CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"21cc4b0f-e939-49e4-911a-20174d16c860","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia","wgTitle":"Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia","wgCurRevisionId":1258535235,"wgRevisionId":1258535235,"wgArticleId":164382,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Danish-language sources (da)","CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1 errors: missing periodical","CS1 Thai-language sources (th)","CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)","CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)","CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)","CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata", "Use dmy dates from July 2024","Use British English from December 2016","Articles containing Russian-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Good articles","1878 births","1918 deaths","19th-century people from the Russian Empire","20th-century Russian people","20th-century executions by Russia","Grand dukes of Russia","Emperors of Russia","House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov","Members of the State Council (Russian Empire)","Executed royalty","Murdered Russian royalty","Deaths by firearm in Russia","Victims of Red Terror in Soviet Russia","Pretenders to the Russian throne","Sons of Russian emperors","Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Russia)","Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class","Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class","Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Fourth Degree","Recipients of the Gold Sword for Bravery", "Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary","Recipients of the Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog","Knights of the Order of the Dannebrog","Knights of Malta","Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour","Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania","Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal)","Grand Crosses of the Order of Aviz","Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain","Extra Knights Companion of the Garter","Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath","Children of Alexander III of Russia","Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)","Sons of dukes"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia","wgRelevantArticleId":164382,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{ "status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q154444","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready", "site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents", "ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Mihail_II.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Mihail_II.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1067"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="853"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia rootpage-Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Grand+Duke+Michael+Alexandrovich+of+Russia" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Grand+Duke+Michael+Alexandrovich+of+Russia" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Grand+Duke+Michael+Alexandrovich+of+Russia" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Grand+Duke+Michael+Alexandrovich+of+Russia" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Early life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_career_and_public_duties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_career_and_public_duties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Military career and public duties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_career_and_public_duties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Romances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retreat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retreat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Retreat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retreat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Increasing_public_unrest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Increasing_public_unrest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Increasing public unrest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Increasing_public_unrest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abdication_of_Nicholas_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abdication_of_Nicholas_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Abdication of Nicholas II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abdication_of_Nicholas_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Arrest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imprisonment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imprisonment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Imprisonment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imprisonment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regimental_affiliations_and_commands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regimental_affiliations_and_commands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Regimental affiliations and commands </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regimental_affiliations_and_commands-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Regimental affiliations and commands subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Regimental_affiliations_and_commands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Russian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Foreign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Honours </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Ancestry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" > 42 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groothertog_Michail_Aleksandrowitsj_van_Rusland" title="Groothertog Michail Aleksandrowitsj van Rusland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Groothertog Michail Aleksandrowitsj van Rusland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="الدوق الأكبر ميخائيل أليكساندروفيتش من روسيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الدوق الأكبر ميخائيل أليكساندروفيتش من روسيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixail_Romanov" title="Mixail Romanov – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mixail Romanov" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihail_Aleksandrovi%C4%8D" title="Mihail Aleksandrovič – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Mihail Aleksandrovič" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_(%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0_III)" title="Міхаіл Аляксандравіч (сын Аляксандра III) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Міхаіл Аляксандравіч (сын Аляксандра III)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miquel_Aleks%C3%A0ndrovitx_de_R%C3%BAssia" title="Miquel Aleksàndrovitx de Rússia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Miquel Aleksàndrovitx de Rússia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michail_Alexandrovi%C4%8D_Romanov" title="Michail Alexandrovič Romanov – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Michail Alexandrovič Romanov" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Aleksandrovitj_af_Rusland" title="Mikhail Aleksandrovitj af Rusland – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mikhail Aleksandrovitj af Rusland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michail_Alexandrowitsch_Romanow" title="Michail Alexandrowitsch Romanow – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Michail Alexandrowitsch Romanow" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihhail_Aleksandrovit%C5%A1" title="Mihhail Aleksandrovitš – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mihhail Aleksandrovitš" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AE%CE%BB_%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%B9%CF%84%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A1%CF%89%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Μιχαήλ Αλεξάντροβιτς της Ρωσίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μιχαήλ Αλεξάντροβιτς της Ρωσίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Rom%C3%A1nov" title="Miguel Románov – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Miguel Románov" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikel_Aleksandrovitx_Romanov" title="Mikel Aleksandrovitx Romanov – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mikel Aleksandrovitx Romanov" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Alexandrovitch_de_Russie" title="Michel Alexandrovitch de Russie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Michel Alexandrovitch de Russie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Aleksandrovich_Romanov" title="Miguel Aleksandrovich Romanov – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Miguel Aleksandrovich Romanov" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%ED%95%98%EC%9D%BC_%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%89%EC%82%B0%EB%93%9C%EB%A1%9C%EB%B9%84%EC%B9%98_%EB%8C%80%EA%B3%B5" title="미하일 알렉산드로비치 대공 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미하일 알렉산드로비치 대공" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%AC_%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B9_%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Միխայիլ Ալեքսանդրովիչ Ռոմանով – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միխայիլ Ալեքսանդրովիչ Ռոմանով" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihajlo_Aleksandrovi%C4%8D_Romanov" title="Mihajlo Aleksandrovič Romanov – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mihajlo Aleksandrovič Romanov" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michail_Aleksandrovi%C4%8D_Romanov" title="Michail Aleksandrovič Romanov – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Michail Aleksandrovič Romanov" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99,_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94" title="מיכאיל השני, קיסר רוסיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיכאיל השני, קיסר רוסיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AB%E1%83%94" title="მიხეილ ალექსანდრეს ძე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მიხეილ ალექსანდრეს ძე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihails_Aleksandrovi%C4%8Ds_(lielk%C5%86azs)" title="Mihails Aleksandrovičs (lielkņazs) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mihails Aleksandrovičs (lielkņazs)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michailas_Aleksandrovi%C4%8Dius_(1878)" title="Michailas Aleksandrovičius (1878) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Michailas Aleksandrovičius (1878)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihail_Alekszandrovics_Romanov_orosz_nagyherceg" title="Mihail Alekszandrovics Romanov orosz nagyherceg – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mihail Alekszandrovics Romanov orosz nagyherceg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="الدوق الاكبر ميخائيل اليكساندروفيتش من روسيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الدوق الاكبر ميخائيل اليكساندروفيتش من روسيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C3%ABl_Aleksandrovitsj_van_Rusland" title="Michaël Aleksandrovitsj van Rusland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Michaël Aleksandrovitsj van Rusland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%81_(1878-1918)" title="ミハイル・アレクサンドロヴィチ (1878-1918) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミハイル・アレクサンドロヴィチ (1878-1918)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Aleksandrovitsj_av_Russland" title="Mikhail Aleksandrovitsj av Russland – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mikhail Aleksandrovitsj av Russland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Romanow_(1878%E2%80%931918)" title="Michał Romanow (1878–1918) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Michał Romanow (1878–1918)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Alexandrovich_da_R%C3%BAssia" title="Miguel Alexandrovich da Rússia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Miguel Alexandrovich da Rússia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marele_Duce_Mihail_Alexandrovici_al_Rusiei" title="Marele Duce Mihail Alexandrovici al Rusiei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marele Duce Mihail Alexandrovici al Rusiei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_(%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0_III)" title="Михаил Александрович (сын Александра III) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Михаил Александрович (сын Александра III)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Михаил Александрович – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Михаил Александрович" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihajlo_Aleksandrovi%C4%8D" title="Mihajlo Aleksandrovič – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mihajlo Aleksandrovič" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikael_Aleksandrovit%C5%A1_Romanov" title="Mikael Aleksandrovitš Romanov – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mikael Aleksandrovitš Romanov" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michail_Aleksandrovitj" title="Michail Aleksandrovitj – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Michail Aleksandrovitj" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="แกรนด์ดยุกมีฮาอิล อะเลคซันโดรวิชแห่งรัสเซีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แกรนด์ดยุกมีฮาอิล อะเลคซันโดรวิชแห่งรัสเซีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihail_Aleksandrovi%C3%A7" title="Mihail Aleksandroviç – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mihail Aleksandroviç" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Михайло Олександрович – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Михайло Олександрович" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Aleksandrovich_c%E1%BB%A7a_Nga" title="Mikhail Aleksandrovich của Nga – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mikhail Aleksandrovich của Nga" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%93%88%E4%BC%8A%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87_(1878%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941918%E5%B9%B4)" title="米哈伊尔·亚历山德罗维奇 (1878年—1918年) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="米哈伊尔·亚历山德罗维奇 (1878年—1918年)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q154444#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia&oldid=1258535235" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia&id=1258535235&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGrand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGrand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q154444" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Russian Grand Duke; de jure last Emperor of All the Russias (1878–1918)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is Alexandrovich.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Mihail_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Mihail_II.jpg/220px-Mihail_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Mihail_II.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">4 December [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 22 November] 1878<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anichkov_Palace" title="Anichkov Palace">Anichkov Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">13 June 1918(1918-06-13) (aged 39) <a href="/wiki/Perm,_Russia" title="Perm, Russia">Perm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Soviet Republic">Russian Soviet Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Brasova" title="Natalia Brasova">Natalia Brasova</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1912)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Mikhailovich,_Count_Brasov" title="George Mikhailovich, Count Brasov">George Mikhailovich, Count Brasov</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Michael Alexandrovich Romanov</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romanov-Holstein-Gottorp" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanov-Holstein-Gottorp">Romanov-Holstein-Gottorp</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III of Russia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Feodorovna_(Dagmar_of_Denmark)" title="Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)">Dagmar of Denmark</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Михаи́л Алекса́ндрович, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: Mikhail Aleksandrovich; 4 December [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 22 November] 1878 – 13 June 1918) was the youngest son and fifth child of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III of Russia</a> and youngest brother of <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a>. He was <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Russia" title="Emperor of Russia">Emperor of Russia</a> after his brother <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a> abdicated in 1917 and proclaimed his brother "Emperor Michael II", but Michael declined to take power a day later. Michael was born during the reign of his paternal grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a>. He was then fourth in line to the throne after his father and elder brothers Nicholas and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_George_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia">George</a>. After the assassination of his grandfather in 1881, he became third in line and, in 1894, after the death of his father, second in line. George died in 1899, leaving Michael as <a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">heir presumptive</a> to Nicholas II. The birth of Nicholas's son <a href="/wiki/Tsarevich_Alexei_Nikolaevich_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich of Russia">Alexei</a> in 1904 moved Michael back to second in line, but Alexei was gravely ill with <a href="/wiki/Hemophilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemophilia">hemophilia</a> and Michael suspected the boy would die, leaving him as heir. Michael caused a commotion at the imperial court when he took <a href="/wiki/Natalia_Brasova" title="Natalia Brasova">Natalia Sergeyevna Wulfert</a>, a married woman, as a lover. Nicholas sent Michael to <a href="/wiki/Oryol" title="Oryol">Orel</a> to avoid scandal but this did not deter Michael, who travelled frequently to see his mistress. After the couple's only child, <a href="/wiki/George_Mikhailovich,_Count_Brasov" title="George Mikhailovich, Count Brasov">George</a>, was born in 1910, Michael brought Natalia to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, where she was shunned by society. In 1912, Michael shocked Nicholas by marrying Natalia in the hope that he would be removed from the line of succession. Michael and Natalia left Russia to live in exile abroad in France, Switzerland and England. After the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Michael returned to Russia, assuming command of a cavalry division. When Nicholas abdicated on 15 March [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 2 March] 1917, Michael was named as his successor instead of Alexei. Michael, however, deferred acceptance of the throne until ratification by an elected assembly. He was never confirmed as emperor and, following the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> of 1917, he was imprisoned and murdered.