%84%EA%B3%B5%EA%B4%80" title="3극 진공관 – korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="3극 진공관" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triodas" title="Triodas – litavski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Triodas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litavski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triode" title="Triode – latvijski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Triode" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Триода – makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Триода" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ട്രയോഡ് – malajalamski" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ട്രയോഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triode" title="Triode – nizozemski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Triode" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triode" title="Triode – norveški nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Triode" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveški nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triode" title="Triode – norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Triode" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trioda" title="Trioda – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Trioda" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%ADodo" title="Tríodo – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tríodo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triod%C4%83" title="Triodă – rumunjski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Triodă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Триод – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Триод" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trioda" title="Trioda – srpsko-hrvatski" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Trioda" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srpsko-hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triode" title="Triode – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Triode" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Триода – srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Триода" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronr%C3%B6r#Trioden" title="Elektronrör – švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elektronrör" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94" title="ไตรโอด – tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไตรโอด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Тріод – ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тріод" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A8n_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD_ch%C3%A2n_kh%C3%B4ng_3_c%E1%BB%B1c" title="Đèn điện tử chân không 3 cực – vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đèn điện tử chân không 3 cực" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%9E%81%E7%AE%A1" title="三极管 – wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="三极管" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%9E%81%E7%AE%A1_(%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E7%AE%A1)" title="三极管 (真空管) – kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="三极管 (真空管)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%A5%B5%E7%AE%A1" title="三極管 – kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="三極管" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q176129#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Poveznice na druge jezike" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi poveznice</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Trioda" title="Pogledaj sadržaj [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stranica</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razgovor:Trioda&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Razgovorna stranica (stranica ne postoji) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Razgovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Promijeni jezičnu varijantu" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">hrvatski</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Pogledi"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Trioda"><span>Čitaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioda&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioda&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kôd ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kôd</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioda&action=history" title="Ranije izmjene na ovoj stranici [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Vidi povijest</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Pomagala" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Pomagala</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Pomagala</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Više mogućnosti" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Radnje </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Trioda"><span>Čitaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioda&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioda&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kôd ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kôd</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioda&action=history"><span>Vidi povijest</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Razno </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:%C5%A0to_vodi_ovamo/Trioda" title="Popis svih stranica koje sadrže poveznice na ovu stranicu [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Što vodi ovamo</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Povezane_promjene/Trioda" rel="nofollow" title="Nedavne promjene na stranicama koje su povezane s navedenom stranicom [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Povezane promjene</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Upload" title="Postavi datoteke [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Postavi datoteku</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Posebne_stranice" title="Popis