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<div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Somari" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Somari</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mòu a la barra laterala</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">Escondre</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Començament</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Istòria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istòria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Istòria</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Istòria-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Istòria</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Istòria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origina_dau_virús_de_la_gripa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origina_dau_virús_de_la_gripa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origina dau virús de la gripa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origina_dau_virús_de_la_gripa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-De_l'Antiquitat_a_la_Revolucion_Industriala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_l'Antiquitat_a_la_Revolucion_Industriala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>De l'Antiquitat a la Revolucion Industriala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_l'Antiquitat_a_la_Revolucion_Industriala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dei_premierei_descripcions_a_la_reconeissença_de_la_malautiá" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dei_premierei_descripcions_a_la_reconeissença_de_la_malautiá"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Dei premierei descripcions a la reconeissença de la malautiá</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dei_premierei_descripcions_a_la_reconeissença_de_la_malautiá-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lei_premiereis_estudis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lei_premiereis_estudis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Lei premiereis estudis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lei_premiereis_estudis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_gripa_espanhòla_e_leis_autrei_pandemias_majoras_dau_sègle_XX" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_gripa_espanhòla_e_leis_autrei_pandemias_majoras_dau_sègle_XX"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>La gripa espanhòla e leis autrei pandemias majoras dau sègle XX</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_gripa_espanhòla_e_leis_autrei_pandemias_majoras_dau_sègle_XX-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_descubèrta_dau_virús_de_la_gripa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_descubèrta_dau_virús_de_la_gripa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>La descubèrta dau virús de la gripa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_descubèrta_dau_virús_de_la_gripa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lo_desvolopament_de_vaccins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_desvolopament_de_vaccins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Lo desvolopament de vaccins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_desvolopament_de_vaccins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lo_desvolopament_de_medicaments_antigripaus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_desvolopament_de_medicaments_antigripaus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Lo desvolopament de medicaments antigripaus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_desvolopament_de_medicaments_antigripaus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descripcion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descripcion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Descripcion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Descripcion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Descripcion</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Descripcion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Causas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Causas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Estructura_dau_virús" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estructura_dau_virús"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Estructura dau virús</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estructura_dau_virús-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classificacion_e_nomenclatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classificacion_e_nomenclatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Classificacion e nomenclatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classificacion_e_nomenclatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variabilitat_genetica_e_reassortiment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variabilitat_genetica_e_reassortiment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Variabilitat genetica e reassortiment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variabilitat_genetica_e_reassortiment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolucion_naturala_de_la_malautiá" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolucion_naturala_de_la_malautiá"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Evolucion naturala de la malautiá</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolucion_naturala_de_la_malautiá-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnostic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnostic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Diagnostic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnostic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tractament_e_prevencion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tractament_e_prevencion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tractament e prevencion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tractament_e_prevencion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Tractament e prevencion</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tractament_e_prevencion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tractament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tractament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Tractament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tractament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevencion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevencion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Prevencion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevencion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Susvelhança_e_informacion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Susvelhança_e_informacion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Susvelhança e informacion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Susvelhança_e_informacion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mesuras_d'igiena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mesuras_d'igiena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Mesuras d'igiena</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mesuras_d'igiena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaccinacion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaccinacion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Vaccinacion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaccinacion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Profilaxia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Profilaxia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Profilaxia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Profilaxia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Epidemiologia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Epidemiologia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Epidemiologia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Epidemiologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gripa_sasoniera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gripa_sasoniera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Gripa sasoniera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gripa_sasoniera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pandemias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pandemias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Pandemias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pandemias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liames_intèrnes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liames_intèrnes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Liames intèrnes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liames_intèrnes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nòtas_e_referéncias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nòtas_e_referéncias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Nòtas e referéncias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nòtas_e_referéncias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Somari" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Taula de continguts" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gripa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 147 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-147" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">147 lengas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griep" title="Griep - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Griep" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza - aleman de Soïssa" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Influenza" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="aleman de Soïssa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripe" title="Gripe - aragonés" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Gripe" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="إنفلونزا - arabi" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنفلونزا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="انفلونزا - àrab egipci" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انفلونزا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="àrab egipci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE" title="ইনফ্লুৱেঞ্জা - assamès" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইনফ্লুৱেঞ্জা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripe" title="Gripe - asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gripe" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE" title="इनफ़्लुएंज़ा - awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="इनफ़्लुएंज़ा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurma_usu" title="Jurma usu - aimara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jurma usu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aimara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qrip" title="Qrip - azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qrip" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="آنفولانزا - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آنفولانزا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF" title="Грипп - baixkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Грипп" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baixkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grips" title="Grips - samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Grips" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BF" title="Грып - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Грып" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BF" title="Грып - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Грып" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Грип - bulgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Грип" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB%E1%82%8F" title="တုတ်ကွေးရောႏဂါႏ - Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="တုတ်ကွေးရောႏဂါႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE" title="ইনফ্লুয়েঞ্জা - bengalin" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইনফ্লুয়েঞ্জা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ཚད་རིམས། - tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཚད་རིམས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grip" title="Grip - breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Grip" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripa" title="Gripa - bosniac" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gripa" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8D%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Хэжэг - Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хэжэг" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grip" title="Grip - catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grip" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%B9-h%C3%A8ng-s%C3%A9ng_g%C4%81ng-m%C3%B4%CC%A4" title="Liù-hèng-séng gāng-mô̤ - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Liù-hèng-séng gāng-mô̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D9%81%D9%84%DB%86%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="ئەنفلۆنزا - kurd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەنفلۆنزا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%99ipka" title="Chřipka - chèc" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chřipka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="chèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripa" title="Gripa - caixubi" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Gripa" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="caixubi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_ffliw" title="Y ffliw - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y ffliw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza - danés" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Influenza" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza - alemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Influenza" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%8A%DE%AA%DE%8D%DE%AA%DE%87%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%92%DE%A7" title="އިންފުލުއެންޒާ - divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އިންފުލުއެންޒާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%80%CE%B7" title="Γρίπη - grèc" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γρίπη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza - anglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Influenza" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripo" title="Gripo - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gripo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripe" title="Gripe - espanhòl" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gripe" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripp" title="Gripp - estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gripp" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripe" title="Gripe - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gripe" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="آنفلوانزا - perse" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آنفلوانزا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenssa" title="Influenssa - finlandés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Influenssa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza - fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Influenza" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grippe" title="Grippe - francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grippe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripa" title="Gripa - francoprovençal" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Gripa" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="francoprovençal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza - frisó septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Influenza" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisó septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryp" title="Gryp - frisó occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Gryp" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisó occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fli%C3%BA" title="Fliú - irlandés" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fliú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrip" title="Lagrip - créole guyanais" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lagrip" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="créole guyanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_cnatan-m%C3%B2r" title="An cnatan-mòr - gaelic escossés" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An cnatan-mòr" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelic escossés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripe" title="Gripe - galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gripe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mba%27asyparar%C3%A3" title="Mba'asypararã - guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mba'asypararã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunui" title="Shunui - wayú" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Shunui" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="wayú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza - haussa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Influenza" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="haussa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%B9-h%C3%A0ng-sin_k%C3%A1m-mo" title="Liù-hàng-sin kám-mo - xinès hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Liù-hàng-sin kám-mo" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="xinès hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%AA" title="שפעת - ebrèu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפעת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebrèu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE" title="इनफ़्लुएंज़ा - Indi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इनफ़्लुएंज़ा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Indi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhaar" title="Bukhaar - hindi de Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Bukhaar" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi de Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripa" title="Gripa - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gripa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grip" title="Grip - crioll d’Haití" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Grip" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="crioll d’Haití" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza - ongrés" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Influenza" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ongrés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BA" title="Գրիպ - armèni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրիպ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armèni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza - interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Influenza" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bons articles"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza - indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Influenza" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trangkaso" title="Trangkaso - ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Trangkaso" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenzo" title="Influenzo - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Influenzo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infl%C3%BAensa" title="Inflúensa - islandés" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Inflúensa" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza - italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Influenza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%95%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B6" title="インフルエンザ - japonés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インフルエンザ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza - crioll anglès de Jamaica" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Influenza" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="crioll anglès de Jamaica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza - javanés" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Influenza" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98" title="გრიპი - georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გრიპი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripp" title="Gripp - karakalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Gripp" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tussit" title="Tussit - cabil" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tussit" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="cabil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%B1%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Тұмау - cazac" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тұмау" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9C" title="ಇನ್ಫ್ಲುಯೆನ್ಜ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇನ್ಫ್ಲುಯೆನ್ಜ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%ED%94%8C%EB%A3%A8%EC%97%94%EC%9E%90" title="인플루엔자 - corean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인플루엔자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="corean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsim" title="Arsim - curd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Arsim" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF" title="Грипп - kirguís" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Грипп" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influentia" title="Influentia - latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Influentia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripp" title="Gripp - luxemborgés" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gripp" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemborgés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grippa" title="Grippa - llombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Grippa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="llombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C3%A1li_na_m%C9%94p%C9%9Bp%C9%9B" title="Maláli na mɔpɛpɛ - lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Maláli na mɔpɛpɛ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripas" title="Gripas - lituan" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gripas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripa" title="Gripa - leton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gripa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="leton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza - Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Influenza" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripa" title="Gripa - malgash" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Gripa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza - minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Influenza" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Грип - macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Грип" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8" title="ഇൻഫ്ലുവെൻസ - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇൻഫ്ലുവെൻസ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE" title="इन्फ्लुएन्झा - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इन्फ्लुएन्झा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Influenza" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB" title="တုပ်ကွေးရောဂါ - birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တုပ်ကွေးရောဂါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripp" title="Gripp - baix alemany" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Gripp" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baix alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE" title="इन्फ्लुएन्जा - nepalés" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इन्फ्लुएन्जा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griep" title="Griep - neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Griep" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influensa" title="Influensa - norvegian nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Influensa" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegian nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influensa" title="Influensa - norvegian bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Influensa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegian bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahoniig%C3%A1%C3%A1h" title="Tahoniigááh - navaho" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tahoniigááh" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navaho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%AC%AB%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE" title="ଇନ୍‌ଫ୍ଲୁଏଞ୍ଜା - oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଇନ୍‌ଫ୍ଲୁଏଞ୍ଜା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਇਨਫਲੂਐਨਜ਼ਾ - punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਨਫਲੂਐਨਜ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grip" title="Grip - papiament" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Grip" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiament" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grypa" title="Grypa - polonés" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grypa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influensa" title="Influensa - piemontès" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Influensa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%84%DB%81" title="نزلہ - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نزلہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripe" title="Gripe - portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gripe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhulli" title="Chhulli - quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chhulli" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infuluwanza" title="Infuluwanza - rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Infuluwanza" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikirundi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grip%C4%83" title="Gripă - romanés" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gripă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aremi" title="Aremi - aromanès" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Aremi" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF" title="Грипп - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Грипп" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Хрипка - ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Хрипка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF" title="Грипп - iacut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Грипп" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iacut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haingles" title="Haingles - escossés" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Haingles" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escossés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D8%B2%DA%AA%D8%A7%D9%85" title="وبائي زڪام - sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="وبائي زڪام" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenca" title="Influenca - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Influenca" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F" title="ඉන්ෆ්ලුවෙන්සා - singalès" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉන්ෆ්ලුවෙන්සා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Influenza" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%ADpka" title="Chrípka - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chrípka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripa" title="Gripa - eslovèn" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gripa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovèn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargab" title="Hargab - somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Hargab" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripi" title="Gripi - albanés" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gripi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Грип - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Грип" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influensa" title="Influensa - suedés" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Influensa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homa_ya_mafua" title="Homa ya mafua - swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Homa ya mafua" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE" title="இன்ஃபுளுவென்சா - tamol" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இன்ஃபுளுவென்சா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%82" title="ఫ్లూ - telogó" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఫ్లూ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telogó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF" title="Грипп - tajic" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Грипп" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%88" title="ไข้หวัดใหญ่ - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไข้หวัดใหญ่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCmew" title="Dümew - turcmèn" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Dümew" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turcmèn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trangkaso" title="Trangkaso - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Trangkaso" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grip" title="Grip - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Grip" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukhuhlwana" title="Mukhuhlwana - tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Mukhuhlwana" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF" title="Грипп - tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Грипп" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF" title="Грипп - tuvinià" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Грипп" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvinià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Грип - ucrainés" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Грип" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucrainés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%84%DB%81" title="نزلہ - ordó" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نزلہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ordó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripp" title="Gripp - ozbèc" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gripp" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ozbèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influensa" title="Influensa - vènet" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Influensa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vènet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BAm" title="Cúm - vietnamian" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cúm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griep" title="Griep - flamenc occidental" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Griep" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="flamenc occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vir%C3%BBsse_del_gripe" title="Virûsse del gripe - való" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Virûsse del gripe" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="való" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trangkaso" title="Trangkaso - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Trangkaso" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%84%9F%E5%86%92" title="流行性感冒 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="流行性感冒" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98" title="გრიპი - mingrelià" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გრიპი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A2" title="גריפע - yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גריפע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80r%C3%B9n_g%C3%A1g%C3%A1" title="Àrùn gágá - yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àrùn gágá" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%84%9F%E5%86%92" title="流行性感冒 - chinés" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="流行性感冒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%BB-h%C3%AAng-s%C3%A8ng_k%C3%A1m-m%C5%8D%CD%98" title="Liû-hêng-sèng kám-mō͘ - xinès min del sud" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Liû-hêng-sèng kám-mō͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="xinès min del sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%84%9F%E5%86%92" title="流行性感冒 - cantonés" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="流行性感冒" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2840#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modificar los ligams interlenga" class="wbc-editpage">Modificar los ligams</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espacis de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gripa" title="Veire l’article [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discutir:Gripa&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discussion a prepaus d'aquesta pagina (la pagina non existís pas) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Canvia la variant de llengua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">occitan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Afichatges"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gripa"><span>Legir</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&veaction=edit" title="Modificar aquela pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificar</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&action=edit" title="Modificar lo còdi font d'aquela pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&action=history" title="Los autors e versions precedentas d'aquesta pagina. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Veire l'istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Bóstia d'aisinas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bóstia d'aisinas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aisinas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mòu a la barra laterala</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">Escondre</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mai d'opcions" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Accions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gripa"><span>Legir</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&veaction=edit" title="Modificar aquela pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificar</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&action=edit" title="Modificar lo còdi font d'aquela pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&action=history"><span>Veire l'istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General - Generau </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Paginas_ligadas/Gripa" title="Lista de las paginas ligadas a aquesta. 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/EM_of_influenza_virus.jpg/440px-EM_of_influenza_virus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="743" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia">Fotografia</a> de particulas viralas sortissent d'una <a href="/wiki/Cellula_(biologia)" title="Cellula (biologia)">cellula</a> contaminada.</figcaption></figure> <p>La <b>gripa</b> es una <a href="/wiki/Malauti%C3%A1" title="Malautiá">malautiá</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Infeccion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infeccion (la pagina existís pas)">infecciosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epidemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidemia">epidemica</a> e <a href="/wiki/Vir%C3%BAs" class="mw-redirect" title="Virús">virala</a> que tòca leis <a href="/wiki/Auc%C3%A8l" class="mw-redirect" title="Aucèl">aucèus</a> e certanei <a href="/wiki/Mamif%C3%A8r" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamifèr">mamifèrs</a> coma l'<a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" title="Homo sapiens">èsser uman</a> ò lo <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B2rc" class="mw-redirect" title="Pòrc">pòrc</a>. Coneguda dempuei l'<a href="/wiki/Antiquitat" title="Antiquitat">Antiquitat</a>, entraïna d'epidemias sasonieras caracterizadas per de fèbres violentas, de sindròmes respiratòris e de dolors. Lo gariment es generalament espontanèu mai de complicacions grèvas pòdon aver luòc au sen de certanei grops de populacions (enfants, ancians...). </p><p>Ansin, en despiech de son aspèct benigne, la gripa es un problema sanitari important que tua de 250 000 a 500 000 personas cada an. De mai, en causa de l'instabilitat genetica fòrta dau virús de la gripa, la malautiá pòu engendrar de <a href="/wiki/Pandemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandemia">pandemias</a> mondialas murtrieras coma en <a href="/wiki/1918" class="mw-redirect" title="1918">1918</a>-<a href="/wiki/1919" class="mw-redirect" title="1919">1919</a> amb la <a href="/wiki/Gripa_espanh%C3%B2la" title="Gripa espanhòla">gripa espanhòla</a> que causèt la <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2rt" title="Mòrt">mòrt</a> de 50 a 100 milions de personas. </p><p>La gripa es donc una malautiá fòrça susvelhada qu'es l'objècte de recèrcas importantas per assaiar de descubrir un vaccin totalament eficaç. D'efiech, s'existís un vaccin dempuei leis ans 1940, aqueu darrier conferís pas una proteccion complèta car lo virús evoluciona rapidament. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istòria"><span id="Ist.C3.B2ria"></span>Istòria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modificar la seccion : Istòria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Istòria"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origina_dau_virús_de_la_gripa"><span id="Origina_dau_vir.C3.BAs_de_la_gripa"></span>Origina dau virús de la gripa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modificar la seccion : Origina dau virús de la gripa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Origina dau virús de la gripa"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo premier <a href="/wiki/Vir%C3%BAs" class="mw-redirect" title="Virús">virús</a> de la gripa seriá aparegut en <a href="/wiki/Republica_Populara_de_China" title="Republica Populara de China">China</a> vèrs 4 000 avC. Auriá inicialament contaminat unicament leis <a href="/wiki/Auc%C3%A8l" class="mw-redirect" title="Aucèl">aucèus</a>. Lo passatge a l'<a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" title="Homo sapiens">òme</a> sembla datar de 2 500 avC. Sa naissença es probablament liada a la <a href="/wiki/Domesticacion" title="Domesticacion">domesticacion</a> dau <a href="/wiki/Guit" title="Guit">canard</a>, que fòrma la sèrva naturala pus importanta d'<a href="/wiki/Antig%C3%A8n" title="Antigèn">antigèns</a> gripaus<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, e dau <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B2rc" class="mw-redirect" title="Pòrc">pòrc</a> que tèn un ròtle important per lo <a href="/wiki/Vir%C3%BAs" class="mw-redirect" title="Virús">virús</a> coma intermediari entre l'aucèu e l'òme.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="De_l'Antiquitat_a_la_Revolucion_Industriala"><span id="De_l.27Antiquitat_a_la_Revolucion_Industriala"></span>De l'Antiquitat a la Revolucion Industriala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modificar la seccion : De l'Antiquitat a la Revolucion Industriala" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&action=edit&section=3" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: De l'Antiquitat a la Revolucion Industriala"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dei_premierei_descripcions_a_la_reconeissença_de_la_malautiá"><span id="Dei_premierei_descripcions_a_la_reconeissen.C3.A7a_de_la_malauti.C3.A1"></span>Dei premierei descripcions a la reconeissença de la malautiá</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modificar la seccion : Dei premierei descripcions a la reconeissença de la malautiá" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&action=edit&section=4" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Dei premierei descripcions a la reconeissença de la malautiá"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La premiera descripcion coneguda de la gripa foguèt escricha durant l'<a href="/wiki/Antiquitat" title="Antiquitat">Antiquitat</a> per lo <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A8cia_antica" title="Grècia antica">Grèc</a> <a href="/wiki/Ipocrates" title="Ipocrates">Ipocrates</a> (vèrs <a href="/wiki/-460" class="mw-redirect" title="-460">460</a>-<a href="/wiki/-377" class="mw-redirect" title="-377">377 avC</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Puei, durant lo periòde <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Empèri Roman">roman</a>, d'epidemias rapidas e violentas depintadas per <a href="/wiki/Tit_Livi" title="Tit Livi">Tit Livi</a> (<a href="/wiki/-59" class="mw-redirect" title="-59">59 avC</a> - <a href="/wiki/17" class="mw-redirect" title="17">17 apC</a>) semblan correspondre amb la gripa. Dins aquò, lei racòntes <a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria" title="Istòria">istorics</a> son pas aisats d'interpretar car lo sindròme gripau pòu se manifestar amb d'autrei <a href="/wiki/Malauti%C3%A1" title="Malautiá">malautiás</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Infeccion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infeccion (la pagina existís pas)">infecciosas</a> grèvas (<a href="/wiki/Difteria" title="Difteria">difteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8sta" title="Pèsta">pèsta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tifus" title="Tifus">tifus</a>...). </p><p>La premiera epidemia documentada que sembla dirèctament causada per la gripa data de <a href="/wiki/1173" class="mw-redirect" title="1173">1173</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Puei, lei relevats vènon pus precís e pus frequents. En <a href="/wiki/1386" class="mw-redirect" title="1386">1386</a>-<a href="/wiki/1387" class="mw-redirect" title="1387">1387</a>, aguèt ansin probablament luòc la premiera <a href="/wiki/Pandemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandemia">pandemia</a> documentada que tuèt desenaus de miliers d'ancians en <a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Euròpa">Euròpa</a><sup id="cite_ref-Taubenberger/Morens_2009_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taubenberger/Morens_2009-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. D'autreis epidemias importantas foguèron descrichas en <a href="/wiki/1411" class="mw-redirect" title="1411">1411</a>, en <a href="/wiki/1510" class="mw-redirect" title="1510">1510</a>, en <a href="/wiki/1557" class="mw-redirect" title="1557">1557</a>-<a href="/wiki/1558" class="mw-redirect" title="1558">1558</a> (amb la premiera descripcion d'una difusion de la <a href="/wiki/Malauti%C3%A1" title="Malautiá">malautiá</a> vèrs <a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Euròpa">Euròpa</a> a partir d'<a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Taubenberger/Morens_2009_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taubenberger/Morens_2009-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) e <a href="/wiki/1580" class="mw-redirect" title="1580">1580</a> (8 000 <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2rt" title="Mòrt">mòrts</a> a <a href="/wiki/Roma" title="Roma">Roma</a><sup