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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af" class="">Skenkings</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Palmyra" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie." class="">Skep gebruiker</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Palmyra" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. 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[o]" accesskey="o" class="">Meld aan</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Persoonlike gereedskap </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af">Skenkings</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Palmyra" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."> Skep gebruiker</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Palmyra" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o"> Meld aan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering">leer meer</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Bydraes</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n">Bespreking</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Ligging_en_naam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligging_en_naam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Ligging en naam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligging_en_naam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geskiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geskiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Geskiedenis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Wissel Geskiedenis subafdeling </button> <ul id="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vroeë_tydperk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vroeë_tydperk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Vroeë tydperk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vroeë_tydperk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenistiese_en_Romeinse_tydperk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistiese_en_Romeinse_tydperk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Hellenistiese en Romeinse tydperk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistiese_en_Romeinse_tydperk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Outonome_streek_Palmyra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outonome_streek_Palmyra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Outonome streek Palmyra </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outonome_streek_Palmyra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palmyreense_koninkryk_en_Persiese_oorloë" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palmyreense_koninkryk_en_Persiese_oorloë"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Palmyreense koninkryk en Persiese oorloë </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palmyreense_koninkryk_en_Persiese_oorloë-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Palmyreense_Ryk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palmyreense_Ryk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2.1 Palmyreense Ryk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palmyreense_Ryk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latere_Romeinse_en_Bisantynse_tydperke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latere_Romeinse_en_Bisantynse_tydperke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Latere Romeinse en Bisantynse tydperke </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latere_Romeinse_en_Bisantynse_tydperke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arabiese_kalifaat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabiese_kalifaat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Arabiese kalifaat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabiese_kalifaat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Omajjadiese_en_vroeë_Abbasidiese_tydperk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Omajjadiese_en_vroeë_Abbasidiese_tydperk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Omajjadiese en vroeë Abbasidiese tydperk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Omajjadiese_en_vroeë_Abbasidiese_tydperk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Desentralisasie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Desentralisasie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Desentralisasie </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Desentralisasie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mameluk-tydperk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mameluk-tydperk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Mameluk-tydperk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mameluk-tydperk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Al-Fadl-prinsdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al-Fadl-prinsdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Al-Fadl-prinsdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al-Fadl-prinsdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottomaanse_en_latere_tydperke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottomaanse_en_latere_tydperke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Ottomaanse en latere tydperke </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottomaanse_en_latere_tydperke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siriese_Burgeroorlog" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siriese_Burgeroorlog"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Siriese Burgeroorlog </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siriese_Burgeroorlog-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mense,_taal_en_gemeenskap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mense,_taal_en_gemeenskap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Mense, taal en gemeenskap </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mense,_taal_en_gemeenskap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kultuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kultuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Kultuur </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kultuur-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Wissel Kultuur subafdeling </button> <ul id="toc-Kultuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kuns_en_argitektuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kuns_en_argitektuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Kuns en argitektuur </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kuns_en_argitektuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terrein" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Terrein </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Terrein-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Wissel Terrein subafdeling </button> <ul id="toc-Terrein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stadsuitleg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stadsuitleg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Stadsuitleg </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stadsuitleg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noemenswaardige_geboue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noemenswaardige_geboue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Noemenswaardige geboue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noemenswaardige_geboue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Openbare_geboue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Openbare_geboue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Openbare geboue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Openbare_geboue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tempels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tempels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Tempels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tempels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ander_geboue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ander_geboue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 Ander geboue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ander_geboue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opgrawings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opgrawings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Opgrawings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opgrawings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Verwysings </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Wissel Verwysings subafdeling </button> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Bibliografie </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Eksterne skakels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Wissel die inhoudsopgawe </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Palmyra</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 91 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" > 91 tale </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B1" title="تدمر – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تدمر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B1" title="تدمر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تدمر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmira" title="Palmira – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Palmira" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmira" title="Palmira – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Palmira" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Пальмира – Baskir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Пальмира" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baskir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Пальміра – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пальміра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Палмира – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Палмира" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="পালমিরা – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পালমিরা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmira" title="Palmira – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Palmira" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadmur_(kapital_sa_distrito_sa_Sirya)" title="Tadmur (kapital sa distrito sa Sirya) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tadmur (kapital sa distrito sa Sirya)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1" title="تەدمور – Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تەدمور" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm%C3%BDra" title="Palmýra – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Palmýra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Пальмира – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пальмира" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Palmyra" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Palmyra" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Palmyra" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Palmyra" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BC%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Παλμύρα – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παλμύρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Palmyra" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmira" title="Palmira – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Palmira" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmira" title="Palmira – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Palmira" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Palmyra" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmira" title="Palmira – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Palmira" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="پالمیرا – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پالمیرا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fat mw-list-item"><a href="https://fat.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra – Fanti" lang="fat" hreflang="fat" data-title="Palmyra" data-language-autonym="Mfantse" data-language-local-name="Fanti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mfantse</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Palmyra" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyre" title="Palmyre – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Palmyre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Palmyra" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Palmyra" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmira" title="Palmira – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Palmira" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Palmyra" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target">Farefare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8" title="תדמור – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תדמור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="पलमीरा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पलमीरा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmira" title="Palmira – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Palmira" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm%C3%BCra" title="Palmüra – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Palmüra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B4%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Պալմիրա – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պալմիրա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B4%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Փալմիրա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Փալմիրա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadmur" title="Tadmur – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tadmur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Palmyra" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm%C3%BDra" title="Palmýra – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Palmýra" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmira" title="Palmira – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Palmira" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A9" title="パルミラ – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パルミラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="პალმირა – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პალმირა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Пальмира – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пальмира" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%94%EB%AF%B8%EB%9D%BC" title="팔미라 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="팔미라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm%C3%AEra" title="Palmîra – Koerdies" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Palmîra" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Palmyra" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Palmyra" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra_(Sirija)" title="Palmyra (Sirija) – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Palmyra (Sirija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm%C4%ABra" title="Palmīra – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Palmīra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="पलमेराक क्षेत्र – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="पलमेराक क्षेत्र" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra – Malgassies" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Palmyra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malgassies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadmur" title="Tadmur – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tadmur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra – Maltees" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Palmyra" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ပါးလ်မိုင်ယာမြို့ – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပါးလ်မိုင်ယာမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="پالمیرا – Masanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پالمیرا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Masanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="पलमेरा – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पलमेरा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra_(Syri%C3%AB)" title="Palmyra (Syrië) – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Palmyra (Syrië)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Palmyra" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Palmyra" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmira" title="Palmira – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Palmira" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਪਾਲਮੀਰਾ – Pandjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਾਲਮੀਰਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra_(Syria)" title="Palmyra (Syria) – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Palmyra (Syria)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="پالمیرا – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پالمیرا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmira" title="Palmira – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Palmira" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmira" title="Palmira – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Palmira" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Пальмира – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пальмира" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmira" title="Palmira – Sisiliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Palmira" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisiliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmira" title="Palmira – Skots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Palmira" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmira" title="Palmira – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Palmira" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Palmyra" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm%C3%BDra" title="Palmýra – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Palmýra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmira" title="Palmira – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Palmira" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmira" title="Palmira – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Palmira" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Палмира – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Палмира" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Palmyra" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE" title="பல்மைரா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பல்மைரா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" title="แพลไมรา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แพลไมรา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmira" title="Palmira – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Palmira" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmira" title="Palmira – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Palmira" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Palmyra" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Пальміра – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пальміра" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B1" title="تدمر – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تدمر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmira" title="Palmira – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Palmira" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Palmyra" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra_(syudad)" title="Palmyra (syudad) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Palmyra (syudad)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%B1%B3%E6%8B%89" title="巴尔米拉 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巴尔米拉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="პალმირა (სირია) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პალმირა (სირია)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E5%B0%94%E7%B1%B3%E6%8B%89" title="帕尔米拉 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="帕尔米拉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra – Min Nan-Sjinees" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Palmyra" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%B1%B3%E6%8B%89" title="帕米拉 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="帕米拉" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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dir="ltr"><table class="toccolours vatop infobox" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; clear:right; width:270px; padding:3px; margin:1px 1px 1em 1em; font-size:85%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color:#ADDFAD; color:#000000; text-align: center;" colspan="3">Palmyra (Tadmoer) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:BS-Palmyra-015.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Die historiese terrein Palmyra."><img alt="Die historiese terrein Palmyra." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/BS-Palmyra-015.jpg/264px-BS-Palmyra-015.jpg" decoding="async" width="264" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/BS-Palmyra-015.jpg/396px-BS-Palmyra-015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/BS-Palmyra-015.jpg/528px-BS-Palmyra-015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="1440" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="3">Die historiese terrein Palmyra. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Plaaslike naam </td> <td colspan="2">ܬܕܡܘܪܬܐ (<a href="/wiki/Aramees" title="Aramees">Aramees</a>) تدمر (<a href="/wiki/Arabies" title="Arabies">Arabies</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Land</td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Syria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Sirië"><img alt="Vlag van Sirië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Siri%C3%AB" title="Sirië">Sirië</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Soort</td> <td colspan="2">Nedersetting </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Streek</td> <td colspan="2">Siriese Woestyn </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Oppervlakte</td> <td colspan="2">0,36 hektaar </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ADDFAD; color:#000000; text-align: center;" colspan="3">Geskiedenis </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Gestig</td> <td colspan="2">2de millennium v.C. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Tydperk</td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bronstydperk" title="Bronstydperk">Brons-</a> tot Moderne Tydperk </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Kulture</td> <td colspan="2">Aramees, Arabies, Grieks-Romeins </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ADDFAD; color:#000000; text-align: center;" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Unesco" title="Unesco">Unesco-wêrelderfenisgebied</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Tipe</td> <td colspan="2">Kultureel </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Kriteria</td> <td colspan="2">i, ii, iv </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Verwysing</td> <td colspan="2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/23">23</a> (1980, 4de sessie) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Toestand</td> <td colspan="2">Geruïneer </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Bedreig</td> <td colspan="2">2013 tot hede<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Streek†</td> <td colspan="2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Arab_States" class="extiw" title="en:List of World Heritage Sites in the Arab States">Arabiese State</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Beskrywing*</td> <td colspan="2">Terrein van Palmyra </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="3">† <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/?search=&search_by_country=&type=&media=&region=&order=region">Streek soos deur Unesco geklassifiseer.</a> * <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list">Naam soos op die Wêrelderfenislys</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> Palmyra of Palmira (<a href="/wiki/Aramees" title="Aramees">Aramees</a>: ܬܕܡܘܪܬܐ, Tedmurtā; <a href="/wiki/Arabies" title="Arabies">Arabies</a>: تدمر, Tadmoer) is ’n antieke Semitiese stad in die hedendaagse <a href="/wiki/Siri%C3%AB" title="Sirië">Sirië</a>. <a href="/wiki/Argeologie" title="Argeologie">Argeologiese</a> vondste dateer van tot die <a href="/wiki/Neolitikum" title="Neolitikum">Neolitikum</a> en dit is in die vroeë 2de millennium v.C. die eerste keer genoem as ’n karavaanrusplek vir reisigers in die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siriese_Woestyn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siriese Woestyn (bladsy bestaan nie)">Siriese Woestyn</a>. Die stad word genoem in die annale van die <a href="/wiki/Assiriese_Koningslys" class="mw-redirect" title="Assiriese Koningslys">Assiriese konings</a> en is dalk ook in die Hebreeuse Bybel genoem. Palmyra is in die <a href="/wiki/1ste_eeu" title="1ste eeu">1ste eeu</a> in die <a href="/wiki/Seleukidiese_Ryk" title="Seleukidiese Ryk">Seleukidiese</a> en toe die <a href="/wiki/Romeinse_Ryk" title="Romeinse Ryk">Romeinse Ryk</a> opgeneem, wat dit laat vooruitgaan het. Danksy die stad se rykdom is monumentale bouprojekte aangepak. Teen die <a href="/wiki/3de_eeu" title="3de eeu">3de eeu</a> n.C. was dit ’n vooruitstrewende metropolis en streeksentrum. Voor 273 was dit vir ’n groot deel van sy bestaan outonoom. Tydens die eerste twee eeue n.C. is dit by die Romeinse provinsie Sirië gelas en sy politieke organisasie is beïnvloed deur die Griekse stadstaatmodel. Die stad is deur ’n senaat geregeer wat verantwoordelik was vir openbare werk en die weermag. In die <a href="/wiki/3de_eeu" title="3de eeu">3de eeu</a> het Palmyra Romeinse regeringsinstellings ingevoer. Die stad se rykdom het van handelskaravane gekom; die Palmyrene, bekende handelaars, het handelsposte aan die <a href="/wiki/Syroete" title="Syroete">Syroete</a> deur die hele Romeinse Ryk gestig. Hulle was hoofsaaklik ’n mengsel van <a href="/wiki/Amorities" title="Amorities">Amoriete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aramees" title="Aramees">Arameërs</a> en <a href="/wiki/Arabiere" title="Arabiere">Arabiere</a>,<a href="#cite_note-arab_palm-2">[2]</a> met ’n <a href="/wiki/Jood" class="mw-redirect" title="Jood">Joodse</a> minderheid. Die stad se sosiale struktuur was stamgebonde en die inwoners het <a href="/wiki/Palmyreens" title="Palmyreens">Palmyreens</a> gepraat, wat ’n dialek van <a href="/wiki/Aramees" title="Aramees">Aramees</a> was. <a href="/wiki/Grieks" title="Grieks">Grieks</a> is vir handels- en diplomatieke doeleindes gebruik. Palmyra se kultuur, wat beïnvloed is deur die Grieks-Romeinse wêreld en <a href="/wiki/Persi%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Persië">Persië</a>, het ’n eiesoortige kuns en argitektuur tot gevolg gehad. Die inwoners het plaaslike, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamiese_mitologie" title="Mesopotamiese mitologie">Mesopotamiese</a> en <a href="/wiki/Arabiere" title="Arabiere">Arabiese</a> gode aanbid. In 260 het die Palmyreense koning <a href="/wiki/Odaenathus" title="Odaenathus">Odaenathus</a> die <a href="/wiki/Persiese_Ryk" title="Persiese Ryk">Persiese</a> keiser <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> verslaan. Hy het verskeie kere teen die Perse geveg voordat hy in 267 vermoor is. Odaenathus is opgevolg deur sy twee jong seuns onder die regentskap van koningin <a href="/wiki/Zenobia" title="Zenobia">Zenobia</a>, wat teen Rome in opstand gekom en die ryk se oostelike provinsies in 270 begin inval het. Die Palmyreense heersers het in 271 keiserlike titels aangeneem. Die Romeinse keiser <a href="/wiki/Aurelianus" title="Aurelianus">Aurelianus</a> het die stad in 272 verslaan en dit in 273 geplunder ná ’n mislukte tweede opstand. Onder die <a href="/wiki/Bisantynse_Ryk" title="Bisantynse Ryk">Bisantynse Ryk</a> was Palmyra ’n minder belangrike sentrum. Die Palmyrene het hulle in die 4de eeu tot die <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> bekeer en in die tweede helfte van die 1ste millennium tot <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>; Palmyreens en Grieks is vervang deur <a href="/wiki/Arabies" title="Arabies">Arabies</a>. Die stad – wat in <a href="/wiki/1400" title="1400">1400</a> deur die <a href="/wiki/Timoer" title="Timoer">Mongole</a> verwoes is – het onder die <a href="/wiki/Ottomaanse_Ryk" title="Ottomaanse Ryk">Ottomaanse Ryk</a> ’n klein dorpie gebly tot in 1918, en daarna onder die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabiese_Koninkryk_van_Siri%C3%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabiese Koninkryk van Sirië (bladsy bestaan nie)">Siriese koninkryk</a> en die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franse_Mandaat_Siri%C3%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franse Mandaat Sirië (bladsy bestaan nie)">Franse Mandaat Sirië</a>. In 1929 het die <a href="/wiki/Frankryk" title="Frankryk">Franse</a> begin om inwoners na die nuwe dorp <a href="/wiki/Tadmoer" title="Tadmoer">Tadmoer</a> te skuif. Die verskuiwing is in 1932 voltooi en die terrein van Palmyra is leeg gelaat. Op 21 Mei 2015 het Palmyra onder beheer gekom van die ekstremistiese militante groep <a href="/wiki/Islamitiese_Staat_(in_Irak_en_die_Levant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamitiese Staat (in Irak en die Levant)">Islamitiese Staat in Irak en die Levant</a> (ISIL). Verskeie antieke geboue is sedertdien vernietig, onder meer die <a href="/wiki/Tempel_van_Baalsamin" title="Tempel van Baalsamin">Tempel van Baalsamin</a>, die <a href="/wiki/Tempel_van_Bel" title="Tempel van Bel">Tempel van Bel</a> en die Triomfboog in Palmyra se kolonnade. Einde Maart 2016 het Siriese regeringsmagte, bygestaan deur die <a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Russiese</a> lugmag, algehele beheer oor die stad oorgeneem ná dae lange gevegte.