svih posebnih stranica [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Posebne stranice</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioda&oldid=6512317" title="Trajna poveznica na ovu verziju stranice"><span>Trajna poveznica</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioda&action=info" title="Više informacija o ovoj stranici"><span>Podatci o stranici</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Citiraj&page=Trioda&id=6512317&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informacije o tome kako citirati ovu stranicu"><span>Citiraj ovu stranicu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Skra%C4%87iva%C4%8D_adresa&url=https%3A%2F%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTrioda"><span>Skraćeni URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTrioda"><span>Preuzmi QR kôd</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ispis/izvoz </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Zbirka&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Trioda"><span>Stvori knjigu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:DownloadAsPdf&page=Trioda&action=show-download-screen"><span>Preuzmi kao PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioda&printable=yes" title="Inačica za ispis ove stranice [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Inačica za ispis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikimedijini projekti </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vacuum_triodes" hreflang="en"><span>Zajednički poslužitelj</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q176129" title="Poveznica na stavku na projektu Wikipodatci [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Stavka na Wikipodatcima</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izgled"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Izgled</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Izvor: Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="hr" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Dubulttriode_darbiibaa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Dubulttriode_darbiibaa.jpg/250px-Dubulttriode_darbiibaa.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="412" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Dubulttriode_darbiibaa.jpg/375px-Dubulttriode_darbiibaa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Dubulttriode_darbiibaa.jpg/500px-Dubulttriode_darbiibaa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1383" data-file-height="2279" /></a><figcaption>Dvostruka trioda ECC83.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Trioda_01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/hr/thumb/c/cb/Trioda_01.png/250px-Trioda_01.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/hr/thumb/c/cb/Trioda_01.png/375px-Trioda_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/hr/thumb/c/cb/Trioda_01.png/500px-Trioda_01.png 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Glavni dijelovi triode male snage.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Triode_tube_1906.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Triode_tube_1906.jpg/250px-Triode_tube_1906.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Triode_tube_1906.jpg/375px-Triode_tube_1906.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Triode_tube_1906.jpg/500px-Triode_tube_1906.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1835" data-file-height="1258" /></a><figcaption>Izgled prve triode iz 1906. koju je napravio <a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Trioda</b> je temeljna <a href="/wiki/Poja%C4%8Dalo" title="Pojačalo">pojačivačka</a> <a href="/wiki/Elektronska_cijev" title="Elektronska cijev">elektronska vakuumska cijev</a>. Izumio ju je 1906. američki znanstvenik <a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a>, dodajući vakuumskoj <a href="/wiki/Dioda" title="Dioda">diodi</a> treću <a href="/wiki/Elektroda" title="Elektroda">elektrodu</a> – upravljačku rešetku, izrađenu od vrlo tanke <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDica" title="Žica">žice</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">Elektroni</a> emitirani iz užarene <a href="/wiki/Katoda" title="Katoda">katode</a> prolaze na putu k <a href="/wiki/Anoda" title="Anoda">anodi</a> kroz tu rešetku, koja je, s obzirom na katodu, na negativnom <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_potencijal" title="Električni potencijal">električnom potencijalu</a>. Malim promjenama <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_napon" class="mw-redirect" title="Električni napon">električnog napona</a> rešetke postižu se velike promjene anodne struje, pa trioda ima svojstvo pojačanja električnog napona, odnosno <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_struja" title="Električna struja">električne struje</a>. Izumom triode započeo je stvarni razvoj <a href="/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika">elektronike</a>, no danas je ona u većini elektronske primjena zamijenjena <a href="/wiki/Tranzistor" title="Tranzistor">tranzistorom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trioda je prvi <a href="/wiki/Elektroni%C4%8Dki_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektronički element">elektronički element</a> kojim je ostvareno <a href="/wiki/Poja%C4%8Danje" title="Pojačanje">pojačanje</a> <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_signal" title="Električni signal">električnog signala</a>. Sastoji se od tri elektrode ugrađene u stakleno kućište iz kojeg je uklonjen zrak (<a href="/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum">vakuum</a>). Katoda je vanjskim strujnim električnim izvorom zagrijana do temperature gdje dolazi do <a href="/wiki/Toplinsko_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Toplinsko zračenje">toplinske emisije</a>, anoda pozitivnim potencijalom privlači toplinom emitirane elektrone, a upravljačka rešetka koja se nalazi između anode i katode djeluje na prolaznost elektrona. Promjenom napona između upravljačke rešetke i katode razmjerno se u tom smislu utječe na jakost <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dno_polje" title="Električno polje">električnog polja</a> između rešetke i katode i na taj način se upravlja tijekom <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrona</a> između katode i anode. Posljedično manjoj udaljenosti između rešetke i katode u odnosu na udaljenost između anode i katode, manja promjena napona u ulaznom krugu elektronske cijevi imat će jednak utjecaj na veličinu anodne <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dna_struja" title="Električna struja">struje</a> kao znatno veća promjena anodnog napona u izlaznom krugu. Elektronska cijev ima na taj način svojstvo naponskog pojačanja. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Način_rada"><span id="Na.C4.8Din_rada"></span>Način rada</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioda&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odlomak: Način rada" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioda&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Način rada"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trioda je <a href="/wiki/Elektronska_cijev" title="Elektronska cijev">elektronska cijev</a> s tri elektrode. Trioda osim cilindrične anode, katode (žarna nit), ima još i mrežicu. Mrežica je <a href="/wiki/Spirala" title="Spirala">spiralno</a> savijena <a href="/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden">molibdenska</a> žica, smještena između anode i katode od kojih je dobro <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_izolator" title="Električni izolator">izolirana</a>. Njen je zadatak da <a href="/wiki/Regulacija" class="mw-disambig" title="Regulacija">regulira</a> prolaz elektrona. Sve tri elektrode nalaze se u <a href="/wiki/Staklo" title="Staklo">staklenom</a> balonu s razrijeđenim zrakom (<a href="/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum">vakuum</a>). Ako je mrežica negativna, onda će elektroni koji izlaze iz katode biti odbijeni i padati natrah na katodu, pa neće nijedan elektron dospjeti na anodu, a niti na mrežicu. Smanji li se negativan <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_naboj" title="Električni naboj">električni naboj</a> na mrežici, proći će neki brži elektron kroz mrežicu i prouzrokovati slabu anodnu struju. </p><p>Ako je u spoju triode mrežica pozitivna prema katodi, ona će ubrzati prolaz elektrona i anodna struja će se pojačati. Dakle, promjenom električnog napona mrežice pomoću <a href="/wiki/Baterija" title="Baterija">baterije</a> može se regulirati, odnosno pojačavati anodna struja. Kod triode moramo razlikovati tri <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dne_mre%C5%BEe" title="Električne mreže">strujna kruga</a>: </p> <ul><li>krug žarenja s baterijom za žarenje,</li> <li>anodni krug s anodnom baterijom,</li> <li>krug mrežice s baterijom koja daje električni napon za mrežicu.</li></ul> <p>Nanesemo li na os apscisa <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_napon" class="mw-redirect" title="Električni napon">električni napon</a> na mrežici, a na os ordinata <a href="/wiki/Jakost_struje" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakost struje">jakost anodne struje</a>, dobit ćemo krivulju ovisnosti anodne struje o električnom naponu na mrežici, koja se zove <b>karakteristika cijevi</b>. </p><p>Pojačanje triode osniva se na činjenici da dovedeni napon na mrežici znatno jače utječe na jakost anodne struje nego napon doveden na anodu. Pretpostavimo da se na mrežicu cijevi dovodi <a href="/wiki/Sinus" title="Sinus">sinusoidalni</a> napon. Da vidimo kako se tada mijenja jakost anodne struje, poslužit ćemo se karakteristikom cijevi. Napon mrežice, koja se mijenja po sinus krivulji, nanosi se na okomitu os. Svakoj veličini napona mrežice odgovara određena veličina anodne struje. Veličinu anodne struje dobijemo tako da povučemo okomite pravce od odgovarajućih točaka na krivulji napona mrežice do karakteristike cijevi, a od ovih presjecišta vodoravne pravce paralelne s osi apscisa. Krivulja anodne struje, dobivena između dobivenih pravaca, također je sinusoida, ali znatno veća. Odatle možemo zaključiti da i male promjene napona na mrežici prouzrokuju znatne promjene anodne struje. Zbog toga svojstva trioda i ostale elektronske cijevi s više mrežica služe za pojačanje visokofrekventnih i niskofrekventnih struja, odnosno njihovih <a href="/wiki/Titranje" title="Titranje">titraja</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parametri_triode">Parametri triode</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioda&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odlomak: Parametri triode" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioda&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Parametri triode"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Trioda_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Trioda_symbol.svg/100px-Trioda_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Trioda_symbol.svg/150px-Trioda_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Trioda_symbol.svg/200px-Trioda_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="69" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Elektronsku cijev primarno smatramo <a href="/wiki/Strujni_aktivni_elektri%C4%8Dni_izvor" title="Strujni aktivni električni izvor">strujnim aktivnim izvorom</a> gdje istosmjerna anodna struja ovisi o ulaznom naponu U<sub>g</sub>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I_{a}=f(U_{g})\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>g</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I_{a}=f(U_{g})\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9d083c1038c5b86ea2ecdbca7df3df66c2897876" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:11.307ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I_{a}=f(U_{g})\,}"></span></dd></dl> <p>koji se pojavljuje između upravljačke rešetke i katode elektronske cijevi. Elektronsku cijev predstavljamo u elektroničkim strujnim krugovima nadomjesnim strujnim ili naponskim upravljanim izvorom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radna_točka"><span