id="cite_ref-Taubenberger/Morens_2009_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taubenberger/Morens_2009-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Enterin, amb la <a href="/wiki/Colonialisme" title="Colonialisme">colonizacion</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Malauti%C3%A1" title="Malautiá">malautiá</a> agantèt lo <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a> <a href="/wiki/America" title="America">american</a>. </p><p>Au sègle XVIII, per designar l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Infeccion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infeccion (la pagina existís pas)">infeccion</a>, apareguèron lei tèrmes <i>« influenza »</i> e <i>« gripa »</i>. Lo premier sembla venir de l'<a href="/wiki/Italian" title="Italian">italian</a> e foguèt adoptat per l'<a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">anglés</a>. Abreujat, donèt <i>« flu »</i> qu'es un tèrme frequentament utilizat dins lei publicacions internacionalas en causa de l'influéncia de la <a href="/wiki/Lenga" title="Lenga">lenga</a> <a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">anglesa</a>. Lo segond vèn de l'<a href="/wiki/Alemand" title="Alemand">alemand</a> « grippen » e foguèt adoptat per plusors lengas <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latinas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">francés</a>, <a href="/wiki/Espanh%C3%B2u" title="Espanhòu">espanhòu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan" title="Catalan">catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occitan" title="Occitan">occitan</a>...), <a href="/wiki/Eslau" class="mw-redirect" title="Eslau">eslavas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rus" title="Rus">rus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polon%C3%A9s" title="Polonés">polonés</a>...) ò <a href="/wiki/Turc" title="Turc">turcas</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lei_premiereis_estudis">Lei premiereis estudis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modificar la seccion : Lei premiereis estudis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&action=edit&section=5" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Lei premiereis estudis"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Report_on_the_influenza_epidemic_of_1889-90_Wellcome_L0032790.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Report_on_the_influenza_epidemic_of_1889-90_Wellcome_L0032790.jpg/220px-Report_on_the_influenza_epidemic_of_1889-90_Wellcome_L0032790.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Report_on_the_influenza_epidemic_of_1889-90_Wellcome_L0032790.jpg/330px-Report_on_the_influenza_epidemic_of_1889-90_Wellcome_L0032790.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Report_on_the_influenza_epidemic_of_1889-90_Wellcome_L0032790.jpg/440px-Report_on_the_influenza_epidemic_of_1889-90_Wellcome_L0032790.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4936" data-file-height="2656" /></a><figcaption>Relevat de la difusion de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa_de_1889-1890&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gripa de 1889-1890 (la pagina existís pas)">gripa de 1889-1890</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A partir dau sègle XVIII, leis epidemias de gripa foguèron mai documentadas permetent de començar l'estudi de la <a href="/wiki/Malauti%C3%A1" title="Malautiá">malautiá</a>. Originària d'<a href="/wiki/America" title="America">America</a>, la pandemia <a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Euròpa">europèa</a> de <a href="/wiki/1761" class="mw-redirect" title="1761">1761</a>-<a href="/wiki/1762" class="mw-redirect" title="1762">1762</a> foguèt seguida per plusors observators que comuniquèron entre elei gràcias ai rets dei societats sabentas de l'epòca. De mètges comencèron tanben d'enregistrar lei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpt%C3%B2ma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simptòma (la pagina existís pas)">simptòmas</a> observats d'un biais pus sistematic. Aquò permetèt d'identificar definitivament la gripa coma malautiá après la pandemia de <a href="/wiki/1780" class="mw-redirect" title="1780">1780</a>-<a href="/wiki/1782" class="mw-redirect" title="1782">1782</a> que se difusèt dau Sud-Èst Asiatic fins ai regions orientalas d'<a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Euròpa">Euròpa</a>. </p><p>L'estudi sistematic deis epidemias foguèt iniciat dins leis ans 1850 per lo <a href="/wiki/Medecina" title="Medecina">mètge</a> <a href="/wiki/Reialme_Unit" title="Reialme Unit">britanic</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theophilus_Thompson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theophilus Thompson (la pagina existís pas)">Theophilus Thompson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1807" class="mw-redirect" title="1807">1807</a>-<a href="/wiki/1860" class="mw-redirect" title="1860">1860</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Dins aquò, en despiech de la gravitat de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa_de_1889-1890&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gripa de 1889-1890 (la pagina existís pas)">pandemia de 1889-1890</a> (1 milion de mòrts), la patologia demorèt largament incompresa. Per exemple, la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa_avi%C3%A0ria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gripa aviària (la pagina existís pas)">gripa aviària</a>, descubèrta en <a href="/wiki/1878" class="mw-redirect" title="1878">1878</a>, foguèt pas liada a la gripa umana. En plaça, foguèt dicha pèsta aviària. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_gripa_espanhòla_e_leis_autrei_pandemias_majoras_dau_sègle_XX"><span id="La_gripa_espanh.C3.B2la_e_leis_autrei_pandemias_majoras_dau_s.C3.A8gle_XX"></span>La gripa espanhòla e leis autrei pandemias majoras dau sègle XX</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modificar la seccion : La gripa espanhòla e leis autrei pandemias majoras dau sègle XX" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&action=edit&section=6" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: La gripa espanhòla e leis autrei pandemias majoras dau sègle XX"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Emergency_hospital_during_Influenza_epidemic,_Camp_Funston,_Kansas_-_NCP_1603.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Emergency_hospital_during_Influenza_epidemic%2C_Camp_Funston%2C_Kansas_-_NCP_1603.jpg/220px-Emergency_hospital_during_Influenza_epidemic%2C_Camp_Funston%2C_Kansas_-_NCP_1603.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Emergency_hospital_during_Influenza_epidemic%2C_Camp_Funston%2C_Kansas_-_NCP_1603.jpg/330px-Emergency_hospital_during_Influenza_epidemic%2C_Camp_Funston%2C_Kansas_-_NCP_1603.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Emergency_hospital_during_Influenza_epidemic%2C_Camp_Funston%2C_Kansas_-_NCP_1603.jpg/440px-Emergency_hospital_during_Influenza_epidemic%2C_Camp_Funston%2C_Kansas_-_NCP_1603.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4802" data-file-height="3597" /></a><figcaption>Soudats <a href="/wiki/Estats_Units_d%27America" title="Estats Units d'America">estatsunidencs</a> tocats per la <a href="/wiki/Gripa_espanh%C3%B2la" title="Gripa espanhòla">gripa espanhòla</a> en <a href="/wiki/1919" class="mw-redirect" title="1919">1919</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/wiki/Gripa_espanh%C3%B2la" title="Gripa espanhòla">Gripa espanhòla</a>.</div> <p>A partir de la <a href="/wiki/Revolucion_industriala" title="Revolucion industriala">Revolucion industriala</a>, l'aumentacion dei cambis internacionaus favorizèt una aumentacion de la frequéncia dei pandemias de gripa. Ansin, entre <a href="/wiki/1890" class="mw-redirect" title="1890">1890</a> e <a href="/wiki/2015" class="mw-redirect" title="2015">2015</a>, i aguèt cinc pandemias mondialas que suscitèron un interès important per la <a href="/wiki/Malauti%C3%A1" title="Malautiá">malautiá</a> de part dei <a href="/wiki/Sci%C3%A9ncia" title="Sciéncia">scientifics</a>. La pus grèva se debanèt en <a href="/wiki/1918" class="mw-redirect" title="1918">1918</a>-<a href="/wiki/1919" class="mw-redirect" title="1919">1919</a> e entraïnèt la <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2rt" title="Mòrt">mòrt</a> de 50 a 100 milions de personas<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Après l'epidemia de <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8sta" title="Pèsta">pèsta</a> de <a href="/wiki/1347" class="mw-redirect" title="1347">1347</a>-<a href="/wiki/1350" class="mw-redirect" title="1350">1350</a> que tuèt probablament un tèrç de la populacion d'<a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Euròpa">Euròpa</a> e d'<a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, es la catastròfa sanitària pus importanta de l'istòria umana. </p><p>Dicha <a href="/wiki/Gripa_espanh%C3%B2la" title="Gripa espanhòla">gripa espanhòla</a> e transmesa per un <a href="/wiki/Vir%C3%BAs" class="mw-redirect" title="Virús">virús</a> de tipe H1N1, la gripa a l'origina d'aquela pandemia apareguèt, segon lei teorias actualas, en <a href="/wiki/Republica_Populara_de_China" title="Republica Populara de China">China</a>. Passèt rapidament en <a href="/wiki/America" title="America">America</a> avans de se difusar en <a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Euròpa">Euròpa</a> e de tornar arribar en <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. Fòrça contagiosa, contaminèt benlèu 500 milions d'individús amb de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpt%C3%B2ma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simptòma (la pagina existís pas)">simptòmas</a> inabituaus qu'èran similars au <a href="/wiki/Coler%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Colerà">colerà</a> ò a la <a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A8bre_tifo%C3%AFda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fèbre tifoïda (la pagina existís pas)">fèbre tifoïda</a>. Autra particularitat rara, tuèt principalament d'adults aguent 20 a 40 ans<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. La màger part dei decès foguèron entraïnats per una reaccion excessiva dau <a href="/wiki/Sist%C3%A8ma_immunitari" title="Sistèma immunitari">sistèma immunitari</a>, d'infeccions <a href="/wiki/Bact%C3%A8ri" title="Bactèri">bacteriana</a> ò d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emorragia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emorragia (la pagina existís pas)">emorragias</a> grèvas<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Lei pandemias seguentas foguèron aquelei de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa_asiatica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gripa asiatica (la pagina existís pas)">gripa asiatica</a> en <a href="/wiki/1957" class="mw-redirect" title="1957">1957</a>-<a href="/wiki/1958" class="mw-redirect" title="1958">1958</a> (un a quatre milions de <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2rt" title="Mòrt">mòrts</a>) e de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa_de_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gripa de Hong Kong (la pagina existís pas)">gripa de Hong Kong</a> en <a href="/wiki/1968" class="mw-redirect" title="1968">1968</a>-<a href="/wiki/1969" class="mw-redirect" title="1969">1969</a> (un milion de <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2rt" title="Mòrt">mòrts</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). La premiera foguèt causada per un virús de tipe H2N2. Una soca mutanta d'aqueu darrier, qu'evolucionèt per venir de tipe H3N2, foguèt a l'origina de la segonda. Enfin, en <a href="/wiki/2009" class="mw-redirect" title="2009">2009</a>-<a href="/wiki/2010" class="mw-redirect" title="2010">2010</a>, aguèt luòc una pandemia de tipe H1N1 que foguèt rapidament limitada per leis autoritats <a href="/wiki/Estat" title="Estat">estatalas</a> (12 500 mòrts)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_descubèrta_dau_virús_de_la_gripa"><span id="La_descub.C3.A8rta_dau_vir.C3.BAs_de_la_gripa"></span>La descubèrta dau virús de la gripa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modificar la seccion : La descubèrta dau virús de la gripa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&action=edit&section=7" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: La descubèrta dau virús de la gripa"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Influenza_virus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Influenza_virus.