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ligging_en_naam">Ligging en naam</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Ligging en naam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Ligging en naam">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Palmyra,_Syria_-_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Palmyra%2C_Syria_-_3.jpg/220px-Palmyra%2C_Syria_-_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Palmyra%2C_Syria_-_3.jpg/330px-Palmyra%2C_Syria_-_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Palmyra%2C_Syria_-_3.jpg/440px-Palmyra%2C_Syria_-_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1999" /></a><figcaption>Die Noord-Palmyreense Bergreeks.</figcaption></figure> Palmyra is 215 km noordoos van die Siriese hoofstad, <a href="/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus">Damaskus</a>, geleë<a href="#cite_note-chus-4">[4]</a> in ’n <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oasis</a> wat deur <a href="/wiki/Palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm">palms</a> omring word.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-yoel2-6">[6]</a> Twee bergreekse lê by die stad: die Noord-Palmyreense Bergreeks in die noorde en die Suid-Palmyreense Bergreeks in die suidweste.<a href="#cite_note-mont-7">[7]</a> In die suide en ooste lê die Siriese Woestyn<a href="#cite_note-mont-7">[7]</a> en ’n klein vallei loop deur die gebied.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Plinius_die_ouere" title="Plinius die ouere">Plinius die ouere</a> het die dorp in die 70's n.C. beskryf as bekend vir sy woestynligging, die vrugbaarheid van sy grond<a href="#cite_note-pliny-9">[9]</a> en die fonteine wat dit omring, wat landbou en veeboerdery moontlik gemaak het. "Tadmor" is die Semitiese en eerste bekende naam van die stad; dit is in die eerste helfte van die 2de millennium v.C. gebruik.<a href="#cite_note-yoel-10">[10]</a> Die oorsprong van die naam is nie duidelik nie; volgens die Nederlandse <a href="/wiki/Filologie" title="Filologie">filoloog</a> Albert Schultens kom dit van die Semitiese woord vir "dadels" (tamar),<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-charnok-12">[12]</a> wat verwys na die palmbome om die stad. Die naam "Palmyra" het in die vroeë 1ste eeu n.C. in die werk van Plinius die ouere verskyn<a href="#cite_note-yoel-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-yoe3-13">[13]</a> en is in die Grieks-Romeinse wêreld gebruik.<a href="#cite_note-charnok-12">[12]</a> Volgens Schultens het die Romeine die naam na "Palmura" verander (van die <a href="/wiki/Latyn" title="Latyn">Latynse</a> woord palma ("palm").<a href="#cite_note-yoel-10">[10]</a> Daarna is die naam na "Palmyra" verander.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-charnok-12">[12]</a> Dit kan ook ’n Griekse vertaling van "Tadmor" wees (as ’n mens aanneem dit beteken "palm"), soos Jean Starcky, ’n Franse priester en redakteur van die <a href="/wiki/Dooie_See-rolle" title="Dooie See-rolle">Dooie See-rolle</a>, glo.<a href="#cite_note-yoel2-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-yoel-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geskiedenis">Geskiedenis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Geskiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Geskiedenis">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Efqa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Efqa.png/220px-Efqa.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Efqa.png/330px-Efqa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Efqa.png/440px-Efqa.png 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>Die Efqa-fontein, wat in 1994 opgedroog het.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Baal_shamin_temple02(js).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Baal_shamin_temple02%28js%29.jpg/220px-Baal_shamin_temple02%28js%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Baal_shamin_temple02%28js%29.jpg/330px-Baal_shamin_temple02%28js%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Baal_shamin_temple02%28js%29.jpg/440px-Baal_shamin_temple02%28js%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1260" /></a><figcaption>Die binnekant van die <a href="/wiki/Tempel_van_Baalsamin" title="Tempel van Baalsamin">Tempel van Baalsamin</a>. Islamitiese militante het dit op Sondag <a href="/wiki/23_Augustus" title="23 Augustus">23 Augustus</a> <a href="/wiki/2015" title="2015">2015</a> opgeblaas met 'n groot hoeveelheid plofstof.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Center_of_Bel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Center_of_Bel.jpg/220px-Center_of_Bel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Center_of_Bel.jpg/330px-Center_of_Bel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Center_of_Bel.jpg/440px-Center_of_Bel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Die hoofaltaar van die <a href="/wiki/Tempel_van_Bel" title="Tempel van Bel">Tempel van Bel</a>. Die tempel is in Augustus 2015 minstens gedeeltelik deur ISIL verwoes.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Palmyra_theater02(js).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Palmyra_theater02%28js%29.jpg/220px-Palmyra_theater02%28js%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Palmyra_theater02%28js%29.jpg/330px-Palmyra_theater02%28js%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Palmyra_theater02%28js%29.jpg/440px-Palmyra_theater02%28js%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1258" /></a><figcaption>Palmyra se teater.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Palmyra_SYRIE_398.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Palmyra_SYRIE_398.jpg/220px-Palmyra_SYRIE_398.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Palmyra_SYRIE_398.jpg/330px-Palmyra_SYRIE_398.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Palmyra_SYRIE_398.jpg/440px-Palmyra_SYRIE_398.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Die Triomfboog by die ingang van Palmyra se kolonnade (in 2015 vernietig).</figcaption></figure> Daar is bewyse by Palmyra gevind dat ’n nedersetting uit die <a href="/wiki/Neolitikum" title="Neolitikum">Neolitikum</a> naby Efqa bestaan het,<a href="#cite_note-salk-16">[16]</a> met steengereedskap uit 7500 v.C.<a href="#cite_note-esth-17">[17]</a> Onder die <a href="/wiki/Tempel_van_Bel" title="Tempel van Bel">Tempel van Bel</a> is tekens gevind van kultusbedrywighede uit <a href="/wiki/2300_v.C." class="mw-redirect" title="2300 v.C.">2300 v.C.</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-stan-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vroeë_tydperk">Vroeë tydperk</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Vroeë tydperk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Vroeë tydperk">wysig bron</a>]</div> Palmyra word omstreeks 2000 v.C., tydens die Bronstydperk, die eerste keer genoem toe Puzur-Isjtar die Tadmoreaan ingestem het tot ’n kontrak by die <a href="/wiki/Oud-Assiriese_Ryk" title="Oud-Assiriese Ryk">Assiriese</a> handelspos in Kultepe.<a href="#cite_note-esth-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Dit word weer daarna in die <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Siri%C3%AB" title="Mari, Sirië">Mari-tablette</a> genoem as ’n rusplek vir handelskaravane en nomadiese stamme, soos die <a href="/wiki/Sute%C3%ABrs" title="Suteërs">Suteërs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-palm3-22">[22]</a> Koning <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samsi-Adad_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samsi-Adad I (bladsy bestaan nie)">Samsi-Adad I</a> van Assirië het aan die begin van die <a href="/wiki/18de_eeu_v.C." title="18de eeu v.C.">18de eeu v.C.</a> by die gebied verbygegaan op sy pad na die <a href="/wiki/Middellandse_See" title="Middellandse See">Middellandse See</a>-gebied.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Teen daardie tyd was Palmyra die oostelike punt van die koninkryk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qatna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qatna (bladsy bestaan nie)">Qatna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Die dorp word ook genoem in ’n tablet uit die <a href="/wiki/13de_eeu_v.C." title="13de eeu v.C.">13de eeu v.C.</a> wat by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Emar</a> ontdek is; daarin word die naam van twee getuies uit "Tadmor" aangeteken.<a href="#cite_note-palm3-22">[22]</a> Aan die begin van die <a href="/wiki/11de_eeu_v.C." title="11de eeu v.C.">11de eeu v.C.</a> noem koning <a href="/wiki/Tiglat-Pileser_I" title="Tiglat-Pileser I">Tiglat-Pileser I</a> van Assirië sy oorwinning van die "Arameërs van Tadmar".<a href="#cite_note-palm3-22">[22]</a> In <a href="/wiki/1-2_Kronieke" title="1-2 Kronieke">2 Kron</a> 8:4 in die <a href="/wiki/Bybel" title="Bybel">Bybel</a> word vertel van "Tadmor" as ’n woestynstad wat versterk is deur koning <a href="/wiki/Salomo" title="Salomo">Salomo</a> van <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> en dit word in die <a href="/wiki/Talmoed" title="Talmoed">Talmoed</a> ook genoem (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yebamot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yebamot (bladsy bestaan nie)">Yebamot</a> 17a-b).<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Josephus" title="Flavius Josephus">Flavius Josephus</a> noem die Griekse naam "Palmyra", en skryf die stigting van "Tadmor" toe aan Salomo in Boek VIII van sy Oudheid van die Jode.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Later skryf <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamitiese</a> tradisies die stad se stigting toe aan Salomo se <a href="/wiki/Djin#Salomo_en_die_Djin" title="Djin">Djin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Die verbintenis van Palmyra met Salomo kan ’n samesmelting wees van "Tadmor" en die stad "Tamar" wat Salomo in <a href="/wiki/Juda" class="mw-redirect" title="Juda">Juda</a> gebou het (<a href="/wiki/1-2_Konings" title="1-2 Konings">1 Kon</a> 9:18).<a href="#cite_note-trev-29">[29]</a> Die Bybelse beskrywing van "Tadmor" en sy geboue stem nie ooreen met argeologiese vondste in Palmyra nie; laasgenoemde was ’n klein nedersetting tydens Salomo se bewind in die <a href="/wiki/10de_eeu_v.C." title="10de eeu v.C.">10de eeu v.C.</a><a href="#cite_note-trev-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenistiese_en_Romeinse_tydperk">Hellenistiese en Romeinse tydperk</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Hellenistiese en Romeinse tydperk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Hellenistiese en Romeinse tydperk">wysig bron</a>]</div> Tydens die <a href="/wiki/Hellenistiese_Griekeland" title="Hellenistiese Griekeland">Hellenistiese tydperk</a> onder die <a href="/wiki/Seleukidiese_Ryk" title="Seleukidiese Ryk">Seleukiede</a> (tussen 312 en 64 v.C.), het Palmyra ’n vooruitstrewende nedersetting geword wat trou aan die Seleukidiese koning gesweer het.<a href="#cite_note-trev-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In 217 v.C. het ’n Palmyreense mag onder <a href="/wiki/Sjeik" title="Sjeik">sjeik</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zabdibel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zabdibel (bladsy bestaan nie)">Zabdibel</a> by die leër van koning <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiochus_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antiochus III (bladsy bestaan nie)">Antiochus III</a> aangesluit in die Slag van Raphia, wat in ’n neerlaag vir die Seleukiede geëindig het.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-trev34-32">[32]</a> In die middel van die Hellenistiese tydperk het Palmyra verder as sy noorderoewer begin uitbrei.<a href="#cite_note-trev34sssssss-33">[33]</a> Teen die laat <a href="/wiki/2de_eeu_v.C." title="2de eeu v.C.">2de eeu v.C.</a> is bouwerk begin aan die toringgrafkelders in Palmyra se Vallei van Grafkelders en die stadstempels (veral die tempels vir <a href="/wiki/Baalsamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Baalsamin">Baalsamin</a>, Al-lāt en die Hellenistiese tempel).<a href="#cite_note-trev-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-trev34-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-trev34s-34">[34]</a> In 64 v.C. het die <a href="/wiki/Romeinse_Republiek" title="Romeinse Republiek">Romeinse Republiek</a> die Seleukidiese Ryk geannekseer en die Romeinse generaal <a href="/wiki/Pompeius" title="Pompeius">Pompeius</a> het die Romeinse provinsie Sirië gestig.<a href="#cite_note-trev34-32">[32]</a> Palmyra was steeds onafhanklik<a href="#cite_note-trev34-32">[32]</a> en het handel gedryf met Rome en <a href="/wiki/Parti%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Partië">Partië</a>, maar aan nie een van die twee behoort nie.<a href="#cite_note-elto-35">[35]</a> Die vroegste bekende Palmyreense inskripsie dateer van omstreeks 44 v.C.<a href="#cite_note-dirvas-36">[36]</a> Dit was toe nog ’n klein sjeikdom wat water aan karavane voorsien het.<a href="#cite_note-warwik-37">[37]</a> Die stad was egter ryk genoeg dat <a href="/wiki/Markus_Antonius" class="mw-redirect" title="Markus Antonius">Markus Antonius</a> in 41 v.C. ’n mag gestuur het om dit te verower.<a href="#cite_note-elto-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Outonome_streek_Palmyra">Outonome streek Palmyra</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Outonome streek Palmyra" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Outonome streek Palmyra">wysig bron</a>]</div> Palmyra het deel van die <a href="/wiki/Romeinse_Ryk" title="Romeinse Ryk">Romeinse Ryk</a> geword toe dit geannekseer is en moes heffings betaal tydens <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> se vroeë bewind, omstreeks 14 n.C.<a href="#cite_note-provi-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-trev34-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-provi-38">[38]</a> Die Romeine het Palmyra in die provinsie Sirië ingesluit.<a href="#cite_note-provi-38">[38]</a> Die streek het verskeie dorpe bevat (35 nedersettings is teen 2012 geïdentifiseer).<a href="#cite_note-bakol-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-country-40">[40]</a> Die Romeinse tydperk het groot vooruitgang vir die stad meegebring en dit het ’n groot deel van sy outonome status behou.<a href="#cite_note-trev34-32">[32]</a> Dit het baie Griekse stadstaatinstellings in sy regering aangeneem.<a href="#cite_note-lamsin3s-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-lamsin3s-41">[41]</a> Daar was groot bouprojekte in Palmyra in die 1ste eeu, onder meer die stad se eerste muurversterkings en die <a href="/wiki/Tempel_van_Bel" title="Tempel van Bel">Tempel van Bel</a>, wat in 32 n.C. voltooi is.<a href="#cite_note-hildo-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Palmyra het ontwikkel van ’n klein karavaanrusplek in ’n vooraanstaande handelsentrum.<a href="#cite_note-elrood-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-warwik-37">[37]</a> Palmyreense handel het in die 2de eeu ’n hoogtepunt bereik.<a href="#cite_note-palmo55-45">[45]</a> In 129 is Palmyra besoek deur <a href="/wiki/Hadrianus" title="Hadrianus">Hadrianus</a>, wat dit "Hadriaanse Palmyra" genoem en ’n vrye stad gemaak het.<a href="#cite_note-trev44-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-dirvas6-47">[47]</a> Hadrianus het ’n vergrieksing deur die ryk aangemoedig en dit het tot nuwe projekte gelei, onder meer ’n teater, kolonnade en die Tempel van <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nabu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nabu (bladsy bestaan nie)">Nabu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-smit-48">[48]</a> Romeinse mag oor Palmyra is in 167 hervestig.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In die 190's is Palmyra by die provinsie <a href="/wiki/Fenisi%C3%AB" title="Fenisië">Fenisië</a> gevoeg.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Tussen 213 en 216 is baie van Palmyra se Griekse instellings deur Romeinse instellings vervang. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Palmyreense_koninkryk_en_Persiese_oorloë">Palmyreense koninkryk en Persiese oorloë</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: Palmyreense koninkryk en Persiese oorloë" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Palmyreense koninkryk en Persiese oorloë">wysig bron</a>]</div> Die opkoms van die <a href="/wiki/Sassanidiese_Ryk" title="Sassanidiese Ryk">Sassanidiese Ryk</a> in <a href="/wiki/Persi%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Persië">Persië</a> het die Palmyreense handel groot skade berokken.<a href="#cite_note-adnos-51">[51]</a> Die Sassaniede het Palmyreense handelsposte in hul gebied toegemaak<a href="#cite_note-adnos-51">[51]</a> en ’n oorlog teen die Romeinse Ryk begin.<a href="#cite_note-satno-52">[52]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Odenaethus_bust.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Odenaethus_bust.jpg/150px-Odenaethus_bust.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Odenaethus_bust.jpg/225px-Odenaethus_bust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Odenaethus_bust.jpg/300px-Odenaethus_bust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>’n Borsbeeld, vermoedelik van Odaenathus.</figcaption></figure> In ’n inskripsie uit 252 verskyn <a href="/wiki/Odaenathus" title="Odaenathus">Odaenathus</a> met die titel "meester van Palmyra".<a href="#cite_note-oda-53">[53]</a> Die swakheid van die Romeinse Ryk en die konstante Persiese bedreiging was waarskynlik die rede dat Palmyra se raad besluit het om ’n meester vir die stad te kies sodat hy ’n versterkte leër kan aanvoer.<a href="#cite_note-exo-54">[54]</a> Odaenathus het Shapur I van Persië gevra om Palmyra se belange in Persië te waarborg, maar dit is van die hand gewys.<a href="#cite_note-adnossa-55">[55]</a> In 260 het keiser <a href="/wiki/Valerianus" title="Valerianus">Valerianus</a> by die Slag van Edessa teen Shapur geveg, maar hy is verslaan en gevange geneem.<a href="#cite_note-adnossa-55">[55]</a> Odaenathus het toe ’n leër teen Shapur op die been gebring bestaande uit Palmyrene, boere en die oorblywende Romeinse soldate in die streek.<a href="#cite_note-adnossa-55">[55]</a> Hy het homself voor die slag as koning van Palmyra verklaar.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Die Palmyrene het ’n groot oorwinning naby die oewers van die <a href="/wiki/Eufraat" title="Eufraat">Eufraat</a> behaal en die Perse teruggedryf.<a href="#cite_note-vaji-57">[57]</a> Een van Valerianus se offisiere, Macrianus die ouere, sy seuns Quietus en Macrianus die jongere, en die pretoriaanse prefek Balista het toe teen Valerianus se seun, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallienus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gallienus (bladsy bestaan nie)">Gallienus</a>, in opstand gekom en die mag in Sirië oorgeneem.<a href="#cite_note-vaji-57">[57]</a> In 261 het Odaenathus teen die oorblywende magsoornemers in Sirië opgeruk, en Quietus en Balista verslaan en doodgemaak.<a href="#cite_note-vaji-57">[57]</a> As beloning het hy die titel Imperator Totius Orientis ("Goewerneur van die Ooste") van Gallienus gekry<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> en oor Sirië, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotami%C3%AB" title="Mesopotamië">Mesopotamië</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabi%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabië">Arabië</a> en <a href="/wiki/Anatoli%C3%AB" title="Anatolië">Anatolië</a> se oostelike streke regeer as die keiserlike verteenwoordiger.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-satnso-60">[60]</a> In 262 het Odaenathus opnuut ’n veldtog teen Shapur geloods<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> en beslag gelê op die res van Romeinse Mesopotamië. Hy het ook die Persiese hoofstad, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ctesiphon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ctesiphon (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ctesiphon</a>, verower.<a href="#cite_note-carosf-62">[62]</a> Hierna het hy die titel "koning van konings" aangeneem.<a href="#cite_note-adnossa-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-vajisczvd-63">[63]</a> Odaenathus het sy seun Hairan as medeheerser aangewys, maar dié is vermoor in dieselfde sluipmoordaanval wat die lewe van Odaenathus geëis het, blykbaar deur laasgenoemde se neef, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maeonius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maeonius (bladsy bestaan nie)">Maeonius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-maoniasa-64">[64]</a> Maeonius was dalk vir ’n kort rukkie keiser totdat hy deur Odaenathus se weduwee, <a href="/wiki/Zenobia" title="Zenobia">Zenobia</a>, verhoor en tereggestel is.<a href="#cite_note-maoniasa-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-maoni-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Odaenathus is deur sy seuns, Vaballathus (10) en die jonger Herodianus, opgevolg. Laasgenoemde is egter kort ná sy pa dood.<a href="#cite_note-zenok-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-zenok7-68">[68]</a> Zenobia, hul ma, was die de facto-heerser en Vaballathus het in haar skadu gebly terwyl sy haar mag gevestig het.<a href="#cite_note-zenok-67">[67]</a> Die koningin was versigtig dat sy Rome nie uitdaag nie en het die grense met die Perse versterk.<a href="#cite_note-zenok-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Palmyreense_Ryk">Palmyreense Ryk</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Wysig afdeling: Palmyreense Ryk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Palmyreense Ryk">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Palmyra_imposed.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Palmyra_imposed.png/220px-Palmyra_imposed.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Palmyra_imposed.png/330px-Palmyra_imposed.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Palmyra_imposed.png/440px-Palmyra_imposed.png 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>Die Palmyreense Ryk in 271 n.C.</figcaption></figure> Zenobia se militêre loopbaan het in die lente van <a href="/wiki/270" title="270">270</a> begin, tydens die bewind van <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudius_Gothicus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claudius Gothicus (bladsy bestaan nie)">Claudius Gothicus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-zenok1988-69">[69]</a> Onder die voorwendsel dat sy die Tanoekiede aanval, het sy Romeinse Arabië geannekseer.<a href="#cite_note-zenok1988-69">[69]</a> Dit is opgevolg deur ’n inval in <a href="/wiki/Antieke_Egipte#Romeinse_Tydperk" title="Antieke Egipte">Romeinse Egipte</a> in Oktober.<a href="#cite_note-zenok5saa-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Zenobia is toe verklaar as koningin van Egipte.<a href="#cite_note-zenok3-72">[72]</a> Palmyra het <a href="/wiki/Anatoli%C3%AB" title="Anatolië">Anatolië</a> die volgende jaar binnegeval en die streek tot by <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> verower.<a href="#cite_note-waro-73">[73]</a> Die verowerings het geskied onder ’n masker van trou aan Rome.<a href="#cite_note-zenok5-74">[74]</a> Zenobia het munte uitgereik in die naam van Claudius se opvolger, <a href="/wiki/Aurelianus" title="Aurelianus">Aurelianus</a>, waarop Vaballathus as koning uitgebeeld word.<a href="#cite_note-zenok5saa-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-zenok5-74">[74]</a> Omdat Aurelianus besig was om invalle in <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> af te weer, het hy die druk van die munte toegelaat en die koninklikes titels bekragtig.<a href="#cite_note-zenok556-75">[75]</a> In laat 271 het Vaballathus en sy ma die titels Augustus (keiser) en Augusta aangeneem.<a href="#cite_note-zenok65-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-zenok69-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-waro56-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-zenok5-74">[74]</a> Die volgende jaar het Aurelianus die <a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosporus</a> oorgesteek en vinnig deur Anatolië beweeg.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Egipte is óf van Palmyra teruggeneem óf Zenobia het haar troepe onttrek om Sirië te verdedig.<a href="#cite_note-zenok29-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-zenok29-80">[80]</a> Aurelianus het na <a href="/wiki/Antiogi%C3%AB" title="Antiogië">Antiogië</a> opgeruk, waar hy Zenobia verslaan het.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Zenobia is daarna in nog ’n slag verslaan voordat sy gevlug en na haar hoofstad teruggekeer het.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Toe die Romeine Palmyra beleër, het Zenobia oos gevlug om die Perse se hulp te vra, maar die Romeinse het haar gevange geneem; die stad het daarna voorwaardelik oorgegee.<a href="#cite_note-waro45-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latere_Romeinse_en_Bisantynse_tydperke">Latere Romeinse en Bisantynse tydperke</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Wysig afdeling: Latere Romeinse en Bisantynse tydperke" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Latere Romeinse en Bisantynse tydperke">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Diocletian%27s_Camp,_Palmyra_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Diocletian%27s_Camp%2C_Palmyra_01.jpg/220px-Diocletian%27s_Camp%2C_Palmyra_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Diocletian%27s_Camp%2C_Palmyra_01.jpg/330px-Diocletian%27s_Camp%2C_Palmyra_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Diocletian%27s_Camp%2C_Palmyra_01.jpg/440px-Diocletian%27s_Camp%2C_Palmyra_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3449" data-file-height="1394" /></a><figcaption>Die Kamp van <a href="/wiki/Diocletianus" title="Diocletianus">Diocletianus</a>.</figcaption></figure> Aurelianus het die stad begenadig en ’n garnisoen van 600 boogskutters as ’n vredesmag in Palmyra gestasioneer.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In 273 het Palmyra onder die leierskap van <a href="/w/index.php?title=Septimius_Apsaios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Septimius Apsaios (bladsy bestaan nie)">Septimius Apsaios</a> in opstand gekom<a href="#cite_note-waro56-78">[78]</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Septimius_Antiochus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Septimius Antiochus (bladsy bestaan nie)">Antiochus</a> (’n familielid van Zenobia) as Augustus verklaar.<a href="#cite_note-destao54-86">[86]</a> Aurelianus het teen Palmyra opgeruk en dit tot op die grond verwoes. Hy het beslag gelê op die waardevolste monumente om sy Tempel van Sol mee te versier.<a href="#cite_note-waro45-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-camb66-87">[87]</a> Palmyra se inwoners is doodgemaak en die Tempel van Bel geplunder.<a href="#cite_note-waro45-83">[83]</a> Palmyra was nou ’n dorpie sonder grondgebied.<a href="#cite_note-destao-88">[88]</a> Aurelianus het die Tempel van Bel gerestoureer en ’n legioen in die stad gestasioneer.<a href="#cite_note-destao-88">[88]</a> Kort voor 303 is die <a href="/wiki/Diocletianus" title="Diocletianus">Kamp van Diocletianus</a>, ’n militêre kamp, in die weste van die stad gebou<a href="#cite_note-destao-88">[88]</a> as basis van die legioen,<a href="#cite_note-destao-88">[88]</a> wat die handelsroetes om die stad bewaak het.<a href="#cite_note-destao6-89">[89]</a> Palmyra het in die dekades ná die verwoesting deur Aurelianus ’n <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christenstad</a> geword.<a href="#cite_note-desto89-90">[90]</a> In laat 527 het <a href="/wiki/Justinianus_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinianus I">Justinianus I</a> die stad laat versterk en die kerke en openbare geboue laat restoureer om die ryk te beskerm teen invalle deur die <a href="/wiki/Lachmiede" title="Lachmiede">Lachmidiese</a> koning Al-Mundhir III ibn al-Nu'man.<a href="#cite_note-desto645-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabiese_kalifaat">Arabiese kalifaat</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Wysig afdeling: Arabiese kalifaat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Arabiese kalifaat">wysig bron</a>]</div> Palmyra is deur die <a href="/wiki/Rasjidoen-kalifaat" title="Rasjidoen-kalifaat">Rasjidoen-kalifaat</a> geannekseer nadat dit in <a href="/wiki/634" title="634">634</a> deur die <a href="/wiki/Moslem" title="Moslem">Moslem</a>-generaal Khalid ibn al-Walid verower is.