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1888._%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black-and-white photograph of bald and bearded Alexander III wearing a military uniform and surrounded by his children and wife." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/1888._%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0_III.jpg/220px-1888._%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/1888._%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0_III.jpg/330px-1888._%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/1888._%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0_III.jpg/440px-1888._%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1298" data-file-height="1994" /></a><figcaption>Grand Duke Michael (far left) with his parents and siblings. Back row (left to right): <a href="/wiki/Maria_Feodorovna_(Dagmar_of_Denmark)" title="Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)">Empress Marie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Grand Duke Nicholas (later Nicholas II)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Xenia_Alexandrovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Xenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_George_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke George</a>. Front: <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Olga_Alexandrovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Olga</a>. Middle: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a>. </figcaption></figure> Michael was born at <a href="/wiki/Anichkov_Palace" title="Anichkov Palace">Anichkov Palace</a> on <a href="/wiki/Nevsky_Prospekt" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevsky Prospekt">Nevsky Prospekt</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> as the youngest son and penultimate child of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Tsesarevich Alexander of Russia</a> and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Feodorovna_(Dagmar_of_Denmark)" title="Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)">Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)</a>. His maternal grandparents were King <a href="/wiki/Christian_IX_of_Denmark" title="Christian IX of Denmark">Christian IX of Denmark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Hesse-Kassel" title="Louise of Hesse-Kassel">Louise of Hesse-Kassel</a>. His paternal grandmother <a href="/wiki/Maria_Alexandrovna_(Marie_of_Hesse)" title="Maria Alexandrovna (Marie of Hesse)">Maria Alexandrovna (Marie of Hesse)</a> died before his second birthday. His paternal grandfather, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II of Russia</a>, was assassinated on 1 March 1881 and, as a result, Michael's parents became Emperor and Empress of All the Russias before his third birthday.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> After the assassination, the new Tsar Alexander III moved his family, including Michael, to the greater safety of <a href="/wiki/Gatchina_Palace" title="Gatchina Palace">Gatchina Palace</a>, which was 29 miles southwest of Saint Petersburg and surrounded by a moat.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Michael was raised in the company of his younger sister, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Olga_Alexandrovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia">Olga</a>, who nicknamed him "Floppy" because he "flopped" into chairs; his elder siblings and parents called him "Misha".<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Conditions in the nursery were modest, even spartan.<a href="#cite_note-v4-6">[6]</a> The children slept on hard camp beds, rose at dawn, washed in cold water and ate a simple porridge for breakfast.<a href="#cite_note-v4-6">[6]</a> Michael, like his siblings, was taught by private tutors and was cared for by an English nanny, Mrs Elizabeth Franklin.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Michael and Olga frequently went on hikes in the forests around Gatchina with their father, who took the opportunity to teach them <a href="/wiki/Bushcraft" title="Bushcraft">woodsmanship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Physical activities such as <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">equestrianism</a> were also taught at an early age,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> as was religious observance. Though Christmas and Easter were times of celebration and extravagance, Lent was strictly observed—meat, dairy products and any form of entertainment were avoided.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Family holidays were taken in the summer at <a href="/wiki/Peterhof_Palace" title="Peterhof Palace">Peterhof Palace</a> and with Michael's grandparents in Denmark.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Michael was almost 16 when his father fell fatally ill; the annual trip to Denmark was cancelled.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> On 1 November 1894, Alexander III died at the untimely age of 49.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Michael's eldest brother, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas</a>, became Tsar, and Michael's childhood was effectively over.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_career_and_public_duties">Military career and public duties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military career and public duties">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mikhail_Aleksandrovich_by_Repin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sketch in oils of Michael: a brown-haired man with a moustache wearing a military uniform and medals sitting at a table with a sheet of paper in front of him" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mikhail_Aleksandrovich_by_Repin.JPG/220px-Mikhail_Aleksandrovich_by_Repin.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mikhail_Aleksandrovich_by_Repin.JPG/330px-Mikhail_Aleksandrovich_by_Repin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mikhail_Aleksandrovich_by_Repin.JPG/440px-Mikhail_Aleksandrovich_by_Repin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="785" /></a><figcaption>Oil painting by <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Repin" title="Ilya Repin">Ilya Repin</a> of Michael at the State Council, 1901</figcaption></figure> Michael's mother, Dowager Empress Marie, moved back to Anichkov Palace with Michael and Olga. Like most male members of his family, Michael was enrolled in the military. He completed training at a gunnery school and joined the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Guard (Russia)">Horse Guards Artillery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-c24-16">[16]</a> In November 1898, he attained legal adulthood and, just eight months later, became <a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">heir presumptive</a> to Nicholas as the middle brother, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_George_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia">George</a>, was killed in a motorcycle accident.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> George's death and the subsequent change in the line of succession highlighted that Nicholas lacked a son. As the succession was limited to males, his three daughters were ineligible. When Nicholas's wife, <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Feodorovna_(Alix_of_Hesse)" title="Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)">Alexandra</a>, became pregnant in 1900 she hoped that the child would be male. She manoeuvred to get herself declared regent for her unborn child in the event of Nicholas's death, but the government disagreed and determined that Michael would succeed regardless of the unborn child's gender. She was delivered of a fourth daughter the following year.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Michael was perceived as unremarkable, quiet and good-natured.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> He performed the usual public duties expected of an heir to the throne. In 1901, he represented Russia at the funeral of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> and was given the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Order of the Bath</a>. The following year he was made a <a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Garter" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Garter">Knight of the Garter</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">King Edward VII's</a> <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_British_monarch" title="Coronation of the British monarch">coronation</a> honours.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In June 1902, Michael transferred to the Blue <a href="/wiki/Cuirassier" title="Cuirassier">Cuirassier</a> Regiment<a href="#cite_note-c24-16">[16]</a> and moved to <a href="/wiki/Gatchina" title="Gatchina">Gatchina</a>, where the regiment was based.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Since coming of age, Michael had assumed financial independence. His assets included the largest sugar refinery in the country, capital amounting to millions of roubles, a collection of motor vehicles, and country estates at Otrovo in <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Russian Poland</a> and Brasovo near <a href="/wiki/Oryol" title="Oryol">Orel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Michael was heir presumptive until 12 August 1904, when the birth of <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Nikolaevich,_Tsarevich_of_Russia" title="Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia">Tsarevich Alexei</a> to Nicholas and Alexandra provided an <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a>. Michael again became second-in-line to the throne, but was named as co-regent for the boy, along with Alexandra, in the event of Nicholas's death.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Romances">Romances</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Romances">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beatriceedinburgh1884.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Beatriceedinburgh1884.jpg/220px-Beatriceedinburgh1884.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Beatriceedinburgh1884.jpg/330px-Beatriceedinburgh1884.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Beatriceedinburgh1884.jpg/440px-Beatriceedinburgh1884.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="721" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Princess_Beatrice_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></figcaption></figure> In 1902, Michael met <a href="/wiki/Princess_Beatrice_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a>. They fell in love and began to correspond in her native English.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Michael spoke both French and English fluently.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> At first it seemed they would marry; however, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> prohibited the marriage of first cousins, and Michael's father and Beatrice's mother were siblings. Nicholas refused to permit the marriage and, to Michael's and Beatrice's mutual dismay, their romance ended.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Michael's attention turned to Alexandra Kossikovskaya (September 1875, Orel region – 1923, Berlin), known affectionately as "Dina", who was his sister Olga's <a href="/wiki/Lady-in-waiting_of_the_Imperial_Court_of_Russia" title="Lady-in-waiting of the Imperial Court of Russia">lady-in-waiting</a>. Dina's father, Vladimir Kossikovsky, was a lawyer and Dina was a <a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">commoner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-c12-28">[28]</a> Michael rejected the notion, proposed by his friends, that he keep her as a mistress,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> and in July 1906, he wrote to Nicholas asking permission to marry her.<a href="#cite_note-c12-28">[28]</a> Nicholas and Dowager Empress Marie were appalled.<a href="#cite_note-c12-28">[28]</a> Both felt that royalty should marry royalty and, according to <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Laws" title="Pauline Laws">Russian house law</a>, any children of a marriage between a royal and a commoner would be ineligible for the succession. Nicholas threatened to revoke Michael's army commission and exile him from Russia if he married without his permission.<a href="#cite_note-c12-28">[28]</a> Marie had Dina dismissed as Olga's lady-in-waiting and took Michael to Denmark until mid-September.<a href="#cite_note-c12-28">[28]</a> Shortly after his return to Russia, three British newspapers announced on 24 September 1906 that Michael was to marry <a href="/wiki/Princess_Patricia_of_Connaught" title="Princess Patricia of Connaught">Princess Patricia of Connaught</a>,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> but neither he nor Patricia knew anything about it. <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a> issued a denial.<a href="#cite_note-c13-31">[31]</a> Nevertheless, two years later, in October 1908, Michael visited London, and he and Patricia were "paired" at social engagements. It seems likely that Michael's mother was plotting to get him married to a more suitable bride<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> and the originator of the false report, <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> correspondent Guy Beringer, read too much into the plans.<a href="#cite_note-c13-31">[31]</a> Michael and Dina were planning to elope, but their plans were stymied as Dina was under surveillance by the <a href="/wiki/Okhrana" title="Okhrana">Okhrana</a>, Nicholas's secret police, and she was prevented from travelling.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Under family pressure and unable to see Dina, by August 1907 Michael appeared to be losing interest.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Dina went to live abroad. She never married and believed herself to be Michael's rightful fiancée, but their romance was over.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brasova.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three-quarter length portrait photograph of Natalia wearing an Edwardian-style dress and hat with furs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Brasova.jpg/220px-Brasova.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="385" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Brasova.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Natalia Brasova</figcaption></figure> In early December 1907, Michael was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Natalia_Brasova" title="Natalia Brasova">Natalia Sergeyevna Wulfert</a>, the wife of a fellow officer, and from 1908 they began a deep friendship.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Natalia was a <a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">commoner</a> who had a daughter from her first marriage. By August 1909, they were lovers,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> and, by November 1909, Natalia was living apart from her second husband in an apartment in Moscow paid for by Michael.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> In an attempt to prevent scandal, Nicholas transferred Michael to the Chernigov <a href="/wiki/Hussar" title="Hussar">Hussars</a> at Orel, 250 miles from Moscow, but Michael travelled from there several times a month to see Natalia.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Their only child, <a href="/wiki/George,_Count_Brasov" class="mw-redirect" title="George, Count Brasov">George</a> (named after Michael's dead brother) was born in July 1910, before her divorce from her second husband was finalised.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> To ensure that the child could be recognised as his, rather than Wulfert's, Michael had the date of the divorce back-dated. Nicholas issued a decree giving the boy the surname "Brasov", taken from Michael's estate at Brasovo, which was a tacit acknowledgement that Michael was the father.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In May 1911, Nicholas permitted Natalia to move from Moscow to Brasovo and granted her the surname "Brasova".<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In May 1912, Michael went to Copenhagen for the funeral of his uncle King <a href="/wiki/Frederik_VIII_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederik VIII of Denmark">Frederik VIII of Denmark</a>, where he fell ill with a stomach ulcer that was to trouble him for years afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> After a holiday in France, where he and Natalia were trailed by the Okhrana, Michael was transferred back to Saint Petersburg to command the Chevalier Gardes. He took Natalia to the capital with him and set her up in an apartment, but she was shunned by society and, within a few months, he had moved her to a villa in Gatchina.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage">Marriage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Marriage">edit</a>]</div> In September 1912, Michael and Natalia spent a holiday abroad and, as usual, they were trailed by the Okhrana. In <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Michael announced that he and Natalia would drive to <a href="/wiki/Cannes" title="Cannes">Cannes</a> and instructed his staff to follow by train. The Okhrana was under instructions to follow by train rather than car, so Michael and Natalia would be unaccompanied on their journey south. Michael's journey was a deliberate ruse.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> On the way to Cannes, the couple diverted to <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, where they were married on 16 October 1912 by Father Misitsch at the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox Church</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sava" title="Saint Sava">Saint Sava</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> A few days later, after travelling through <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, they arrived at Cannes, where George and Natalia's daughter from her first marriage joined them.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Two weeks after the marriage, Michael wrote to his mother and brother to inform them.<a href="#cite_note-c129-48">[48]</a> They were both horrified by Michael's action. His mother said it was "unspeakably awful in every way",<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> and his brother was shocked that his brother had "broken his word ... that he would not marry her".<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Nicholas was particularly upset because his heir, Alexei, was gravely ill with <a href="/wiki/Haemophilia" title="Haemophilia">haemophilia</a>, which Michael cited as one of his reasons for marrying Natalia.