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="190" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="190" data-file-height="190" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia">Fotografia</a> dau virús de la gripa de <a href="/wiki/1968" class="mw-redirect" title="1968">1968</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>La cèrca de l'agent <a href="/wiki/Patog%C3%A8n" class="mw-redirect" title="Patogèn">patogèn</a> a l'origina de la gripa comencèt a la fin dau sègle XIX. Foguèt malaisada en causa de la natura virala de la <a href="/wiki/Malauti%C3%A1" title="Malautiá">malautiá</a>. D'efiech, lei <a href="/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia">biologistas</a> dau periòde conoissián pas aqueu tipe de gèrme e assaièron donc de cercar un <a href="/wiki/Bact%C3%A8ri" title="Bactèri">bactèri</a>. Identificat tre <a href="/wiki/1892" class="mw-redirect" title="1892">1892</a> per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Pfeiffer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Pfeiffer (la pagina existís pas)">Richard Pfeiffer</a> (<a href="/wiki/1858" class="mw-redirect" title="1858">1858</a>-<a href="/wiki/1945" class="mw-redirect" title="1945">1945</a>) dins lo <a href="/wiki/Sist%C3%A8ma_respirat%C3%B2ri" title="Sistèma respiratòri">sistèma respiratòri</a> de pacients tocats per la gripa, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haemophilus_influenzae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haemophilus influenzae (la pagina existís pas)">Haemophilus influenzae</a></i> foguèt ansin inicialament sospichat d'èsser la causa de l'infeccion<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Pasmens, durant la <a href="/wiki/Gripa_espanh%C3%B2la" title="Gripa espanhòla">gripa espanhòla</a>, la revirada totala dei <a href="/wiki/Vaccin" title="Vaccin">vaccins</a> antigripaus basats sus aqueu <a href="/wiki/Bact%C3%A8ri" title="Bactèri">bactèri</a> entraïnèt d'interrogacions<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>L'idèa d'una origina avancèt lentament. Lo <a href="/wiki/Vir%C3%BAs" class="mw-redirect" title="Virús">virús</a> de la « pèsta aviària » èra estat identificat en <a href="/wiki/1901" class="mw-redirect" title="1901">1901</a> mai son origina gripala foguèt pas descubèrta avans leis ans 1950. L'element decisiu foguèt la descubèrta dei <a href="/wiki/Vir%C3%BAs" class="mw-redirect" title="Virús">virús</a> de la familha deis <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthomyxoviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orthomyxoviridae (la pagina existís pas)">Orthomyxoviridae</a></i> per lo <a href="/wiki/Virologia" title="Virologia">virologista</a> <a href="/wiki/Estats_Units_d%27America" title="Estats Units d'America">estatsunidenc</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Shope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Shope (la pagina existís pas)">Richard Shope</a> (<a href="/wiki/1901" class="mw-redirect" title="1901">1901</a>-<a href="/wiki/1966" class="mw-redirect" title="1966">1966</a>) en <a href="/wiki/1931" class="mw-redirect" title="1931">1931</a> durant de recèrcas sus la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa_porcina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gripa porcina (la pagina existís pas)">gripa porcina</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aqueu resultat permetèt d'establir definitivament la natura virala de l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Infeccion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infeccion (la pagina existís pas)">infeccion</a>. Lo <a href="/wiki/Vir%C3%BAs" class="mw-redirect" title="Virús">virús</a> eu meteis foguèt isolat dos ans pus tard per lo <a href="/wiki/Reialme_Unit" title="Reialme Unit">Britanic</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Laidlaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrick Laidlaw (la pagina existís pas)">Patrick Laidlaw</a> (<a href="/wiki/1881" class="mw-redirect" title="1881">1881</a>-<a href="/wiki/1940" class="mw-redirect" title="1940">1940</a>). </p><p>Lo tipe B foguèt descubèrt en <a href="/wiki/1940" class="mw-redirect" title="1940">1940</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e lo tipe en <a href="/wiki/1949" class="mw-redirect" title="1949">1949</a>. Lo tipe D, fòrça pus rar, foguèt identificat en <a href="/wiki/2011" class="mw-redirect" title="2011">2011</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. L'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emagglutinina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emagglutinina (la pagina existís pas)">emagglutinina</a> foguèt descubèrta per <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Hirst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Hirst (la pagina existís pas)">George Hirst</a> (<a href="/wiki/1910" class="mw-redirect" title="1910">1910</a>-<a href="/wiki/1994" title="1994">1994</a>) e son estructura foguèt determinada en <a href="/wiki/1981" title="1981">1981</a> per lo <a href="/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia">biologista</a> <a href="/wiki/Estats_Units_d%27America" title="Estats Units d'America">estatsunidenc</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Don_Craig_Wiley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Don Craig Wiley (la pagina existís pas)">Don Craig Wiley</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944" class="mw-redirect" title="1944">1944</a>-<a href="/wiki/2001" title="2001">2001</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. La <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuraminidasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neuraminidasa (la pagina existís pas)">neuraminidasa</a> foguèt identificada en <a href="/wiki/1949" class="mw-redirect" title="1949">1949</a> per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Gottschalk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Gottschalk (la pagina existís pas)">Alfred Gottschalk</a> (<a href="/wiki/1894" class="mw-redirect" title="1894">1894</a>-<a href="/wiki/1973" title="1973">1973</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lo_desvolopament_de_vaccins">Lo desvolopament de vaccins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo desvolopament de vaccins" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&action=edit&section=8" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Lo desvolopament de vaccins"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Defense.gov_News_Photo_041028-N-9864S-021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Defense.gov_News_Photo_041028-N-9864S-021.jpg/220px-Defense.gov_News_Photo_041028-N-9864S-021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Defense.gov_News_Photo_041028-N-9864S-021.jpg/330px-Defense.gov_News_Photo_041028-N-9864S-021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Defense.gov_News_Photo_041028-N-9864S-021.jpg/440px-Defense.gov_News_Photo_041028-N-9864S-021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia">Fotografia</a> d'una <a href="/wiki/Vaccin" title="Vaccin">vaccinacion</a> còntra la gripa.</figcaption></figure> <p>La cèrca d'un vaccin eficaç còntra la gripa comencèt dins lo corrent deis ans 1930 après la descubèrta dau <a href="/wiki/Vir%C3%BAs" class="mw-redirect" title="Virús">virús</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Dins aquò, aquela quista se turta a la variabilitat <a href="/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica">genetica</a> dau <a href="/wiki/Vir%C3%BAs" class="mw-redirect" title="Virús">virús</a> que son evolucion rapida empedís lo <a href="/wiki/Sist%C3%A8ma_immunitari" title="Sistèma immunitari">sistèma immunitari</a> de desvolopar una immunitat de tèrme lòng còntra la <a href="/wiki/Malauti%C3%A1" title="Malautiá">malautiá</a>. </p><p>De mai, durant leis ans 1930, la manca de conoissença sus la <a href="/wiki/Vaccinacion" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaccinacion">vaccinacion</a> entraïnèt l'adopcion de metòdes d'experimentacion fòrça perilhós coma l'injeccion de dòsis concentradas de virús vivents. Lo premier succès aguèt donc luòc en <a href="/wiki/1942" class="mw-redirect" title="1942">1942</a> après d'importants progrès dins la concepcion dei vaccins (utilizacion de virús desactivats...). Ansin, durant la <a href="/wiki/Segonda_Gu%C3%A8rra_Mondiala" title="Segonda Guèrra Mondiala">Segonda Guèrra Mondiala</a>, l'armada <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">estatsunidenc</a> capitèt d'obtenir de taus de proteccion còntra la gripa sasoniera de 70% a 80%. Pasmens, tre <a href="/wiki/1947" class="mw-redirect" title="1947">1947</a>, foguèt descubèrta l'inneficacitat d'aquelei vaccins còntra l'aparicion de virús novèus. </p><p>Per luchar còntra aqueu fenomèn, foguèt pauc a pauc mesa en plaça una organizacion internacionala dirigida per l'<a href="/wiki/Organizacion_Mondiala_de_la_Santat" title="Organizacion Mondiala de la Santat">Organizacion Mondiala de la Santat</a>. Cada an, aquela darriera definís lei socas de virús sasoniers considerats coma una menaça. Aquelei socas (generalament un virús H1N1, un virús H3N2 e un virús B) son alora cultivadas amb de virús « industriaus » adaptats a una produccion en massa. L'objectiu es d'obtenir de virús aisats de produrre qu'exprimisson lei caractèrs dei virús fèrs ciblats per l'OMS. Aquò permet – normalament – de concebre un vaccin adaptat ai virús en circulacion. Pasmens, en causa dau taus de mutacion dau virús, la proteccion es parciala. En parallèl, contunian donc lei cèrcas sus lei virús elei meteissei per assaiar de descubrir un element estable susceptible d'èsser ciblat per un vaccin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lo_desvolopament_de_medicaments_antigripaus">Lo desvolopament de medicaments antigripaus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo desvolopament de medicaments antigripaus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&action=edit&section=9" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Lo desvolopament de medicaments antigripaus"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En causa dei limits dau vaccin antigripau, la cèrca de medicaments especifics comencèt a partir deis ans 1960. Lo premier foguèt l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amantadina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amantadina (la pagina existís pas)">amantadina</a>, descubèrta en <a href="/wiki/1963" class="mw-redirect" title="1963">1963</a>, que permetiá de limitar la replicacion dau virús dins d'experiéncias <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_vitro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="In vitro (la pagina existís pas)">in vitro</a></i>. Pasmens, lei resultats sus de malauts vertadiers foguèron decebeires. </p><p>Dins lo corrent deis ans 1960-1970, una còla <a href="/wiki/Austr%C3%A0lia" title="Austràlia">australiana</a> menada per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Colman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Colman (la pagina existís pas)">Peter Colman</a> (nascut en <a href="/wiki/1944" class="mw-redirect" title="1944">1944</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Varghese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Varghese (la pagina existís pas)">Joseph Varghese</a> (nascut en <a href="/wiki/1949" class="mw-redirect" title="1949">1949</a>) e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Graeme_Laver&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Graeme Laver (la pagina existís pas)">Graeme Laver</a> (<a href="/wiki/1929" class="mw-redirect" title="1929">1929</a>-<a href="/wiki/2008" class="mw-redirect" title="2008">2008</a>) s'interessèt a la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuraminidasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neuraminidasa (la pagina existís pas)">neuraminidasa</a>. En <a href="/wiki/1982" title="1982">1982</a>, capitèt d'establir l'estructura d'aquela <a href="/wiki/Molecula" title="Molecula">molecula</a>. Aquò permetèt de desvolopar una classa novèla de medicaments, leis inibitors de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuraminidasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neuraminidasa (la pagina existís pas)">neuraminidasa</a>, destinats a trebolar lo foncionament de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuraminidasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neuraminidasa (la pagina existís pas)">neuraminidasa</a>. Permèton de prevenir la malautiá ò de redurre sa durada. Lo pus conegut es l'<a href="/wiki/Oseltamivir" title="Oseltamivir">oseltamivir</a> que foguèt descubèrt en <a href="/wiki/1996" title="1996">1996</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Descripcion">Descripcion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modificar la seccion : Descripcion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&action=edit&section=10" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Descripcion"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Causas">Causas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modificar la seccion : Causas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&action=edit&section=11" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Causas"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Myxovirus_influenzae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myxovirus influenzae (la pagina existís pas)">Myxovirus influenzae</a>.</div> <p>La gripa es causada per un ensems de <a href="/wiki/Vir%C3%BAs" class="mw-redirect" title="Virús">virús</a> d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vir%C3%BAs_d%27ARN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virús d'ARN (la pagina existís pas)">ARN</a> de la <a href="/wiki/Familha_(biologia)" title="Familha (biologia)">familha</a> deis <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthomyxoviridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orthomyxoviridae (la pagina existís pas)">Orthomyxoviridae</a></i> e dau <a href="/wiki/Genre_(biologia)" title="Genre (biologia)">genre</a> deis <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Influenzavirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Influenzavirus (la pagina existís pas)">Influenzavirus</a></i>. Tres <a href="/wiki/Vir%C3%BAs" class="mw-redirect" title="Virús">virús</a> principaus son estats identificats. Fòrman lo grop dei <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myxovirus_influenzae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myxovirus influenzae (la pagina existís pas)">Myxovirus influenzae</a></i> e son classats entre tres tipes dichs A, B e C. Pasmens, plusors desenaus de socas diferentas existisson, çò qu'entraïna una gròssa variabilitat <a href="/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica">genetica</a>. De mai, i a egalament de virús gripaus non umans coma lo virús D. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Estructura_dau_virús"><span id="Estructura_dau_vir.C3.BAs"></span>Estructura dau virús</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modificar la seccion : Estructura dau virús" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&action=edit&section=12" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Estructura dau virús"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Colorized_transmission_electron_micrograph_of_Avian_influenza_A_H5N1_viruses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Colorized_transmission_electron_micrograph_of_Avian_influenza_A_H5N1_viruses.jpg/220px-Colorized_transmission_electron_micrograph_of_Avian_influenza_A_H5N1_viruses.