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Teen dié tyd was die stadsgebied beperk tot die Kamp van Diocletianus.<a href="#cite_note-desto8s9sa-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Omajjadiese_en_vroeë_Abbasidiese_tydperk">Omajjadiese en vroeë Abbasidiese tydperk</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Wysig afdeling: Omajjadiese en vroeë Abbasidiese tydperk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Omajjadiese en vroeë Abbasidiese tydperk">wysig bron</a>]</div> Die stad het ’n mate van vooruitgang beleef as deel van die <a href="/wiki/Omajjadiese_Kalifaat" title="Omajjadiese Kalifaat">Omajjadiese Kalifaat</a>,<a href="#cite_note-iBrogiolo87-94">[94]</a> wat ’n deel van die Tempel van Bel as ’n <a href="/wiki/Moskee" title="Moskee">moskee</a> gebruik het.<a href="#cite_note-hisham-95">[95]</a> Palmyra was ’n belangrike halte met ’n groot mark aan die Oos-Wes-handelsroete en die stad se inwonertal het gegroei.<a href="#cite_note-iBrogiolo87-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-hisham-95">[95]</a> In dié tyd was Palmyra ’n vesting van die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Banu_Kalb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banu Kalb (bladsy bestaan nie)">Banu Kalb</a>-stam.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Nadat dit deur Marwan II verslaan is tydens ’n burgeroorlog in die kalifaat, het die Omajjadiese aanspraakmaker op die troon, Sulayman ibn Hisham, na die Banu Kalb in Palmyra gevlug, maar eindelik in 744 trou aan Marwan gesweer; Palmyra het Marwan aanhou teenstaan tot met die oorgawe van die Banu Kalb-leier al-Abrash al-Kalbi in 745.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In dié jaar het Marwan gelas dat die stad se mure afgebreek word.<a href="#cite_note-desto8s9sa-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In 750 het ’n opstand onder Majza'a ibn al-Kawthar en die destydse Omajjadiese aanspraakmaker op die troon, Abu-Muhammad al-Sufyani, teen die nuwe <a href="/wiki/Abbasidiese_Kalifaat" title="Abbasidiese Kalifaat">Abbasidiese Kalifaat</a> deur Sirië versprei;<a href="#cite_note-umaj-99">[99]</a> die stamme in Palmyra het die rebelle gesteun.<a href="#cite_note-umaj2-100">[100]</a> Ná sy neerlaag het Abu-Muhammad in die stad geskuil en die aanvalle deur die Abbasidiërs is lank genoeg afgeweer om hom kans te gee om te vlug.<a href="#cite_note-umaj2-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Desentralisasie">Desentralisasie</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Wysig afdeling: Desentralisasie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Desentralisasie">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Gate_of_the_fortified_Temple_of_Bel_Palmyra_Syria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gate_of_the_fortified_Temple_of_Bel_Palmyra_Syria.jpg/220px-Gate_of_the_fortified_Temple_of_Bel_Palmyra_Syria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gate_of_the_fortified_Temple_of_Bel_Palmyra_Syria.jpg/330px-Gate_of_the_fortified_Temple_of_Bel_Palmyra_Syria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gate_of_the_fortified_Temple_of_Bel_Palmyra_Syria.jpg/440px-Gate_of_the_fortified_Temple_of_Bel_Palmyra_Syria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Versterkings aan die Tempel van Bel.</figcaption></figure> Die Abbasidiese mag het gedurende die 10de eeu afgeneem; die kalifaat het verbrokkel en is tussen ’n paar leenhere verdeel.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Die meeste van die nuwe leiers het die kalifaat as die ryk van hul herkoms erken, tot met die Mongoolse verwoesting van die Abbasidiese Kalifaat in <a href="/wiki/1258" title="1258">1258</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> In 955 het Sayf al-Dawla, die <a href="/wiki/Hamdaniede" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamdaniede">Hamdanidiese</a> prins van <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, die nomades naby die stad verslaan<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> en ’n fort gebou teen <a href="/wiki/Bisantynse_Ryk" title="Bisantynse Ryk">Bisantynse</a> veldtogte onder keisers <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a> en <a href="/wiki/Johannes_I_Tzimiskes" title="Johannes I Tzimiskes">Johannes I Tzimiskes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-umaj3-104">[104]</a> In die vroeë 11de eeu is Palmyra deur die opvolgerdinastie van die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirdasiede&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mirdasiede (bladsy bestaan nie)">Mirdasiede</a> beheer.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In 1068 en 1089 is die stad deur <a href="/wiki/Aardbewing" title="Aardbewing">aardbewings</a> verwoes.<a href="#cite_note-desto8s9sa-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Die Mirdasiede is in die tweede helfte van die 11de eeu opgevolg deur die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mala%27ib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mala'ib (bladsy bestaan nie)">Mala'ib</a>-stam, wat in <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a> gesentreer was.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Vanaf die 1070's het Sirië onder die beheer van die <a href="/wiki/Seldjoeke" class="mw-redirect" title="Seldjoeke">Seldjoeke</a> gekom;<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> hul <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sultan (bladsy bestaan nie)">sultan</a>, Malik-Shah, het die Mala'ib in 1090 uitgedryf.<a href="#cite_note-mala3-109">[109]</a> Die land is aan die sultan se broer, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tutush_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tutush I (bladsy bestaan nie)">Tutush I</a>,<a href="#cite_note-mala3-109">[109]</a> gegee. Hy het onafhanklik geword ná sy broer se dood in 1092 en ’n tak van die Seldjoek-dinastie in Sirië gevestig.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> In die vroeë 12de eeu is Palmyra regeer deur die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boeriede&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boeriede (bladsy bestaan nie)">Boeriede</a>.<a href="#cite_note-umaj23-111">[111]</a> Hulle het die Tempel van Bel in 1132 in ’n sitadel omskep en versterkings gebou.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-umaj2346-113">[113]</a> Drie jaar later is die stad met ’n ander familie uitgeruil vir Homs.<a href="#cite_note-umaj2346-113">[113]</a> In die middel 12de eeu het Palmyra deel van die distrik Homs geword,<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> en Homs is in 1174 deur die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ajjoebidiese_dinastie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ajjoebidiese dinastie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ajjoebidiese dinastie</a> verower.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mameluk-tydperk">Mameluk-tydperk</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Wysig afdeling: Mameluk-tydperk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Mameluk-tydperk">wysig bron</a>]</div> Die leier van Homs, emir Al-Ashraf Musa, het hom aan die kant van die <a href="/wiki/Mongoolse_Ryk" title="Mongoolse Ryk">Mongoolse Ryk</a> geskaar en het gevlug nadat die <a href="/wiki/Mongole" title="Mongole">Mongole</a> in 1260 deur die <a href="/wiki/Mamelukke" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamelukke">Mamelukke</a> verslaan is.<a href="#cite_note-udsa-116">[116]</a> Hy het die sultan van die Mamelukke om begenadiging gevra en ’n leenman van dié volk se sultanaat geword.<a href="#cite_note-udsa-116">[116]</a> Hy is in 1263 sonder ’n erfgenaam dood en Homs het onder direkte beheer van die Mamelukke gekom.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Al-Fadl-prinsdom">Al-Fadl-prinsdom</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Wysig afdeling: Al-Fadl-prinsdom" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Al-Fadl-prinsdom">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Palmyra_Ruins_-_Flickr_-_edbrambley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Palmyra_Ruins_-_Flickr_-_edbrambley.jpg/220px-Palmyra_Ruins_-_Flickr_-_edbrambley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Palmyra_Ruins_-_Flickr_-_edbrambley.jpg/330px-Palmyra_Ruins_-_Flickr_-_edbrambley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Palmyra_Ruins_-_Flickr_-_edbrambley.jpg/440px-Palmyra_Ruins_-_Flickr_-_edbrambley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3800" data-file-height="2137" /></a><figcaption>Palmyra se tuine.</figcaption></figure> Die Al-Fadl-clan (’n tak van die Taj-stam) het trou aan die Mamelukke gesweer<a href="#cite_note-babee-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> en in 1284 is prins <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhanna_bin_Issa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhanna bin Issa (bladsy bestaan nie)">Muhanna bin Issa</a> van die Al-Fadl aangestel as heerser van Palmyra.<a href="#cite_note-babee-118">[118]</a> Muhanna het in 1312 trou gesweer aan die <a href="/wiki/Il-khanaat" title="Il-khanaat">Il-khanaat</a> en is deur die Al-Fadl van die troon gesit. Hoewel hy later vergewe en in 1317 op die troon herstel is, is hy en sy stam in 1320 uitgedryf weens sy voortdurende betrekkinge met die Il-khanaat.<a href="#cite_note-babee-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:01_tadmor_old_village.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/01_tadmor_old_village.jpg/180px-01_tadmor_old_village.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/01_tadmor_old_village.jpg/270px-01_tadmor_old_village.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/01_tadmor_old_village.jpg/360px-01_tadmor_old_village.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2686" data-file-height="3966" /></a><figcaption>Die dorp met die Tempel van Bel in die 20ste eeu.</figcaption></figure> Muhanna is in 1330 deur Al-Nasir vergewe en weer herstel. Hy het getrou gebly aan die sultan tot met sy dood drie jaar later, en is deur sy seun opgevolg.<a href="#cite_note-khalo-121">[121]</a> Die Fadl-familie het die handelsroetes en inwoners beskerm teen aanvalle deur die <a href="/wiki/Bedoe%C3%AFene" title="Bedoeïene">Bedoeïene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-batuta-122">[122]</a> Die destydse historikus Ibn Fadlallah al-Omari het die stad beskryf as met "uitgestrekte tuine, vooruitstrewende handel en bisarre monumente".<a href="#cite_note-khalosa-123">[123]</a> In 1400 is Palmyra aangeval deur die berugte Mongoolse krygsheer <a href="/wiki/Tamerlane" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamerlane">Tamerlane</a>,<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> wat die stad verwoes het.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-khalosaas-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottomaanse_en_latere_tydperke">Ottomaanse en latere tydperke</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Wysig afdeling: Ottomaanse en latere tydperke" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Ottomaanse en latere tydperke">wysig bron</a>]</div> Sirië het in <a href="/wiki/1516" title="1516">1516</a> deel van die <a href="/wiki/Ottomaanse_Ryk" title="Ottomaanse Ryk">Ottomaanse Ryk</a> geword,<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> en Palmyra is in die administratiewe afdeling <a href="/wiki/Damaskus" title="Damaskus">Damaskus</a> opgeneem.<a href="#cite_note-babsee-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-babsee-128">[128]</a> Dit was nou ’n klein dorpie binne-in die Tempel van Bel.<a href="#cite_note-babseeasad-129">[129]</a> In 1867 het dit die tuiste van ’n Ottomaanse garnisoen geword wat die Bedoeïene in bedwang gehou het.<a href="#cite_note-fahso-130">[130]</a> Palmyra het aan die begin van die 20ste eeu ’n deel van sy belangrikheid herwin as ’n stasie vir karavane, en sy herlewing is aangehelp deur die uitvinding van gemotoriseerde vervoer.<a href="#cite_note-babseeasad-129">[129]</a> In 1918, aan die einde van die <a href="/wiki/Eerste_W%C3%AAreldoorlog" title="Eerste Wêreldoorlog">Eerste Wêreldoorlog</a>, het die Britse lugmag ’n klein vliegveld daar gebou<a href="#cite_note-raf-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-raf-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> en in 1920 het Sirië (insluitende Palmyra) deel van die Franse Mandaat geword.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Terwyl Palmyra al hoe belangriker geword het vir Franse pogings om vrede in die Siriese Woestyn te handhaaf, is ’n militêre basis in 1921 naby die Tempel van Bel opgerig.<a href="#cite_note-faho9876-134">[134]</a> In 1929 het die direkteur-generaal van oudhede in Sirië, Henri Arnold Seyrig, die ruïnes begin opgrawe en die dorpenaars oorreed om na ’n nuwe dorp langs die antieke terrein te trek wat deur Frankryk gebou is.<a href="#cite_note-faho98765-135">[135]</a> Die hervestiging na die dorp <a href="/wiki/Tadmoer" title="Tadmoer">Tadmoer</a><a href="#cite_note-bakol-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-faho98765-135">[135]</a> is in 1932 voltooi,<a href="#cite_note-archo5l-136">[136]</a> en Palmyra kon nou rustig verken word. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siriese_Burgeroorlog">Siriese Burgeroorlog</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Wysig afdeling: Siriese Burgeroorlog" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Siriese Burgeroorlog">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Lion_in_the_garden_of_Palmyra_Archeological_Museum,_2010-04-21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Lion_in_the_garden_of_Palmyra_Archeological_Museum%2C_2010-04-21.jpg/220px-Lion_in_the_garden_of_Palmyra_Archeological_Museum%2C_2010-04-21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Lion_in_the_garden_of_Palmyra_Archeological_Museum%2C_2010-04-21.jpg/330px-Lion_in_the_garden_of_Palmyra_Archeological_Museum%2C_2010-04-21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Lion_in_the_garden_of_Palmyra_Archeological_Museum%2C_2010-04-21.jpg/440px-Lion_in_the_garden_of_Palmyra_Archeological_Museum%2C_2010-04-21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2073" data-file-height="1555" /></a><figcaption>Die Leeu van Al-lāt (1ste eeu v.C.), wat by die ingang na die Tempel van Al-lāt gestaan het.</figcaption></figure> Weens die <a href="/wiki/Siriese_Burgeroorlog" title="Siriese Burgeroorlog">Siriese Burgeroorlog</a> het grootskaalse <a href="/wiki/Plundery" class="mw-redirect" title="Plundery">plundery</a> en skade in Palmyra voorgekom aan die hand van strydende magte.<a href="#cite_note-looting269-137">[137]</a> In die somer van 2012 het kommer oor die plundery in die museum en op die terrein toegeneem nadat ’n amateurvideo op die <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> geplaas is van Siriese soldate wat begrafnisstene dra.<a href="#cite_note-looting88-138">[138]</a> Die volgende jaar het <a href="/wiki/Mortier" title="Mortier">mortiere</a> groot skade aan die fasade van die Tempel van Bel aangerig en suile in die kolonnade is deur skrapnel beskadig.<a href="#cite_note-looting269-137">[137]</a> Op 13 Mei 2015 het die ekstremistiese militante groep <a href="/wiki/Islamitiese_Staat_(in_Irak_en_die_Levant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamitiese Staat (in Irak en die Levant)">Islamitiese Staat in Irak en die Levant</a> (ISIL) ’n aanval op die moderne dorp Tadmoer geloods en vrees laat ontstaan dat hulle die aangrensende antieke terrein sal verwoes.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Op 21 Mei 2015 het Siriese kurators van die artefakte uit die Palmyra-museum verwyder en na veiligheid in Damaskus geneem nadat ’n paar Grieks-Romeinse borsbeelde, juweliersware en ander voorwerpe wat uit die museum gesteel is, op die internasionale mark gekry is.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Op dieselfde dag het ISIL-magte die <a href="/wiki/W%C3%AArelderfenisgebied" title="Wêrelderfenisgebied">wêrelderfenisgebied</a> binnegegaan.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Volgens ooggetuies het die militante op 23 Mei die <a href="/wiki/Leeu_van_Al-l%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="Leeu van Al-lāt">Leeu van Al-lāt</a> en ander standbeelde vernietig.<a href="#cite_note-dailymail-142">[142]</a> Volgens plaaslike inwoners het die Siriese lugmag die terrein op 13 Junie gebombardeer en die noordelike muur naby die <a href="/wiki/Tempel_van_Baalsamin" title="Tempel van Baalsamin">Tempel van Baalsamin</a> beskadig.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Sedert minstens 27 Mei 2015 word die teater van Palmyra deur ISIL gebruik om hul teenstanders tereg te stel. ’n Video wat ISIL uitgereik het, wys hoe 20 gevangenes deur tienerjarige laksmanne tereggestel word terwyl honderde mans en seuns toekyk.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Op 18 Augustus 2015 is Palmyra se 81-jarige afgetrede hoof van oudhede, <a href="/wiki/Khaled_al-Asaad" title="Khaled al-Asaad">Khaled al-Asaad</a>, deur ISIL onthoof nadat hy ’n maand lank gemartel is om inligting oor die stad en sy skatte te kry en hy geweier het om inligting te verskaf. Hulle het sy lyk aan een van die antieke suile op ’n plein in Palmyra gehang.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Op <a href="/wiki/23_Augustus" title="23 Augustus">23 Augustus</a> <a href="/wiki/2015" title="2015">2015</a> het ISIL die <a href="/wiki/Tempel_van_Baalsamin" title="Tempel van Baalsamin">Tempel van Baalsamin</a> met plofstof opgeblaas.<a href="#cite_note-balse-146">[146]</a>Op 30 Augustus 2015 het dieselfde gebeur met die <a href="/wiki/Tempel_van_Bel" title="Tempel van Bel">Tempel van Bel</a>, volgens koerantberigte.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> ’n Ooggetuie het gesê net die buitemure het oorgebly.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> In September van dié jaar het ISIL van die bes bewaarde graftorings in die stad ook vernietig en in Oktober die Triomfboog in Palmyra se kolonnade.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Op 26 Maart 2016 verklaar die Siriese regering dat die geboue weer opgebou gaan word, nou hulle amper die stad op <a href="/wiki/ISIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIS">Daesj</a> terugverower het.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mense,_taal_en_gemeenskap">Mense, taal en gemeenskap</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Wysig afdeling: Mense, taal en gemeenskap" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Mense, taal en gemeenskap">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:PalmyraWoman.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/PalmyraWoman.JPG/180px-PalmyraWoman.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/PalmyraWoman.JPG/270px-PalmyraWoman.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/PalmyraWoman.JPG/360px-PalmyraWoman.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="1414" /></a><figcaption>’n Palmyreense begrafnisbeeld.</figcaption></figure> Op die hoogtepunt van sy bestaan, tydens die bewind van koningin <a href="/wiki/Zenobia" title="Zenobia">Zenobia</a>, het Palmyra meer as 200 000 inwoners gehad.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Die vroegste bekende inwoners was die <a href="/wiki/Amoriete" title="Amoriete">Amoriete</a>, in die vroeë 2de millennium v.C.,<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> en teen die einde van die millennium is <a href="/wiki/Arame%C3%ABrs" title="Arameërs">Arameërs</a> genoem as bewoners van die streek.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Die <a href="/wiki/Arabiere" title="Arabiere">Arabiere</a> het in die laat 1ste millennium v.C. in die stad aangekom; Zabdibel se soldate wat die Seleukiede in die Slag van Raphia (217 v.C.) gehelp het, is as Arabiere beskryf.<a href="#cite_note-trev34-32">[32]</a> Die nuwelinge is in die vroeëre gemeenskap opgeneem en het hul taal gepraat.<a href="#cite_note-dirvas-36">[36]</a> Die stad het ook ’n <a href="/wiki/Jood" class="mw-redirect" title="Jood">Joodse</a> gemeenskap gehad; inskripsies bevestig die begrafnis van Palmyreense Jode.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> In die <a href="/wiki/Omajjadiese_Kalifaat" title="Omajjadiese Kalifaat">Omajjadiese</a> tydperk is Palmyra hoofsaaklik deur die Kalbstam bewoon.<a href="#cite_note-babseeasad-129">[129]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Palmyrenisch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Palmyrenisch.jpg/220px-Palmyrenisch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Palmyrenisch.jpg/330px-Palmyrenisch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Palmyrenisch.jpg/440px-Palmyrenisch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2724" data-file-height="1963" /></a><figcaption>’n Inskripsie in die Palmyreense alfabet.</figcaption></figure> Voor 274 n.C. het die inwoners ’n <a href="/wiki/Palmyreens" title="Palmyreens">Palmyreense</a> dialek van <a href="/wiki/Aramees" title="Aramees">Aramees</a> gepraat en die Palmyreense alfabet gebruik.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <a href="/wiki/Latyn" title="Latyn">Latyn</a> is min gebruik, maar ryker lede van die gemeenskap het <a href="/wiki/Grieks" title="Grieks">Grieks</a> gebruik vir handels- en diplomatieke doeleindes,<a href="#cite_note-arab_palm-2">[2]</a> en in die <a href="/wiki/Bisantynse_Ryk" title="Bisantynse Ryk">Bisantynse tydperk</a> het dit die oorheersende taal geword.<a href="#cite_note-stan-20">[20]</a> Ná die Arabiese verowering is Grieks deur <a href="/wiki/Arabies" title="Arabies">Arabies</a> vervang,<a href="#cite_note-stan-20">[20]</a> waaruit ’n Palmyreense dialek ontwikkel het.<a href="#cite_note-hillersss54-157">[157]</a> Palmyra se gemeenskap voor 273 was ’n mengsel van verskillende volke,<a href="#cite_note-palm3-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> wat duidelik is uit Aramese, Arabiese en Amoritiese clan-name.<a href="#cite_note-hillers54-159">[159]</a> Dit was ’n stamgebonde gemeenskap, maar weens ’n gebrek aan bronne is die aard van die stamstrukture onbekend.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Daar is inligting dat 30 stamme daar gewoon het,<a href="#cite_note-tarov-161">[161]</a> van wie vyf verskeie sub-clans gehad het.<a href="#cite_note-lamsin-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-lamsin-162">[162]</a> Teen die tyd van <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> het Palmyra vier stamme gehad wat elk in ’n deel van die stad gewoon het wat na hulle genoem is.<a href="#cite_note-lamsin3-163">[163]</a> Drie van die stamme was die Komare, Mattabol en Ma'zin; die vierde een is onseker, maar kon die Mita gewees het.<a href="#cite_note-lamsin3-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-lamsin1654-164">[164]</a> Mettertyd het die skeiding tussen die clans vervaag en in die 3de eeu het dit heeltemal verdwyn.<a href="#cite_note-lamsin3-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-lamsin3-163">[163]</a> Palmyra het agteruitgegaan en teen die begin van die 20ste eeu was daar 6 000 inwoners. Hoewel hulle deur die <a href="/wiki/Bedoe%C3%AFene" title="Bedoeïene">Bedoeïene</a> omsingel was, het die dorpenaars hul eie dialek<a href="#cite_note-hillersss54-157">[157]</a> en die lewe van ’n kleindorpse gemeenskap<a href="#cite_note-desto8s9sa-93">[93]</a> behou. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kultuur">Kultuur</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Wysig afdeling: Kultuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Kultuur">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Istanbul_-_Museo_archeol._-_Colombario_funebre_da_Palmira_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Istanbul_-_Museo_archeol._-_Colombario_funebre_da_Palmira_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006.jpg/220px-Istanbul_-_Museo_archeol._-_Colombario_funebre_da_Palmira_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Istanbul_-_Museo_archeol._-_Colombario_funebre_da_Palmira_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006.jpg/330px-Istanbul_-_Museo_archeol._-_Colombario_funebre_da_Palmira_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Istanbul_-_Museo_archeol._-_Colombario_funebre_da_Palmira_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006.jpg/440px-Istanbul_-_Museo_archeol._-_Colombario_funebre_da_Palmira_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1185" data-file-height="959" /></a><figcaption>Grafkamers.</figcaption></figure> Palmyra het ’n eiesoortige kultuur gehad<a href="#cite_note-fergo1-165">[165]</a> wat gebaseer was op plaaslike Semitiese tradisie<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> en beïnvloed is deur Griekeland en Rome.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Die kultuur het die militêre taktieke, kleredrag en hofseremonies beïnvloed.<a href="#cite_note-war1-169">[169]</a> Die stad het nie groot biblioteke gehad nie; daar was ’n gebrek aan ’n intellektuele beweging soos in ander stede soos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edessa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edessa (bladsy bestaan nie)">Edessa</a> en <a href="/wiki/Antiogi%C3%AB" title="Antiogië">Antiogië</a> aangetref is.<a href="#cite_note-loloi-170">[170]</a> Palmyra het ’n groot agora (openbare vergaderplek) gehad.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Anders as soortgelyke Griekse geboue het dit meer soos ’n Oosterse <a href="/wiki/Karavanserai" title="Karavanserai">karavanserai</a> gelyk as die middelpunt van die gemeenskapslewe.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Hulle het mense in uitspattige familiemausoleums begrawe. Die meeste het binnemure gehad met kamers waarin die lyke geplaas is.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> ’n <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reli%C3%ABf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reliëf (bladsy bestaan nie)">Reliëfwerk</a> van die oorledene het deel van die muurversiering uitgemaak en as grafsteen gedien.<a href="#cite_note-far2-174">[174]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarkofaag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarkofaag (bladsy bestaan nie)">Sarkofae</a> het in die laat 2de eeu hul verskyning gemaak en is in sommige graftombes gebruik.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Baie van die monumente het <a href="/wiki/Mummie" title="Mummie">mummies</a> met klere en juweliersware bevat – mummifisering stem ooreen met dié in <a href="/wiki/Antieke_Egipte" title="Antieke Egipte">Antieke Egipte</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kuns_en_argitektuur">Kuns en argitektuur</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Wysig afdeling: Kuns en argitektuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Kuns en argitektuur">wysig bron</a>]</div> Hoewel die kuns in Palmyra ooreengestem het met dié in Griekeland, het dit ’n eie styl gehad wat uniek in die Middel-Eufraat-gebied was.<a href="#cite_note-far562-177">[177]</a> Daar was baie borsbeelde wat grafkamers verseël het.<a href="#cite_note-far562-177">[177]</a> Klem is gelê op die klere, juwele en vooraansig van die persoon wat uitgebeeld is.<a href="#cite_note-far562-177">[177]</a> Die Russiese historikus Michael Rostovtzeff het gemeen Palmyra se kuns is deur dié van <a href="/wiki/Parti%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Partië">Partië</a> beïnvloed.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Geen van die bronsbeelde van vooraanstaande inwoners het behoue gebly nie. ’n Beskadigde <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fries_(kuns)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fries (kuns) (bladsy bestaan nie)">fries</a> en ander beelde uit die Tempel van Bel, waarvan baie nou in museums oor die wêreld heen is, dui daarop dat die stad baie openbare monumentbeelde gehad het.<a href="#cite_note-Roman_Art-179">[179]</a> Van die borsbeelde het veral in die 19de eeu in Westerse museums beland.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Die argitektuur van Palmyra is ook deur die Grieks-Romeinse styl beïnvloed,<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> terwyl dit plaaslike elemente behou het. Dit is veral duidelik in die Tempel van Bel. Die tempel het ’n enorme muur gehad met tradisionele Romeinse suile,<a href="#cite_note-belo698-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> maar die plan was hoofsaaklik Semities.<a href="#cite_note-belo698-182">[182]</a> Die heiligdom het bestaan uit ’n groot binnehof met die <a href="/wiki/Godheid" title="Godheid">godheid</a> se hoofaltaar naby die ingang.<a href="#cite_note-belo698-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terrein">Terrein</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Wysig afdeling: Terrein" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Terrein">wysig bron</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stadsuitleg">Stadsuitleg</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Wysig afdeling: Stadsuitleg" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Stadsuitleg">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Tower_tombs,_Palmyra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Tower_tombs%2C_Palmyra.jpg/220px-Tower_tombs%2C_Palmyra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Tower_tombs%2C_Palmyra.jpg/330px-Tower_tombs%2C_Palmyra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Tower_tombs%2C_Palmyra.jpg/440px-Tower_tombs%2C_Palmyra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2930" data-file-height="1794" /></a><figcaption>Die Vallei van Grafkelders.