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Michael feared that he would become heir presumptive again on Alexei's death and would never be able to marry Natalia. By marrying her beforehand, he would be removed from the line of succession early and preclude losing Natalia.<a href="#cite_note-c129-48">[48]</a> In a series of decrees over December 1912 and January 1913, Nicholas relieved Michael of his command, banished him from Russia, froze all his assets in Russia, seized control of his estates and removed him from the Regency.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Society in Russia was shocked at the severity of Nicholas's reprisal, but there was little sympathy for Natalia.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> She was not entitled to be known as <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchess">Grand Duchess</a>; she instead used the style "Madame or Countess Brasova".<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> For six months, they stayed in hotels in France and Switzerland without any decrease in their standard of living. They were visited by Michael's sister <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Xenia_Alexandrovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Xenia</a> and cousin <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Andrei_Vladimirovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich of Russia">Grand Duke Andrew</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In July 1913, they saw Michael's mother in London, who told Natalia "a few home truths", according to Xenia's diary.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> After another trip to continental Europe, Michael took a one-year lease on <a href="/wiki/Knebworth_House" title="Knebworth House">Knebworth House</a>, a staffed and furnished stately home 20 miles north of London.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Michael's finances were stretched as he had to rely on remittances sent from Russia at Nicholas's command, and Nicholas still controlled all his estates and assets.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War">War</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: War">edit</a>]</div> Upon the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in 1914, Michael telegraphed the Emperor, requesting permission to return to Russia to serve in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">army</a> – providing his wife and son could come too. Nicholas agreed, and Michael travelled back to Saint Petersburg via <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>, Norway, Sweden and Finland. Michael had already leased <a href="/wiki/Paddockhurst" class="mw-redirect" title="Paddockhurst">Paddockhurst</a> in Sussex, an estate larger than Knebworth, and had planned to move there on the expiry of the Knebworth lease. He moved his furniture and furnishings there. The war was not expected to last long and the couple assumed they would be moving back to England at its conclusion. In the meantime, Michael offered its use to the British military.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> At Saint Petersburg, renamed Petrograd in September [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> August] 1914, they moved into a villa at 24 Nikolaevskaya street, Gatchina, that Michael had bought for Natalia. Natalia was not permitted to live in any of the imperial palaces.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GrandDukeMikhailAlexandrovich--nsillustratedwar04londuoft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Classically handsome Michael in wearing military uniform" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/GrandDukeMikhailAlexandrovich--nsillustratedwar04londuoft.jpg/220px-GrandDukeMikhailAlexandrovich--nsillustratedwar04londuoft.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/GrandDukeMikhailAlexandrovich--nsillustratedwar04londuoft.jpg/330px-GrandDukeMikhailAlexandrovich--nsillustratedwar04londuoft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/GrandDukeMikhailAlexandrovich--nsillustratedwar04londuoft.jpg/440px-GrandDukeMikhailAlexandrovich--nsillustratedwar04londuoft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1787" data-file-height="2092" /></a><figcaption>Michael, 1917</figcaption></figure> The Grand Duke, promoted from his previous rank of colonel to major-general, received command of a newly formed division: the <a href="/wiki/Savage_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Savage Division">Caucasian Native Cavalry</a>, which became known as the "Savage Division". The appointment was perceived as a demotion because the division mostly comprised new Muslim recruits rather than the elite troops that Michael had commanded previously.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The six regiments in the division were each composed of a different ethnic group: <a href="/wiki/Chechen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chechen people">Chechens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestanis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabardians" title="Kabardians">Kabardin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ingush_people" title="Ingush people">Ingush</a>, commanded by ethnic Russian officers. The men were all volunteers, as conscription did not apply to the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>. Although it was difficult to maintain discipline, they formed an effective fighting force.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> For his actions commanding his troops in the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian mountains">Carpathian mountains</a> in January 1915 Michael earned the military's highest honour, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._George" title="Order of St. George">Order of St. George</a>, 4th Class. Unlike his brother the Emperor, he proved a popular military leader.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> By January 1915 the horrific nature of the war had become apparent. Michael felt "greatly embittered towards people in general and most of all towards those who are at the top, who hold power and allow all that horror to happen. If the question of war were decided by the people at large, I would not be so passionately averse to that great calamity."<a href="#cite_note-c172-64">[64]</a> Michael confessed in a letter to his wife that he felt "ashamed to face the people, i.e. the soldiers and officers, particularly when visiting field hospitals, where so much suffering is to be seen, for they might think that one is also responsible, for one is placed so high and yet has failed to prevent all that from happening and protect one's country from this disaster."<a href="#cite_note-c172-64">[64]</a> At the start of the war, Michael wrote to Nicholas asking him to <a href="/wiki/Legitimation#Family_law" title="Legitimation">legitimise</a> his son in order that the boy would be provided for in the event of Michael's death at the front.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Eventually Nicholas agreed to make George legitimate and granted him the style of "Count Brasov" by decree on 26 March 1915.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retreat">Retreat</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Retreat">edit</a>]</div> By June 1915, the Russians were in retreat. When <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Constantine_Constantinovich_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke Constantine Constantinovich of Russia">Grand Duke Constantine</a> died that month, Michael was the only member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">imperial family</a> absent from the funeral in Petrograd. Natalia chided him for his absence and Michael retorted that it was simply wrong for his relatives to abandon their units to attend Constantine's funeral at such a time.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The American war correspondent, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Washburn" title="Stanley Washburn">Stanley Washburn</a>, reported that Michael wore "a simple uniform with nothing to indicate his rank but shoulder straps of the same material as his uniform".<a href="#cite_note-washburn-68">[68]</a> Michael was "unaffected and democratic" and "living so simply in a dirty village".<a href="#cite_note-washburn-68">[68]</a> Natalia was appalled that Michael eschewed fancy uniforms and decorations for life at the front,<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> but he was convinced "that at such a difficult time I must serve Russia and serve here at the front".<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In July 1915, Michael caught <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a> but recovered.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The war was going badly for Russia and the following month Nicholas appointed himself Supreme Commander of the Russian forces. The move was not welcomed.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Nicholas's bad decisions included instructing Michael to authorise a payment to a friend of <a href="/wiki/Rasputin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasputin">Rasputin</a>, an army engineer called Bratolyubov, who claimed to have invented a devastating flame-thrower. The claim was bogus and Bratolyubov was arrested for fraud, but Rasputin intervened and he was released.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Michael appeared gullible and naïve; a friend of Natalia's said he "trusted everybody ... Had his wife not watched over him constantly, he would have been deceived at every step."<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In October 1915, Michael regained control of his estates and assets from Nicholas and, in February 1916, was given command of the 2nd Cavalry Corps, which included the Savage Division, a <a href="/wiki/Cossack" class="mw-redirect" title="Cossack">Cossack</a> division and a <a href="/wiki/Don_Cossack" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Cossack">Don Cossack</a> division.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The slights against him by the Tsar's retinue continued, though. When he was promoted to lieutenant-general in July 1916, unlike all other Grand Dukes who attained that rank, he was not appointed as an <a href="/wiki/Aide-de-camp" title="Aide-de-camp">aide-de-camp</a> to the Tsar with the rank of <a href="/wiki/Adjutant-general" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjutant-general">adjutant-general</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Michael admitted that he "always despised Petrograd high society ... no people are more devious than they are; with a few exceptions, they are all scum."<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Michael made no public political statements, but it was assumed that he was a liberal, like his wife, and British consul <a href="/wiki/R._H._Bruce_Lockhart" title="R. H. Bruce Lockhart">Bruce Lockhart</a> thought he "would have made an excellent constitutional monarch".<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Throughout the summer of 1916, Michael's corps was involved in the <a href="/wiki/Brusilov_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Brusilov Offensive">Brusilov Offensive</a>. The Guards Army suffered heavy losses under the incompetent leadership of Michael's uncle, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Paul_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Paul</a>, who was removed from command.<a href="#cite_note-c230-79">[79]</a> In contrast, Michael was awarded a second gallantry medal, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Vladimir" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Vladimir">Order of St. Vladimir</a> with Swords, for his part in actions against the enemy<a href="#cite_note-c230-79">[79]</a> and was belatedly made an adjutant-general.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The poor progress of the war and their almost constant separation depressed both Michael and Natalia.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Michael was still suffering from stomach ulcers and, in October 1916, he was ordered to take leave in the <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Before leaving for his sister Xenia's estate at Ai-Todor, 12 miles from <a href="/wiki/Yalta" title="Yalta">Yalta</a>, he wrote a candid letter to his brother warning him that the political situation was tense: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I am deeply concerned and worried by what is happening around us. There has been a shocking alteration in the mood of the most loyal people ... which fills me with a most serious apprehension not only for you and for the fate of our family, but even for the integrity of the state order. The public hatred for certain people who allegedly are close to you and who are forming part of the present government has, to my amazement, brought together the right, the left and the moderate; and this hatred, along with the demands for changes are already openly expressed.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Increasing_public_unrest">Increasing public unrest</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Increasing public unrest">edit</a>]</div> Michael and other members of the imperial family, including <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Alexander_Mikhailovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia">Grand Dukes Alexander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_George_Mikhailovich_of_Russia_(1863%E2%80%931919)" title="Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia (1863–1919)">George</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Mikhailovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich of Russia">Nicholas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Dmitri_Pavlovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia">Dmitri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Princess_Elisabeth_of_Hesse_and_by_Rhine_(1864%E2%80%931918)" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine (1864–1918)">Grand Duchess Elizabeth</a>, warned of the growing public unrest, and of the perception that <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas</a> was governed by his German-born wife <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Feodorovna_(Alix_of_Hesse)" title="Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)">Alexandra</a> and the self-styled holy man <a href="/wiki/Rasputin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasputin">Rasputin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Nicholas and Alexandra refused to listen. In December 1916, Dmitri and four of his friends killed Rasputin.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Michael learned of the murder at Brasovo, where he was spending Christmas with his family.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> On 28 December, according to the French ambassador, there was a failed attempt to assassinate Alexandra; the lone assailant was caught and hanged the next day.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The <a href="/wiki/State_Duma_of_the_Russian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State Duma of the Russian Empire">Duma</a> President <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Rodzianko" title="Mikhail Rodzianko">Mikhail Rodzianko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchess_Marie_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Grand Duchess Marie Pavlovna</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Buchanan_(diplomat)" title="George Buchanan (diplomat)">British ambassador Buchanan</a> joined calls for Alexandra to be removed from influence, but Nicholas still refused to take their advice.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Plots and gossip against Nicholas and Alexandra continued to build.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> In January 1917, Michael returned to the front to hand over command of his corps; from 29 January he was Inspector-General of Cavalry stationed at <a href="/wiki/Gatchina" title="Gatchina">Gatchina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> General <a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Brusilov" title="Aleksei Brusilov">Aleksei Brusilov</a>, Michael's commander on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">south-eastern front</a>, begged him to tell the Tsar of "the need for immediate and drastic reforms", but Michael warned him, "I have no influence ... My brother has time and time again had warnings and entreaties of this kind from every quarter."<a href="#cite_note-brusilov-91">[91]</a> Brusilov recorded in his memoirs, "[Michael] was an absolutely honourable and upright man, taking no sides and lending himself to no intrigues ... he shunned every kind of gossip, whether connected with the services or with family matters. As a soldier, he was an excellent leader and an unassuming and conscientious worker."<a href="#cite_note-brusilov-91">[91]</a> Through February, Grand Duke Alexander, Duma President Rodzianko and Michael pressured Nicholas and Alexandra to yield to popular demands.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Public unrest grew and, on 27 February, soldiers in Petrograd joined demonstrators, elements of the military mutinied and prisoners were freed.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Nicholas, who was at army headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Mogilev" title="Mogilev">Mogilev</a>, prorogued the Duma, but the deputies refused to leave and instead set up their own rival government.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> After consulting Rodzianko at the <a href="/wiki/Mariinsky_Palace" title="Mariinsky Palace">Mariinsky Palace</a> in Petrograd, Michael advised Nicholas to dismiss his ministers and set up a new government led by the leader of the majority party in the Duma, <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Lvov" title="Georgy Lvov">Georgy Lvov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> His advice was supported by General <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Alekseyev" title="Mikhail Alekseyev">Mikhail Alekseyev</a>, Nicholas's <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_staff" title="Chief of staff">chief of staff</a>.<a href="#cite_note-c264-96">[96]</a> Nicholas rejected the suggestion and issued futile orders for troops to move on Petrograd.<a href="#cite_note-c264-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolution">Revolution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Revolution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></div> On the night of 27–28 February 1917, Michael attempted to return to Gatchina from Petrograd, where he had been in conference with <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Rodzianko" title="Mikhail Rodzianko">Rodzianko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Golitsyn" title="Nikolai Golitsyn">Nikolai Golitsyn</a> and from where he had telegraphed the Tsar, but revolutionary patrols and sporadic fire prevented his progress.