id="Radna_to.C4.8Dka"></span>Radna točka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioda&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odlomak: Radna točka" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioda&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Radna točka"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parametri elektronske cijevi mijenjaju se ovisno o položaju radne točke na izlaznoj U<sub>a</sub>/I<sub>a</sub> karakteristici, a iz razloga nelinearne ovisnosti anodne struje o naponu na upravljačkoj rešetci. Radna točka pretpojačala bira se u području velike istosmjerne struje, za razliku od radne točke pojačala snage koja se postavlja u sredinu radnog područja (A klasa) ili se za protutaktna pojačala B klase odabire vrlo mala anodna struja na samom dnu I<sub>a</sub>/U<sub>g</sub> karakteristike. Radna točka za potrebe ovog opisa smještena je u položaj: U<sub>a</sub>=200 V, I<sub>a</sub>=2,25 mA te U<sub>g</sub>=-1 V. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strmina">Strmina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioda&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odlomak: Strmina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioda&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Strmina"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:TriodeECC83Characteristic1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/TriodeECC83Characteristic1.png/450px-TriodeECC83Characteristic1.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/TriodeECC83Characteristic1.png/675px-TriodeECC83Characteristic1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/TriodeECC83Characteristic1.png 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>U<sub>a</sub>/I<sub>a</sub> karakteristika elektronske cijevi ECC83, I<sub>a</sub>=f(U<sub>a</sub>/U<sub>g</sub>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Razmatramo li male izmjenične napone i struje elektronsku cijev možemo predočiti aktivnim strujnim izvorom nazivne struje : </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {i_{a}}=Su_{g},\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>i</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>S</mi> <msub> <mi>u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>g</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {i_{a}}=Su_{g},\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cab5b702d4fb87f29b5d7c8d9c6c2066f03bf8ad" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:9.887ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {i_{a}}=Su_{g},\,}"></span></dd></dl> <p>gdje je i<sub>a</sub> izmjenična komponenta anodne struje, S strmina, odn. transkonduktancija elektronske cijevi (mA), a u<sub>g</sub> ulazni pobudni izmjenični napon koji se pojavljuje između upravljačke rešetke i katode elektronske cijevi. </p><p>Strmina elektronske cijevi određuje se u određenoj radnoj točki kao omjer male promjene veličine anodne struje i male promjene napona na upravljačkoj rešetci, a uz konstantan anodni napon: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S=\left|{\frac {\vartriangle I_{a}}{\vartriangle U_{g}}}\right|_{U_{a}=konst}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>S</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow> <mo>|</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo class="MJX-variant">△</mo> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mo class="MJX-variant">△</mo> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>g</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>|</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>k</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>s</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S=\left|{\frac {\vartriangle I_{a}}{\vartriangle U_{g}}}\right|_{U_{a}=konst}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/87d3038bca7430c2ee4aa12680921d579e88e044" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:19.168ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S=\left|{\frac {\vartriangle I_{a}}{\vartriangle U_{g}}}\right|_{U_{a}=konst}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>gdje se s izlazne U<sub>a</sub>/I<sub>a</sub> karakteristike dvostruke triode ECC83 može očitati da strmina te elektronske cijevi za navedenu radnu točku iznosi otprilike S=2 mA/V. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Faktor_pojačanja"><span id="Faktor_poja.C4.8Danja"></span>Faktor pojačanja</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioda&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odlomak: Faktor pojačanja" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioda&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Faktor pojačanja"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trioda se za mali izmjenični signal može prikazati i kao naponom <a href="/wiki/Naponski_aktivni_elektri%C4%8Dni_izvor" title="Naponski aktivni električni izvor">upravljan naponski izvor</a> nazivnog napona: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {u_{a}}=-\mu u_{g}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>μ</mi> <msub> <mi>u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>g</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {u_{a}}=-\mu u_{g}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/928d536b47ea7c80f91144698710df2e2808da4c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:11.478ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {u_{a}}=-\mu u_{g}\,}"></span></dd></dl> <p>gdje je u<sub>a</sub> izmjenična komponenta anodnog napona, µ faktor pojačanja, odn. prohvat, a u<sub>g</sub> ulazni pobudni izmjenični napon koji se pojavljuje između upravljačke rešetke i katode elektronske cijevi. Napon na anodi ima suprotan predznak od pobudnog napona na rešetci, a iz razloga što povećanjem anodne struje dolazi do smanjenja anodnog napona. Faktor pojačanja elektronske cijevi određuje se u radnoj točki kao omjer male promjene veličine anodnog napona i male promjene napona na upravljačkoj rešetci, a uz konstantnu anodnu struju: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu =\left|{\frac {\vartriangle U_{a}}{\vartriangle U_{g}}}\right|_{I_{a}=konst}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>μ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow> <mo>|</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo class="MJX-variant">△</mo> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mo class="MJX-variant">△</mo> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>g</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>|</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>k</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>s</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu =\left|{\frac {\vartriangle U_{a}}{\vartriangle U_{g}}}\right|_{I_{a}=konst}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/265c3602eefb170ef11a60e6bf7fc3495bd2fd40" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:18.752ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu =\left|{\frac {\vartriangle U_{a}}{\vartriangle U_{g}}}\right|_{I_{a}=konst}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>gdje se s izlazne U<sub>a</sub> /I<sub>a</sub> karakteristike dvostruke triode ECC83 može očitati da je faktor pojačanja te elektronske cijevi za navedenu radnu točku otprilike jednak µ =100. Za tipičnu triodu faktor pojačanja se kreće u rasponu od 10 do 100, a time je ograničeno i najveće pojačanje napona koje se može postići u elektroničkom sklopu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unutarnji_dinamički_otpor"><span id="Unutarnji_dinami.C4.8Dki_otpor"></span>Unutarnji dinamički otpor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioda&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odlomak: Unutarnji dinamički otpor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioda&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Unutarnji dinamički otpor"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Unutarnji_otpor_elektri%C4%8Dnog_izvora" title="Unutarnji otpor električnog izvora">Unutarnji dinamički otpor izvora</a> jednak je i za elektronsku cijev prikazanu kao naponski i za elektronsku cijev prikazanu kao strujni izvor. Unutarnji <a href="/wiki/Dinami%C4%8Dki_elektri%C4%8Dni_otpor" title="Dinamički električni otpor">dinamički električni otpor</a> određuje se u radnoj točki kao omjer male promjene anodnog napona i male promjene anodne struje, a uz konstantan napon na upravljačkoj rešetci: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{i}=\left|{\frac {\vartriangle U_{a}}{\vartriangle I_{a}}}\right|_{U_{g}=konst}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow> <mo>|</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo class="MJX-variant">△</mo> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mo class="MJX-variant">△</mo> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>|</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>g</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>k</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>s</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{i}=\left|{\frac {\vartriangle U_{a}}{\vartriangle I_{a}}}\right|_{U_{g}=konst}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/36703ed72b9afab68732237200891fd4d6b881f4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:20.248ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{i}=\left|{\frac {\vartriangle U_{a}}{\vartriangle I_{a}}}\right|_{U_{g}=konst}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>gdje se s istih karakteristika može očitati da za istu radnu točku vrijednost unutarnjeg otpora triode iznosi otprilike 50 kOhma. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Povezanost_osnovnih_parametara_elektronske_cijevi">Povezanost osnovnih parametara elektronske cijevi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioda&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odlomak: Povezanost osnovnih parametara elektronske cijevi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioda&action=edit&section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Povezanost osnovnih parametara elektronske cijevi"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parametri elektronske cijevi međusobno su povezani jednakošću: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu =SR_{i}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>μ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>S</mi> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu =SR_{i}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7f6a8b4851d19b2e183373e85b58a3e46b2b4ef4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.95ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu =SR_{i}\,}"></span></dd></dl> <p>koja vrijedi za svaku radnu točku karakteristike elektronske cijevi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pojačanje_elektroničkog_sklopa_s_elektronskom_cijevi"><span id="Poja.C4.8Danje_elektroni.C4.8Dkog_sklopa_s_elektronskom_cijevi"></span>Pojačanje elektroničkog sklopa s elektronskom cijevi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioda&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odlomak: Pojačanje elektroničkog sklopa s elektronskom cijevi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioda&action=edit&section=8" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Pojačanje elektroničkog sklopa s elektronskom cijevi"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pad napona u<sub>R</sub> na opteretnom otporu R<sub>t</sub> bit će ovisan o međusobnom odnosu opteretnog otpora R<sub>t</sub> i unutarnjeg otpora izvora R<sub>i</sub>. Prikažemo li elektronsku cijev kao upravljan strujni izvor. izlazni napon na opterećenju, odn naponsko pojačanje su jednaki, redom: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {u_{R}}=-Su_{g}{\frac {{R_{t}}{R_{i}}}{R_{t}+R_{i}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>R</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>S</mi> <msub> <mi>u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>g</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {u_{R}}=-Su_{g}{\frac {{R_{t}}{R_{i}}}{R_{t}+R_{i}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ab9d96a26dd290abd2c3913465a316028c97c52e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:20.396ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {u_{R}}=-Su_{g}{\frac {{R_{t}}{R_{i}}}{R_{t}+R_{i}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {A_{V}}=-S{\frac {{R_{t}}{R_{i}}}{R_{t}+R_{i}}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {A_{V}}=-S{\frac {{R_{t}}{R_{i}}}{R_{t}+R_{i}}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5fad049491567d03860ca80f4577b46358f2aca5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:19.122ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {A_{V}}=-S{\frac {{R_{t}}{R_{i}}}{R_{t}+R_{i}}}.