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Three_Brother%27s_hypogeum,_Palmyra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Three_Brother%27s_hypogeum%2C_Palmyra.jpg/220px-Three_Brother%27s_hypogeum%2C_Palmyra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Three_Brother%27s_hypogeum%2C_Palmyra.jpg/330px-Three_Brother%27s_hypogeum%2C_Palmyra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Three_Brother%27s_hypogeum%2C_Palmyra.jpg/440px-Three_Brother%27s_hypogeum%2C_Palmyra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3288" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>’n Ondergrondse grafkelder.</figcaption></figure> Palmyra het ontstaan as ’n klein nedersetting naby die Efqa-fontein aan die suidekant van Wadi al-Qubur.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> In die 1ste eeu het die nedersetting gestrek tot aan die noordekant van die wadi (vallei).<a href="#cite_note-icaan4-186">[186]</a> Hoewel die stadsmure aanvanklik dele van albei kante ingesluit het, het die mure wat tydens <a href="/wiki/Diocletianus" title="Diocletianus">Diocletianus</a> se bewind herbou is, net die noordelike deel ingesluit.<a href="#cite_note-icaan4-186">[186]</a> Die meeste van die stad se monumente is aan die noordekant van die wadi gebou.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> Daaronder is die Tempel van Bel (of <a href="/wiki/Ba%C3%A4l" title="Baäl">Baäl</a>) op die terrein van ’n vorige tempel (bekend as die Hellenistiese tempel).<a href="#cite_note-trev34s-34">[34]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Palmyra%27s_landmarks.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Palmyra%27s_landmarks.png/180px-Palmyra%27s_landmarks.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Palmyra%27s_landmarks.png/270px-Palmyra%27s_landmarks.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Palmyra%27s_landmarks.png/360px-Palmyra%27s_landmarks.png 2x" data-file-width="2191" data-file-height="2668" /></a><figcaption>Palmyra uit die lug, met rooi omlyn.</figcaption></figure> Ook aan die noordekant van die vallei was die Groot Kolonnade, Palmyra se hoofstraat van 1,1 km<a href="#cite_note-salk69-188">[188]</a> wat geloop het van die Tempel van Bel in die ooste<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> tot by die Begrafnistempel No. 86 in die stad se westelike deel.<a href="#cite_note-towewe-190">[190]</a> Dit het ’n Triomfboog in sy oostelike deel<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> en ’n tetrapiloon (vierpoortige toring) in die middel gehad.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Die Bad van Diocletianus, wat op die terrein van ’n vorige gebou (dalk die koninklike paleis) opgerig is,<a href="#cite_note-hillers54-159">[159]</a> was aan die linkerkant van die kolonnade.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> Daarnaby was die Tempel van Baalsamin,<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> huise<a href="#cite_note-stui-195">[195]</a> en die Bisantynse kerke, onder meer ’n 1 500 jaar oue een (Palmyra se vierde een en vermoedelik die grootste een wat nog in Sirië ontdek is).<a href="#cite_note-chus-4">[4]</a> Die kerk se suile was vermoedelik 6 m hoog en sy basis 12 x 24 m.<a href="#cite_note-chus-4">[4]</a> In die kerk se binnehof was ’n klein <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amfiteater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amfiteater (bladsy bestaan nie)">amfiteater</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chus-4">[4]</a> Die Tempel van Nabu en die Romeinse Teater was aan die kolonnade se suidekant.<a href="#cite_note-sdfg-196">[196]</a> Agter die teater was ’n klein senaatsgebou en die groot Agora, met die oorblyfsels van ’n banketsaal en tolhof.<a href="#cite_note-diana-197">[197]</a> ’n Kruisstraat aan die westekant van die kolonnade loop na die Kamp van Diocletianus,<a href="#cite_note-salk69-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-tarsv-198">[198]</a> wat deur die Romeinse goewerneur van Sirië laat bou is. Daarnaby is die Tempel van Al-lāt en die Damaskuspoort.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> Wes van die antieke mure het die Palmyrene ’n paar grootskaalse grafmonumente gebou wat nou die Vallei van die Grafkelders is;<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> dit is ’n nekropolis van 1 km lank.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Die meer as 50 monumente was hoofsaaklik toringvormig en tot vier verdiepings hoog.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> Die torings is deur begrafnistempels as bogrondse grafte vervang ná 128, wat die datum is waarop die laaste toring gebou is.<a href="#cite_note-towewe-190">[190]</a> Die stad het ook ander begraafplase in die noorde, suidweste en suidooste gehad waar die grafte meestal ondergronds was.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noemenswaardige_geboue">Noemenswaardige geboue</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Wysig afdeling: Noemenswaardige geboue" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Noemenswaardige geboue">wysig bron</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Openbare_geboue">Openbare geboue</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Wysig afdeling: Openbare geboue" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Openbare geboue">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Bath_of_Zenobia(js).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bath_of_Zenobia%28js%29.jpg/180px-Bath_of_Zenobia%28js%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bath_of_Zenobia%28js%29.jpg/270px-Bath_of_Zenobia%28js%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bath_of_Zenobia%28js%29.jpg/360px-Bath_of_Zenobia%28js%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="823" data-file-height="1250" /></a><figcaption>Die ingang na die Bad van Diocletianus.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Die Senaatsgebou is grootliks verwoes.<a href="#cite_note-diana-197">[197]</a> Dit is ’n klein gebou met ’n binnehof en ’n kamer met ’n altaar aan die een kant en rye sitplekke daaromheen.<a href="#cite_note-tarov-161">[161]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Die grootste deel van die Bad van Diocletianus is bouvallig en nie hoër as die fondament nie.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> Die ingang bestaan uit vier enorme Egiptiese granietsuile wat elk 1,3 m breed en 12,5 m hoog is en 20 ton weeg.<a href="#cite_note-diana-197">[197]</a> Binne is die buitelyne van ’n swembad sigbaar wat omring was deur ’n kolonnade, asook ’n agthoekige kamer wat as aantrekkamer gedien het.<a href="#cite_note-diana-197">[197]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Die Agora is omstreeks 193 gebou.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> Dit is ’n enorme struktuur van 71 x 84 m met 11 ingange.<a href="#cite_note-diana-197">[197]</a> Binne is daar 200 suilbasisse waarop die standbeelde van vooraanstaande inwoners gestaan het.<a href="#cite_note-diana-197">[197]</a> Die inskripsies op die basisse gee ’n aanduiding van die manier waarop die standbeelde gerangskik is: die oostekant was vir senatore, die noordekant vir regeringsamptenare, die westekant vir soldate en die suidekant vir karavaanhoofde.<a href="#cite_note-diana-197">[197]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Die Tolhof is ’n groot vierhoekige gebou suid van die Agora met ’n gemeenskaplike noordemuur.<a href="#cite_note-tarig-206">[206]</a> Die gebou kry sy naam van die feit dat dit ’n kliptablet van 5 m lank bevat waarop die Palmyreense belastingwet uitgekap is.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Die Banketsaal van die Agora, met plek vir 40 mense, was in die noordwestehoek van die Agora.<a href="#cite_note-barad-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-40f-209">[209]</a> Dit is ’n klein saal van 12 x 15 m wat met Griekse motiewe versier is.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> Dit is waarskynlik deur die stad se heersers gebruik;<a href="#cite_note-barad-208">[208]</a> Seyrig meen dit was ’n klein tempel voordat dit in ’n banketsaal omskep is.<a href="#cite_note-40f-209">[209]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tempels">Tempels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Wysig afdeling: Tempels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Tempels">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Temple_of_Baal-Shamin,_Palmyra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Temple_of_Baal-Shamin%2C_Palmyra.jpg/200px-Temple_of_Baal-Shamin%2C_Palmyra.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Temple_of_Baal-Shamin%2C_Palmyra.jpg/300px-Temple_of_Baal-Shamin%2C_Palmyra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Temple_of_Baal-Shamin%2C_Palmyra.jpg/400px-Temple_of_Baal-Shamin%2C_Palmyra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2892" data-file-height="1999" /></a><figcaption>Die Tempel van Baalsamin wat laat in Augustus 2015 opgeblaas is.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Die Tempel van Nabu is grotendeels verwoes. Die plan is Oosters; die ingang lei na ’n podium van 20 x 9 m.<a href="#cite_note-nabo-211">[211]</a> Daar was ook ’n buite-altaar.<a href="#cite_note-nabo-211">[211]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Die Tempel van Al-lāt is ook grotendeels verwoes met net ’n podium, ’n paar suile en die deurkosyn wat nog oor is.<a href="#cite_note-allat-212">[212]</a> By die ingang was ’n reuse-leeureliëf (die <a href="/wiki/Leeu_van_Al-l%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="Leeu van Al-lāt">Leeu van Al-lāt</a>) wat uit die muur gesteek het.<a href="#cite_note-Markowski-213">[213]</a> Die reliëf is op <a href="/wiki/23_Mei" title="23 Mei">23 Mei</a> <a href="/wiki/2015" title="2015">2015</a> deur die militante terroristegroep ISIL vernietig.<a href="#cite_note-dailymail-142">[142]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Die ruïnes van die Tempel van Baal-hamon is op ’n heuwel geleë wat oor die Efqa-fontein uitkyk.<a href="#cite_note-hamon-214">[214]</a> Dit is in 89 gebou en bestaan uit ’n binnekamer en voorportaal met twee suile<a href="#cite_note-hamon-214">[214]</a> en ’n wagtoring.</li></ul> <ul><li>Die <a href="/wiki/Tempel_van_Baalsamin" title="Tempel van Baalsamin">Tempel van Baalsamin</a> het ’n binnekamer en twee binnehowe met kolonnades aan die noorde- en suidekant gehad.<a href="#cite_note-nabo-211">[211]</a> Die voorportaal het ses suile gehad. Die binnekamer was versier met ’n mengsel van Oosterse en Romeinse style met ’n Egiptiese invloed. Danksy die omskepping van die gebou in ’n kerk in die Bisantynse tydperk was die binnekamer een van die bes bewaarde geboue in Palmyra.<a href="#cite_note-allat-212">[212]</a> Op <a href="/wiki/23_Augustus" title="23 Augustus">23 Augustus</a> <a href="/wiki/2015" title="2015">2015</a> het ISIL die tempel met plofstof opgeblaas.<a href="#cite_note-balse-146">[146]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ander_geboue">Ander geboue</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Wysig afdeling: Ander geboue" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Ander geboue">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Peristyl_House_Palmyra_Syria.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Peristyl_House_Palmyra_Syria.JPG/200px-Peristyl_House_Palmyra_Syria.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Peristyl_House_Palmyra_Syria.JPG/300px-Peristyl_House_Palmyra_Syria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Peristyl_House_Palmyra_Syria.JPG/400px-Peristyl_House_Palmyra_Syria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Die Begrafnistempel No. 86.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Die Begrafnistempel No. 86 lê aan die westepunt van die Groot Kolonnade.<a href="#cite_note-towewe-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> Dit is in die 3de eeu gebou en het ’n kolonnade van ses suile en wingerdversierings.<a href="#cite_note-shrin-216">[216]</a> Dit was dalk die koninklike familie s’n, aangesien dit die enigste grafkelder binne die stadsmure is.<a href="#cite_note-shrin-216">[216]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Die Tetrapiloon is aan die einde van die 3de eeu opgerig as deel van die restourasie van Diocletianus.<a href="#cite_note-desto8s9sa-93">[93]</a> Dit is ’n vierkantige platform en elke hoek het ’n groep van vier suile.<a href="#cite_note-sdfg-196">[196]</a> Elke groep suile ondersteun ’n kroonlys van 150 ton en bevat ’n voetstuk in die middel waarop ’n standbeeld gestaan het.<a href="#cite_note-sdfg-196">[196]</a> Van die 16 suile is net een oorspronklik; die res is rekonstruksies van beton wat in 1963 deur die Siriese direkteur-generaal van oudhede laat bou is.<a href="#cite_note-diana3-217">[217]</a> Die oorspronklike suile was van pienk graniet en het van Egipte gekom.<a href="#cite_note-sdfg-196">[196]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Die stad se huidige mure is gebou tydens die bewind van Diocletianus en omvat ’n baie kleiner deel van die stad as die oorspronklike mure voor 273.<a href="#cite_note-patos-218">[218]</a> Diocletianus se mure het wagtorings en versterkte poorte gehad.<a href="#cite_note-patos-218">[218]</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Die oorspronklike mure was dun en hoewel dit die hele stad ingesluit het, het dit blykbaar nie veel beskerming teen aanvalle gebied nie.<a href="#cite_note-patos-218">[218]</a> Daar is geen tekens van torings of versterkte poorte nie en dit lyk of daar baie gapings in was.<a href="#cite_note-patos-218">[218]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opgrawings">Opgrawings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Wysig afdeling: Opgrawings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Opgrawings">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Palmyra_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Palmyra_01.jpg/200px-Palmyra_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Palmyra_01.jpg/300px-Palmyra_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Palmyra_01.jpg/400px-Palmyra_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3316" data-file-height="2474" /></a><figcaption>Die Kolonnade.</figcaption></figure> In die <a href="/wiki/Middeleeue" title="Middeleeue">Middeleeue</a> het Palmyra nie veel aandag van die Westerse wêreld gekry nie,<a href="#cite_note-babseeasad-129">[129]</a> hoewel dit besoek is deur reisigers soos die Italianer Pietro Della Valle (tussen 1616 en 1625), die Fransman Jean-Baptiste Tavernier (in 1638) en baie Sweedse en Duitse verkenners.<a href="#cite_note-archol-219">[219]</a> In 1678 het ’n groep Engelse handelaars die stad besoek. Die eerste besoek deur geleerdes word genoem in ’n 1705-boek deur Abednego Seller.<a href="#cite_note-archol-219">[219]</a> In 1751 het ’n ekspedisie onder Robert Wood en James Dawkins die argitektuur van Palmyra ondersoek. In 1901 is die kliptablet waarop die Palmyreense belastingwet uitgekap is, verwyder en na die <a href="/wiki/Hermitage" title="Hermitage">Hermitage</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sint_Petersburg" title="Sint Petersburg">Sint Petersburg</a> geneem.<a href="#cite_note-diana-197">[197]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Tetrapylon_Palmyra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Tetrapylon_Palmyra.jpg/200px-Tetrapylon_Palmyra.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Tetrapylon_Palmyra.jpg/300px-Tetrapylon_Palmyra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Tetrapylon_Palmyra.jpg/400px-Tetrapylon_Palmyra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Die Tetrapiloon.</figcaption></figure> Die eerste opgrawings is in 1902 gedoen deur die Duitse argeoloog Otto Puchstein en in 1917 deur Theodor Wiegand.<a href="#cite_note-archo5l-136">[136]</a> In 1929 het die Franse direkteur-generaal van oudhede in Sirië en Libanon, Henri Arnold Seyrig, met grootskaalse opgrawings begin.<a href="#cite_note-archo5l-136">[136]</a> Dit is deur die <a href="/wiki/Tweede_W%C3%AAreldoorlog" title="Tweede Wêreldoorlog">Tweede Wêreldoorlog</a> onderbreek, maar kort daarna hervat.<a href="#cite_note-archo5l-136">[136]</a> Seyrig het in 1929 met die Tempel van Bel begin, en tussen 1939 en 1940 het hy die Agora opgegrawe.<a href="#cite_note-bakol-39">[39]</a> Die Franse argeoloog Daniel Schlumberger het in 1934 en 1935 met opgrawings in die noordelike plattelandse gebied van Palmyra begin.<a href="#cite_note-bakol-39">[39]</a> Van 1954 tot 1956 het ’n Switserse ekspedisie wat deur <a href="/wiki/Unesco" title="Unesco">Unesco</a> gereël is, die Tempel van Baalsamin begin opgrawe.<a href="#cite_note-archo5l-136">[136]</a> Sedert 1958 is die terrein opgegrawe deur die Siriese direkteur-generaal van oudhede,<a href="#cite_note-faho98765-135">[135]</a> asook Poolse ekspedisies onder verskeie argeoloë.<a href="#cite_note-archo5l-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> Die Tempel van Baal-hamon is in die 1970's deur die Franse argeoloog Robert du Mesnil du Buisson ontdek<a href="#cite_note-hamon-214">[214]</a> en die Palmyreense <a href="/wiki/Besproeiing" title="Besproeiing">besproeiingstelsel</a> in 2008 deur Jørgen Christian Meyer.<a href="#cite_note-country-40">[40]</a> Die grootste deel van Palmyra is nog onontdek, veral die woongebiede in die noorde en suide. Ekspedisies het Palmyra in 2011 begin verlaat weens die Siriese Burgeroorlog.<a href="#cite_note-country-40">[40]</a> In 1980 is die historiese terrein, onder meer die nekropolis buite die stadsmure, deur Unesco tot ’n wêrelderfenisgebied verklaar.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings">wysig bron</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/news/syria-isis-ousted-palmyra-unesco-world-heritage/">"Syria claims to have pushed ISIS from Palmyra"</a>. CBS News (in Engels). 17 Mei 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200304035819/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/syria-isis-ousted-palmyra-unesco-world-heritage/">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 4 Maart 2020. Besoek op 23 Mei 2015. <q>Palmyra … was put on UNESCO's list of World Heritage sites in danger in 2013</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Syria+claims+to+have+pushed+ISIS+from+Palmyra&rft.date=2015-05-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fsyria-isis-ousted-palmyra-unesco-world-heritage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-arab_palm-2">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-arab_palm_2-0">2,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-arab_palm_2-1">2,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor_Bryce2014" class="citation book cs1">Trevor Bryce (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=41-MAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA280#v=onepage&q&f=false">Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History</a>. p. 280.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Syria%3A+A+Three+Thousand+Year+History&rft.pages=280&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Trevor+Bryce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D41-MAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA280%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> (en) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35906568">Palmyra: Syria forces 'retake' Islamic State-held city</a>, BBC.com, 27 Maart 2016. URL besoek op 27 Maart 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-chus-4">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-chus_4-0">4,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chus_4-1">4,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chus_4-2">4,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chus_4-3">4,3</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7729718.stm">"Syria uncovers 'largest church'"</a> (in Engels). BBC News. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180713233702/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7729718.stm">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 13 Julie 2018. Besoek op 8 Februarie 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syria+uncovers+%27largest+church%27&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F7729718.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Stoneman1994" class="citation book cs1">Richard Stoneman (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8kLFfE1qPhIC&pg=PA56#v=onepage&q&f=false">Palmyra and Its Empire: Zenobia's Revolt Against Rome</a>. p. 56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palmyra+and+Its+Empire%3A+Zenobia%27s+Revolt+Against+Rome&rft.pages=56&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Richard+Stoneman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8kLFfE1qPhIC%26pg%3DPA56%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-yoel2-6">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-yoel2_6-0">6,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yoel2_6-1">6,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFYoël_L._Arbeitman1988" class="citation book cs1">Yoël L. Arbeitman (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x1l_MfEV6kkC&pg=PA235#v=onepage&q&f=false">A Linguistic Happening in Memory of Ben Schwartz: Studies in Anatolian, Italic, and Other Indo-European Languages</a>. p. 235.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Linguistic+Happening+in+Memory+of+Ben+Schwartz%3A+Studies+in+Anatolian%2C+Italic%2C+and+Other+Indo-European+Languages&rft.pages=235&rft.date=1988&rft.au=Yo%C3%ABl+L.+Arbeitman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx1l_MfEV6kkC%26pg%3DPA235%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mont-7">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-mont_7-0">7,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mont_7-1">7,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFShiruku_Rōdo-gaku_Kenkyū_Sentā1995" class="citation book cs1">Shiruku Rōdo-gaku Kenkyū Sentā (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=nl&id=HU5mAAAAMAAJ&dq">Space archaeology</a>. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Space+archaeology&rft.pages=19&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Shiruku+R%C5%8Ddo-gaku+Kenky%C5%AB+Sent%C4%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fhl%3Dnl%26id%3DHU5mAAAAMAAJ%26dq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDirection_générale_des_antiquités_et_des_musées,_République_arabe_syrienne1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Direction générale des antiquités et des musées, République arabe syrienne (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YnUMAQAAMAAJ&q">Annales archéologiques Arabes Syriennes, Volume 42</a> (in Arabies). p. 246.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annales+arch%C3%A9ologiques+Arabes+Syriennes%2C+Volume+42&rft.pages=246&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Direction+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+des+antiquit%C3%A9s+et+des+mus%C3%A9es%2C+R%C3%A9publique+arabe+syrienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYnUMAQAAMAAJ%26q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pliny-9"><a href="#cite_ref-pliny_9-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFGary_K._Young2003" class="citation book cs1">Gary K. Young (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E5yCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA124#v=onepage&q&f=false">Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy 31 BC – AD 305</a>. p. 124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome%27s+Eastern+Trade%3A+International+Commerce+and+Imperial+Policy+31+BC+%E2%80%93+AD+305&rft.pages=124&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Gary+K.+Young&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE5yCAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA124%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-yoel-10">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-yoel_10-0">10,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yoel_10-1">10,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yoel_10-2">10,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yoel_10-3">10,3</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFYoël_L._Arbeitman1988" class="citation book cs1">Yoël L. Arbeitman (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x1l_MfEV6kkC&pg=PA238#v=onepage&q&f=false">A Linguistic Happening in Memory of Ben Schwartz: Studies in Anatolian, Italic, and Other Indo-European Languages</a>. p. 238.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Linguistic+Happening+in+Memory+of+Ben+Schwartz%3A+Studies+in+Anatolian%2C+Italic%2C+and+Other+Indo-European+Languages&rft.pages=238&rft.date=1988&rft.au=Yo%C3%ABl+L.+Arbeitman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx1l_MfEV6kkC%26pg%3DPA238%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFA._Murtonen1989" class="citation book cs1">A. Murtonen (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t_9NkGsNtcYC&pg=PA445#v=onepage&q&f=false">Hebrew in Its West Semitic Setting: A Comparative Survey of Non-Masoretic Hebrew Dialects and Traditions, Deel 1</a>. p. 445.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hebrew+in+Its+West+Semitic+Setting%3A+A+Comparative+Survey+of+Non-Masoretic+Hebrew+Dialects+and+Traditions%2C+Deel+1&rft.pages=445&rft.date=1989&rft.au=A.+Murtonen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt_9NkGsNtcYC%26pg%3DPA445%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-charnok-12">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-charnok_12-0">12,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-charnok_12-1">12,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-charnok_12-2">12,2</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Stephen_Charnock1859" class="citation book cs1">Richard Stephen Charnock (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I2BulY4WvsYC&pg=PA200#v=onepage&q&f=false">Local Etymology: A Derivative Dictionary of Geographical Names</a>. p. 200.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Local+Etymology%3A+A+Derivative+Dictionary+of+Geographical+Names&rft.pages=200&rft.date=1859&rft.au=Richard+Stephen+Charnock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI2BulY4WvsYC%26pg%3DPA200%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-yoe3-13"><a href="#cite_ref-yoe3_13-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFYoël_L._Arbeitman1988" class="citation book cs1">Yoël L. Arbeitman (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x1l_MfEV6kkC&pg=PA248#v=onepage&q&f=false">A Linguistic Happening in Memory of Ben Schwartz: Studies in Anatolian, Italic, and Other Indo-European Languages</a>. p. 248.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Linguistic+Happening+in+Memory+of+Ben+Schwartz%3A+Studies+in+Anatolian%2C+Italic%2C+and+Other+Indo-European+Languages&rft.pages=248&rft.date=1988&rft.au=Yo%C3%ABl+L.+Arbeitman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx1l_MfEV6kkC%26pg%3DPA248%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Stephen_Charnock1859" class="citation book cs1">Richard Stephen Charnock (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I2BulY4WvsYC&pg=PA201#v=onepage&q&f=false">Local Etymology: A Derivative Dictionary of Geographical Names</a>. p. 201.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Local+Etymology%3A+A+Derivative+Dictionary+of+Geographical+Names&rft.pages=201&rft.date=1859&rft.au=Richard+Stephen+Charnock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI2BulY4WvsYC%26pg%3DPA201%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFPat_Southern2008" class="citation book cs1">Pat Southern (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DqMrR29Cc7MC&pg=PA18#v=onepage&q&f=false">Empress Zenobia: Palmyra s Rebel Queen</a>. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empress+Zenobia%3A+Palmyra+s+Rebel+Queen&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Pat+Southern&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDqMrR29Cc7MC%26pg%3DPA18%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-salk-16"><a href="#cite_ref-salk_16-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTrudy_Ring,Robert_M._Salkin,Sharon_La_Boda1996" class="citation book cs1">Trudy Ring,Robert M. Salkin,Sharon La Boda (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R44VRnNCzAYC&pg=PA565#v=onepage&q&f=false">International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa, Volume 4</a>. p. 565.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places%3A+Middle+East+and+Africa%2C+Volume+4&rft.pages=565&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Trudy+Ring%2CRobert+M.+Salkin%2CSharon+La+Boda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR44VRnNCzAYC%26pg%3DPA565%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_meer_as_een_naam" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-esth-17">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-esth_17-0">17,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-esth_17-1">17,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_Hornblower,_Antony_Spawforth,_Esther_Eidinow2014" class="citation book cs1">Simon Hornblower, Antony Spawforth, Esther Eidinow (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AIgdBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA566#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization</a>. p. 566.