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Revolutionaries patrolled the streets, rounding up people connected with the old regime.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Michael managed to reach the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Palace" title="Winter Palace">Winter Palace</a>, where he ordered the guards to withdraw to the <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_building,_Saint_Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiralty building, Saint Petersburg">Admiralty</a>, because it afforded greater safety and a better tactical position, and because it was a less politically charged location.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Michael himself took refuge in the apartment of an acquaintance, <a href="/wiki/Putyatin_(family)" title="Putyatin (family)">Princess Putyatina</a>, on Millionnaya street.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In the neighbouring apartments, the Tsar's <a href="/wiki/Chamberlain_(office)" title="Chamberlain (office)">Chamberlain</a> Nikolai Stolypin and the <a href="/wiki/Procurator_(Russia)" title="Procurator (Russia)">Procurator of the Holy Synod</a> were detained by revolutionaries<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> and in the house next door General Baron Staekelberg was killed when his house was stormed by a mob.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> On 1 March, Rodzianko sent guards to Putyatina's apartment to ensure Michael's safety, and Michael signed a document drawn up by Rodzianko and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Paul_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Paul</a> proposing the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The newly formed <a href="/wiki/Petrograd_Soviet" title="Petrograd Soviet">Petrograd Soviet</a> rejected the document, which became irrelevant. Calls for the Tsar's abdication had superseded it.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abdication_of_Nicholas_II">Abdication of Nicholas II</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Abdication of Nicholas II">edit</a>]</div> On the afternoon of 15 March [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 2 March] 1917, Emperor Nicholas II, under pressure from generals and Duma representatives, abdicated in favour of his son, Alexei, with Michael as Regent.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Later that evening, though, he reconsidered his decision. Alexei was gravely ill with <a href="/wiki/Haemophilia_in_European_royalty" title="Haemophilia in European royalty">haemophilia</a> and Nicholas feared that if Alexei was emperor, he would be separated from his parents.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> In a second abdication document, signed at 11.40 p.m. but marked as having been issued at 3.00 p.m., the time of the earlier one,<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Nicholas II declared: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We have judged it right to abdicate the Throne of the Russian State and to lay down the Supreme Power. Not wishing to be parted from Our Beloved Son, We hand over Our Succession to Our Brother the Grand Duke Michael Aleksandrovich and Bless Him on his accession to the Throne.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgy_Lvov,_1919_LOC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Head and shoulders black-and-white portrait of an elderly Lvov with pale eyes and a large grey beard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Georgy_Lvov%2C_1919_LOC.jpg/220px-Georgy_Lvov%2C_1919_LOC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Georgy_Lvov%2C_1919_LOC.jpg/330px-Georgy_Lvov%2C_1919_LOC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Georgy_Lvov%2C_1919_LOC.jpg/440px-Georgy_Lvov%2C_1919_LOC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3104" data-file-height="4648" /></a><figcaption>Prince Lvov, Prime Minister of Russia, March–July 1917</figcaption></figure> By early morning, Michael was proclaimed as "Emperor Michael II" to Russian troops and in cities throughout Russia, but his accession was not universally welcomed. While some units cheered and swore allegiance to the new emperor, others remained indifferent.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The newly formed <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Provisional Government</a> had not agreed to Michael's succession.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> When Michael awoke that morning, he discovered not only that his brother had abdicated in his favour, as Nicholas had not informed him previously, but also that a delegation from the Duma would visit him at Putyatina's apartment in a few hours' time.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The meeting with Duma President Rodzianko, the new Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Lvov" title="Georgy Lvov">Prince Lvov</a> and other ministers, including <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Pavel Milyukov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Alexander Kerensky</a>, lasted all morning.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Putyatina laid on a lunch, and in the afternoon two lawyers (Baron Nolde and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Dmitrievich_Nabokov" title="Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov">Vladimir Nabokov</a>) were called to the apartment to draft a manifesto for Michael to sign. The legal position was complicated, as the legitimacy of the government, whether Nicholas had the right to remove his son from the succession, and whether Michael actually was emperor, were all open to question.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> After further discussion, and several drafts, the meeting settled on a declaration of conditional acceptance as an appropriate form of words.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> In it, Michael deferred to the will of the people and acknowledged the Provisional Government as the de facto executive, but neither abdicated nor refused to accept the throne.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> He wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Inspired, in common with the whole people, by the belief that the welfare of our country must be set above everything else, I have taken the firm decision to assume the supreme power only if and when our great people, having elected by universal suffrage a Constituent Assembly to determine the form of government and lay down the fundamental law of the new Russian State, invest me with such power. Calling upon them the blessing of God, I therefore request all the citizens of the Russian Empire to submit to the Provisional Government, established and invested with full authority by the Duma, until such time as the Constituent Assembly, elected within the shortest possible time by universal, direct, equal and secret suffrage, shall manifest the will of the people by deciding upon the new form of government.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></blockquote> Commentators, ranging from Kerensky to French ambassador <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Pal%C3%A9ologue" title="Maurice Paléologue">Maurice Paléologue</a>, regarded Michael's action as noble and patriotic,<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> but Nicholas was appalled that Michael had "kowtowed to the Constituent Assembly" and called the manifesto "rubbish".<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The hopes of the monarchists that Michael might be able to assume the throne following the election of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Russian Constituent Assembly">Constituent Assembly</a> were overtaken by events. His renunciation of the throne, though conditional, marked the end of the Tsarist regime in Russia. The Provisional Government had little effective power; real power was held by the Petrograd Soviet.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arrest">Arrest</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Arrest">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Kerensky_LOC_24416.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Head and shoulders black-and-white photograph of a clean-shaven Kerensky in his late-thirties/early-forties with dark eyes and hair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Alexander_Kerensky_LOC_24416.jpg/220px-Alexander_Kerensky_LOC_24416.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Alexander_Kerensky_LOC_24416.jpg/330px-Alexander_Kerensky_LOC_24416.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Alexander_Kerensky_LOC_24416.jpg/440px-Alexander_Kerensky_LOC_24416.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1074" data-file-height="1603" /></a><figcaption>Alexander Kerensky, Prime Minister of Russia from July to October 1917</figcaption></figure> Michael returned to Gatchina and was not permitted to return to his unit or to travel beyond the Petrograd area. On 5 April 1917, he was discharged from military service.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> By July, <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Lvov" title="Georgy Lvov">Prince Lvov</a> had resigned as Prime Minister to be replaced by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Alexander Kerensky</a>, who ordered ex-Emperor Nicholas removed from Petrograd to <a href="/wiki/Tobolsk" title="Tobolsk">Tobolsk</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Urals" class="mw-redirect" title="Urals">Urals</a> because it was "some remote place, some quiet corner, where they would attract less attention".<a href="#cite_note-kerensky-121">[121]</a> On the eve of Nicholas's departure, Kerensky gave permission for Michael to visit him. Kerensky remained present during the meeting and the brothers exchanged awkward pleasantries "fidgeting all the while, and sometimes one would take hold of the other's hand or the buttons of his uniform".<a href="#cite_note-kerensky-121">[121]</a> It was the last time they saw each other. On 21 August 1917, guards surrounded the villa on Nikolaevskaya street where Michael was living with Natalia. On the orders of Kerensky, they were both under house arrest, along with Nicholas Johnson, who had been Michael's secretary since December 1912.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> A week later, they were moved to an apartment in Petrograd.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Michael's stomach problems worsened and, with the intervention of British ambassador <a href="/wiki/George_Buchanan_(diplomat)" title="George Buchanan (diplomat)">Buchanan</a> and foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tereshchenko" title="Mikhail Tereshchenko">Mikhail Tereshchenko</a>, they were moved back to Gatchina in the first week of September.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Tereshchenko told Buchanan that the Dowager Empress would be allowed to leave the country, for Britain if she wished, and that Michael would follow in due course.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> The British, however, were not prepared to accept any Russian Grand Duke for fear it would provoke a negative public reaction in Britain, where there was little sympathy for the Romanovs.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> On 1 September 1917, Kerensky declared Russia a republic. Michael wrote in his diary: "We woke up this morning to hear Russia declared a Republic. What does it matter which form the government will be as long as there is order and justice?"<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Two weeks later, Michael's house arrest was lifted.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Kerensky had armed the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolsheviks</a> after <a href="/wiki/Kornilov_affair" title="Kornilov affair">a power struggle with the commander-in-chief</a> and in October there was a <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">second revolution</a> as the Bolsheviks seized power from Kerensky. With a permit to travel issued by Peter Polotsov, a former colleague of Michael from the <a href="/wiki/Savage_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Savage Division">Savage Division</a> who was now a commander in Petrograd, Michael planned to move his family to the greater safety of Finland.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> They packed valuables and prepared to move, but their preparations were seen by Bolshevik sympathisers and they were placed once more under house arrest.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> The last of Michael's cars were seized by the Bolsheviks.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> The house arrest was lifted again in November, and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Russian Constituent Assembly">Constituent Assembly</a> was elected and met in January 1918. Despite being the minority party, the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolsheviks</a> dissolved it.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> On 3 March 1918 (N.S.), the Bolshevik government signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Russia%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Russia–Central Powers)">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a>, which effectively ceded vast areas of the former <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> of <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. On 7 March 1918, Michael and his secretary Johnson were re-arrested on the orders of <a href="/wiki/Moisei_Uritsky" title="Moisei Uritsky">Moisei Uritsky</a>, the Head of the Petrograd <a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">secret police</a>, and imprisoned at the Bolshevik headquarters in the <a href="/wiki/Smolny_Institute" title="Smolny Institute">Smolny Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imprisonment">Imprisonment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Imprisonment">edit</a>]</div> On 11 March 1918, Uritsky sent Michael and Johnson to <a href="/wiki/Perm,_Russia" title="Perm, Russia">Perm</a>, a thousand miles to the east, on the order of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_People%27s_Commissars" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of the People's Commissars">Council of the People's Commissars</a>, which included both <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> The journey, by freight train in a coach without windows or heat, took eight days at an average speed of 5 miles per hour.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> At first, Michael was billeted in a hotel but two days after his arrival he was jailed by the local Soviet.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Natalia lobbied the Commissars in Petrograd for his release and, on 9 April 1918, he was set at liberty within Perm.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> He moved into the best room in the best hotel in Perm, along with Johnson and two manservants, valet Vasily Chelyshev and former chauffeur Borunov.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Natalia feared for George's safety, and in March 1918, she arranged for him to be smuggled out of Russia by his governess, Margaret Neame, with the help of Danish diplomats and the Putyatins.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> In May, Natalia was granted a travel permit to join Michael. Accompanied by family friends Prince Putyatin and Margaret Abakanovich, she arrived at Perm before the Orthodox Easter and they spent about a week together.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Meanwhile, as part of the truce between the Bolsheviks and the Central Powers, prisoners-of-war from <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> were being shipped out of Russia. <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Legions" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovak Legions">Czech troops</a> were strung out along the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway" title="Trans-Siberian Railway">Trans-Siberian Railway</a> on their way to <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a>, where they were due to take ship. The Czechs, though, were not going home to fight for the Austrian empire but to fight for a separate homeland independent of Austria. The Germans demanded that the Bolsheviks disarm the Czechs, who fought back, seized the railway, joined forces with <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">Russians fighting against the Bolsheviks</a> and advanced westwards toward Perm.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> With the approach of the Czechs, Michael and Natalia feared that she would become trapped there, possibly in a dangerous situation and so, on 18 May, she left unhappily.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> By early June, Michael was again ill with stomach trouble.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brian_Johnson_and_Mikhail_Alexandrovich.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Brian_Johnson_and_Mikhail_Alexandrovich.gif/220px-Brian_Johnson_and_Mikhail_Alexandrovich.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Brian_Johnson_and_Mikhail_Alexandrovich.gif/330px-Brian_Johnson_and_Mikhail_Alexandrovich.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Brian_Johnson_and_Mikhail_Alexandrovich.gif/440px-Brian_Johnson_and_Mikhail_Alexandrovich.gif 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1496" /></a><figcaption>Michael (left) with Johnson in Perm, April 1918</figcaption></figure> On 12 June 1918, the leader of the local <a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">secret police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gavril_Myasnikov" title="Gavril Myasnikov">Gavril Myasnikov</a>,<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> with the connivance of other local Bolsheviks,<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> hatched a plan to murder Michael. Myasnikov assembled a team of four men who, like him, were all former prisoners of the Tsarist regime: Vasily Ivanchenko, Ivan Kolpashchikov, Andrei Markov and Nikolai Zhuzhgov.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Using a forged order, the four men gained entry to Michael's hotel at 11.45 p.m.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> At first, Michael refused to accompany the men until he spoke with the local chairman of the secret police, Pavel Malkov, and then because he was ill. His protestations were futile and he got dressed. Johnson insisted on accompanying him and the four men plus their two prisoners climbed into two horse-drawn three-seater traps.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> They drove out of the town into the forest near <a href="/wiki/Motovilikha" class="mw-redirect" title="Motovilikha">Motovilikha</a>. When Michael queried their destination, he was told they were going to a remote railway crossing to catch a train.