CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91365e277ff55cd6',cH: 'h_V43DzQWA60IA1jIHJnNrnELBKUqkeYvCz7j9TArG0-1739801498-1.2.1.1-qlTSIUnXdsIW_CbiamBdJ1wLaO9jIbbCWtaKnif3xRrrQLIZCvHuavjtQaM20CYJ',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=VAWT&__cf_chl_tk=7GdqrDU_oTB8Pm1vYctushff7RwXeGpJ9p8VziC8uz4-1739801498-1.0.1.1-pHHtbdyr5pUmKenysNcOfDwCycB5v1LYYb1GA8OEcMc",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739801498',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=VAWT&__cf_chl_f_tk=7GdqrDU_oTB8Pm1vYctushff7RwXeGpJ9p8VziC8uz4-1739801498-1.0.1.1-pHHtbdyr5pUmKenysNcOfDwCycB5v1LYYb1GA8OEcMc",md: "vYTjoyh1g84r4yQ_E3r1zLcVV5cs.MMcR5yVFExOYcw-1739801498-1.2.1.1-HbuLBlTXqYUO2xmW.YmOO49ckJTockqbfJbZD2a8_kGk5z83.ImUoMYoQQedxKw2GadoVLXFddOpNAgbjZ34sQNUIWodP_7xWuHhSMDU5lH9wv.0BoaP6FQq5zbIbmlLvVDVBN6FlsYSXMPuC940f_szLa94GCi0lD0ycNRkXwAdAB6hzrJhK_k.Yb6Tu1TJPGr.TCnFc4roHJ.xOmE4EPKXJ.BTDhpIFwUmryMKi_ekZ3ehEs2vVKldophQQ1VV.jawWIcEOGCeRUl_MMRO9j55APNpV5LqxxD6L4mQa12180TAfMx7GRWsrb03rpsa1UlToCRWg8yU5l04tX16a7cHn3UIAvvXo6RVN85rHnx8ETLd3bfv12mzgxX__v7hyh7lAQefU2IBoq0EFYDbZ8UCxO5X83xXNyi87lBeawWiuyNUASnUj4Mkk89v.OfGra8cQeRt_zmuBJEinJ9gUivTKditFjScCUdMlikrvu8D3zE8eKFGVO0kq8cfcbdISKgRIg_zl9DO7WoU6HeIHs3yGOZSp0V6KwuES9NANiwDrnTnOestdfTeYQvfUOTxffTC3q9nW7oplhQzHUt3D5lGQzF6NIb7s5sdTduko1REnDc.TVrLvs4pd08tbL4.7sLX5bosxR.9GRG8AWkPjYn20GeF4ZRV3ih24b9K5vr7siXj57c856KubZOyyhIzua.wdOzI.o6_VH1fy0lEzsBM1i3NyIrSNqGVrh0TFlsT.mjUr_dasbYJIR6omwVmKBzK.XZacY4wcUlNZv0ZFtT1.NqjFYDg6TC2m6.8yFIpH6dS5GUq61h4f52F4LWHluCgJDEeLYYpUw4TLpA9LBaeR4PQjcGtDqI9d1P1FYViRyqxDwoSR6RY_AAW6T6aNe1NK96ju_99lHl.hYy7taywO8N.EP3p9bOwtJMkRy2Kr4t1j863I4D.f2ddOscsPty8PXZOvXbHPchpiB1dN71M0kSRwksijhbswTzEGDN1lDwZeRcCPMfv8dxwGm798TIbO43iVwb3ZSQUjlJdB0KTOYIwmS6iu8d_PziOdrOjkZxtvzM_k9GpAXErbRId.2cUaVjPMmu1Nu1Yfh_3h6i4pJvE6R7Nk0o589xG7.WRnE6JkQ.HCPu1UD3uyFM92qdIGgUAgqHoHSXiwn8C36VNQEXEIfLrQLPXaXcUka6wD41WavKQ_.dnF9UdbZA.kHtx_zCzp3FbNAFYy_UEIcXGMPhCHVMgHENeFfT1tyuPkmRKY9Sn4KmxpGokrpsNtVXYRitemVR4UlMGWDTX9BYfVqPaG2xK_yOENH2Ne.w3rnH7W.uAhPPm9ezqo5CBtuViXgN_F_Qdmmgn4Qd_BCScLD_wNxioIzlBnQfYp2gYIpl.qN6lWp_JpCYZUqxwdXRNUtQWz8IA0ckDn3NuEYWIBKaIXJ1swY9BS5piqQdDtkmJfsxnGGbqY.FAYTq_XZS.T.QiYkKVGulQGTpHhxFkIsm.zcaZb5wbKPwAysPcdplv04pVMZlC0mtuNm3JQSZm9yt9WWzTnGwye3Sb2sv0iOQyNs3qWtWCRlcCG4KWouoyZXZDQP4tbIdpd_ta9xeUyBFymyrnVPx8IJOEQbkNA2hRh30_ItusiSBZplaP78JkKsxxq2RyFH9uAU33ii1XhoJq1Gx5ryx4K8XhmAP_IxgfQz_eE0KKNXLurTQykSEQRkYBoXr8zOQKq00RJT_zqla_fFDPXPzMN4Tym_7xsTTSzaSKEP0cwbgpuxluEwJUQarn0BEvAdzAXNrAyrCdTDyxiahSH6e1wY4uLAT7ej808stGSSbDVgJMzT6L28rwA73KrHhOa0nbmAS6BVDNXgyC5U7Hmnj4ji13NOmgc1YeX7VV_gsZl3A4zSvVrvyWBorKd009de9HvLNQ",mdrd: "wGKe4CXAD9c0WHe.yBtQlIEx9mCVHu.rxzKcUDM5KN0-1739801498-1.2.1.1-k3UQwFFuNC8fLWrx4cu2Gd9GtE3SXfPHTR7tsUNn3AUxPJwpaQynCn.pPn8.CWiUtg0LgZMDg4EKRQSqqLNLQh0N9dD2H..tAw2I37T6XcDSAS8lL9xkX8AsPJfsx5y8TZsglfeJ4Q4vODW4guxgE8o8jMB79nXavF0VJgOyewxaRONXCwemKXK7gwJ0b570R3.yu41t_PhJ4tlbYmXR0sJJ5Gvc4ykAmQLvGHHoL51fs9QKxS2SISYbANRPw0lIYcO6N.gpZ_oGPAIJTKpaeM3vo4E3sBHuYW6b6F4s_QMKMFRAdUCNRN_RtIZ6w.CpZ3p90uhwj2qXAIm9s7CrXRTXlcZE_QjFhcB6U7YpaMcCb945lOJfWP5BwlKkChAbzqS4MnwWHPeDNETzj1.RQ63mY4fjmZS3v3hOMVA_7qWj0x1DS9lWBwsv2KeGEMqcnkcTM56qgo3BbuJBqhSDMW47lx5nBSKRGh4C59jszIC_bOGZ0q8OGzqlMJFVcVwn08FtQzmhF3iegxJsvUuSkDUyK2hZMNBkns2UsX3_tso4WdTq1BKkCmtwVfhUgKE66JzgC3ca4tfCbz7tXaVvfBPI3BXkKvl1E2l_v.guo34QhQgW1xRgKJp79wLgrl3etZIwlk1onuxnJSfDlKGfQTM1FURoytiPscbC540zyweBFRCe_pCcB2zh3c_mqurRAuEae7.QGWQh.Q8e3CFPvXxVwrf9HnFE4CnOFQEFviqzQ.SSLuhIUrcD.qzh4NRCjWVoMSOCdEy.q9Gml7H2PKk3wL6AJTrD1Of3VY.9LbV9QvtpESPiqR6AyjGPFKW_7uBEDDWZhTYqKcbTrr9XAUImvCgsWEbQqrpbBG2fUT7uv5g0au3OOQD1PZzk0tLQeHVQREK1Jp3LDCbucFMInGDr5ayYhpac0Zg0JxD2uhoD0PMh0vsRQAR.nrixS4T3BLuZL4XqnwQTykqMG.kr_x9MqL0auv4amKAjooIjgI61dp9OxQ6.ImFjiC2cLtjxuTgfjMSAVc5KOHTzDRpZkGJFGZTiuncoTYx9C2jVIrI.1r7HscqVJrxJlVLwsqi0WezE_NZDxz8cw18BIlQOPpmGVheXZTFaVgOXyKreES0U.lcMWtepyoUxFEHR3p0gOjhLYeG3xkx_F0LncU54NY68cE8zh842_GkGRwAqP8ZupbLoCtq1.CPZ1q3e6tXs1R0y3cT9_pkgOh81x75oE1knofRXUyporErIE5gpLnH3yGLMZlj11ytBvQOfSYsJhLVBJDQbTqrnMKDOvChS8VVBRPsIP6xzx6prrIQnc8sj_Sg8n1zfbzvS3UzMK7QiZKpQHII0dG7sGICBzAWfGo_yZYYjm5DIl7GIZLq5qjqdMGxjbJQJ.Rtwu0BDdvLDSTrMkJ6EDyJvRsU0uA_TfPg1iaNcpaiDex.ZmXIBzZKNrvknD.H8Qf3xOSX37l9o7svoUWX.TrWtZgrx2y6KTxW_nveiug0n5l.ZGw_b2YJWQ6Zi2V.X19b6JquyW4wDZK.f8V2tTYVmB0iC4zHEEa1vj31VxR1GWsiKtpKIsjh14ZvbGt5ETWtZbX878DTxagL89tpk2hLBxikz5I9iJIsV4uJMj2loIhRg6vMSKu0VMfMoM_X_kUC45.iPW0RNhRshizo1c86VnLN77ym_A79o_sUjn9UsDTtgXfVV217PoIpMfMLoKrg5xEN75kM6iRTDlczxyAZek6PZW3SxNmX5by01_VYwn0kHx7rEINEP0paYpLEXd2xbPWJi7a6Qr7oxb3lMdsRIovCtpXsPJn87xOubCR6z.EZE7r8V6cPM.TO0UHe1xUvpc5m_ZS0ycvdugvaEUrAQNEIeahn195jn3tWeUZddTpMeYYC.IarbUoiASXlh5UHswQMxuOGv.v51yy7Rhxtza6FRNvxmjk5wZK.aFELpqwcFWUPfTLpU65c.CEw8NqFizXdQ5Ra3"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91365e277ff55cd6';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=VAWT&__cf_chl_rt_tk=7GdqrDU_oTB8Pm1vYctushff7RwXeGpJ9p8VziC8uz4-1739801498-1.0.1.1-pHHtbdyr5pUmKenysNcOfDwCycB5v1LYYb1GA8OEcMc" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>