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Classical+Civilization&rft.pages=566&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Simon+Hornblower%2C+Antony+Spawforth%2C+Esther+Eidinow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAIgdBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA566%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_meer_as_een_naam" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFShiruku_Rōdo-gaku_Kenkyū_Sentā1995" class="citation book cs1">Shiruku Rōdo-gaku Kenkyū Sentā (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HU5mAAAAMAAJ&q">Space archaeology</a>. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Space+archaeology&rft.pages=19&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Shiruku+R%C5%8Ddo-gaku+Kenky%C5%AB+Sent%C4%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHU5mAAAAMAAJ%26q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm_A._R._Colledge1976" class="citation book cs1">Malcolm A. R. Colledge (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z8XpAAAAMAAJ&q">The Art of Palmyra</a>. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Palmyra&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1976&rft.au=Malcolm+A.+R.+Colledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz8XpAAAAMAAJ%26q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stan-20">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-stan_20-0">20,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stan_20-1">20,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stan_20-2">20,2</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Dumper,Bruce_E._Stanley2007" class="citation book cs1">Michael Dumper,Bruce E. Stanley (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&pg=PA293#v=onepage&q&f=false">Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia</a>. p. 293.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+of+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=293&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Michael+Dumper%2CBruce+E.+Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3SapTk5iGDkC%26pg%3DPA293%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSociety_for_the_Promotion_of_Roman_Studies1968" class="citation book cs1">Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?ei=oeW1VOS2MoTqOIyYgeAH&hl=nl&id=zys8AAAAMAAJ&dq">The Journal of Roman Studies, Volumes 40-42</a>. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Journal+of+Roman+Studies%2C+Volumes+40-42&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Society+for+the+Promotion+of+Roman+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fei%3DoeW1VOS2MoTqOIyYgeAH%26hl%3Dnl%26id%3Dzys8AAAAMAAJ%26dq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-palm3-22">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-palm3_22-0">22,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-palm3_22-1">22,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-palm3_22-2">22,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-palm3_22-3">22,3</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFLucinda_Dirven1999" class="citation book cs1">Lucinda Dirven (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_LfXg2r6FT0C&pg=PA18#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Palmyrenes of Dura-Europos: A Study of Religious Interaction in Roman Syria</a>. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palmyrenes+of+Dura-Europos%3A+A+Study+of+Religious+Interaction+in+Roman+Syria&rft.pages=18&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Lucinda+Dirven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_LfXg2r6FT0C%26pg%3DPA18%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMario_Liverani2013" class="citation book cs1">Mario Liverani (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0d1JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA234#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy</a>. p. 234.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Near+East%3A+History%2C+Society+and+Economy&rft.pages=234&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Mario+Liverani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0d1JAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA234%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMichelle_Makdesi,_Ma'mun_Abd_al-Karim2002" class="citation book cs1">Michelle Makdesi, Ma'mun Abd al-Karim (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2-4uAQAAIAAJ&q">al-Jazīrah al-Sūrīyah, al-turāth al-ḥaḍārī wa-al-ṣilāt al-mutabādalah: waqāʼiʻ al-muʼtamar al-duwalī, Dayr al-Zūr 22-25 Nīsān 1996</a>. p. 325.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=al-Jaz%C4%ABrah+al-S%C5%ABr%C4%AByah%2C+al-tur%C4%81th+al-%E1%B8%A5a%E1%B8%8D%C4%81r%C4%AB+wa-al-%E1%B9%A3il%C4%81t+al-mutab%C4%81dalah%3A+waq%C4%81%CA%BCi%CA%BB+al-mu%CA%BCtamar+al-duwal%C4%AB%2C+Dayr+al-Z%C5%ABr+22-25+N%C4%ABs%C4%81n+1996&rft.pages=325&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Michelle+Makdesi%2C+Ma%27mun+Abd+al-Karim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2-4uAQAAIAAJ%26q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Knight1840" class="citation book cs1">Charles Knight (1840). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h17MWNlkEcwC&pg=PA175#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Difussion of Useful Knowledge, Volume 17</a>. p. 175.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penny+Cyclopaedia+of+the+Society+for+the+Difussion+of+Useful+Knowledge%2C+Volume+17&rft.pages=175&rft.date=1840&rft.au=Charles+Knight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh17MWNlkEcwC%26pg%3DPA175%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFIsidore_Epstein1984" class="citation book cs1">Isidore Epstein (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVJTAAAAYAAJ&q">Hebrew-English Edition of the Babylonian Talmud: Yebamoth</a>. p. 194.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hebrew-English+Edition+of+the+Babylonian+Talmud%3A+Yebamoth&rft.pages=194&rft.date=1984&rft.au=Isidore+Epstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZVJTAAAAYAAJ%26q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFFergus_Millar1993" class="citation book cs1">Fergus Millar (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IA-YlZqHv90C&pg=PA320#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Roman Near East, 31 B.C.-A.D. 337</a>. p. 320.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Near+East%2C+31+B.C.-A.D.+337&rft.pages=320&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Fergus+Millar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIA-YlZqHv90C%26pg%3DPA320%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFPhillip_K._Hitti2004" class="citation book cs1">Phillip K. Hitti (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919104506/https://books.google.com/books?id=91YymsCw5DIC&pg=PA389#v=onepage&q&f=false">History of Syria, Including Lebanon and Palestine</a>. p. 389. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=91YymsCw5DIC&pg=PA389#v=onepage&q&f=false">die oorspronklike</a> op 19 September 2015. Besoek op 22 Augustus 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Syria%2C+Including+Lebanon+and+Palestine&rft.pages=389&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Phillip+K.+Hitti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D91YymsCw5DIC%26pg%3DPA389%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-trev-29">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-trev_29-0">29,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-trev_29-1">29,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-trev_29-2">29,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-trev_29-3">29,3</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor_Bryce2014" class="citation book cs1">Trevor Bryce (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xno9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA276#v=onepage&q&f=false">Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History</a>. p. 276.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Syria%3A+A+Three+Thousand+Year+History&rft.pages=276&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Trevor+Bryce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXno9AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA276%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Stoneman1994" class="citation book cs1">Richard Stoneman (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8kLFfE1qPhIC&pg=PA52#v=onepage&q&f=false">Palmyra and Its Empire: Zenobia's Revolt Against Rome</a>. p. 52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palmyra+and+Its+Empire%3A+Zenobia%27s+Revolt+Against+Rome&rft.pages=52&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Richard+Stoneman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8kLFfE1qPhIC%26pg%3DPA52%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor_Bryce2014" class="citation book cs1">Trevor Bryce (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xno9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA359#v=onepage&q&f=false">Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History</a>. p. 359.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Syria%3A+A+Three+Thousand+Year+History&rft.pages=359&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Trevor+Bryce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXno9AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA359%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-trev34-32">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-trev34_32-0">32,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-trev34_32-1">32,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-trev34_32-2">32,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-trev34_32-3">32,3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-trev34_32-4">32,4</a> <a href="#cite_ref-trev34_32-5">32,5</a> <a href="#cite_ref-trev34_32-6">32,6</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor_Bryce2014" class="citation book cs1">Trevor Bryce (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xno9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA278#v=onepage&q&f=false">Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History</a>. p. 278.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Syria%3A+A+Three+Thousand+Year+History&rft.pages=278&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Trevor+Bryce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXno9AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA278%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-trev34sssssss-33"><a href="#cite_ref-trev34sssssss_33-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHartmut_Kühne,_Rainer_Maria_Czichon,_Florian_Janoscha_Kreppner2008" class="citation book cs1">Hartmut Kühne, Rainer Maria Czichon, Florian Janoscha Kreppner (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FgML1EdUiWUC&pg=PA231#v=onepage&q&f=false">Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, 29 March – 3 April 2004, Freie Universität Berlin: The reconstruction of environment : natural resources and human interrelations through time ; art history : visual communication</a>. p. 231.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+4th+International+Congress+of+the+Archaeology+of+the+Ancient+Near+East%2C+29+March+%E2%80%93+3+April+2004%2C+Freie+Universit%C3%A4t+Berlin%3A+The+reconstruction+of+environment+%3A+natural+resources+and+human+interrelations+through+time+%3B+art+history+%3A+visual+communication&rft.pages=231&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Hartmut+K%C3%BChne%2C+Rainer+Maria+Czichon%2C+Florian+Janoscha+Kreppner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFgML1EdUiWUC%26pg%3DPA231%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_meer_as_een_naam" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-trev34s-34">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-trev34s_34-0">34,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-trev34s_34-1">34,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_M._Smith_II2013" class="citation book cs1">Andrew M. Smith II (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5cMho6zFckC&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false">Roman Palmyra: Identity, Community, and State Formation</a>. p. 63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Palmyra%3A+Identity%2C+Community%2C+and+State+Formation&rft.pages=63&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Andrew+M.+Smith+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh5cMho6zFckC%26pg%3DPA63%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-elto-35">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-elto_35-0">35,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-elto_35-1">35,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHugh_Elton2013" class="citation book cs1">Hugh Elton (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N0jAQ1oP3_wC&pg=PA90#v=onepage&q&f=false">Frontiers of the Roman Empire</a>. p. 90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frontiers+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pages=90&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Hugh+Elton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN0jAQ1oP3_wC%26pg%3DPA90%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dirvas-36">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-dirvas_36-0">36,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dirvas_36-1">36,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFLucinda_Dirven1999" class="citation book cs1">Lucinda Dirven (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_LfXg2r6FT0C&pg=PA19#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Palmyrenes of Dura-Europos: A Study of Religious Interaction in Roman Syria</a>. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palmyrenes+of+Dura-Europos%3A+A+Study+of+Religious+Interaction+in+Roman+Syria&rft.pages=19&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Lucinda+Dirven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_LfXg2r6FT0C%26pg%3DPA19%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-warwik-37">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-warwik_37-0">37,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-warwik_37-1">37,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFWarwick_Ball2002" class="citation book cs1">Warwick Ball (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qQKIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA74#v=onepage&q&f=false">Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire</a>. p. 74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+in+the+East%3A+The+Transformation+of+an+Empire&rft.pages=74&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Warwick+Ball&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqQKIAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA74%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-provi-38">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-provi_38-0">38,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-provi_38-1">38,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-provi_38-2">38,2</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Edwell2007" class="citation book cs1">Peter Edwell (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DQgmOZlsEWcC&pg=PA34">Between Rome and Persia: The Middle Euphrates, Mesopotamia and Palmyra Under Roman Control</a>. p. 34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Rome+and+Persia%3A+The+Middle+Euphrates%2C+Mesopotamia+and+Palmyra+Under+Roman+Control&rft.pages=34&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Peter+Edwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDQgmOZlsEWcC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bakol-39">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-bakol_39-0">39,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bakol_39-1">39,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bakol_39-2">39,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bakol_39-3">39,3</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFH._T._Bakker1987" class="citation book cs1">H. T. Bakker (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=muQ3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q&f=false">Iconography of Religions</a>. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iconography+of+Religions&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1987&rft.au=H.+T.+Bakker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmuQ3AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA4%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-country-40">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-country_40-0">40,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-country_40-1">40,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-country_40-2">40,2</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/07/120717-palmyra-roman-city-syria-science-farming-world-ancient/">"Mystery of Lost Roman City Solved: Ancients Greened the Desert?"</a> (in Engels). National Geographic News. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190424165420/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/07/120717-palmyra-roman-city-syria-science-farming-world-ancient/">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 24 April 2019. Besoek op 13 Augustus 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mystery+of+Lost+Roman+City+Solved%3A+Ancients+Greened+the+Desert%3F&rft.pub=National+Geographic+News&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2012%2F07%2F120717-palmyra-roman-city-syria-science-farming-world-ancient%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lamsin3s-41">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-lamsin3s_41-0">41,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lamsin3s_41-1">41,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_M._Smith_II2013" class="citation book cs1">Andrew M. Smith II (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5cMho6zFckC&pg=PA122#v=onepage&q&f=false">Roman Palmyra: Identity, Community, and State Formation</a>. p. 122.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Palmyra%3A+Identity%2C+Community%2C+and+State+Formation&rft.pages=122&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Andrew+M.+Smith+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh5cMho6zFckC%26pg%3DPA122%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hildo-42"><a href="#cite_ref-hildo_42-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHildegard_Temporini1978" class="citation book cs1">Hildegard Temporini (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ig0_4HeMh-AC&pg=PA769#v=onepage&q&f=false">Politische Geschichte: (Provinzien und Randvölker: Mesopotamien, Armenien, Iran, Südarabien, Rom und der Ferne Osten), Deel 2, Volume 9</a>. p. 769.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politische+Geschichte%3A+%28Provinzien+und+Randv%C3%B6lker%3A+Mesopotamien%2C+Armenien%2C+Iran%2C+S%C3%BCdarabien%2C+Rom+und+der+Ferne+Osten%29%2C+Deel+2%2C+Volume+9&rft.pages=769&rft.date=1978&rft.au=Hildegard+Temporini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIg0_4HeMh-AC%26pg%3DPA769%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFFergus_Millar1993" class="citation book cs1">Fergus Millar (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IA-YlZqHv90C&pg=PA323#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Roman Near East, 31 B.C.-A.D. 337</a>. p. 323.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Near+East%2C+31+B.C.-A.D.+337&rft.pages=323&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Fergus+Millar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIA-YlZqHv90C%26pg%3DPA323%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-elrood-44"><a href="#cite_ref-elrood_44-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Edwell2007" class="citation book cs1">Peter Edwell (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_UR8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT64#v=onepage&q&f=false">Between Rome and Persia: The Middle Euphrates, Mesopotamia and Palmyra under Roman control</a>. p. 64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Rome+and+Persia%3A+The+Middle+Euphrates%2C+Mesopotamia+and+Palmyra+under+Roman+control&rft.pages=64&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Peter+Edwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_UR8AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT64%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-palmo55-45"><a href="#cite_ref-palmo55_45-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFLucinda_Dirven1999" class="citation book cs1">Lucinda Dirven (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_LfXg2r6FT0C&pg=PA22#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Palmyrenes of Dura-Europos: A Study of Religious Interaction in Roman Syria</a>. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palmyrenes+of+Dura-Europos%3A+A+Study+of+Religious+Interaction+in+Roman+Syria&rft.pages=22&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Lucinda+Dirven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_LfXg2r6FT0C%26pg%3DPA22%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-trev44-46"><a href="#cite_ref-trev44_46-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor_Bryce2014" class="citation book cs1">Trevor Bryce (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xno9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA279#v=onepage&q&f=false">Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History</a>. p. 279.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Syria%3A+A+Three+Thousand+Year+History&rft.pages=279&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Trevor+Bryce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXno9AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA279%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dirvas6-47"><a href="#cite_ref-dirvas6_47-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFLucinda_Dirven1999" class="citation book cs1">Lucinda Dirven (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_LfXg2r6FT0C&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Palmyrenes of Dura-Europos: A Study of Religious Interaction in Roman Syria</a>. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palmyrenes+of+Dura-Europos%3A+A+Study+of+Religious+Interaction+in+Roman+Syria&rft.pages=21&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Lucinda+Dirven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_LfXg2r6FT0C%26pg%3DPA21%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-smit-48"><a href="#cite_ref-smit_48-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_M._Smith_II2013" class="citation book cs1">Andrew M. Smith II (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5cMho6zFckC&pg=PA25#v=onepage&q&f=false">Roman Palmyra: Identity, Community, and State Formation</a>. p. 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Palmyra%3A+Identity%2C+Community%2C+and+State+Formation&rft.pages=25&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Andrew+M.+Smith+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh5cMho6zFckC%26pg%3DPA25%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFPresses_Univ._Franche-Comté1979" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Presses Univ. Franche-Comté (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d2DmN0xH5-gC&pg=PA235">Dialogues d'histoire ancienne, Volume 239</a> (in Frans). p. 235.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialogues+d%27histoire+ancienne%2C+Volume+239&rft.pages=235&rft.date=1979&rft.au=Presses+Univ.+Franche-Comt%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd2DmN0xH5-gC%26pg%3DPA235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Edwell2007" class="citation book cs1">Peter Edwell (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DQgmOZlsEWcC&pg=PA27">Between Rome and Persia: The Middle Euphrates, Mesopotamia and Palmyra Under Roman Control</a>. p. 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Rome+and+Persia%3A+The+Middle+Euphrates%2C+Mesopotamia+and+Palmyra+Under+Roman+Control&rft.pages=27&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Peter+Edwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDQgmOZlsEWcC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-adnos-51">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-adnos_51-0">51,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-adnos_51-1">51,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_M._Smith_II2013" class="citation book cs1">Andrew M. Smith II (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5cMho6zFckC&pg=PA176#v=onepage&q&f=false">Roman Palmyra: Identity, Community, and State Formation</a>. p. 176.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Palmyra%3A+Identity%2C+Community%2C+and+State+Formation&rft.pages=176&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Andrew+M.+Smith+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh5cMho6zFckC%26pg%3DPA176%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-satno-52"><a href="#cite_ref-satno_52-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_M._Smith_II2013" class="citation book cs1">Andrew M. Smith II (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5cMho6zFckC&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q&f=false">Roman Palmyra: Identity, Community, and State Formation</a>. p. 29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Palmyra%3A+Identity%2C+Community%2C+and+State+Formation&rft.pages=29&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Andrew+M.+Smith+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh5cMho6zFckC%26pg%3DPA29%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oda-53"><a href="#cite_ref-oda_53-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFPat_Southern2008" class="citation book cs1">Pat Southern (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ecfiAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA44#v=onepage&q&f=false">Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen</a>. p. 44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empress+Zenobia%3A+Palmyra%27s+Rebel+Queen&rft.pages=44&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Pat+Southern&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DecfiAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA44%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-exo-54"><a href="#cite_ref-exo_54-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFWarwick_Ball2002" class="citation book cs1">Warwick Ball (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=73-JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA77#v=onepage&q&f=false">Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire</a>. p. 77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+in+the+East%3A+The+Transformation+of+an+Empire&rft.pages=77&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Warwick+Ball&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D73-JAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA77%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-adnossa-55">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-adnossa_55-0">55,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-adnossa_55-1">55,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-adnossa_55-2">55,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-adnossa_55-3">55,3</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_M._Smith_II2013" class="citation book cs1">Andrew M. Smith II (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5cMho6zFckC&pg=PA177#v=onepage&q&f=false">Roman Palmyra: Identity, Community, and State Formation</a>. p. 177.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Palmyra%3A+Identity%2C+Community%2C+and+State+Formation&rft.pages=177&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Andrew+M.+Smith+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh5cMho6zFckC%26pg%3DPA177%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBeate_Dignas,Engelbert_Winter2007" class="citation book cs1">Beate Dignas,Engelbert Winter (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MG2hqcRDvJgC&pg=PA159#v=onepage&q&f=false">Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals</a>. p. 159.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+and+Persia+in+Late+Antiquity%3A+Neighbours+and+Rivals&rft.pages=159&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Beate+Dignas%2CEngelbert+Winter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMG2hqcRDvJgC%26pg%3DPA159%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vaji-57">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-vaji_57-0">57,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vaji_57-1">57,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vaji_57-2">57,2</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_L._Vagi2000" class="citation book cs1">David L. Vagi (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WzOGycVVQLEC&pg=PA398#v=onepage&q&f=false">Coinage and History of the Roman Empire, C. 82 B.C.--A.D. 480: History</a>. p. 398.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coinage+and+History+of+the+Roman+Empire%2C+C.+82+B.C.--A.D.+480%3A+History&rft.pages=398&rft.date=2000&rft.au=David+L.