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> By now it was the early hours of 13 June. They all alighted from the carriages in the middle of the wood, and both Michael and Johnson were fired upon, once each, but as the assassins were using home-made bullets, their guns jammed. Michael, who may or may not have been injured, moved towards the wounded Johnson with arms outstretched, when he was shot at point-blank range in the head.<a href="#cite_note-m&m-150">[150]</a> Both Zhuzhgov and Markov claimed to have fired the fatal shot.<a href="#cite_note-m&m-150">[150]</a> Johnson was shot dead by Ivanchenko.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> The bodies were stripped and buried. Anything of value was stolen and the clothes were taken back to Perm. After they were shown to Myasnikov as proof of the murders, the clothes were burned.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> The Ural Regional Soviet, headed by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Beloborodov" title="Alexander Beloborodov">Alexander Beloborodov</a>, approved the killing, either retrospectively or beforehand,<a href="#cite_note-c362-153">[153]</a> as did Lenin.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Michael was the first of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">Romanovs</a> to be killed by the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>, but he <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_the_Romanov_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution of the Romanov family">was not the last</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Neither Michael's nor Johnson's remains have been found.<a href="#cite_note-c361-156">[156]</a> The Perm authorities distributed a concocted cover story that Michael was abducted by unidentified men and had disappeared.<a href="#cite_note-c361-156">[156]</a> Chelyshev and Borunov were arrested. Shortly before his own arrest, Colonel Peter Znamerovsky, a former Imperial army officer also exiled to Perm, managed to send Natalia a brief telegram saying that Michael had disappeared. Znamerovsky, Chelyshev and Borunov were all killed by the Perm Bolsheviks.<a href="#cite_note-c362-153">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propaganda in the Soviet Union">Soviet disinformation</a> about Michael's disappearance led to unfounded rumours that he had escaped and was leading a successful counter-revolution.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> In the ultimately forlorn hope that Michael would ally with Germany, the Germans arranged for Natalia and her daughter to escape to Kiev in <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State">German-controlled Ukraine</a>. On the collapse of the Germans in November 1918, Natalia fled to the coast, and she and her daughter were evacuated by the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> On 8 June 2009, four days short of the 91st anniversary of their deaths, both Michael and Johnson were officially rehabilitated. Russian State Prosecutors stated, "The analysis of the archive material shows that these individuals were subject to repression through arrest, exile and scrutiny ... without being charged of committing concrete class and social-related crimes."<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Michael's son George, <a href="/wiki/George_Mikhailovich,_Count_Brasov" title="George Mikhailovich, Count Brasov">Count Brasov</a>, died in a car crash shortly before his 21st birthday in 1931.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Natalia died penniless in a Parisian charity hospital in 1952.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> His stepdaughter Natalia Mamontova married three times and wrote a book about her life entitled Step-Daughter of Imperial Russia, published in 1940.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regimental_affiliations_and_commands">Regimental affiliations and commands</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Regimental affiliations and commands">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian">Russian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Russian">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Life-Guards Horse Artillery Brigade – lieutenant, 1898</li> <li>Life-Guards Her Imperial Majesty Empress Maria Feodorovna's Cuirassier Regiment – captain and squadron commander, 1902</li> <li>17th Hussar Chernigovskii HIH Grand Princess Elizavet Feodorovna Hussars – colonel, commanding, 1910</li> <li>Life-Guards Her Imperial Majesty Empress Maria Feodorovna's Chevalier Guards Regiment – colonel, commanding, 1912</li> <li>Caucasian Native Mounted Division – major-general, commanding, 1914</li> <li>Second Cavalry Corps, Seventh Army – lieutenant-general, 1916</li> <li>Inspector-General of Cavalry, 1917</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign">Foreign</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Foreign">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Ulanen-Regiment Kaiser Alexander III von Rußland (Westpreußisches) Nr.1, <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian</a>/<a href="/wiki/German_Army_(German_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (German Empire)">Imperial German Army</a> – colonel and regimental chief, December 1901, during an official visit to Berlin<a href="#cite_note-TT17Dec1901-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-rangeliste-164">[164]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%80_la_suite" title="À la suite">à la suite</a> <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy" title="Imperial German Navy">Imperial German Navy</a><a href="#cite_note-ruvigny-165">[165]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Honours">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Russian orders<a href="#cite_note-Army-166">[166]</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Andrew" title="Order of St. Andrew">Knight of St. Andrew</a>, 12 October 1878<a href="#cite_note-ruvigny-165">[165]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Alexander_Nevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Alexander Nevsky">Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky</a>, 12 October 1878 (by statute of the Order of St. Andrew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the White Eagle (Russia)">Knight of the White Eagle</a>, 12 October 1878 (by statute of the Order of St. Andrew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Anna" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Anna">Knight of St. Anna, 1st Class</a>, 12 October 1878 (by statute of the Order of St. Andrew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Stanislaus_(House_of_Romanov)" title="Order of Saint Stanislaus (House of Romanov)">Knight of St. Stanislaus, 1st Class</a>, 12 October 1878 (by statute of the Order of St. Andrew)</li> <li>Alexander III Commemorative Medal, 17 March 1896</li> <li>Nicholas II Coronation Medal, 26 May 1896</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Vladimir" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Vladimir">Knight of St. Vladimir</a>, 4th Class (civil), 22 November 1905; with Swords (for actions during the <a href="/wiki/Brusilov_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Brusilov Offensive">Brusilov Offensive</a>, while in command of the 2nd Cavalry Corps), 1916<a href="#cite_note-c230-79">[79]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Order_of_St._George" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Order of St. George">Knight of St. George</a>, 4th Class (for actions in the Carpathian Mountains, while in command of the Caucasian Native Cavalry Division), January 1915<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Sword_for_Bravery" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Sword for Bravery">St. George Sword</a>, 27 June 1915</li></ul> <dl><dt>Foreign orders<a href="#cite_note-Army-166">[166]</a></dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>: <ul><li>Commemorative Medal for the Golden Wedding of King Christian IX and Queen Louise, 26 May 1892<a href="#cite_note-DanskKalendar-168">[168]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Elephant" title="Order of the Elephant">Knight of the Elephant</a>, 6 August 1897<a href="#cite_note-DanskKalendar-168">[168]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Honour_of_the_Order_of_the_Dannebrog" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog">Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog</a>, 27 September 1899<a href="#cite_note-DanskKalendar-168">[168]</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Bukhara.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Bukhara.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Bukhara.svg/34px-Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Bukhara.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Bukhara.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Bukhara.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="272" /> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Emirate of Bukhara</a>: <ul><li>Order of the Golden Star of Bukhara, 1st Class, 1 January 1893</li> <li>Order of the Crown of Bukhara, in Diamonds, 25 May 1896</li> <li>Order of the Sun of Alexander, in Diamonds, 19 May 1898</li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg/23px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg/35px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg/45px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg" title="Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a>: <a href="/wiki/House_Order_of_the_Wendish_Crown" title="House Order of the Wendish Crown">Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown</a>, with Crown in Ore, 16 July 1894</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg/19px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg/29px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg/38px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Grand Duchy of Hesse</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Order" title="Ludwig Order">Ludwig Order</a>, 26 November 1894<a href="#cite_note-ordensliste-169">[169]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Montenegro" title="Principality of Montenegro">Principality of Montenegro</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Prince_Danilo_I" title="Order of Prince Danilo I">Order of Prince Danilo I</a>, 17 May 1896<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg/45px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Falcon" title="Order of the White Falcon">Grand Cross of the White Falcon</a>, 25 May 1896</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary"><img alt="Kingdom of Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Hungary_%281896-1915%3B_angels%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281896-1915%3B_angels%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Hungary_%281896-1915%3B_angels%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281896-1915%3B_angels%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Hungary_%281896-1915%3B_angels%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281896-1915%3B_angels%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Stephen_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Stephen of Hungary">Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen</a>, 15 May 1897<a href="#cite_note-ruvigny-165">[165]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Siam_%281855%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Siam_%281855%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Siam_%281855%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Siam_%281855%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Siam_%281855%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Siam_%281855%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam">Siam</a>: Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Royal_House_of_Chakri" title="Order of the Royal House of Chakri">Order of the Royal House of Chakri</a>, 4 July 1897<a href="#cite_note-Peterhof-171">[171]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_Romania" title="Order of the Star of Romania">Grand Cross of the Star of Romania</a>, 8 July 1898</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha"><img alt="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg/45px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxe-Altenburg" title="Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg"><img alt="Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Saxe-Altenburg_%281893-1918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saxe-Altenburg_%281893-1918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Saxe-Altenburg_%281893-1918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saxe-Altenburg_%281893-1918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Saxe-Altenburg_%281893-1918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saxe-Altenburg_%281893-1918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen"><img alt="Saxe-Meiningen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg/45px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ernestine_duchies" title="Ernestine duchies">Ernestine duchies</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Ernestine_House_Order" title="Saxe-Ernestine House Order">Saxe-Ernestine House Order</a>, 9 November 1899</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>: Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Chrysanthemum" title="Order of the Chrysanthemum">Order of the Chrysanthemum</a>, 8 September 1900<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom of Greece</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Redeemer" title="Order of the Redeemer">Grand Cross of the Redeemer</a>, 22 September 1900<a href="#cite_note-Ilya_Yefimovich_Repin_1901-173">[173]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>: <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Knight of the Annunciation</a>, 16 January 1901<a href="#cite_note-dell'interno1920-174">[174]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath</a> (civil), 15 February 1901<a href="#cite_note-p215-175">[175]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Stranger Knight Companion of the Garter</a>, 15 July 1902<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></li> <li>Commemorative Medal for the Coronation of <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="King Edward VII">King Edward VII</a>, 19 August 1902</li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>: <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour</a>, 14 April 1901<a href="#cite_note-ruvigny-165">[165]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1400" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Sash_of_the_Two_Orders" title="Sash of the Two Orders">Sash of the Two Orders</a>, 27 April 1901<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Black_Eagle" title="Order of the Black Eagle">Knight of the Black Eagle</a>, 15 December 1901 – during an official visit to Berlin<a href="#cite_note-TT17Dec1901-163">[163]</a></li> <li>Grand Commander's Cross of the <a href="/wiki/House_Order_of_Hohenzollern" title="House Order of Hohenzollern">Royal House Order of Hohenzollern</a>, 23 May 1905<a href="#cite_note-c393-178">[178]</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Spain</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Knight of the Golden Fleece</a>, 26 December 1901<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Early_20th_Century_Qajar_Flag.svg/20px-Early_20th_Century_Qajar_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Early_20th_Century_Qajar_Flag.svg/31px-Early_20th_Century_Qajar_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Early_20th_Century_Qajar_Flag.svg/40px-Early_20th_Century_Qajar_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Persian Empire</a>: Order of the August Portrait, in Diamonds, 12 February 1902</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Flagge_Herzogtum_Oldenburg.svg/23px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Oldenburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Flagge_Herzogtum_Oldenburg.svg/35px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Oldenburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Flagge_Herzogtum_Oldenburg.svg/46px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Oldenburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a>: <a href="/wiki/House_and_Merit_Order_of_Peter_Frederick_Louis" title="House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis">Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig</a>, with Golden Crown, 26 June 1902<a href="#cite_note-c393-178">[178]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>: <ul><li>Silver Commemorative Medal for the Coronation of <a href="/wiki/King_Haakon_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="King Haakon VII">King Haakon VII</a>, 6 June 1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Olav" title="Order of St. Olav">Grand Cross of St. Olav</a>, with Collar, 22 June 1906<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Seraphim" title="Order of the Seraphim">Knight of the Seraphim</a>, 12 May 1908<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ancestry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Descendants_of_Christian_IX_of_Denmark" title="Descendants of Christian IX of Denmark">Descendants of Christian IX of Denmark</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I of Russia</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II of Russia</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Charlotte_of_Prussia" title="Princess Charlotte of Prussia">Princess Charlotte of Prussia</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III of Russia</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Louis_II,_Grand_Duke_of_Hesse_and_by_Rhine" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine">Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Marie_of_Hesse_and_by_Rhine" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine">Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Wilhelmine_of_Baden" title="Princess Wilhelmine of Baden">Princess Wilhelmine of Baden</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William,_Duke_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Gl%C3%BCcksburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick William, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg">Frederick William, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Christian_IX_of_Denmark" title="Christian IX of Denmark">Christian IX of Denmark</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise_Caroline_of_Hesse-Kassel" title="Princess Louise Caroline of Hesse-Kassel">Princess Louise Caroline of Hesse-Kassel</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Dagmar_of_Denmark" title="Princess Dagmar of Denmark">Princess Dagmar of Denmark</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/Prince_William_of_Hesse-Kassel" title="Prince William of Hesse-Kassel">Prince William of Hesse-Kassel</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise_of_Hesse-Kassel" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel">Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Charlotte_of_Denmark" title="Princess Charlotte of Denmark">Princess Charlotte of Denmark</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> All dates before 14 February [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 1 February] 1918, unless otherwise stated, are shown in <a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar#Adoption_in_Eastern_Europe" title="Adoption of the Gregorian calendar">Old Style</a>, using the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>; from that date, only <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian (New Style) dates</a> apply. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.russianlegitimist.org/the-abdication-of-nicholas-ii-100-years-later/">"The Abdication of Nicholas II: 100 Years Later"</a>. The Russian Legitimist. Retrieved 30 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Russian+Legitimist&rft.atitle=The+Abdication+of+Nicholas+II%3A+100+Years+Later&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.russianlegitimist.org%2Fthe-abdication-of-nicholas-ii-100-years-later%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duke+Michael+Alexandrovich+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 17, 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-v4-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-v4_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-v4_6-1">b</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 23; Phenix, pp. 8–10; Vorres, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 22–23; Vorres, p. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> "Mrs" Franklin was not married; the "Mrs" was a courtesy title (Crawford and Crawford, p. 22). </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Vorres, p. 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Phenix, pp. 12–13; Vorres, pp. 26–27 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Vorres, p. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Phenix, pp. 11, 24; Vorres, pp. 33–41 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Vorres, pp. 48–52 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Phenix, pp. 30–31; Vorres, pp. 54, 57 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-c24-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-c24_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-c24_16-1">b</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 25–26 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> e.g. "Misha keeps away from affairs of state, does not offer his opinions and, perhaps, hides behind the perception of him as a good-natured, unremarkable boy": <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Constantine_Constantinovich_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke Constantine Constantinovich of Russia">Grand Duke Constantine Constantinovich of Russia</a>, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 27 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 26 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 47–48 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 48 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Brasovo alone covered 430 square miles (1,100 km2), and was self-sufficient in bread, meat and dairy products. It included sawmills, chemical plants, distilleries, brickworks, schools, hospitals, churches, 9 villages and 184,000 acres (740 km2) of forest (Crawford and Crawford, p. 112). </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 28–29 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 7–8 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 8–9 </li> <li id="cite_note-c12-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-c12_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-c12_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-c12_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-c12_28-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-c12_28-4">e</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reynold%27s_News" title="Reynold's News">Reynold's News</a>, of 7 October 1906 (N.S.), quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-c13-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-c13_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-c13_31-1">b</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 57 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 16 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 44 47 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 77 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 85–87 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 74–91 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 104 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 107 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 111 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 112 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 116–119 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 122–125 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 125–126 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 128 </li> <li id="cite_note-c129-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-c129_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-c129_48-1">b</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 129–131 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Letter to Nicholas, 4 November 1912, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 131 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Letter to Marie, 7 November 1912, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 132 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 130–132 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 136 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 137 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 151–152, 410 (note 17), and 213 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 138–145 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 146 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 148–149 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 153 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 159–160 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 161 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 162 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 162–165 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-c172-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-c172_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-c172_64-1">b</a> Letter from Michael to Natalia, 22 January 1915, State Archive of the Russian Federation, 622/20, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 172. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Letter from Michael to Nicholas, 15 November 1914, State Archive of the Russian Federation, 601/1301, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 182 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 188–189 </li> <li id="cite_note-washburn-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-washburn_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-washburn_68-1">b</a> Washburn, Stanley (1916), The Russian Campaign, 1915, London: Andrew Melrose, pp. 261–262, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 190 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Letter from Natalia to Michael, 10 June 1915, State Archive of the Russian Federation, 668/78, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 189 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Letter from Michael to Natalia, 20 June 1915, State Archive of the Russian Federation, 622/20, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 190 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 195 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Andrei_Vladimirovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich of Russia">Grand Duke Andrew</a>, Major-General Sir <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Knox" title="Alfred Knox">Alfred Knox</a>, French ambassador <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Pal%C3%A9ologue" title="Maurice Paléologue">Maurice Paléologue</a>, and General <a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Brusilov" title="Aleksei Brusilov">Aleksei Brusilov</a>, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 197 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 211 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Dimitri Abrikosov, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 213 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 221 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 225 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Letter from Michael to Natalia, 5 August 1916, State Archive of the Russian Federation, 622/21, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 224 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 218 </li> <li id="cite_note-c230-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-c230_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-c230_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-c230_79-2">c</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 230 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 231 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 231–233 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 233 </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Letter from Michael to Nicholas, 11 November 1916, State Archive of the Russian Federation, 601/1301, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 234 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 240 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 241–243 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 244–245 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Pal%C3%A9ologue" title="Maurice Paléologue">Paléologue, Maurice</a> (1925), An Ambassador's Memoirs, New York: Doran, vol. III, p. 162, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, pp. 231–233 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 247–251 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 252–254 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 251 </li> <li id="cite_note-brusilov-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brusilov_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brusilov_91-1">b</a> Brusilov, Aleksei (1936), A Soldier's Note-Book, London: Macmillan, pp. 287–288, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 252 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 255–256 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 256–259 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 259–260 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 262–263 </li> <li id="cite_note-c264-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-c264_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-c264_96-1">b</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 264 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Michael's diary, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 265 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 265, 267, 271–272 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 265–266 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 266 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 266–267, 274 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Michael's diary, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 267 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Burdzhalov and Raleigh, pp. 262–263; Crawford and Crawford, pp. 274–275 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Burdzhalov and Raleigh, p. 264; Crawford and Crawford, pp. 276–277 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 279–281 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 286 </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 287 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> State Archive of the Russian Federation, 601/2100, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 288 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 295 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 288–291 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 297–300 </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 302–307 </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 307–311 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 309–311 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 312–313 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Kerensky, A. F. (1927), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/kerensky/1927/catastrophe/ch01.htm">The Catastrophe</a>, chap. 1, Marxists Internet Archive, retrieved 14 November 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> See, for example, Kerensky's The Catastrophe (1927), chap. 1, and Paléologue's An Ambassador's Memoirs (1925), vol. III, p. 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Nicholas's diary, 3 March 1917, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 314 </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 315–319 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 318 </li> <li id="cite_note-kerensky-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kerensky_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kerensky_121-1">b</a> Kerensky, A. F. (1927), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/kerensky/1927/catastrophe/ch12.htm">The Catastrophe</a>, chap. 12, Marxists Internet Archive, retrieved 14 November 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 327 </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 330 </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 331 </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Telegram from <a href="/wiki/George_Buchanan_(diplomat)" title="George Buchanan (diplomat)">Ambassador Buchanan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Foreign Secretary Balfour</a>, PRO FO/371/3015, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 331 </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 322–323, 332 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Michael's diary, 2 September 1917, quoted in Fitzlyon, Kyril (1977), Before the Revolution – A View of Russia Under the Last Tsar, Allan Lane, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7139-0894-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7139-0894-7">0-7139-0894-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 332 </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 334 </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 335–336 </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 346 </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 337–338 </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 339 </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 339–340 </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 341 </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 342 </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 342–343 </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 343–344 </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 344–345 </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 345–347 </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Massie, p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 348 </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 352 </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130721150347/http://www.nik2.ru/documents.htm?id=269">"Царская семья: последние дни, расстрел, обретение останков :: Документы"</a>. nik2.ru. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nik2.ru/documents.htm?id=269">the original</a> on 21 July 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nik2.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%8F%3A+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%2C+%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%2C+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%3A%3A+%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nik2.ru%2Fdocuments.htm%3Fid%3D269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duke+Michael+Alexandrovich+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Statements of local Bolsheviks in the State Archive of the Perm District (Pavel Malkov 90/M-60 and A. A. Mikov 09/2/M-22b), quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 354 </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Myasnikov, G (1995), "Filosofiya ubiistva, ili pochemu i kak ya ubil Mikhaila Romanova", Minuvshee, Moscow & Saint Petersburg: Atheneum & Feniks, 18, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 355 </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Myasnikov, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, pp. 356–357 </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Statements of murderers Andrei Markov and Gavriil Myasnikov, valet Vasily Chelyshev and hotel guest Krumnis, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, pp. 357–358 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Myasnikov quoting Zhuzhgov, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 359 </li> <li id="cite_note-m&m-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-m&m_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-m&m_150-1">b</a> Myasnikov quoting Zhuzhgov, and Markov's statement, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 360 </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Myasnikov quoting Zhuzhgov, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, p. 360 </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Myasnikov, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, pp. 360–361 </li> <li id="cite_note-c362-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-c362_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-c362_153-1">b</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 362 </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Statements of Myasnikov and Markov, quoted in Crawford and Crawford, pp. 356–357 </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 354 </li> <li id="cite_note-c361-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-c361_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-c361_156-1">b</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 361 </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 365 </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, pp. 374–378 </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.expatica.com/de/news/german-news/Russia-rehabilitates-tsar_s-slain-younger-brother--_53394.html">"Russia rehabilitates tsar's slain younger brother"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324120136/http://www.expatica.com/de/news/german-news/Russia-rehabilitates-tsar_s-slain-younger-brother--_53394.html">Archived</a> 24 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Expatica Communications B.V., 9 June 2009, retrieved 18 November 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 391 </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 395 </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajolier1940" class="citation book cs1">Majolier, Natholie Mamontova (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.61130">Step-daughter of imperial Russia</a>. London: S Paul.