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Prikažemo li, međutim, elektronsku cijev kao upravljani naponski izvor, izlazni napon na opterećenju, odn. naponsko pojačanje bit će jednaki, redom: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {u_{R}}=-\mu u_{g}{\frac {R_{t}}{R_{t}+R_{i}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>R</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>μ</mi> <msub> <mi>u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>g</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {u_{R}}=-\mu u_{g}{\frac {R_{t}}{R_{t}+R_{i}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1bcbd920103c59049eae1319983a0932aa9dfa63" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:20.299ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {u_{R}}=-\mu u_{g}{\frac {R_{t}}{R_{t}+R_{i}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {A_{V}}=-\mu {\frac {R_{t}}{R_{t}+R_{i}}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {A_{V}}=-\mu {\frac {R_{t}}{R_{t}+R_{i}}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dfb74eb9ef8f35dfb72065a4d1e4af35e746185a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:19.024ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {A_{V}}=-\mu {\frac {R_{t}}{R_{t}+R_{i}}}.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Naponsko pojačanje elektroničkog sklopa s elektronskom cijevi određeno je, dakle, strminom odn. faktorom pojačanja elektronske cijevi i međusobnim odnosom opteretnog otpora i unutarnjeg otpora izvora. Pojačanje ima negativan predznak jer povećanje ulaznog izmjeničnog napona ima za posljedicu smanjenje anodnog napona na izlazu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ponašanje_na_višim_frekvencijama"><span id="Pona.C5.A1anje_na_vi.C5.A1im_frekvencijama"></span>Ponašanje na višim frekvencijama</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioda&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odlomak: Ponašanje na višim frekvencijama" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioda&action=edit&section=9" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Ponašanje na višim frekvencijama"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pri višim frekvencijama valja uzeti u obzir i različite međuelektrodne kapacitete koji utječu na prijenosne karakteristike elektronske cijevi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ulazna_impedancija">Ulazna impedancija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioda&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi odlomak: Ulazna impedancija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioda&action=edit&section=10" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Ulazna impedancija"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upravljačka rešetka elektronske cijevi vakuumom je odvojena od katode te je ulazni otpor beskonačno velik. Ulazna impedancija elektronske cijevi, međutim, nije beskonačno velika, već je određena rezultantnom ulaznom kapacitivnosti koju čini s jedne strane kapacitet upravljačka rešetka/katoda C<sub>gk</sub>, a s druge strane međuelektrodna kapacitivnost C<sub>ag</sub> koja se kod triode preslikava u ulazni krug elektronske cijevi uvećana za naponski faktor pojačanja sklopa u koji je elektronska cijev ugrađena (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Millerov_efekt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Millerov efekt (stranica ne postoji)">Millerov efekt</a>): </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ C_{r}=C_{gk}+|A_{V}|C_{ag}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>g</mi> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> <mi>g</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ C_{r}=C_{gk}+|A_{V}|C_{ag}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c62db4719cf6e9debe12559ce40e31012755d4e7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:20.78ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ C_{r}=C_{gk}+|A_{V}|C_{ag}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>gdje je tada ulazna impedancija: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z_{ul}={\frac {1}{j\omega C_{r}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>Z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>u</mi> <mi>l</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mi>j</mi> <mi>ω</mi> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z_{ul}={\frac {1}{j\omega C_{r}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7012976990db279c49c590c385da320387721992" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:12.224ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z_{ul}={\frac {1}{j\omega C_{r}}}}"></span>.</dd></dl> <p>Ulazna impedancija triode je na taj način osjetno manja u usporedbi s tetrodom i pentodom kod kojih su drugom rešetkom ulazni i izlazni krug praktički potpuno odvojeni. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Izlazna_impedancija">Izlazna impedancija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioda&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi odlomak: Izlazna impedancija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioda&action=edit&section=11" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Izlazna impedancija"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unutarnji, odn. izlazni dinamički otpor elektronske cijevi na nižim i srednjim frekvencijama određen je karakteristikama razmatrane elektronske cijevi, gdje će trioda u tom smislu imati relativno mali unutarnji otpor, tetroda osjetno veći, a pentoda najveći. Razmjerno veličini unutarnjeg otpora rast će i mogućnost naponskog pojačanja elektronske cijevi te će pentoda imati najmanje za red veličine veće naponsko pojačanje. Pri višim frekvencijama valja računati, međutim, na utjecaj odgovarajućih međuelektrodnih kapaciteta koji se u nadomjestnom izlaznom krugu pojavljuju kao kapacitivno opterećenje u paralelnom spoju s radnim otporom i na taj način smanjuju naponsko pojačanje pri višim frekvencijama. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usporedba_elektronskih_cijevi">Usporedba elektronskih cijevi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioda&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Uredi odlomak: Usporedba elektronskih cijevi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioda&action=edit&section=12" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Usporedba elektronskih cijevi"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Uspoređujući elektronske cijevi prema električnim svojstvima redovito uspoređujemo triodu, tetrodu i pentodu, jer se ostale elektronske cijevi u osnovi svode na dva sustava unutar jednog staklenog kućišta. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trioda">Trioda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioda&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Uredi odlomak: Trioda" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioda&action=edit&section=13" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Trioda"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tipična trioda namijenjena pretpojačalima s elektronskim cijevima ima strminu reda veličine 2 mA/V, relativno mali dinamički unutarnji otpor te posljedično relativno malo naponsko pojačanje. Uzimajući u obzir tijek izlaznih U<sub>a</sub> /I<sub>a</sub> karakteristika, vidljivo je da je radno područje triode relativno usko te trioda općenito nije prikladna za ugradnju u izlazne stupnjeve pojačala snage. Koristi se zato kao pretpojačalo, oscilator ili za neku drugu namjenu gdje opterećenju ne treba predati neku značajnu snagu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tetroda">Tetroda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioda&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Uredi odlomak: Tetroda" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioda&action=edit&section=14" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Tetroda"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tetroda ima osjetno veće radno područje i veću strminu jer je i bila namijenjena elektroničkim sklopovima u kojima opterećenju treba predati manju ili veću snagu. Unutarnji dinamički otpor je kod tetrode znatno veći od otpora opterećenja te su elektronički sklopovi s tetrodom na izlazu predstavljali strujni izvor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pentoda">Pentoda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioda&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Uredi odlomak: Pentoda" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioda&action=edit&section=15" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Pentoda"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pentoda ima u izvjesnoj mjeri još veće radno područje od tetrode, pravilniju izlaznu U<sub>a</sub> /I<sub>a</sub> karakteristiku i vrlo velik unutarnji otpor tako da je naponsko pojačanje praktički isključivo određeno vrijednošću opteretnog otpora. Vrlo često se koristi u izlaznim stupnjevima snage, a znatno rjeđe kao naponsko pojačalo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatura">Literatura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioda&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Uredi odlomak: Literatura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioda&action=edit&section=16" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Literatura"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spangenberg, Karl R. (1948). Vacuum Tubes. McGraw-Hill. LCC TK7872.V3 OCLC 567981.</li> <li>Millman, J. & Seely, S. Electronics, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill, 1951.</li> <li>Shiers, George, "The First Electron Tube", Scientific American, March 1969, p. 104.</li> <li>Tyne, Gerald, Saga of The Vacuum Tube, Ziff Publishing, 1943, (reprint 1994 Prompt Publications), pp. 30-83.</li> <li>Stokes, John, 70 Years of Radio Tubes and Valves, Vestal Press, NY, 1982, pp. 3-9.</li> <li>Thrower, Keith, History of The British Radio Valve to 1940, MMA International, 1982, pp 9–13.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izvori">Izvori</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioda&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Uredi odlomak: Izvori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioda&action=edit&section=17" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Izvori"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6541845">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <b>trioda</b>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=62337">[1]</a> "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Velimir Kruz: "Tehnička fizika za tehničke škole", "Školska knjiga" Zagreb, 1969.</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Dobavljeno iz "<a dir="ltr" href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trioda&oldid=6512317">https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trioda&oldid=6512317</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Kategorije" title="Posebno:Kategorije">Kategorija</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Elektronika" title="Kategorija:Elektronika">Elektronika</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ova stranica posljednji je put uređivana 2. studenoga 2022. u 19:37.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst je dostupan pod licencijom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.hr">Creative Commons: Imenuj autora/Dijeli pod istim uvjetima</a>; mogu se primjenjivati i dodatni uvjeti. 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