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Colorized_transmission_electron_micrograph_of_Avian_influenza_A_H5N1_viruses.jpg/330px-Colorized_transmission_electron_micrograph_of_Avian_influenza_A_H5N1_viruses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Colorized_transmission_electron_micrograph_of_Avian_influenza_A_H5N1_viruses.jpg/440px-Colorized_transmission_electron_micrograph_of_Avian_influenza_A_H5N1_viruses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3336" data-file-height="2750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fotografia" title="Fotografia">Fotografia</a> de virús de la gripa A (daurat) dins de <a href="/wiki/Cellula_(biologia)" title="Cellula (biologia)">cellulas</a> de <a href="/wiki/Can" class="mw-redirect" title="Can">canides</a> (<a href="/wiki/Verd" title="Verd">verd</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Lei virús A e B presentan de similituds fòrtas amb una envolopa <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipidica</a> eiriçada d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Espicula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Espicula (la pagina existís pas)">espiculas</a> formadas per doas <a href="/wiki/Glicoprote%C3%AFna" title="Glicoproteïna">glicoproteïnas</a> de superficia dicha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emagglutinina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emagglutinina (la pagina existís pas)">emagglutinina</a> (notada H<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuraminidasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neuraminidasa (la pagina existís pas)">neuraminidasa</a> (notada N). La premiera permet la fixacion dau <a href="/wiki/Vir%C3%BAs" class="mw-redirect" title="Virús">virús</a> sus l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Acid_sialic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acid sialic (la pagina existís pas)">acid sialic</a> dei <a href="/wiki/Cellula_(biologia)" title="Cellula (biologia)">cellulas</a> de l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epit%C3%A8li&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epitèli (la pagina existís pas)">epitèli</a> cilhat dau <a href="/wiki/Sist%C3%A8ma_respirat%C3%B2ri" title="Sistèma respiratòri">sistèma respiratòri</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Favoriza tanben la fusion dei membranas virala e cellulara durant la penetracion dau <a href="/wiki/Vir%C3%BAs" class="mw-redirect" title="Virús">virús</a> dins sa cellula cibla. La segonda auriá un ròtle important dins la liberacion dei particulas viralas produchas per la <a href="/wiki/Cellula_(biologia)" title="Cellula (biologia)">cellula</a> contaminada. L'estructura de superficia dau virús C seriá pus simpla amb una mena unica d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Espicula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Espicula (la pagina existís pas)">espicula</a> qu'auriá lo ròtle de l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emagglutinina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emagglutinina (la pagina existís pas)">emagglutinina</a> e de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuraminidasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neuraminidasa (la pagina existís pas)">neuraminidasa</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>A l'interior de la particula virala, lo <a href="/wiki/Gen%C3%B2ma" title="Genòma">genòma</a> virau es protegit dins sèt a uech nucleocapsidas de <a href="/wiki/Simetria" title="Simetria">simetria</a> elicoïdala que resultan de l'associacion d'una <a href="/wiki/Molecula" title="Molecula">molecula</a> d'<a href="/wiki/ARN" class="mw-redirect" title="ARN">ARN</a> de polaritat negativa amb plusors de <a href="/wiki/Molecula" title="Molecula">moleculas</a> de nucleoproteïna. Aquela nucleoproteïna a un ròtle dins la determinacion dau tipe dau <a href="/wiki/Vir%C3%BAs" class="mw-redirect" title="Virús">virús</a>. Enfin, se tròban tres <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polimerasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polimerasa (la pagina existís pas)">polimerasas</a> qu'asseguran lei foncions de replicacion e de transcripcion de l'<a href="/wiki/ARN" class="mw-redirect" title="ARN">ARN</a>. </p><p>Dins lo mitan exterior, lo virús de la gripa es relativament resistent. Pòu demorar patogèn una <a href="/wiki/Setmana" title="Setmana">setmana</a> a <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperatura</a> corporala, mai d'un <a href="/wiki/Mes" title="Mes">mes</a> a 0°C e de periòdes fòrça lòngs (encara indeterminats) dins de <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperaturas</a> negativas. En revènge, la màger part dei socas viralas son aisament desactivadas en preséncia de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Desinfectant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desinfectant (la pagina existís pas)">desinfectants</a> e de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Detergent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Detergent (la pagina existís pas)">detergents</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. La transmission dau virús es donc relativament aisada e pòu èsser assegurada per contacte dirèct (esternut dirèct d'un malaut sus un individú san), per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aeros%C3%B2u&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aerosòu (la pagina existís pas)">aerosòu</a> (esternut indirèct) ò per contaminacion entre una <a href="/wiki/Man" title="Man">man</a> aguent tocat una substància exteriora contaminada (per exemple, la man d'un malaut) e l'<a href="/wiki/Uelh" class="mw-redirect" title="Uelh">uelh</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Boca" class="mw-disambig" title="Boca">boca</a> ò lo <a href="/wiki/Nas" title="Nas">nas</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classificacion_e_nomenclatura">Classificacion e nomenclatura</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modificar la seccion : Classificacion e nomenclatura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&action=edit&section=13" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Classificacion e nomenclatura"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Un sistèma de classificacion e de <a href="/wiki/Nomenclatura" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomenclatura">nomenclatura</a> existís per lei <a href="/wiki/Vir%C3%BAs" class="mw-redirect" title="Virús">virús</a> de tipe A que contèn lei socas pus virulentas per l'<a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" title="Homo sapiens">òme</a>. Es basat sus lei proprietats antigenicas de l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emagglutinina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emagglutinina (la pagina existís pas)">emagglutinina</a> H e de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuraminidasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neuraminidasa (la pagina existís pas)">neuraminidasa</a> N. Coma i a 18 sostipes H e 11 sostipes N, 198 combinasons son possiblas coma, per exemple, H1N1 ò H7N9. Toteis existisson dins lo mond <a href="/wiki/Auc%C3%A8u" class="mw-redirect" title="Aucèu">aviari</a>. En l'òme, leis epidemias annualas son causadas per de virús contenent lei sostipes H1, H2, H3, N1 e N2. Lei virús contenent lei sostipes H5 e H7 son de còps transmissibles mai son poder patogèn demòra normalament feble<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Variabilitat_genetica_e_reassortiment">Variabilitat genetica e reassortiment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modificar la seccion : Variabilitat genetica e reassortiment" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&action=edit&section=14" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Variabilitat genetica e reassortiment"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lei <a href="/wiki/Vir%C3%BAs" class="mw-redirect" title="Virús">virús</a> de la gripa presenta un taus d'evolucion e de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutacion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mutacion (la pagina existís pas)">mutacion</a> fòrça important. Aquò es liat a dos mecanismes que son a l'origina d'una gròssa variabilitat <a href="/wiki/Genetica" title="Genetica">genetica</a> que permet ai <a href="/wiki/Vir%C3%BAs" class="mw-redirect" title="Virús">virús</a> de s'adaptar ai <a href="/wiki/Sist%C3%A8ma_immunitari" title="Sistèma immunitari">defensas immunitàrias</a> de seis òstes. </p><p>Lo premier es un mecanisme de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutacion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mutacion (la pagina existís pas)">mutacions</a> caracteristica dei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vir%C3%BAs_d%27ARN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virús d'ARN (la pagina existís pas)">virús d'ARN</a>. D'efiech, leis <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzims</a> permetent la sintèsi deis <a href="/wiki/ARN" class="mw-redirect" title="ARN">ARN</a> viraus son pauc fisables. Entraïnan donc l'aparicion d'errors que modifican lo còdi genetic dau virús e que complican son ciblatge per lei cellulas immunitàrias. Aquò explica la necessitat de modificar, cada an, la composicion dei <a href="/wiki/Vaccinacion" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaccinacion">vaccins</a> còntra la gripa. </p><p>Lo segond mecanisme d'evolucion dei virús gripaus es lo reassortiment. Es un ensems de cambiaments radicaus dins l'estructura dau <a href="/wiki/Vir%C3%BAs" class="mw-redirect" title="Virús">virús</a> que resultan de transformacions geneticas implicant plusors virús gripaus diferents (umans ò non umans). Aqueu fenomèn explica l'aparicion regulara de virús totalament novèus que son de còps fòrça virulents e susceptibles d'engendrar de <a href="/wiki/Pandemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandemia">pandemias</a> grèvas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolucion_naturala_de_la_malautiá"><span id="Evolucion_naturala_de_la_malauti.C3.A1"></span>Evolucion naturala de la malautiá</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modificar la seccion : Evolucion naturala de la malautiá" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&action=edit&section=15" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Evolucion naturala de la malautiá"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'evolucion natura de la gripa compren tres fasas. La premiera es un periòde d'incubacion que dura generalament entre un e tres <a href="/wiki/Jorn" title="Jorn">jorns</a>. Puei, lei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpt%C3%B2ma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simptòma (la pagina existís pas)">simptòmas</a> aparéisson rapidament amb un malaise generau febril seguit per una fèbre auta (<a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperatura</a> de 39-40°C, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Astenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astenia (la pagina existís pas)">astenia</a>...), un sindròme foncionau respiratòri (congestion nasala, rinorrèa, dolors faringolaringalas, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disfagia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disfagia (la pagina existís pas)">disfagia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disfonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disfonia (la pagina existís pas)">disfonia</a>...) e un sindròme algic difüs (cefalèas frontalas, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lombalgia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lombalgia (la pagina existís pas)">lombalgia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Artromialgia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artromialgia (la pagina existís pas)">artromialgia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amalugadura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amalugadura (la pagina existís pas)">amalugaduras</a>...)<sup id="cite_ref-ECN_Pilly_2018_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECN_Pilly_2018-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lo gariment intervèn d'un biais espontanèu après cinc a sèt jorns. La <a href="/w/index.php?title=Convalesc%C3%A9ncia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Convalescéncia (la pagina existís pas)">convalescéncia</a> dura plusors <a href="/wiki/Setmana" title="Setmana">setmanas</a> amb una <a href="/w/index.php?title=Astenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astenia (la pagina existís pas)">astenia</a> e un tussir residuaus. </p><p>Lei complicacions varian segon lo <a href="/wiki/Vir%C3%BAs" class="mw-redirect" title="Virús">virús</a> e son potencialament grèvas. Au nivèu respiratòri, se fau notar dos problemas grèus que son<sup id="cite_ref-ECN_Pilly_2018_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECN_Pilly_2018-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> : </p> <ul><li>la gripa malina primària qu'es una <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pneumopatia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pneumopatia (la pagina existís pas)">pneumopatia</a> rara qu'evoluciona rapidament vèrs un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindr%C3%B2me_de_destressa_respirat%C3%B2ria_aguda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sindròme de destressa respiratòria aguda (la pagina existís pas)">sindròme de destressa respiratòria aguda</a>.</li> <li>la subreinfeccion <a href="/wiki/Bact%C3%A8ri" title="Bactèri">bacteriana</a> segondària que regarda subretot leis ancians. Es causada per la preséncia de <a href="/wiki/Bact%C3%A8ri" title="Bactèri">bactèris</a> patogèns, coma <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Staphylococcus aureus (la pagina existís pas)">Staphylococcus aureus</a></i>, que van engendrar una <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>.