+Vagi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWzOGycVVQLEC%26pg%3DPA398%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFPat_Southern2008" class="citation book cs1">Pat Southern (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ecfiAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA67#v=onepage&q&f=false">Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen</a>. p. 67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empress+Zenobia%3A+Palmyra%27s+Rebel+Queen&rft.pages=67&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Pat+Southern&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DecfiAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA67%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFLukas_De_Blois1976" class="citation book cs1">Lukas De Blois (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-jUAMmMS5cC&pg=PA35#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Policy of the Emperor Gallienus</a>. p. 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Policy+of+the+Emperor+Gallienus&rft.pages=35&rft.date=1976&rft.au=Lukas+De+Blois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7-jUAMmMS5cC%26pg%3DPA35%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-satnso-60"><a href="#cite_ref-satnso_60-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFNathanael_J._Andrade2013" class="citation book cs1">Nathanael J. Andrade (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y6IaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA333#v=onepage&q&f=false">Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World</a>. p. 333.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syrian+Identity+in+the+Greco-Roman+World&rft.pages=333&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Nathanael+J.+Andrade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy6IaBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA333%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFClifford_Ando2012" class="citation book cs1">Clifford Ando (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bpd3tBPN4v8C&pg=PA237#v=onepage&q&f=false">Imperial Rome AD 193 to 284: The Critical Century</a>. p. 237.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Rome+AD+193+to+284%3A+The+Critical+Century&rft.pages=237&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Clifford+Ando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbpd3tBPN4v8C%26pg%3DPA237%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-carosf-62"><a href="#cite_ref-carosf_62-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBeate_Dignas,Engelbert_Winter2007" class="citation book cs1">Beate Dignas,Engelbert Winter (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MG2hqcRDvJgC&pg=PA160#v=onepage&q&f=false">Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals</a>. p. 160.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+and+Persia+in+Late+Antiquity%3A+Neighbours+and+Rivals&rft.pages=160&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Beate+Dignas%2CEngelbert+Winter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMG2hqcRDvJgC%26pg%3DPA160%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vajisczvd-63"><a href="#cite_ref-vajisczvd_63-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Stoneman1994" class="citation book cs1">Richard Stoneman (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8kLFfE1qPhIC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false">Palmyra and Its Empire: Zenobia's Revolt Against Rome</a>. p. 78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palmyra+and+Its+Empire%3A+Zenobia%27s+Revolt+Against+Rome&rft.pages=78&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Richard+Stoneman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8kLFfE1qPhIC%26pg%3DPA78%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-maoniasa-64">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-maoniasa_64-0">64,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maoniasa_64-1">64,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFPat_Southern2008" class="citation book cs1">Pat Southern (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DqMrR29Cc7MC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false">Empress Zenobia: Palmyra s Rebel Queen</a>. p. 78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empress+Zenobia%3A+Palmyra+s+Rebel+Queen&rft.pages=78&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Pat+Southern&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDqMrR29Cc7MC%26pg%3DPA78%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-maoni-65"><a href="#cite_ref-maoni_65-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor_Bryce2014" class="citation book cs1">Trevor Bryce (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q8Z7AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA292#v=onepage&q&f=false">Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History</a>. p. 292.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Syria%3A+A+Three+Thousand+Year+History&rft.pages=292&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Trevor+Bryce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq8Z7AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA292%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Stoneman1994" class="citation book cs1">Richard Stoneman (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8kLFfE1qPhIC&pg=PA108#v=onepage&q&f=false">Palmyra and Its Empire: Zenobia's Revolt Against Rome</a>. p. 108.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palmyra+and+Its+Empire%3A+Zenobia%27s+Revolt+Against+Rome&rft.pages=108&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Richard+Stoneman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8kLFfE1qPhIC%26pg%3DPA108%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zenok-67">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-zenok_67-0">67,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zenok_67-1">67,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zenok_67-2">67,2</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor_Bryce2014" class="citation book cs1">Trevor Bryce (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xno9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA299#v=onepage&q&f=false">Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History</a>. p. 299.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Syria%3A+A+Three+Thousand+Year+History&rft.pages=299&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Trevor+Bryce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXno9AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA299%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zenok7-68"><a href="#cite_ref-zenok7_68-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Stoneman1994" class="citation book cs1">Richard Stoneman (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8kLFfE1qPhIC&pg=PA114#v=onepage&q&f=false">Palmyra and Its Empire: Zenobia's Revolt Against Rome</a>. p. 114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palmyra+and+Its+Empire%3A+Zenobia%27s+Revolt+Against+Rome&rft.pages=114&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Richard+Stoneman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8kLFfE1qPhIC%26pg%3DPA114%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zenok1988-69">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-zenok1988_69-0">69,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zenok1988_69-1">69,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor_Bryce2014" class="citation book cs1">Trevor Bryce (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=41-MAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA302#v=onepage&q&f=false">Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History</a>. p. 302.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Syria%3A+A+Three+Thousand+Year+History&rft.pages=302&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Trevor+Bryce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D41-MAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA302%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zenok5saa-70">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-zenok5saa_70-0">70,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zenok5saa_70-1">70,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAlaric_Watson2014" class="citation book cs1">Alaric Watson (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kJ2JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false">Aurelian and the Third Century</a>. p. 62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aurelian+and+the+Third+Century&rft.pages=62&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Alaric+Watson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkJ2JAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA62%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor_Bryce2014" class="citation book cs1">Trevor Bryce (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=41-MAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA303#v=onepage&q&f=false">Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History</a>. p. 303.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Syria%3A+A+Three+Thousand+Year+History&rft.pages=303&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Trevor+Bryce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D41-MAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA303%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zenok3-72"><a href="#cite_ref-zenok3_72-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor_Bryce2014" class="citation book cs1">Trevor Bryce (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xno9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA304#v=onepage&q&f=false">Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History</a>. p. 304.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Syria%3A+A+Three+Thousand+Year+History&rft.pages=304&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Trevor+Bryce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXno9AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA304%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-waro-73"><a href="#cite_ref-waro_73-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFWarwick_Ball2002" class="citation book cs1">Warwick Ball (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qQKIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA80#v=onepage&q&f=false">Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire</a>. p. 80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+in+the+East%3A+The+Transformation+of+an+Empire&rft.pages=80&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Warwick+Ball&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqQKIAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA80%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zenok5-74">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-zenok5_74-0">74,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zenok5_74-1">74,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zenok5_74-2">74,2</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_M._Smith_II2013" class="citation book cs1">Andrew M. Smith II (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5cMho6zFckC&pg=PA179#v=onepage&q&f=false">Roman Palmyra: Identity, Community, and State Formation</a>. p. 179.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Palmyra%3A+Identity%2C+Community%2C+and+State+Formation&rft.pages=179&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Andrew+M.+Smith+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh5cMho6zFckC%26pg%3DPA179%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zenok556-75"><a href="#cite_ref-zenok556_75-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_L._Vagi2000" class="citation book cs1">David L. Vagi (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WzOGycVVQLEC&pg=PA365&lpg=PA365#v=onepage&q&f=false">Coinage and History of the Roman Empire, C. 82 B.C.--A.D. 480: History</a>. p. 365.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coinage+and+History+of+the+Roman+Empire%2C+C.+82+B.C.--A.D.+480%3A+History&rft.pages=365&rft.date=2000&rft.au=David+L.+Vagi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWzOGycVVQLEC%26pg%3DPA365%26lpg%3DPA365%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zenok65-76"><a href="#cite_ref-zenok65_76-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFWarwick_Ball2002" class="citation book cs1">Warwick Ball (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=73-JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA82#v=onepage&q&f=false">Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire</a>. p. 82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+in+the+East%3A+The+Transformation+of+an+Empire&rft.pages=82&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Warwick+Ball&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D73-JAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA82%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zenok69-77"><a href="#cite_ref-zenok69_77-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFChase_F._Robinson2010" class="citation book cs1">Chase F. Robinson (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GSmrBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT154#v=onepage&q&f=false">The New Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 1, The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries</a>. p. 154.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+History+of+Islam%3A+Volume+1%2C+The+Formation+of+the+Islamic+World%2C+Sixth+to+Eleventh+Centuries&rft.pages=154&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Chase+F.+Robinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGSmrBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT154%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-waro56-78">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-waro56_78-0">78,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-waro56_78-1">78,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_M._Smith_II2013" class="citation book cs1">Andrew M. Smith II (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5cMho6zFckC&pg=PA180#v=onepage&q&f=false">Roman Palmyra: Identity, Community, and State Formation</a>. p. 180.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Palmyra%3A+Identity%2C+Community%2C+and+State+Formation&rft.pages=180&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Andrew+M.+Smith+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh5cMho6zFckC%26pg%3DPA180%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor_Bryce2014" class="citation book cs1">Trevor Bryce (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xno9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA307#v=onepage&q&f=false">Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History</a>. p. 307.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Syria%3A+A+Three+Thousand+Year+History&rft.pages=307&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Trevor+Bryce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXno9AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA307%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zenok29-80">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-zenok29_80-0">80,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zenok29_80-1">80,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor_Bryce2014" class="citation book cs1">Trevor Bryce (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xno9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA308#v=onepage&q&f=false">Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History</a>. p. 308.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Syria%3A+A+Three+Thousand+Year+History&rft.pages=308&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Trevor+Bryce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXno9AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA308%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor_Bryce2014" class="citation book cs1">Trevor Bryce (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xno9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA309#v=onepage&q&f=false">Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History</a>. p. 309.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Syria%3A+A+Three+Thousand+Year+History&rft.pages=309&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Trevor+Bryce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXno9AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA309%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor_Bryce2014" class="citation book cs1">Trevor Bryce (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xno9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA310#v=onepage&q&f=false">Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History</a>. p. 310.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Syria%3A+A+Three+Thousand+Year+History&rft.pages=310&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Trevor+Bryce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXno9AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA310%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-waro45-83">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-waro45_83-0">83,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-waro45_83-1">83,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-waro45_83-2">83,2</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFWarwick_Ball2002" class="citation book cs1">Warwick Ball (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qQKIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA81#v=onepage&q&f=false">Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire</a>. p. 81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+in+the+East%3A+The+Transformation+of+an+Empire&rft.pages=81&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Warwick+Ball&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqQKIAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA81%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Bowman,Peter_Garnsey,Averil_Cameron2005" class="citation book cs1">Alan Bowman,Peter Garnsey,Averil Cameron (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MNSyT_PuYVMC&pg=PA52#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 12, The Crisis of Empire, AD 193-337</a>. p. 52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History%3A+Volume+12%2C+The+Crisis+of+Empire%2C+AD+193-337&rft.pages=52&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Alan+Bowman%2CPeter+Garnsey%2CAveril+Cameron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMNSyT_PuYVMC%26pg%3DPA52%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_meer_as_een_naam" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor_Bryce2014" class="citation book cs1">Trevor Bryce (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xno9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA313#v=onepage&q&f=false">Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History</a>. p. 313.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Syria%3A+A+Three+Thousand+Year+History&rft.pages=313&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Trevor+Bryce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXno9AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA313%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-destao54-86"><a href="#cite_ref-destao54_86-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_M._Smith_II2013" class="citation book cs1">Andrew M. Smith II (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5cMho6zFckC&pg=PA181#v=onepage&q&f=false">Roman Palmyra: Identity, Community, and State Formation</a>. p. 181.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Palmyra%3A+Identity%2C+Community%2C+and+State+Formation&rft.pages=181&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Andrew+M.+Smith+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh5cMho6zFckC%26pg%3DPA181%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-camb66-87"><a href="#cite_ref-camb66_87-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Bowman,Peter_Garnsey,Averil_Cameron2005" class="citation book cs1">Alan Bowman,Peter Garnsey,Averil Cameron (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MNSyT_PuYVMC&pg=PA515#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 12, The Crisis of Empire, AD 193-337</a>. p. 515.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History%3A+Volume+12%2C+The+Crisis+of+Empire%2C+AD+193-337&rft.pages=515&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Alan+Bowman%2CPeter+Garnsey%2CAveril+Cameron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMNSyT_PuYVMC%26pg%3DPA515%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_meer_as_een_naam" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-destao-88">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-destao_88-0">88,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-destao_88-1">88,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-destao_88-2">88,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-destao_88-3">88,3</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFNigel_Pollard2000" class="citation book cs1">Nigel Pollard (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ijMkjyG3cQC&pg=PA298#v=onepage&q&f=false">Soldiers, Cities, and Civilians in Roman Syria</a>. p. 298.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soldiers%2C+Cities%2C+and+Civilians+in+Roman+Syria&rft.pages=298&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Nigel+Pollard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2ijMkjyG3cQC%26pg%3DPA298%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-destao6-89"><a href="#cite_ref-destao6_89-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFNigel_Pollard2000" class="citation book cs1">Nigel Pollard (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ijMkjyG3cQC&pg=PA299#v=onepage&q&f=false">Soldiers, Cities, and Civilians in Roman Syria</a>. p. 299.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soldiers%2C+Cities%2C+and+Civilians+in+Roman+Syria&rft.pages=299&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Nigel+Pollard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2ijMkjyG3cQC%26pg%3DPA299%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-desto89-90"><a href="#cite_ref-desto89_90-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Stoneman1994" class="citation book cs1">Richard Stoneman (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8kLFfE1qPhIC&pg=PA190#v=onepage&q&f=false">Palmyra and Its Empire: Zenobia's Revolt Against Rome</a>. p. 190.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palmyra+and+Its+Empire%3A+Zenobia%27s+Revolt+Against+Rome&rft.pages=190&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Richard+Stoneman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8kLFfE1qPhIC%26pg%3DPA190%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-desto645-91"><a href="#cite_ref-desto645_91-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFGeoffrey_Greatrex,Samuel_N._C._Lieu2005" class="citation book cs1">Geoffrey Greatrex,Samuel N. C. Lieu (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=awCGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA85#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars AD 363-628</a>. p. 85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Eastern+Frontier+and+the+Persian+Wars+AD+363-628&rft.pages=85&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Geoffrey+Greatrex%2CSamuel+N.+C.+Lieu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DawCGAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA85%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Grossman2007" class="citation book cs1">Mark Grossman (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QSJoaugn2h8C&pg=PA180#v=onepage&q&f=false">World Military Leaders: A Biographical Dictionary</a>. p. 180.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Military+Leaders%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.pages=180&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Mark+Grossman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQSJoaugn2h8C%26pg%3DPA180%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-desto8s9sa-93">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-desto8s9sa_93-0">93,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-desto8s9sa_93-1">93,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-desto8s9sa_93-2">93,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-desto8s9sa_93-3">93,3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-desto8s9sa_93-4">93,4</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTrudy_Ring,Noelle_Watson,Paul_Schellinger2014" class="citation book cs1">Trudy Ring,Noelle Watson,Paul Schellinger (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R44VRnNCzAYC&pg=PA568#v=onepage&q&f=false">Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places</a>. p. 568.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+East+and+Africa%3A+International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places&rft.pages=568&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Trudy+Ring%2CNoelle+Watson%2CPaul+Schellinger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR44VRnNCzAYC%26pg%3DPA568%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_meer_as_een_naam" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-iBrogiolo87-94">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-iBrogiolo87_94-0">94,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iBrogiolo87_94-1">94,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFGian_Pietro_Brogiolo,Bryan_Ward_Perkins1999" class="citation book cs1">Gian Pietro Brogiolo,Bryan Ward Perkins (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6ppv17CP6EC&pg=PA87#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Idea and Ideal of the Town Between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages</a>. p. 87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idea+and+Ideal+of+the+Town+Between+Late+Antiquity+and+the+Early+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=87&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Gian+Pietro+Brogiolo%2CBryan+Ward+Perkins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ6ppv17CP6EC%26pg%3DPA87%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hisham-95">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-hisham_95-0">95,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hisham_95-1">95,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFH._A._R._Gibb,E._van_Donzel,P._J._Bearman,J._van_Lent1996" class="citation book cs1">H. A. R. Gibb,E. van Donzel,P. J. Bearman,J. van Lent (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NdCTI5FqayAC&pg=PA31">The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Volume=157</a>. p. 31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam.+Volume%3D157&rft.pages=31&rft.date=1996&rft.au=H.+A.+R.+Gibb%2CE.+van+Donzel%2CP.+J.+Bearman%2CJ.+van+Lent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNdCTI5FqayAC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_meer_as_een_naam" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFOleg_Grabar,Reneta_Holod,James_Knustad,William_Trousdale1978" class="citation book cs1">Oleg Grabar,Reneta Holod,James Knustad,William Trousdale (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QMSCNQlywSsC&pg=PA156#v=onepage&q&f=false">City in the Desert</a>. p. 156.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+in+the+Desert&rft.pages=156&rft.date=1978&rft.au=Oleg+Grabar%2CReneta+Holod%2CJames+Knustad%2CWilliam+Trousdale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQMSCNQlywSsC%26pg%3DPA156%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_meer_as_een_naam" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFClifford_Edmund_Bosworth1989" class="citation book cs1">Clifford Edmund Bosworth (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tPsUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA624#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume 6, Fascicules 107-108</a>. p. 624.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Islam%2C+Volume+6%2C+Fascicules+107-108&rft.pages=624&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Clifford+Edmund+Bosworth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtPsUAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA624%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_M._Cobb2001" class="citation book cs1">Paul M. Cobb (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2C6KIBw4F9YC&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q&f=false">White Banners: Contention in 'Abbasid Syria, 750-880</a>. p. 73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Banners%3A+Contention+in+%27Abbasid+Syria%2C+750-880&rft.pages=73&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Paul+M.+Cobb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2C6KIBw4F9YC%26pg%3DPA73%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-umaj-99"><a href="#cite_ref-umaj_99-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_M._Cobb2001" class="citation book cs1">Paul M. Cobb (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2C6KIBw4F9YC&pg=PA47#v=onepage&q&f=false">White Banners: Contention in 'Abbasid Syria, 750-880</a>. p. 47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Banners%3A+Contention+in+%27Abbasid+Syria%2C+750-880&rft.pages=47&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Paul+M.