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Step-daughter+of+imperial+Russia&rft.place=London&rft.pub=S+Paul&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Majolier&rft.aufirst=Natholie+Mamontova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.61130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duke+Michael+Alexandrovich+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TT17Dec1901-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TT17Dec1901_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TT17Dec1901_163-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Latest intelligence – Germany". The Times. No. 36640. London. 17 December 1901. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Latest+intelligence+%E2%80%93+Germany&rft.issue=36640&rft.pages=p.-5&rft.date=1901-12-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duke+Michael+Alexandrovich+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rangeliste-164"><a href="#cite_ref-rangeliste_164-0">^</a> Rangeliste der Königlich Preuβischen, Für 1903, Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1903, p. 369 </li> <li id="cite_note-ruvigny-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ruvigny_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ruvigny_165-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ruvigny_165-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ruvigny_165-3">d</a> Ruvigny, p. 144 </li> <li id="cite_note-Army-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Army_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Army_166-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://regiment.ru/bio/M/2.htm">Russian Imperial Army – Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181218054607/http://regiment.ru/bio/M/2.htm">Archived</a> 18 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (In Russian) </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 179 </li> <li id="cite_note-DanskKalendar-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DanskKalendar_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DanskKalendar_168-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DanskKalendar_168-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBille-HansenHolck1916" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bille-Hansen, A. C.; Holck, Harald, eds. (1916) [1st pub.:1801]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/910997.pdf#page=41">Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1916</a> [State Manual of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Year 1916] (PDF). Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender (in Danish). Copenhagen: J.H. Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri. pp. 3–4. Retrieved 26 September 2021 – via <a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIS_Danmark" class="extiw" title="da:DIS Danmark">da:DIS Danmark</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statshaandbog+for+Kongeriget+Danmark+for+Aaret+1916&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.series=Kongelig+Dansk+Hof-+og+Statskalender&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=J.H.+Schultz+A.-S.+Universitetsbogtrykkeri&rft.date=1916&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslaegtsbibliotek.dk%2F910997.pdf%23page%3D41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duke+Michael+Alexandrovich+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ordensliste-169"><a href="#cite_ref-ordensliste_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Ludewigs-orden", Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste (in German), Darmstadt: Staatsverlag, 1914, p. 6 – via hathitrust.org</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ludewigs-orden&rft.btitle=Gro%C3%9Fherzoglich+Hessische+Ordensliste&rft.place=Darmstadt&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Staatsverlag&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duke+Michael+Alexandrovich+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcović2012" class="citation book cs1">Acović, Dragomir (2012). Slava i čast: Odlikovanja među Srbima, Srbi među odlikovanjima. Belgrade: Službeni Glasnik. p. 619.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slava+i+%C4%8Dast%3A+Odlikovanja+me%C4%91u+Srbima%2C+Srbi+me%C4%91u+odlikovanjima&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pages=619&rft.pub=Slu%C5%BEbeni+Glasnik&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Acovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Dragomir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duke+Michael+Alexandrovich+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peterhof-171"><a href="#cite_ref-Peterhof_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyal_Thai_Government_Gazette1898" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Government_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Thai Government Gazette">Royal Thai Government Gazette</a> (22 January 1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190508041038/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2441/043/448.PDF">"พระราชทานเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์ ที่ประเทศยุโรป"</a> (PDF) (in Thai). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2441/043/448.PDF">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C+%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B&rft.date=1898-01-22&rft.au=Royal+Thai+Government+Gazette&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th%2FDATA%2FPDF%2F2441%2F043%2F448.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duke+Michael+Alexandrovich+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF刑部芳則2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">刑部芳則 (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meijiseitoku.org/pdf/f54-5.pdf">明治時代の勲章外交儀礼</a> (PDF) (in Japanese). 明治聖徳記念学会紀要. p. 149.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E3%81%AE%E5%8B%B2%E7%AB%A0%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E5%84%80%E7%A4%BC&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E8%81%96%E5%BE%B3%E8%A8%98%E5%BF%B5%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A%E7%B4%80%E8%A6%81&rft.date=2017&rft.au=%E5%88%91%E9%83%A8%E8%8A%B3%E5%89%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeijiseitoku.org%2Fpdf%2Ff54-5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duke+Michael+Alexandrovich+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ilya_Yefimovich_Repin_1901-173"><a href="#cite_ref-Ilya_Yefimovich_Repin_1901_173-0">^</a> Ilya Yefimovich Repin: Formal Session of the State Council on 7 May 1901, in honour of the 100th Anniversary of Its Founding, and other photographs </li> <li id="cite_note-dell'interno1920-174"><a href="#cite_ref-dell'interno1920_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFItaly._Ministero_dell'interno1920" class="citation book cs1">Italy. Ministero dell'interno (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KU1TIJPtKx0C&pg=PR3">Calendario generale del regno d'Italia</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KU1TIJPtKx0C&pg=PA57">57</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calendario+generale+del+regno+d%27Italia&rft.pages=57&rft.date=1920&rft.au=Italy.+Ministero+dell%27interno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKU1TIJPtKx0C%26pg%3DPR3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duke+Michael+Alexandrovich+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-p215-175"><a href="#cite_ref-p215_175-0">^</a> Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) The Knights of England, I, London, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n305/mode/2up">p. 215</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Shaw, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n159/mode/2up">p. 71</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBragançaEstrela2017" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bragança, Jose Vicente de; Estrela, Paulo Jorge (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35782766">"Troca de Decorações entre os Reis de Portugal e os Imperadores da Rússia"</a> [Exchange of Decorations between the Kings of Portugal and the Emperors of Russia]. Pro Phalaris (in Portuguese). 16: 12. Retrieved 19 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pro+Phalaris&rft.atitle=Troca+de+Decora%C3%A7%C3%B5es+entre+os+Reis+de+Portugal+e+os+Imperadores+da+R%C3%BAssia&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=12&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Bragan%C3%A7a&rft.aufirst=Jose+Vicente+de&rft.au=Estrela%2C+Paulo+Jorge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F35782766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duke+Michael+Alexandrovich+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-c393-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-c393_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-c393_178-1">b</a> Crawford and Crawford, p. 393 </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Court circular". The Times. No. 36649. London. 27 December 1901. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Court+circular&rft.issue=36649&rft.pages=p.-7&rft.date=1901-12-27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duke+Michael+Alexandrovich+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorway1908" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Norway (1908), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bFU1AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA869">"Den kongelige norske Sanct Olavs Orden"</a>, Norges Statskalender (in Norwegian), pp. 869–870, retrieved 17 September 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Den+kongelige+norske+Sanct+Olavs+Orden&rft.btitle=Norges+Statskalender&rft.pages=869-870&rft.date=1908&rft.au=Norway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbFU1AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duke+Michael+Alexandrovich+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/rikskal/1909/0697.html">Svensk Rikskalender</a> (in Swedish), 1909, p. 613, retrieved 6 January 2018 – via runeberg.org</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Svensk+Rikskalender&rft.pages=613&rft.date=1909&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Frikskal%2F1909%2F0697.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duke+Michael+Alexandrovich+of+Russia" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89dourd_Burdzhalov" class="mw-redirect" title="Édourd Burdzhalov">Burdzhalov, Édourd Nikolaevich</a>; Raleigh, Donald J. (1987) Russia's Second Revolution: The February 1917 Uprising in Petrograd, Indiana University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20440-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20440-0">978-0-253-20440-0</a></li> <li>Crawford, Rosemary; Crawford, Donald (1997) Michael and Natasha: The Life and Love of the Last Tsar of Russia, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-0516-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-0516-9">978-0-7538-0516-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Massie" title="Robert K. Massie">Massie, Robert K.</a> (1995) The Romanovs: The Final Chapter, London: Random House, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-960121-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-960121-4">0-09-960121-4</a></li> <li>Phenix, Patricia (1999) Olga Romanov: Russia's Last Grand Duchess, Viking/Penguin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-028086-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-028086-3">0-14-028086-3</a></li> <li>Ruvigny, Marquis of (1914) The Titled Nobility of Europe, London: Harrison and Sons</li> <li>Vorres, Ian (2001) [1964] The Last Grand Duchess, Toronto: Key Porter Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55263-302-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-55263-302-0">1-55263-302-0</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Michael Alexandrovich of Russia">Michael Alexandrovich of Russia</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Crawford, Donald (2011) The Last Tsar: Emperor Michael II, Edinburgh: Murray McLellan, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9570091-1-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9570091-1-0">978-0-9570091-1-0</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heirs_to_the_Russian_throne" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_tsareviches" title="Template:Russian tsareviches"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_tsareviches" title="Template talk:Russian tsareviches"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_tsareviches" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian tsareviches"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heirs_to_the_Russian_throne" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Heirs to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_monarchs" title="List of Russian monarchs">Russian throne</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> (1547–1721) / <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (1721–1917)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Tsareviches1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsarevich_Dmitry_Ivanovich_of_Russia_(1552%E2%80%931553)" title="Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich of Russia (1552–1553)">Dmitry</a> (1552–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarevich_Ivan_Ivanovich_of_Russia" title="Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich of Russia">Ivan</a> (1554–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_I_of_Russia" title="Feodor I of Russia">Feodor</a> (1581–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_of_Uglich" title="Dmitry of Uglich">Dmitry</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_II_of_Russia" title="Feodor II of Russia">Feodor</a> (1598–1605)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarevich_Ivan_Dmitriyevich" title="Tsarevich Ivan Dmitriyevich">Ivan</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_of_Russia" title="Alexis of Russia">Alexis</a> (1629–45)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarevich_Dmitry_Alexeyevich_of_Russia" title="Tsarevich Dmitry Alexeyevich of Russia">Dmitry</a> (1648–49)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarevich_Alexei_Alexeyevich_of_Russia" title="Tsarevich Alexei Alexeyevich of Russia">Alexis</a> (1654–70)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_III_of_Russia" title="Feodor III of Russia">Feodor</a> (1670–76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_V_of_Russia" title="Ivan V of Russia">Ivan</a> (1676–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_III_of_Russia#Family" title="Feodor III of Russia">Ilya</a> (1681)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Petrovich,_Tsarevich_of_Russia" title="Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia">Alexei</a> (1690–1718)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Without special title</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_VI_of_Russia" title="Ivan VI of Russia">Ivan</a> (1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Russia" title="Peter III of Russia">Peter</a> (1742–62)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Tsesareviches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Paul</a> (1762–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander</a> (1796–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Konstantin_Pavlovich_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia">Konstantin</a> (1801–23)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas</a> (1823–25)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander</a> (1825–55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Alexandrovich,_Tsarevich_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsarevich of Russia">Nicholas</a> (1855–65)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander</a> (1865–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas</a> (1881–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_George_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia">George</a> (1894–99)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Michael</a> (1899–1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Nikolaevich,_Tsarevich_of_Russia" title="Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia">Alexei</a> (1904–17)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1Title of Tsarevich was used for all Tsar's sons from the times of Ivan IV to Peter I. Only heirs to the throne included in this template.