</li></ul> <p>Dins lo rèsta de l'organisme, se fau notar la possibilitat de trèbols digestius, de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pericardita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pericardita (la pagina existís pas)">pericarditas</a>, de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miocardita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miocardita (la pagina existís pas)">miocarditas</a>, d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Encefaliti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encefaliti (la pagina existís pas)">encefalitis</a>. En leis enfants que recebon d'<a href="/wiki/Aspirina" title="Aspirina">aspirina</a>, existís una complicacion fòrça qu'es lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindr%C3%B2me_de_Reye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sindròme de Reye (la pagina existís pas)">sindròme de Reye</a>. Mau coneguda, aquela <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patologia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patologia (la pagina existís pas)">patologia</a> presenta un taus de mortalitat fòrça important (50%). Sembla liada a l'<a href="/wiki/Aspirina" title="Aspirina">aspirina</a>. </p><p>D'un biais generau, certanei populacions son pus susceptiblas de desvolopar de complicacions. Lei pus importantas son leis ancians, lei noirissons, lei subjèctes immunodeprimits, lei subjèctes <a href="/wiki/Diab%C3%A8ta_sacarina" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabèta sacarina">diabetics</a>, lei subjèctes tocats per d'insufiséncias cardiacas, respiratòrias e renalas, lei subjèctes <a href="/wiki/Obesitat" title="Obesitat">obès</a> e lei fremas prens<sup id="cite_ref-ECN_Pilly_2018_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECN_Pilly_2018-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnostic">Diagnostic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modificar la seccion : Diagnostic" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&action=edit&section=16" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Diagnostic"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo diagnostic de la gripa es generalament realizat a partir dei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpt%C3%B2ma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simptòma (la pagina existís pas)">simptòmas</a> gripaus e dau caractèr sasonier de la <a href="/wiki/Malauti%C3%A1" title="Malautiá">malautiá</a>. Pasmens, coma l'ensems dei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpt%C3%B2ma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simptòma (la pagina existís pas)">simptòmas</a> de la gripa es similar a aquelei d'autrei <a href="/wiki/Malauti%C3%A1" title="Malautiá">malautiás</a>, un diagnostic segur necessita de detectar de particulas viralas ò d'<a href="/wiki/Antic%C3%B2rs" title="Anticòrs">anticòrs</a> antigripaus. Per aquò, existisson de metòdes simples a partir de mòstras prelevats dins lo sistèma respiratòri d'un malaut. En <a href="/wiki/Laborat%C3%B2ri" title="Laboratòri">laboratòri</a>, es tanben possible d'utilizar de <a href="/wiki/Cromatografia" title="Cromatografia">cromatografias</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tractament_e_prevencion">Tractament e prevencion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modificar la seccion : Tractament e prevencion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&action=edit&section=17" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Tractament e prevencion"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tractament">Tractament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modificar la seccion : Tractament" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&action=edit&section=18" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Tractament"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo repaus es necessari durant lo periòde agut. Permet egalament de limitar la contagion (especialament sus lo luòc de trabalh ò a l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Esc%C3%B2la&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Escòla (la pagina existís pas)">escòla</a>). Lo tractament de la gripa se concentra generalament sus la reduccion dei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simpt%C3%B2ma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simptòma (la pagina existís pas)">simptòmas</a> geinants per lo pacient. Lei <a href="/wiki/Medicament" title="Medicament">medicaments</a> utilizats son donc sovent d'<a href="/wiki/Antalgic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antalgic">antalgics</a>, d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Antitussiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antitussiu (la pagina existís pas)">antitussius</a>, d'<a href="/wiki/Antipiretic" title="Antipiretic">antipiretics</a> (coma lo <a href="/wiki/Paracetam%C3%B2l" title="Paracetamòl">paracetamòu</a>) e de la <a href="/wiki/Vitamina_C" title="Vitamina C">vitamina C</a> (còntra l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astenia (la pagina existís pas)">astenia</a>). Pasmens, a l'ora d'ara, i a ges de pròva <a href="/wiki/Sci%C3%A9ncia" title="Sciéncia">scientifica</a> d'un benefici dau tractament simptomatic deis infeccions <a href="/wiki/Vir%C3%BAs" class="mw-redirect" title="Virús">viralas</a> benignas <a href="/wiki/Sason" title="Sason">sasonieras</a>. </p><p>Leis <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a> son utilizats per empedir una infeccion <a href="/wiki/Bact%C3%A8ri" title="Bactèri">bacteriana</a>. Lei principaus son d'inibitors de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuraminidasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neuraminidasa (la pagina existís pas)">neuraminidasa</a> coma l'<a href="/wiki/Oseltamivir" title="Oseltamivir">oseltamivir</a> (Tamiflu) e lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zanamivir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zanamivir (la pagina existís pas)">zanamivir</a> (Mantadix). L'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amantadina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amantadina (la pagina existís pas)">amantadina</a> (Mantadix) e la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rimantadina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rimantadina (la pagina existís pas)">rimantadina</a> foguèron lòngtemps prescrichs còntra lei gripas causadas per lei <a href="/wiki/Vir%C3%BAs" class="mw-redirect" title="Virús">virús</a> de tipe A mai son usatge es uei pas recomandat en causa de l'aparicion d'un taus important de resisténcia<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prevencion">Prevencion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Modificar la seccion : Prevencion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&action=edit&section=19" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Prevencion"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Susvelhança_e_informacion"><span id="Susvelhan.C3.A7a_e_informacion"></span>Susvelhança e informacion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Modificar la seccion : Susvelhança e informacion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&action=edit&section=20" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Susvelhança e informacion"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La situacion mondiala de la gripa es susvelhada dins lo mond per l'<a href="/wiki/Organizacion_Mondiala_de_la_Santat" title="Organizacion Mondiala de la Santat">Organizacion Mondiala de la Santat</a> e dins mai d'un país per de rets especializats<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aquò permet de collectar de donadas sus l'evolucion deis epidemias e dei virús afin de preparar de prevenir lei populacions ò de melhorar la composicion dei vaccins antigripaus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mesuras_d'igiena"><span id="Mesuras_d.27igiena"></span>Mesuras d'igiena</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Modificar la seccion : Mesuras d'igiena" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&action=edit&section=21" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Mesuras d'igiena"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coma per la màger part dei <a href="/wiki/Malauti%C3%A1" title="Malautiá">malautiás</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Infeccion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infeccion (la pagina existís pas)">infecciosas</a>, l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Igiena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Igiena (la pagina existís pas)">igiena</a> es la premiera forma de prevencion de la contagion pendent un periòde <a href="/wiki/Epidemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidemia">epidemic</a>. En particular, es necessari de se lavar lei mans e d'evitar tot contacte fisic dirèct amb una persona potencialament infectada ò amb un objècte potencialament contaminat per lo <a href="/wiki/Vir%C3%BAs" class="mw-redirect" title="Virús">virús</a>. Lo pòrt de proteccions bucalas ò nasalas (masca de cirurgia...) sembla tanben demenir lo risc de contagion. </p><p>D'autra part, segon d'estudis regardant d'<a href="/wiki/Epidemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidemia">epidemias</a> de <a href="/wiki/Vir%C3%BAs" class="mw-redirect" title="Virús">virús</a> H1N1, un deficit de <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> podriá favorizar l'infeccion per lo <a href="/wiki/Vir%C3%BAs" class="mw-redirect" title="Virús">virús</a> de la gripa en demenissent l'eficacitat de la respònsa immunitària<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. D'efiech, aquela manca aparéis frequentament en lei populacions riscadas (ancians, enfants...) dei país desvolopats<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. En revènge, l'adjoncion sembla melhorar lo ciblatge dei <a href="/wiki/Cellula_(biologia)" title="Cellula (biologia)">cellulas</a> infectadas e favorizar sa <a href="/wiki/Fagocit%C3%B2si" title="Fagocitòsi">fagocitòsi</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vaccinacion">Vaccinacion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Modificar la seccion : Vaccinacion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&action=edit&section=22" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Vaccinacion"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Existís un <a href="/wiki/Vaccin" title="Vaccin">vaccin</a> còntra la gripa qu'es modificat cada an per l'adaptar ais evolucions <a href="/wiki/Sason" title="Sason">sasonieras</a> dei <a href="/wiki/Vir%C3%BAs" class="mw-redirect" title="Virús">virús</a>. Son objectiu es generalament d'assegurar una proteccion còntra dos <a href="/wiki/Vir%C3%BAs" class="mw-redirect" title="Virús">virús</a> de tipe A (generanalament una soca H1N1 e una soca H3N2) e un virús de tipe B. Pasmens, en causa de la multiplicitat dei virús en circulacion e de son taus de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutacion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mutacion (la pagina existís pas)">mutacions</a> important, conferís par una proteccion totala còntra la <a href="/wiki/Malauti%C3%A1" title="Malautiá">malautiá</a> e son eficacitat es limitada. Per exemple, dins lo corrent deis ans 2000, se situava generalament entre 40% e 60%<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Dins aquò, en <a href="/wiki/2014" class="mw-redirect" title="2014">2014</a>-<a href="/wiki/2015" class="mw-redirect" title="2015">2015</a>, demeniguèt a mens de 10% deis individús vaccinats<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>En despiech d'aquelei dificultats, la <a href="/wiki/Vaccin" title="Vaccin">vaccinacion</a> antigripala es recomandada per l'<a href="/wiki/Organizacion_Mondiala_de_la_Santat" title="Organizacion Mondiala de la Santat">Organizacion Mondiala de la Santat</a> per lei grops riscats coma lei personas immunodeprimidas, leis ancians ò leis enfants. De mai, dins lo cas d'una reaparicion d'una soca anciana (coma, per exemple, H2N2 qu'a « disparegut » dempuei la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa_asiatica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gripa asiatica (la pagina existís pas)">gripa asiatica</a> de <a href="/wiki/1956" class="mw-redirect" title="1956">1956</a>-<a href="/wiki/1958" class="mw-redirect" title="1958">1958</a>), la <a href="/wiki/Vaccin" title="Vaccin">vaccinacion</a> seriá un biais eficaç d'expausar rapidament e d'un biais segur la populacion generala a d'<a href="/wiki/Antig%C3%A8n" title="Antigèn">antigèns</a> que son plus en circulacion a l'ora d'ara. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Profilaxia">Profilaxia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Modificar la seccion : Profilaxia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&action=edit&section=23" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Profilaxia"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'<a href="/wiki/Oseltamivir" title="Oseltamivir">oseltamivir</a> es lo tractament <a href="/w/index.php?title=Profilaxia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Profilaxia (la pagina existís pas)">profilactic</a> principau còntra la gripa. Dins lo cas d'una presa precòça, permet una reduccion de 80% dau nombre de cas. Es recomandat per lei subjèctes riscats de mai de 13 ans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiologia">Epidemiologia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Modificar la seccion : Epidemiologia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&action=edit&section=24" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Epidemiologia"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gripa_sasoniera">Gripa sasoniera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Modificar la seccion : Gripa sasoniera" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&action=edit&section=25" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Gripa sasoniera"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dins lei regions temperadas, la gripa es una <a href="/wiki/Malauti%C3%A1" title="Malautiá">malautiá</a> <a href="/wiki/Sason" title="Sason">sasoniera</a> que sa difusion es favorizada durant lei periòdes fregs. L'origina d'aqueu fenomèn es mau coneguda e sembla liada au confinhament deis abitants dins lei bastiments, a la demenicion dau taus de <a href="/wiki/Vitamina_D" title="Vitamina D">vitamina D</a> (ensorelhament pus feble) ò a la preséncia de condicions <a href="/wiki/Clima" title="Clima">climaticas</a> frejas e eissuchas que favorizan la resisténcia dau virús dins lo mitan exterior e donc sa transmission. </p><p>Aquelei condicions se tròban pas dins lei regions tropicalas e eqüatorialas. Dins aquò, lei regions de norrigatge de polalha fòrman de fogaus recurrents de gripa en causa de la proximitat entre <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" title="Homo sapiens">òmes</a> e <a href="/wiki/Auc%C3%A8l" class="mw-redirect" title="Aucèl">aucèus</a>. Dins aquelei cas, la propagacion de la malautiá es subretot favorizada per de contactes dirèctes e leis epidemias de gripa tropicala an pas, ò pauc, de caractèr sasonier. </p><p>Leis epidemias sasonieras son un problema important de santat publica car afectan una partida importanta de la populacion. En causa dei complicacions possiblas, entraïna ansin la mòrt de 250 000 a 500 000 personas cada an. Trebola tanben leis activitats economicas e necessita de despensas importantas per prevenir ò garir la malautiá. Per exemple, dins un país desvolopat coma <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">França</a>, toca entre 2 e 7 milions d'abitants cada ivèrn per un còst mejan de 460 milions d'<a href="/wiki/%C3%88uro" title="Èuro">èuros</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pandemias">Pandemias</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Modificar la seccion : Pandemias" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&action=edit&section=26" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Pandemias"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:ChineseFluInspectors.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/ChineseFluInspectors.JPG/220px-ChineseFluInspectors.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/ChineseFluInspectors.JPG/330px-ChineseFluInspectors.