</li> <li>2<a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan IV</a>'s son from his fifth (or seventh) marriage, and thus illegitimate by the <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a></li> <li>3Son of a <a href="/wiki/False_Dmitry_II" title="False Dmitry II">man</a> claimed to be <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_of_Uglich" title="Dmitry of Uglich">tsarevich Dmitry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grand_Dukes_of_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_grand_dukes" title="Template:Russian grand dukes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_grand_dukes" title="Template talk:Russian grand dukes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_grand_dukes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian grand dukes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grand_Dukes_of_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_grand_dukes_of_Russia" title="List of grand dukes of Russia">Grand Dukes of Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>The generations are numbered from <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter I of Russia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Petrovich,_Tsarevich_of_Russia" title="Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia">Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Russia" title="Peter II of Russia">Peter II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Russia" title="Peter III of Russia">Peter III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Paul I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Konstantin_Pavlovich_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia">Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Pavlovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich of Russia">Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Konstantin_Nikolayevich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia">Grand Duke Constantine Nikolaevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Nikolaevich_of_Russia_(1831%E2%80%931891)" title="Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1831–1891)">Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Nikolaevich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia">Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Alexandrovich,_Tsesarevich_of_Russia" title="Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsesarevich of Russia">Tsarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Vladimir_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Alexei_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Sergei_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Paul_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Konstantinovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Nicholas Konstantinovich of Russia">Grand Duke Nicholas Konstantinovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Konstantin_Konstantinovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia">Grand Duke Konstantine Konstantinovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Dmitry_Konstantinovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich of Russia">Grand Duke Dmitri Konstantinovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Vyacheslav_Konstantinovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Vyacheslav Konstantinovich of Russia">Grand Duke Vyacheslav Konstantinovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Nikolaevich_of_Russia_(1856%E2%80%931929)" title="Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1856–1929)">Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Peter_Nikolaevich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich of Russia">Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Mikhailovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich of Russia">Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Mikhailovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich of Russia">Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_George_Mikhailovich_of_Russia_(1863%E2%80%931919)" title="Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia (1863–1919)">Grand Duke George Mikhailovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Alexander_Mikhailovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia">Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Sergei_Mikhailovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich of Russia">Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Alexei_Mikhailovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich of Russia">Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Alexander_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_George_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke George Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Kirill_Vladimirovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich of Russia">Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Boris_Vladimirovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich of Russia">Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Andrei_Vladimirovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich of Russia">Grand Duke Andrew Vladimirovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Dmitri_Pavlovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia">Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_John_Konstantinovich_of_Russia" title="Prince John Konstantinovich of Russia">Grand Duke John Konstantinovich</a> 1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Nikolaevich,_Tsarevich_of_Russia" title="Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia">Tsesarevich Alexei Nikolaevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Vladimir_Kirillovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich of Russia">Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich</a> 2</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Wilhelm_Prinz_von_Preussen" title="Franz Wilhelm Prinz von Preussen">Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich</a> 3</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_George_Mikhailovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia">Grand Duke George Mikhailovich</a> 3</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 born a Grand Duke, but stripped of his title by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ukase" title="Ukase">ukase</a> of 1886, limiting the style to sons and male-line grandsons of a tsar</li></ul> <ul><li>2 title of pretence granted by Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich as claimant to the Russian throne</li></ul> <ul><li>3 title of pretence granted by Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich as claimant to the Russian throne</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_Russian_monarchs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_sovereigns" title="Template:Russian sovereigns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_sovereigns" title="Template talk:Russian sovereigns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_sovereigns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian sovereigns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_Russian_monarchs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_monarchs" title="List of Russian monarchs">List of Russian monarchs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Prince_of_Vladimir" title="Grand Prince of Vladimir">Grand princes of Vladimir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prince_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Prince of Moscow">Moscow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_I_Dolgorukiy" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuri I Dolgorukiy">Yuri I Dolgorukiy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Bogolyubsky" title="Andrey Bogolyubsky">Andrei I Bogolyubsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_of_Vladimir" title="Mikhail of Vladimir">Mikhail of Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_the_Big_Nest" title="Vsevolod the Big Nest">Vsevolod the Big Nest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_II_of_Vladimir" title="Yuri II of Vladimir">Yuri II of Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_of_Rostov" title="Konstantin of Rostov">Konstantin of Rostov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_II_of_Vladimir" title="Yuri II of Vladimir">Yuri II of Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_II_of_Vladimir" title="Yaroslav II of Vladimir">Yaroslav II of Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_III_of_Vladimir" title="Sviatoslav III of Vladimir">Sviatoslav III of Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_II_of_Vladimir" title="Andrey II of Vladimir">Andrey II of Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky" title="Alexander Nevsky">Alexander Nevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_of_Tver" title="Yaroslav of Tver">Yaroslav of Tver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_of_Kostroma" title="Vasily of Kostroma">Vasily of Kostroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_of_Pereslavl" title="Dmitry of Pereslavl">Dmitry of Pereslavl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_of_Gorodets" title="Andrey of Gorodets">Andrey of Gorodets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_of_Tver" title="Mikhail of Tver">Mikhail of Tver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yury_of_Moscow" title="Yury of Moscow">Yuri of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_of_Tver" title="Dmitry of Tver">Dmitry the Terrible Eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Mikhailovich_of_Tver" title="Aleksandr Mikhailovich of Tver">Alexander of Tver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_I_of_Moscow" title="Ivan I of Moscow">Ivan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_of_Moscow" title="Simeon of Moscow">Simeon the Proud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_II_of_Moscow" title="Ivan II of Moscow">Ivan II the Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_of_Suzdal" title="Dmitry of Suzdal">Dmitry of Suzdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Donskoy" title="Dmitry Donskoy">Dmitry of the Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_I_of_Moscow" title="Vasily I of Moscow">Vasily I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_II_of_Moscow" title="Vasily II of Moscow">Vasily II the Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia" title="Ivan III of Russia">Ivan III the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_III_of_Russia" title="Vasili III of Russia">Vasily III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsar_of_all_Russia" title="Tsar of all Russia">Tsars of all Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan IV the Terrible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_I_of_Russia" title="Feodor I of Russia">Feodor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irina_Godunova" title="Irina Godunova">Irina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Godunov" title="Boris Godunov">Boris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_II_of_Russia" title="Feodor II of Russia">Feodor II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_Dmitry_I" title="False Dmitry I">False Dmitry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_IV_of_Russia" title="Vasili IV of Russia">Vasili IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa" title="Władysław IV Vasa">Vladislav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Russia" title="Michael of Russia">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_of_Russia" title="Alexis of Russia">Alexis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_III_of_Russia" title="Feodor III of Russia">Feodor III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivan_V_of_Russia" title="Ivan V of Russia">Ivan V</a> (co-rulers)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Russia" title="Emperor of Russia">Emperors of all Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_I_of_Russia" title="Catherine I of Russia">Catherine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Russia" title="Peter II of Russia">Peter II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Russia" title="Anna of Russia">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_VI_of_Russia" title="Ivan VI of Russia">Ivan VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Russia" title="Elizabeth of Russia">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Russia" title="Peter III of Russia">Peter III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154444#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154444#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154444#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000035950656">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/46048893">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/393631/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwtgKK9kFpBY9CW8jCxXd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/121113906">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n97063604">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb146501571">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb146501571">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js2009504485&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5139138">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p364372028">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/qn25cvp84gd2l6q">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810595169705606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007304360505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/121113906">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/150486561">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia&oldid=1258535235">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia&oldid=1258535235</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1878_births" title="Category:1878 births">1878 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1918_deaths" title="Category:1918 deaths">1918 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_people_from_the_Russian_Empire" title="Category:19th-century people from the Russian Empire">19th-century people from the Russian Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Russian_people" title="Category:20th-century Russian people">20th-century Russian people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_executions_by_Russia" title="Category:20th-century executions by Russia">20th-century executions by Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_dukes_of_Russia" title="Category:Grand dukes of Russia">Grand dukes of Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Emperors_of_Russia" title="Category:Emperors of Russia">Emperors of Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:House_of_Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov" title="Category:House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov">House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_State_Council_(Russian_Empire)" title="Category:Members of the State Council (Russian Empire)">Members of the State Council (Russian Empire)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Executed_royalty" title="Category:Executed royalty">Executed royalty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Murdered_Russian_royalty" title="Category:Murdered Russian royalty">Murdered Russian royalty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_by_firearm_in_Russia" title="Category:Deaths by firearm in Russia">Deaths by firearm in Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Victims_of_Red_Terror_in_Soviet_Russia" title="Category:Victims of Red Terror in Soviet Russia">Victims of Red Terror in Soviet Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pretenders_to_the_Russian_throne" title="Category:Pretenders to the Russian throne">Pretenders to the Russian throne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sons_of_Russian_emperors" title="Category:Sons of Russian emperors">Sons of Russian emperors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Russia)" title="Category:Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Russia)">Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Russia)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_St._Anna,_1st_class" title="Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class">Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_St._Vladimir,_4th_class" title="Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class">Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_St._George_of_the_Fourth_Degree" title="Category:Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Fourth Degree">Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Fourth Degree</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Gold_Sword_for_Bravery" title="Category:Recipients of the Gold Sword for Bravery">Recipients of the Gold Sword for Bravery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Crosses_of_the_Order_of_Saint_Stephen_of_Hungary" title="Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary">Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Cross_of_Honour_of_the_Order_of_the_Dannebrog" title="Category:Recipients of the Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog">Recipients of the Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_of_the_Order_of_the_Dannebrog" title="Category:Knights of the Order of the Dannebrog">Knights of the Order of the Dannebrog</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_of_Malta" title="Category:Knights of Malta">Knights of Malta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Cross_of_the_Legion_of_Honour" title="Category:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour">Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Crosses_of_the_Order_of_the_Star_of_Romania" title="Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania">Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Crosses_of_the_Order_of_Christ_(Portugal)" title="Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal)">Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Crosses_of_the_Order_of_Aviz" title="Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Aviz">Grand Crosses of the Order of Aviz</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_of_the_Golden_Fleece_of_Spain" title="Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain">Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Extra_Knights_Companion_of_the_Garter" title="Category:Extra Knights Companion of the Garter">Extra Knights Companion of the Garter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Honorary_Knights_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" title="Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath">Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Children_of_Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Category:Children of Alexander III of Russia">Children of Alexander III of Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Poland)" title="Category:Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)">Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sons_of_dukes" title="Category:Sons of dukes">Sons of dukes</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Danish-language_sources_(da)" title="Category:CS1 Danish-language sources (da)">CS1 Danish-language sources (da)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Thai-language_sources_(th)" title="Category:CS1 Thai-language sources (th)">CS1 Thai-language sources (th)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Japanese-language_sources_(ja)" title="Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)">CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Portuguese-language_sources_(pt)" title="Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)">CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Norwegian-language_sources_(no)" title="Category:CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)">CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Swedish-language_sources_(sv)" title="Category:CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)">CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2024">Use dmy dates from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_December_2016" title="Category:Use British English from December 2016">Use British English from December 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2024, at 07:02 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-rjnn6","wgBackendResponseTime":160,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.320","walltime":"1.686","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10021,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":168058,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":35240,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":169575,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1411.337 1 -total"," 22.35% 315.483 2 Template:Reflist"," 14.37% 202.843 2 Template:Infobox"," 13.49% 190.364 1 Template:Infobox_royalty"," 10.75% 151.759 1 Template:Columns-list"," 9.95% 140.396 1 Template:Langx"," 8.33% 117.517 3 Template:Navbox"," 8.07% 113.872 2 Template:Cite_web"," 7.46% 105.248 1 Template:Russian_tsareviches"," 6.89% 97.185 1 Template:Marriage"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.630","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":26242614,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-f2r5r","timestamp":"20241123182912","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q154444","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q154444","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-01-03T03:03:52Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T07:02:30Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/66\/Mihail_II.jpg","headline":"member of the House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov"}</script> </body> </html>