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/ChineseFluInspectors.JPG/440px-ChineseFluInspectors.JPG 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Examen de passatgiers d'un avion per d'inspectors chinés durant la pandemia de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa_A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gripa A (la pagina existís pas)">gripa A</a> (<a href="/wiki/2009" class="mw-redirect" title="2009">2009</a>-<a href="/wiki/2010" class="mw-redirect" title="2010">2010</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Independentament deis epidemias sasonieras, de <a href="/wiki/Pandemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandemia">pandemias</a> gripalas son susceptibles d'aver luòc en causa de l'emergéncia de socas viralas novèlas fòrça contagiosa e desconeguda dau <a href="/wiki/Sist%C3%A8ma_immunitari" title="Sistèma immunitari">sistèma immunitari</a> uman. Lo scenari « classic » d'aqueu tipe de pandemia comença amb l'aparicion d'una soca aviària novèla en <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gripa_espanh%C3%B2la" title="Gripa espanhòla">gripa espanhòla</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa_asiatica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gripa asiatica (la pagina existís pas)">gripa asiatica</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa_de_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gripa de Hong Kong (la pagina existís pas)">gripa de Hong Kong</a>...) que vèn transmissibla au <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B2rc" class="mw-redirect" title="Pòrc">pòrc</a>. L'organisme d'aqueu darrier permet au virús de s'adaptar a l'òme entraïnant alora la pandemia. Pasmens, aquel esquèma es pas unic coma o mòstra la pandemia de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa_A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gripa A (la pagina existís pas)">gripa A</a> (<a href="/wiki/2009" class="mw-redirect" title="2009">2009</a>-<a href="/wiki/2010" class="mw-redirect" title="2010">2010</a>) que foguèt portada per un virús H1N1 passat dirèctament de l'<a href="/wiki/Auc%C3%A8l" class="mw-redirect" title="Aucèl">aucèu</a> a l'òme. </p><p>Lei pandemias son un fenomèn potencialament murtrier car lo virús es aisament transmissible. Gràcias a aquela difusion larga au sen de la populacion, un virús pauc patogèn pòu ansin tuar de milions de personas. Pasmens, se sei proprietats patogènas aumenta, coma èra lo cas per la <a href="/wiki/Gripa_espanh%C3%B2la" title="Gripa espanhòla">gripa espanhòla</a>, de catastròfas sanitàrias son possiblas amb de desenaus de milions de victimas. Per aquelei rasons, la gripa es l'objècte d'una susvelhança particulara dins lei país <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">asiatics</a> e d'estudis importants son en cors per assaiar d'identificar lei socas novèlas de virús ò per descubrir lei proprietats dei socas viralas de <a href="/wiki/1918" class="mw-redirect" title="1918">1918</a>-<a href="/wiki/1919" class="mw-redirect" title="1919">1919</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liames_intèrnes"><span id="Liames_int.C3.A8rnes"></span>Liames intèrnes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Modificar la seccion : Liames intèrnes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&action=edit&section=27" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Liames intèrnes"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Modificar la seccion : Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&action=edit&section=28" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Bibliografia"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nòtas_e_referéncias"><span id="N.C3.B2tas_e_refer.C3.A9ncias"></span>Nòtas e referéncias</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Modificar la seccion : Nòtas e referéncias" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gripa&action=edit&section=29" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Nòtas e referéncias"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Berche, <i>Une histoire des microbes</i>, John Libbey Eurotext, 2007, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Berche, <i>Faut-il encore avoir peur de la grippe ?</i>, Odile Jacob, 2012, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Martin P e E. Martin-Granel, <i>« 2,500-year evolution of the term epidemic »</i>, <i>Emerg Infect Dis</i>, vol. 12, n°6,‎ junh de 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">C.W. Potter, <i>"A history of influenza"</i>, <i>J. Appl. Microbiol.</i>, <b>91</b> (4): 572–579.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taubenberger/Morens_2009-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Taubenberger/Morens_2009_5-0">5,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Taubenberger/Morens_2009_5-1">5,1</a></sup> et <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Taubenberger/Morens_2009_5-2">5,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">J.K. Taubenberger e D.M. Morens, <i>"Pandemic influenza – including a risk assessment of H5N1"</i>, <i>Rev. Sci. Tech.</i>, 2009, <b>28</b> (1): 187–202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theophilus_Thomson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theophilus Thomson (la pagina existís pas)">Theophilus Thomson</a>, <i>Annals of Influenza or Epidemic Catarrhal Fever in Great Britain from 1510 to 1837</i>, Sydenham Soc., 1852.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Knobler, A. Mack, A. Mahmoud A e S. Lemon, <i>The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary</i>, <i>« 1: The Story of Influenza »</i>, The National Academies Press, 2005, pp. 60–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Clarke, L. Schonberger, N. Arden, N. Cox e K. Fukuda, <i>« Pandemic versus epidemic influenza mortality: a pattern of changing age distribution. »</i>, <i>J. Infect. Dis.</i>, 1998, <b>178</b> (1) : 53–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Taubenberger, A. Reid, T. Janczewski e T. Fanning, <i>« Integrating historical, clinical and molecular genetic data in order to explain the origin and virulence of the 1918 Spanish influenza virus. »</i>, Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, vol. 356, no 1416, 29 de decembre de 2001, pp. 1829–1839.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul E. William, <i>Fundamental Immunology</i>, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008, p. 1273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sundar S. Shrestha, David L. Swerdlow, Rebekah H. Borse, Vimalanand S. Prabhu, Lyn Finelli, Charisma Y. Atkins, Kwame Owus-Edusei, Beth Bell, Paul S. Mead, Matthew Biggerstaff, Lynnette Brammer, Heidi Davidson, Daniel Jernigan, Michael A. Jhung, Laurie A. Kamimoto, Toby L. Merlin, Mackenzie Nowell, Stephen C. Redd, Carrie Reed, Anne Schuchat, Martin I. Meltzer, <i>"Estimating the Burden of 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) in the United States (April 2009–April 2010)"</i>, 2011, <i>Clinical Infectious Diseases</i>, <b>52</b> (suppl 1): S75–S82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Kuhnert, H. Christensen, <i>Pasteurellaceae: Biology, Genomics and Molecular Aspects</i>, Caister Academic Press, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">John M. Eyler, <i>The Fog of Research: Influenza Vaccine Trials during the 1918–19 Pandemic </i>, <i>Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences</i>, 2009, <b>64</b> (4) : 401-428.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">K. Shimizu, <i>"History of influenza epidemics and discovery of influenza virus"</i>, <i>Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine</i>, 1997, <b>55</b> (10): 2505–2511.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">T. Jr. Francis, <i>A new type of virus from epidemic influenza</i>, <i>Science</i>, 1940, <b>92</b> : 405-408.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shuo Su, Xinliang Fu, Gairu Li, Fiona Kerlin, Michael Veit, <i>"Novel Influenza D virus: Epidemiology, pathology, evolution and biological characteristics"</i>, <i>Virulence</i>, 2017, <b>8</b> (8): 1580–1591.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">I. A. Wilson, J. Skehel, D. C. Wiley, <i>"Structure of the haemagglutinin membrane glycoprotein of influenza virus at 3 Å resolution"</i>, <i>Nature</i>, <b>289</b> (5796): 366–373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">En realitat, aviá ja començat aperevans. Pasmens, fins ais 1930, èra a assaiar de trobar un vaccin còntra lo <a href="/wiki/Bact%C3%A8ri" title="Bactèri">bactèri</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haemophilus_influenzae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haemophilus influenzae (la pagina existís pas)">Haemophilus influenzae</a></i> qu'èra estat identificat a tòrt coma lo gèrme responsable de la gripa.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">De l'<a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">anglés</a> « hemagglutinin ».</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">En leis <a href="/wiki/Auc%C3%A8u" class="mw-redirect" title="Aucèu">aucèus</a>, lo <a href="/wiki/Vir%C3%BAs" class="mw-redirect" title="Virús">virús</a> ataca puslèu lei cellulas de l'<a href="/wiki/Intestin" title="Intestin">intestin</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lei tres virús presentan tanben de diferéncias entre lei proteïnas qu'asseguran l'estructura de l'envolopa virala ela meteissa.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Suarez, E. Spackman E, D. Senne, L. Bulaga, A. Welsch e K. Froberg, <i>« The effect of various disinfectants on detection of avian influenza virus by real time RT-PCR »</i>, <i>Avian Diseases</i>, vol. 47, n°3 Supl., 2003, pp. 1091–1095.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Una <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperatura</a> de 56°C aplicada durant 60 mn permet tanben de desactivar lo virús. Un mitan quimic <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acid</a> (pH < 2) pòu tanben lo neutralizar.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">C. B. Hall, <i>"The spread of influenza and other respiratory viruses: complexities and conjectures"</i>, 2007, <i>Clinical Infectious Diseases</i>, <b>45</b> (3): 353–359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">T. P. Weber, N. I. Stilianakis, <i>"Inactivation of influenza A viruses in the environment and modes of transmission: a critical review"</i>, 2008, <i>The Journal of Infection</i>, <b>57</b> (5): 361–373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">D'autrei sostipes son capables d'infectar d'autrei <a href="/wiki/Mamif%C3%A8r" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamifèr">mamifèrs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chivau" class="mw-redirect" title="Chivau">chivau</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B2rc" class="mw-redirect" title="Pòrc">pòrc</a>, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B2ca" title="Fòca">fòca</a>...).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECN_Pilly_2018-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ECN_Pilly_2018_27-0">27,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ECN_Pilly_2018_27-1">27,1</a></sup> et <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ECN_Pilly_2018_27-2">27,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">ECN Pilly 2018, « UE6 n°162 - Grippe », Edicions Alinéa Plus, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Influenza Antiviral Medications: Summary for Clinicians</i>, CDC, consultada lo 15 d'abriu de <a href="/wiki/2019" class="mw-redirect" title="2019">2019</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/antivirals/summary-clinicians.htm">[1]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Influenza (Seasonal)</i>, Organizacion Mondiala de la Santat, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.who.int/fr/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(seasonal)">[2]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">H. H. Sandstead, A. S. Prasad, <i>« Zinc Intake and Resistance to H1N1 Influenza »</i>, <i>Am. J. Public Health</i>, 2010, <b>100</b>(6):970-971.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. N. Meydani, <i>« Serum zinc and pneumonia in nursing home elderly »</i>, <i>Am. J. Clin. Nutr.</i>, 2007, <b>86</b>:1167–1173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">H. H. Sandstead et al., <i>« Zinc deficiency in Mexican American children: influence of zinc and other micronutrients on T cells, cytokines, and antiinflammatory plasma proteins »</i>, Am. J. Clin. Nutr.<i>, 2008, <b>88</b>:1067–1073.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">V. Srivastava, <i>« Influenza A virus induced apoptosis: Inhibition of DNA laddering & caspase-3 activity by zinc supplementation in cultured HeLa cells »</i>, <i>Indian J. Med. Res.</i>, n°129, mai de 2009, pp. 579-586.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. T. Osterholm, N.S Kelley, A. Sommer e E.A. Belongia, <i>"Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines : a systematic review and meta-analysis"</i>, 2012, <i>Lancet Infect Dis.</i>, <b>12</b>(1):36-44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">D.M. Skowronski, CChambers, SSabaiduc, G. De Serres, A.L. Winter, J.A. Dickinson et al., <i>"A perfect storm : Impact of genomic variation and serial vaccination on low influenza vaccine effectiveness during the 2014-15 season"</i>, 2016, <i>Clin Infect Dis.</i>, <b>63</b>(1):21-32.</span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Recuperada de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gripa&oldid=2446392">https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gripa&oldid=2446392</a> »</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categorias de la pagina</a> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:P%C3%A0gines_amb_mides_d%27imatge_que_contenen_px_addicionals" title="Categoria:Pàgines amb mides d'imatge que contenen px addicionals">Pàgines amb mides d'imatge que contenen px addicionals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Article_redigit_en_proven%C3%A7au" title="Categoria:Article redigit en provençau">Article redigit en provençau</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Aquela pagina es estada modificada pel darrièr còp lo 22 agost de 2024 a 19.49.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span style="white-space: normal"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:Drech_d%27autor" title="Wikipèdia:Drech d'autor">Drech d'autor</a> : Los tèxtes son disponibles jos <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">licéncia Creative Commons paternitat pertatge a l’identic</a> ; d’autras condicions se pòdon aplicar. 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