+Cobb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2C6KIBw4F9YC%26pg%3DPA47%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-umaj2-100">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-umaj2_100-0">100,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-umaj2_100-1">100,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_M._Cobb2001" class="citation book cs1">Paul M. Cobb (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2C6KIBw4F9YC&pg=PA48#v=onepage&q&f=false">White Banners: Contention in 'Abbasid Syria, 750-880</a>. p. 48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Banners%3A+Contention+in+%27Abbasid+Syria%2C+750-880&rft.pages=48&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Paul+M.+Cobb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2C6KIBw4F9YC%26pg%3DPA48%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFP.M._Holt2014" class="citation book cs1">P.M. Holt (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TqasAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA13#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517</a>. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+the+Crusades%3A+The+Near+East+from+the+Eleventh+Century+to+1517&rft.pages=13&rft.date=2014&rft.au=P.M.+Holt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTqasAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA13%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFJ.B._Bury2011" class="citation book cs1">J.B. Bury (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9lHeh36S8ooC&pg=PT1531#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Cambridge Medieval History Series volumes 1-5</a>. p. 1531.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Medieval+History+Series+volumes+1-5&rft.pages=1531&rft.date=2011&rft.au=J.B.+Bury&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9lHeh36S8ooC%26pg%3DPT1531%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFOleg_Grabar,Reneta_Holod,James_Knustad,William_Trousdale1978" class="citation book cs1">Oleg Grabar,Reneta Holod,James Knustad,William Trousdale (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QMSCNQlywSsC&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false">City in the Desert</a>. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+in+the+Desert&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1978&rft.au=Oleg+Grabar%2CReneta+Holod%2CJames+Knustad%2CWilliam+Trousdale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQMSCNQlywSsC%26pg%3DPA11%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_meer_as_een_naam" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-umaj3-104"><a href="#cite_ref-umaj3_104-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFOleg_Grabar,Reneta_Holod,James_Knustad,William_Trousdale1978" class="citation book cs1">Oleg Grabar,Reneta Holod,James Knustad,William Trousdale (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QMSCNQlywSsC&pg=PA158#v=onepage&q&f=false">City in the Desert</a>. p. 158.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+in+the+Desert&rft.pages=158&rft.date=1978&rft.au=Oleg+Grabar%2CReneta+Holod%2CJames+Knustad%2CWilliam+Trousdale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQMSCNQlywSsC%26pg%3DPA158%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_meer_as_een_naam" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFʻImād_al-Dīn_Mawṣīlī1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">ʻImād al-Dīn Mawṣīlī (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k-gKAAAAIAAJ&q">Rubu' Muḥafazet ḥoms</a> (in Arabies). p. 221.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rubu%27+Mu%E1%B8%A5afazet+%E1%B8%A5oms&rft.pages=221&rft.date=1981&rft.au=%CA%BBIm%C4%81d+al-D%C4%ABn+Maw%E1%B9%A3%C4%ABl%C4%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk-gKAAAAIAAJ%26q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_Key_Fowden1999" class="citation book cs1">Elizabeth Key Fowden (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UC5v4mgERxwC&pg=PA184#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Barbarian Plain: Saint Sergius Between Rome and Iran</a>. p. 184.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Barbarian+Plain%3A+Saint+Sergius+Between+Rome+and+Iran&rft.pages=184&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Elizabeth+Key+Fowden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUC5v4mgERxwC%26pg%3DPA184%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMahmud_Hussein_Amin1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mahmud Hussein Amin (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VWJIAAAAMAAJ&dq">Banu Mala'ib fel-Tarikh</a> (in Arabies). p. 50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Banu+Mala%27ib+fel-Tarikh&rft.pages=50&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Mahmud+Hussein+Amin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVWJIAAAAMAAJ%26dq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFYoussef_M._Choueiri2008" class="citation book cs1">Youssef M. Choueiri (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1ioTXW3316AC&pg=PA148#v=onepage&q&f=false">A Companion to the History of the Middle East</a>. p. 148.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+History+of+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=148&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Youssef+M.+Choueiri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1ioTXW3316AC%26pg%3DPA148%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mala3-109">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-mala3_109-0">109,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mala3_109-1">109,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_al-ʻAdim1261" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ibn al-ʻAdim (1261). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2q4KAQAAIAAJ&q">Bughyat al-ṭalab fī tārīkh Ḥalab. Volume 3</a> (in Arabies). p. 365.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bughyat+al-%E1%B9%ADalab+f%C4%AB+t%C4%81r%C4%ABkh+%E1%B8%A4alab.+Volume+3&rft.pages=365&rft.date=1261&rft.au=Ibn+al-%CA%BBAdim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2q4KAQAAIAAJ%26q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFEric_J._Hanne2007" class="citation book cs1">Eric J. Hanne (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nDVOR7jZYJEC&pg=PA135#v=onepage&q&f=false">Putting the Caliph in His Place: Power, Authority, and the Late Abbasid Caliphate</a>. p. 135.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Putting+the+Caliph+in+His+Place%3A+Power%2C+Authority%2C+and+the+Late+Abbasid+Caliphate&rft.pages=135&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Eric+J.+Hanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnDVOR7jZYJEC%26pg%3DPA135%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-umaj23-111"><a href="#cite_ref-umaj23_111-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFH._A._R._Gibb2012" class="citation book cs1">H. A. R. Gibb (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oaTDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA178#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades: Extracted and Translated from the Chronicle of Ibn Al-Qalanisi</a>. p. 178.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Damascus+Chronicle+of+the+Crusades%3A+Extracted+and+Translated+from+the+Chronicle+of+Ibn+Al-Qalanisi&rft.pages=178&rft.date=2012&rft.au=H.+A.+R.+Gibb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoaTDAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA178%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFOleg_Grabar,Reneta_Holod,James_Knustad,William_Trousdale1978" class="citation book cs1">Oleg Grabar,Reneta Holod,James Knustad,William Trousdale (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QMSCNQlywSsC&pg=PA161#v=onepage&q&f=false">City in the Desert</a>. p. 161.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+in+the+Desert&rft.pages=161&rft.date=1978&rft.au=Oleg+Grabar%2CReneta+Holod%2CJames+Knustad%2CWilliam+Trousdale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQMSCNQlywSsC%26pg%3DPA161%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_meer_as_een_naam" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-umaj2346-113">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-umaj2346_113-0">113,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-umaj2346_113-1">113,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFH._A._R._Gibb2012" class="citation book cs1">H. A. R. Gibb (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oaTDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA237#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades: Extracted and Translated from the Chronicle of Ibn Al-Qalanisi</a>. p. 237.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Damascus+Chronicle+of+the+Crusades%3A+Extracted+and+Translated+from+the+Chronicle+of+Ibn+Al-Qalanisi&rft.pages=237&rft.date=2012&rft.au=H.+A.+R.+Gibb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoaTDAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA237%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFInstitut_Français_de_Damas1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Institut_Fran%C3%A7ais" title="Institut Français">Institut Français</a> de Damas (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=waFtAAAAMAAJ&q">Bulletin d'études orientales, Volume 51</a>. p. 161.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bulletin+d%27%C3%A9tudes+orientales%2C+Volume+51&rft.pages=161&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Institut+Fran%C3%A7ais+de+Damas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwaFtAAAAMAAJ%26q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAbū_al-Fidāʼ_Ismāʻīl_ibn_ʻAlī1331" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Abū al-Fidāʼ Ismāʻīl ibn ʻAlī (1331). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DZU-AQAAIAAJ&q">Al-mukhtaṣar fī akhbār al-bashar, Volumes 1-2</a> (in Arabies). p. 349.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-mukhta%E1%B9%A3ar+f%C4%AB+akhb%C4%81r+al-bashar%2C+Volumes+1-2&rft.pages=349&rft.date=1331&rft.au=Ab%C5%AB+al-Fid%C4%81%CA%BC+Ism%C4%81%CA%BB%C4%ABl+ibn+%CA%BBAl%C4%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDZU-AQAAIAAJ%26q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-udsa-116">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-udsa_116-0">116,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-udsa_116-1">116,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFR._Stephen_Humphreys1977" class="citation book cs1">R. Stephen Humphreys (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JfXl5kvabhoC&pg=PA360#v=onepage&q&f=false">From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260</a>. p. 360.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Saladin+to+the+Mongols%3A+The+Ayyubids+of+Damascus%2C+1193%E2%80%931260&rft.pages=360&rft.date=1977&rft.au=R.+Stephen+Humphreys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJfXl5kvabhoC%26pg%3DPA360%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Malcolm_Holt1995" class="citation book cs1">Peter Malcolm Holt (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b2oeolaGUCEC&pg=PA38#v=onepage&q&f=false">Early Mamluk Diplomacy, 1260–1290: Treaties of Baybars and Qalāwūn with Christian Rulers</a>. p. 38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Mamluk+Diplomacy%2C+1260%E2%80%931290%3A+Treaties+of+Baybars+and+Qal%C4%81w%C5%ABn+with+Christian+Rulers&rft.pages=38&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Peter+Malcolm+Holt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db2oeolaGUCEC%26pg%3DPA38%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-babee-118">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-babee_118-0">118,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-babee_118-1">118,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-babee_118-2">118,2</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFKhayr_al-Dīn_Ziriklī1926" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Khayr al-Dīn Ziriklī (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lZggAAAAMAAJ&q">al-Aʻlām,: qāmūs tarājim al-ashʾhur al-rijāl wa-al-nisāʾ min al-ʻArab wa-al-mustaʻrabīn wa-al-mustashriqīn, Volume 7</a> (in Arabies). p. 73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=al-A%CA%BBl%C4%81m%2C%3A+q%C4%81m%C5%ABs+tar%C4%81jim+al-ash%CA%BEhur+al-rij%C4%81l+wa-al-nis%C4%81%CA%BE+min+al-%CA%BBArab+wa-al-musta%CA%BBrab%C4%ABn+wa-al-mustashriq%C4%ABn%2C+Volume+7&rft.pages=73&rft.date=1926&rft.au=Khayr+al-D%C4%ABn+Zirikl%C4%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlZggAAAAMAAJ%26q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Nicolle2005" class="citation book cs1">David Nicolle (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919080933/https://books.google.com/books?id=3St6D8PC4tcC&pg=PA30#v=onepage&q&f=false">Acre 1291: Bloody Sunset of the Crusader States</a>. p. 30. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3St6D8PC4tcC&pg=PA30#v=onepage&q&f=false">die oorspronklike</a> op 19 September 2015. Besoek op 23 Augustus 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acre+1291%3A+Bloody+Sunset+of+the+Crusader+States&rft.pages=30&rft.date=2005&rft.au=David+Nicolle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3St6D8PC4tcC%26pg%3DPA30%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Khaldūn1375" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ibn Khaldūn (1375). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6atmAAAAMAAJ&q">Kitāb al-ʻibar wa-dīwān al-mubtadaʾ wa-al-khabar f̣ī ayyām al-ʻArab wa-al-ʻAjam ẉa-al-Barbar wa-man ʻāṣarahum min dhawī al-sulṭān al-al-akbar wa-huwa tarīkh waḥīd ʻaṣrih, Volume 5</a> (in Arabies). p. 104.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kit%C4%81b+al-%CA%BBibar+wa-d%C4%ABw%C4%81n+al-mubtada%CA%BE+wa-al-khabar+f%CC%A3%C4%AB+ayy%C4%81m+al-%CA%BBArab+wa-al-%CA%BBAjam+%E1%BA%89a-al-Barbar+wa-man+%CA%BB%C4%81%E1%B9%A3arahum+min+dhaw%C4%AB+al-sul%E1%B9%AD%C4%81n+al-al-akbar+wa-huwa+tar%C4%ABkh+wa%E1%B8%A5%C4%ABd+%CA%BBa%E1%B9%A3rih%2C+Volume+5&rft.pages=104&rft.date=1375&rft.au=Ibn+Khald%C5%ABn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6atmAAAAMAAJ%26q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-khalo-121"><a href="#cite_ref-khalo_121-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Khaldūn1375" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ibn Khaldūn (1375). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6atmAAAAMAAJ&q">Kitāb al-ʻibar wa-dīwān al-mubtadaʾ wa-al-khabar f̣ī ayyām al-ʻArab wa-al-ʻAjam ẉa-al-Barbar wa-man ʻāṣarahum min dhawī al-sulṭān al-al-akbar wa-huwa tarīkh waḥīd ʻaṣrih, Volume 5 – Part 30</a> (in Arabies). p. 105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kit%C4%81b+al-%CA%BBibar+wa-d%C4%ABw%C4%81n+al-mubtada%CA%BE+wa-al-khabar+f%CC%A3%C4%AB+ayy%C4%81m+al-%CA%BBArab+wa-al-%CA%BBAjam+%E1%BA%89a-al-Barbar+wa-man+%CA%BB%C4%81%E1%B9%A3arahum+min+dhaw%C4%AB+al-sul%E1%B9%AD%C4%81n+al-al-akbar+wa-huwa+tar%C4%ABkh+wa%E1%B8%A5%C4%ABd+%CA%BBa%E1%B9%A3rih%2C+Volume+5+%E2%80%93+Part+30&rft.pages=105&rft.date=1375&rft.au=Ibn+Khald%C5%ABn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6atmAAAAMAAJ%26q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-batuta-122"><a href="#cite_ref-batuta_122-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Batuta1355" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ibn Batuta (1355). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u5YVAAAAYAAJ&q">Kitāb riḥlat Ibn Baṭūṭah al-musammāh Tuḥfat al-nuẓẓār fī gharāʾib al-amṣār wa-ʻajāʾib al-asfār</a> (in Arabies). p. 79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kit%C4%81b+ri%E1%B8%A5lat+Ibn+Ba%E1%B9%AD%C5%AB%E1%B9%ADah+al-musamm%C4%81h+Tu%E1%B8%A5fat+al-nu%E1%BA%93%E1%BA%93%C4%81r+f%C4%AB+ghar%C4%81%CA%BEib+al-am%E1%B9%A3%C4%81r+wa-%CA%BBaj%C4%81%CA%BEib+al-asf%C4%81r&rft.pages=79&rft.date=1355&rft.au=Ibn+Batuta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du5YVAAAAYAAJ%26q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-khalosa-123"><a href="#cite_ref-khalosa_123-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFCommission_of_the_Arabic_Encyclopedia1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Commission of the Arabic Encyclopedia (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NAITAQAAMAAJ&q">al-Mawsūʻah al-ʻArabīyah</a> (in Arabies). p. 230.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=al-Maws%C5%AB%CA%BBah+al-%CA%BBArab%C4%AByah&rft.pages=230&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Commission+of+the+Arabic+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNAITAQAAMAAJ%26q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Stewart_Traill1859" class="citation book cs1">Thomas Stewart Traill (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DzM_AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA222#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Encyclopaedia Britannica: Or, Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 17</a>. p. 222.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+Britannica%3A+Or%2C+Dictionary+of+Arts%2C+Sciences%2C+and+General+Literature%2C+Volume+17&rft.pages=222&rft.date=1859&rft.au=Thomas+Stewart+Traill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDzM_AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA222%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Burgess1856" class="citation book cs1">Henry Burgess (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RRJVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA817#v=onepage&q&f=false">A cyclopaedia of Biblical literature</a>. p. 817.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+cyclopaedia+of+Biblical+literature&rft.pages=817&rft.date=1856&rft.au=Henry+Burgess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRRJVAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA817%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-khalosaas-126"><a href="#cite_ref-khalosaas_126-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Moore_Robinson1946" class="citation book cs1">David Moore Robinson (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=43AaAAAAIAAJ&q">Baalbek, Palmyra</a>. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baalbek%2C+Palmyra&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1946&rft.au=David+Moore+Robinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D43AaAAAAIAAJ%26q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Petersen2002" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Petersen (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9A-EAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA272#v=onepage&q&f=false">Dictionary of Islamic Architecture</a>. p. 272.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Islamic+Architecture&rft.pages=272&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Andrew+Petersen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9A-EAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA272%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-babsee-128">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-babsee_128-0">128,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-babsee_128-1">128,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFEvliya_Çelebi,_Joseph_Freiherr_von_Hammer-Purgstall1834" class="citation book cs1">Evliya Çelebi, Joseph Freiherr von Hammer-Purgstall (1834). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=66hCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA93#v=onepage&q&f=false">Narrative of Travels in Europe, Asia, and Africa in the Seventeenth Century, Volume 1</a>. p. 93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrative+of+Travels+in+Europe%2C+Asia%2C+and+Africa+in+the+Seventeenth+Century%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=93&rft.date=1834&rft.au=Evliya+%C3%87elebi%2C+Joseph+Freiherr+von+Hammer-Purgstall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D66hCAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA93%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-babseeasad-129">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-babseeasad_129-0">129,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-babseeasad_129-1">129,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-babseeasad_129-2">129,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-babseeasad_129-3">129,3</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFM._Th.Houtsma,_T.W.Arnold,_R.Basset_and_R.Hartmann1993" class="citation book cs1">M. Th.Houtsma, T.W.Arnold, R.Basset and R.Hartmann (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fWNpIGNFz0IC&pg=PA1021#v=onepage&q&f=false">First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913–1936</a>. p. 1021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%3A+1913%E2%80%931936&rft.pages=1021&rft.date=1993&rft.au=M.+Th.Houtsma%2C+T.W.Arnold%2C+R.Basset+and+R.Hartmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfWNpIGNFz0IC%26pg%3DPA1021%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_meer_as_een_naam" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-fahso-130"><a href="#cite_ref-fahso_130-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Kennedy,Derrick_Riley2012" class="citation book cs1">David Kennedy,Derrick Riley (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g1eQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA143#v=onepage&q&f=false">Romes Desert Frontiers</a>. p. 143.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romes+Desert+Frontiers&rft.pages=143&rft.date=2012&rft.au=David+Kennedy%2CDerrick+Riley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg1eQAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA143%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-raf-131">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-raf_131-0">131,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raf_131-1">131,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_D._Grainger2013" class="citation book cs1">John D. Grainger (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LG2cG5SshpEC&pg=PA228#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Battle for Syria, 1918–1920</a>. p. 228.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+Syria%2C+1918%E2%80%931920&rft.pages=228&rft.date=2013&rft.au=John+D.+Grainger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLG2cG5SshpEC%26pg%3DPA228%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Warwick_Palmer2000" class="citation book cs1">Alan Warwick Palmer (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ke3EOOUq3gwC&pg=PA235#v=onepage&q&f=false">Victory 1918</a>. p. 235.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victory+1918&rft.pages=235&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Alan+Warwick+Palmer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dke3EOOUq3gwC%26pg%3DPA235%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Neep2012" class="citation book cs1">Daniel Neep (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Z7TbtGaAX8C&pg=PA28#v=onepage&q&f=false">Occupying Syria Under the French Mandate: Insurgency, Space and State Formation</a>. p. 28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Occupying+Syria+Under+the+French+Mandate%3A+Insurgency%2C+Space+and+State+Formation&rft.pages=28&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Daniel+Neep&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Z7TbtGaAX8C%26pg%3DPA28%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-faho9876-134"><a href="#cite_ref-faho9876_134-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Neep2012" class="citation book cs1">Daniel Neep (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Z7TbtGaAX8C&pg=PA142#v=onepage&q&f=false">Occupying Syria Under the French Mandate: Insurgency, Space and State Formation</a>. p. 142.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Occupying+Syria+Under+the+French+Mandate%3A+Insurgency%2C+Space+and+State+Formation&rft.pages=142&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Daniel+Neep&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Z7TbtGaAX8C%26pg%3DPA142%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-faho98765-135">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-faho98765_135-0">135,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-faho98765_135-1">135,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-faho98765_135-2">135,2</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDiana_Darke2010" class="citation book cs1">Diana Darke (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jv2jHT_GRe0C&pg=PA257#v=onepage&q&f=false">Syria</a>. p. 257.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria&rft.pages=257&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Diana+Darke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djv2jHT_GRe0C%26pg%3DPA257%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-archo5l-136">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-archo5l_136-0">136,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-archo5l_136-1">136,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-archo5l_136-2">136,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-archo5l_136-3">136,3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-archo5l_136-4">136,4</a> <a href="#cite_ref-archo5l_136-5">136,5</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Stoneman1994" class="citation book cs1">Richard Stoneman (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8kLFfE1qPhIC&pg=PA12#v=onepage&q&f=false">Palmyra and Its Empire: Zenobia's Revolt Against Rome</a>. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palmyra+and+Its+Empire%3A+Zenobia%27s+Revolt+Against+Rome&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Richard+Stoneman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8kLFfE1qPhIC%26pg%3DPA12%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-looting269-137">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-looting269_137-0">137,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-looting269_137-1">137,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151108134346/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/03/us-syria-crisis-palmyra-idUSBRE9320HL20130403">"Syria's ancient oasis city of Palmyra threatened in fighting"</a> (in Engels). Reuters. 3 April 2013. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/03/us-syria-crisis-palmyra-idUSBRE9320HL20130403">die oorspronklike</a> op 8 November 2015. Besoek op 8 Februarie 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syria%27s+ancient+oasis+city+of+Palmyra+threatened+in+fighting&rft.pub=Reuters&rft.date=2013-04-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2013%2F04%2F03%2Fus-syria-crisis-palmyra-idUSBRE9320HL20130403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-looting88-138"><a href="#cite_ref-looting88_138-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://observers.france24.com/fr/content/20120730-video-hommes-uniforme-pieces-archeologiques-craintes-pillage-palmyre-syrie-soldat-patrimoine">"Une vidéo amateur ravive les craintes de pillage sur les sites archéologiques de Syrie"</a> (in Frans). France 24. 30 Julie 2012. Besoek op 8 Februarie 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Une+vid%C3%A9o+amateur+ravive+les+craintes+de+pillage+sur+les+sites+arch%C3%A9ologiques+de+Syrie&rft.pub=France+24&rft.date=2012-07-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobservers.france24.com%2Ffr%2Fcontent%2F20120730-video-hommes-uniforme-pieces-archeologiques-craintes-pillage-palmyre-syrie-soldat-patrimoine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2015/05/15/middleeast/syria-palmyra-isis/">"Palmyra: Will ISIS bulldoze ancient Syrian city?"</a> (in Engels). CNN. 18 Mei 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191009122928/https://www.cnn.com/2015/05/15/middleeast/syria-palmyra-isis/">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 9 Oktober 2019. Besoek op 18 Mei 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Palmyra%3A+Will+ISIS+bulldoze+ancient+Syrian+city%3F&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2015-05-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2015%2F05%2F15%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria-palmyra-isis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMcGirk10" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">McGirk, Tim; 10, National Geographic Julie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/07/150710-palmyra-syria-isis-looting-museum-archaeology">"Syrians Race to Save Ancient City's Treasures from ISIS"</a>. National Geographic News (in Engels). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190609083615/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/07/150710-palmyra-syria-isis-looting-museum-archaeology/">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 9 Junie 2019. Besoek op 11 Julie 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+News&rft.atitle=Syrians+Race+to+Save+Ancient+City%27s+Treasures+from+ISIS&rft.aulast=McGirk&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=10%2C+National+Geographic+Julie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2F2015%2F07%2F150710-palmyra-syria-isis-looting-museum-archaeology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_web" title="Sjabloon:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Kategorie:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-32820857">"Islamic State seizes Syria's ancient Palmyra"</a> (in Engels). BBC News. 21 Mei 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200224181403/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-32820857">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 24 Februarie 2020. Besoek op 21 Mei 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islamic+State+seizes+Syria%27s+ancient+Palmyra&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2015-05-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-32820857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dailymail-142">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-dailymail_142-0">142,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dailymail_142-1">142,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Hall2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">John Hall (28 Mei 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3101031/ISIS-destroys-famous-lion-god-statue-captured-Syrian-city-just-days-promising-locals-not-obliterate-Palmyra-s-ancient-monuments.html">"ISIS 'destroys' famous lion god statue in captured Syrian city of Palmyra... just days after promising locals they would not obliterate ancient monuments"</a> (in Engels). Daily Mail. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200112032429/https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3101031/ISIS-destroys-famous-lion-god-statue-captured-Syrian-city-just-days-promising-locals-not-obliterate-Palmyra-s-ancient-monuments.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 12 Januarie 2020. Besoek op 28 Mei 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISIS+%27destroys%27+famous+lion+god+statue+in+captured+Syrian+city+of+Palmyra...+just+days+after+promising+locals+they+would+not+obliterate+ancient+monuments&rft.pub=Daily+Mail&rft.date=2015-05-28&rft.au=John+Hall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymail.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticle-3101031%2FISIS-destroys-famous-lion-god-statue-captured-Syrian-city-just-days-promising-locals-not-obliterate-Palmyra-s-ancient-monuments.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFLouisa_Loveluck2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Louisa Loveluck (16 Junie 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/11679477/Syrian-regime-launches-air-strike-on-world-famous-ancient-city-of-Palmyra.html">"Syrian regime 'launches air strike on world famous ancient city of Palmyra'"</a> (in Engels). The Daily Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200303144305/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/11679477/Syrian-regime-launches-air-strike-on-world-famous-ancient-city-of-Palmyra.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 3 Maart 2020. Besoek op 17 Junie 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syrian+regime+%27launches+air+strike+on+world+famous+ancient+city+of+Palmyra%27&rft.pub=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.date=2015-06-16&rft.au=Louisa+Loveluck&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria%2F11679477%2FSyrian-regime-launches-air-strike-on-world-famous-ancient-city-of-Palmyra.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3149469/Slaughter-amphitheatre-ISIS-executioners-brutally-shoot-dead-25-Syrian-regime-soldiers-bloodthirsty-crowds-ancient-Palmyra-ruin.html">"Slaughter in the Roman amphitheatre: Horrific moment ISIS child executioners brutally shoot dead 25 Syrian regime soldiers in front of bloodthirsty crowds at ancient Palmyra ruin"</a> (in Engels). Daily Mail. 5 Julie 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200417035328/https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3149469/Slaughter-amphitheatre-ISIS-executioners-brutally-shoot-dead-25-Syrian-regime-soldiers-bloodthirsty-crowds-ancient-Palmyra-ruin.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 17 April 2020. Besoek op 10 Julie 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Slaughter+in+the+Roman+amphitheatre%3A+Horrific+moment+ISIS+child+executioners+brutally+shoot+dead+25+Syrian+regime+soldiers+in+front+of+bloodthirsty+crowds+at+ancient+Palmyra+ruin&rft.date=2015-07-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymail.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticle-3149469%2FSlaughter-amphitheatre-ISIS-executioners-brutally-shoot-dead-25-Syrian-regime-soldiers-bloodthirsty-crowds-ancient-Palmyra-ruin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_Withnall2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Adam Withnall (19 Augustus 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925193455/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-executes-palmyra-antiquities-chief-khaled-asaad-and-hangs-him-from-ruins-he-spent-a-lifetime-restoring-10461601.html">"Isis executes Palmyra antiquities chief and hangs him from ruins he spent a lifetime restoring"</a> (in Engels). The Independent. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-executes-palmyra-antiquities-chief-khaled-asaad-and-hangs-him-from-ruins-he-spent-a-lifetime-restoring-10461601.html">die oorspronklike</a> op 25 September 2015. Besoek op 20 Augustus 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Isis+executes+Palmyra+antiquities+chief+and+hangs+him+from+ruins+he+spent+a+lifetime+restoring&rft.pub=The+Independent&rft.date=2015-08-19&rft.au=Adam+Withnall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fisis-executes-palmyra-antiquities-chief-khaled-asaad-and-hangs-him-from-ruins-he-spent-a-lifetime-restoring-10461601.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-balse-146">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-balse_146-0">146,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-balse_146-1">146,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-34036644">"Palmyra's Baalshamin temple 'blown up by IS'"</a> (in Engels). BBC. 23 Augustus 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200310044552/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-34036644">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 10 Maart 2020. Besoek op 23 Augustus 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Palmyra%27s+Baalshamin+temple+%27blown+up+by+IS%27&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2015-08-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-34036644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3216360/ISIS-blow-2-000-year-old-Temple-Bel-Palmyra-Syria.html">"Wiping yet more history off the face of the earth: ISIS blow up 2,000-year-old Temple of Bel in Palmyra in latest outrage at the ancient Syrian city"</a>. Daily Mail (in Engels). 30 Augustus 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200112044236/https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3216360/ISIS-blow-2-000-year-old-Temple-Bel-Palmyra-Syria.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 12 Januarie 2020. Besoek op 31 Augustus 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Mail&rft.atitle=Wiping+yet+more+history+off+the+face+of+the+earth%3A+ISIS+blow+up+2%2C000-year-old+Temple+of+Bel+in+Palmyra+in+latest+outrage+at+the+ancient+Syrian+city&rft.date=2015-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymail.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticle-3216360%2FISIS-blow-2-000-year-old-Temple-Bel-Palmyra-Syria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-34103994">"Syria's Palmyra Temple of Bel 'severely damaged' by IS"</a>. BBC News (in Engels). 31 Augustus 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190715012025/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-34103994">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 15 Julie 2019. Besoek op 31 Augustus 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+Palmyra+Temple+of+Bel+%27severely+damaged%27+by+IS&rft.date=2015-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-34103994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/10/05/isil-palmyra-arch-triumph/73364166/">http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/10/05/isil-palmyra-arch-triumph/73364166/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/26/palmyra-restoration-isis-syria">"The Guardian 26 Maart 2016"</a> (in Engels). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190702141321/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/26/palmyra-restoration-isis-syria">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 2 Julie 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Guardian+26+Maart+2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fmar%2F26%2Fpalmyra-restoration-isis-syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_W._Cotterman2013" class="citation book cs1">William W. Cotterman (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0IKiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false">Improbable Women: Five who Explored the Middle East</a>. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Improbable+Women%3A+Five+who+Explored+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2013&rft.au=William+W.+Cotterman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0IKiAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFJules_Janick2012" class="citation book cs1">Jules Janick (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S_Jjwq206QoC&pg=PT26#v=onepage&q&f=false">Horticultural Reviews, Horticultural Reviews</a>. p. 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horticultural+Reviews%2C+Horticultural+Reviews&rft.pages=26&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Jules+Janick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS_Jjwq206QoC%26pg%3DPT26%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_Manning_Metzger,Michael_D._Coogan,Michael_David_Coogan2004" class="citation book cs1">Bruce Manning Metzger,Michael D. Coogan,Michael David Coogan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=amlXOOaSuLMC&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Oxford Guide to People & Places of the Bible</a>. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Guide+to+People+%26+Places+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=17&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Bruce+Manning+Metzger%2CMichael+D.+Coogan%2CMichael+David+Coogan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DamlXOOaSuLMC%26pg%3DPA17%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_meer_as_een_naam" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDelbert_R._Hillers,Eleonora_Cussini2005" class="citation book cs1">Delbert R. Hillers,Eleonora Cussini (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oZcr7SzzVYYC&pg=PA209#v=onepage&q&f=false">A Journey to Palmyra: Collected Essays to Remember Delbert R. Hillers</a>. p. 209.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Journey+to+Palmyra%3A+Collected+Essays+to+Remember+Delbert+R.+Hillers&rft.pages=209&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Delbert+R.+Hillers%2CEleonora+Cussini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoZcr7SzzVYYC%26pg%3DPA209%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Diringer,_Reinhold_Regensburger1968" class="citation book cs1">David Diringer, Reinhold Regensburger (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=com&id=CuJrAAAAIAAJ&dq">The alphabet: a key to the history of mankind, Volume 1</a>. p. 217.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+alphabet%3A+a+key+to+the+history+of+mankind%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=217&rft.date=1968&rft.au=David+Diringer%2C+Reinhold+Regensburger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fhl%3Dcom%26id%3DCuJrAAAAIAAJ%26dq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFKlaus_Beyer1986" class="citation book cs1">Klaus Beyer (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pZ53zpMQNLEC&pg=PA28#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Aramaic Language, Its Distribution and Subdivisions</a>. p. 28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aramaic+Language%2C+Its+Distribution+and+Subdivisions&rft.pages=28&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Klaus+Beyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpZ53zpMQNLEC%26pg%3DPA28%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hillersss54-157">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-hillersss54_157-0">157,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hillersss54_157-1">157,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Albert_Ferguson1997" class="citation book cs1">Charles Albert Ferguson (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l03h94vqCQMC&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q&f=false">Structuralist Studies in Arabic Linguistics: Charles A. Ferguson's Papers, 1954–1994</a>. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Structuralist+Studies+in+Arabic+Linguistics%3A+Charles+A.+Ferguson%27s+Papers%2C+1954%E2%80%931994&rft.pages=21&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Charles+Albert+Ferguson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl03h94vqCQMC%26pg%3DPA21%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFJavier_Teixidor1979" class="citation book cs1">Javier Teixidor (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TccUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR9#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Pantheon of Palmyra</a>. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pantheon+of+Palmyra&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1979&rft.au=Javier+Teixidor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTccUAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPR9%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hillers54-159">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-hillers54_159-0">159,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hillers54_159-1">159,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Stoneman1994" class="citation book cs1">Richard Stoneman (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8kLFfE1qPhIC&pg=PA67#v=onepage&q&f=false">Palmyra and Its Empire: Zenobia's Revolt Against Rome</a>. p. 67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palmyra+and+Its+Empire%3A+Zenobia%27s+Revolt+Against+Rome&rft.pages=67&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Richard+Stoneman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8kLFfE1qPhIC%26pg%3DPA67%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_M._Smith_II2013" class="citation book cs1">Andrew M. Smith II (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5cMho6zFckC&pg=PA38#v=onepage&q&f=false">Roman Palmyra: Identity, Community, and State Formation</a>. p. 38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Palmyra%3A+Identity%2C+Community%2C+and+State+Formation&rft.pages=38&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Andrew+M.+Smith+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh5cMho6zFckC%26pg%3DPA38%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tarov-161">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-tarov_161-0">161,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tarov_161-1">161,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor_Bryce2014" class="citation book cs1">Trevor Bryce (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q8Z7AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA282#v=onepage&q&f=false">Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History</a>. p. 282.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Syria%3A+A+Three+Thousand+Year+History&rft.pages=282&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Trevor+Bryce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq8Z7AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA282%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lamsin-162">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-lamsin_162-0">162,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lamsin_162-1">162,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFLucinda_Dirven1999" class="citation book cs1">Lucinda Dirven (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_LfXg2r6FT0C&pg=PA24#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Palmyrenes of Dura-Europos: A Study of Religious Interaction in Roman Syria</a>. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palmyrenes+of+Dura-Europos%3A+A+Study+of+Religious+Interaction+in+Roman+Syria&rft.pages=24&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Lucinda+Dirven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_LfXg2r6FT0C%26pg%3DPA24%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lamsin3-163">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-lamsin3_163-0">163,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lamsin3_163-1">163,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lamsin3_163-2">163,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lamsin3_163-3">163,3</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFLucinda_Dirven1999" class="citation book cs1">Lucinda Dirven (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_LfXg2r6FT0C&pg=PA25#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Palmyrenes of Dura-Europos: A Study of Religious Interaction in Roman Syria</a>. p. 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palmyrenes+of+Dura-Europos%3A+A+Study+of+Religious+Interaction+in+Roman+Syria&rft.pages=25&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Lucinda+Dirven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_LfXg2r6FT0C%26pg%3DPA25%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lamsin1654-164"><a href="#cite_ref-lamsin1654_164-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFLucinda_Dirven1999" class="citation book cs1">Lucinda Dirven (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_LfXg2r6FT0C&pg=PA74#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Palmyrenes of Dura-Europos: A Study of Religious Interaction in Roman Syria</a>. p. 74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palmyrenes+of+Dura-Europos%3A+A+Study+of+Religious+Interaction+in+Roman+Syria&rft.pages=74&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Lucinda+Dirven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_LfXg2r6FT0C%26pg%3DPA74%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fergo1-165"><a href="#cite_ref-fergo1_165-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFFergus_Millar1993" class="citation book cs1">Fergus Millar (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IA-YlZqHv90C&pg=PA246#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Roman Near East, 31 B.C.-A.D. 337</a>. p. 246.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Near+East%2C+31+B.C.-A.D.+337&rft.pages=246&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Fergus+Millar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIA-YlZqHv90C%26pg%3DPA246%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor_Bryce2014" class="citation book cs1">Trevor Bryce (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q8Z7AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA281#v=onepage&q&f=false">Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History</a>. p. 281.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Syria%3A+A+Three+Thousand+Year+History&rft.pages=281&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Trevor+Bryce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq8Z7AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA281%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFJavier_Teixidor1979" class="citation book cs1">Javier Teixidor (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TccUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Pantheon of Palmyra</a>. p. 62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pantheon+of+Palmyra&rft.pages=62&rft.date=1979&rft.au=Javier+Teixidor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTccUAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA62%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Edwell2007" class="citation book cs1">Peter Edwell (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DQgmOZlsEWcC&pg=PA33#v=onepage&q&f=false">Between Rome and Persia: The Middle Euphrates, Mesopotamia and Palmyra Under Roman Control</a>. p. 33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Rome+and+Persia%3A+The+Middle+Euphrates%2C+Mesopotamia+and+Palmyra+Under+Roman+Control&rft.pages=33&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Peter+Edwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDQgmOZlsEWcC%26pg%3DPA33%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-war1-169"><a href="#cite_ref-war1_169-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFWarwick_Ball2002" class="citation book cs1">Warwick Ball (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qQKIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA86#v=onepage&q&f=false">Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire</a>. p. 86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+in+the+East%3A+The+Transformation+of+an+Empire&rft.pages=86&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Warwick+Ball&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqQKIAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA86%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-loloi-170"><a href="#cite_ref-loloi_170-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFWarwick_Ball2002" class="citation book cs1">Warwick Ball (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=73-JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA79#v=onepage&q&f=false">Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire</a>. p. 73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+in+the+East%3A+The+Transformation+of+an+Empire&rft.pages=73&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Warwick+Ball&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D73-JAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA79%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTrudy_Ring,Robert_M._Salkin,Sharon_La_Boda1995" class="citation book cs1">Trudy Ring,Robert M. Salkin,Sharon La Boda (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=74JI2UlcU8AC&pg=PA66#v=onepage&q&f=false">International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe</a>. p. 66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places%3A+Southern+Europe&rft.pages=66&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Trudy+Ring%2CRobert+M.+Salkin%2CSharon+La+Boda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D74JI2UlcU8AC%26pg%3DPA66%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_meer_as_een_naam" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRubina_Raja2012" class="citation book cs1">Rubina Raja (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0VK6uPyhFLAC&pg=PA198#v=onepage&q&f=false">Urban Development and Regional Identity in the Eastern Roman Provinces, 50 BC-AD 250: Aphrodisias, Ephesos, Athens, Gerasa</a>. p. 198.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Development+and+Regional+Identity+in+the+Eastern+Roman+Provinces%2C+50+BC-AD+250%3A+Aphrodisias%2C+Ephesos%2C+Athens%2C+Gerasa&rft.pages=198&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Rubina+Raja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0VK6uPyhFLAC%26pg%3DPA198%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMetropolitan_Museum_of_Art2010" class="citation book cs1">Metropolitan Museum of Art (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gBCHchG6qDAC&pg=PA106#v=onepage&q&f=false">Art of the Ancient Near East: A Resource for Educators</a>. p. 106.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+of+the+Ancient+Near+East%3A+A+Resource+for+Educators&rft.pages=106&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgBCHchG6qDAC%26pg%3DPA106%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-far2-174"><a href="#cite_ref-far2_174-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMetropolitan_Museum_of_Art_(New_York,_N.Y.)2000" class="citation book cs1">Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.) (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CMaY0_y6gK0C&pg=PA115#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Year One: Art of the Ancient World East and West</a>. p. 115.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Year+One%3A+Art+of+the+Ancient+World+East+and+West&rft.pages=115&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art+%28New+York%2C+N.Y.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCMaY0_y6gK0C%26pg%3DPA115%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDelbert_R._Hillers,Eleonora_Cussini2005" class="citation book cs1">Delbert R. Hillers,Eleonora Cussini (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oZcr7SzzVYYC&pg=PA54">A Journey to Palmyra: Collected Essays to Remember Delbert R. Hillers</a>. p. 54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Journey+to+Palmyra%3A+Collected+Essays+to+Remember+Delbert+R.+Hillers&rft.pages=54&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Delbert+R.+Hillers%2CEleonora+Cussini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoZcr7SzzVYYC%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Wood1753" class="citation book cs1">Robert Wood (1753). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QOYRAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22#v=onepage&q&f=false">The ruins of Palmyra, otherwise Tedmor, in the desart</a>. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ruins+of+Palmyra%2C+otherwise+Tedmor%2C+in+the+desart&rft.pages=22&rft.date=1753&rft.au=Robert+Wood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQOYRAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA22%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-far562-177">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-far562_177-0">177,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-far562_177-1">177,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-far562_177-2">177,2</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFFergus_Millar1993" class="citation book cs1">Fergus Millar (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IA-YlZqHv90C&pg=PA329#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Roman Near East, 31 B.C.-A.D. 337</a>. p. 329.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Near+East%2C+31+B.C.-A.D.+337&rft.pages=329&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Fergus+Millar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIA-YlZqHv90C%26pg%3DPA329%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_G._Hovannisian,Georges_Sabagh1998" class="citation book cs1">Richard G. Hovannisian,Georges Sabagh (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=39XZDnOWUXsC&pg=PA16#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Persian Presence in the Islamic World</a>. p. 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persian+Presence+in+the+Islamic+World&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Richard+G.+Hovannisian%2CGeorges+Sabagh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D39XZDnOWUXsC%26pg%3DPA16%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roman_Art-179"><a href="#cite_ref-Roman_Art_179-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_Emrys_Strong,_Jocelyn_M._C._Toynbee,_Roger_Ling1995" class="citation book cs1">Donald Emrys Strong, Jocelyn M. C. Toynbee, Roger Ling (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mFTYtEWy_H4C&dq">Roman Art</a>. p. 168.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Art&rft.pages=168&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Donald+Emrys+Strong%2C+Jocelyn+M.+C.+Toynbee%2C+Roger+Ling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmFTYtEWy_H4C%26dq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_meer_as_een_naam" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFIrene_Bald_Romano2011" class="citation book cs1">Irene Bald Romano (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ta04lu10P0YC&pg=PA280#v=onepage&q&f=false">Classical Sculpture: Catalogue of the Cypriot, Greek, and Roman Stone Sculpture in the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology</a>. p. 280.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Sculpture%3A+Catalogue+of+the+Cypriot%2C+Greek%2C+and+Roman+Stone+Sculpture+in+the+University+of+Pennsylvania+Museum+of+Archaeology+and+Anthropology&rft.pages=280&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Irene+Bald+Romano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dta04lu10P0YC%26pg%3DPA280%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Stoneman1994" class="citation book cs1">Richard Stoneman (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8kLFfE1qPhIC&pg=PA54#v=onepage&q&f=false">Palmyra and Its Empire: Zenobia's Revolt Against Rome</a>. p. 54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palmyra+and+Its+Empire%3A+Zenobia%27s+Revolt+Against+Rome&rft.pages=54&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Richard+Stoneman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8kLFfE1qPhIC%26pg%3DPA54%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-belo698-182">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-belo698_182-0">182,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-belo698_182-1">182,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-belo698_182-2">182,2</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Stoneman1994" class="citation book cs1">Richard Stoneman (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8kLFfE1qPhIC&pg=PA64#v=onepage&q&f=false">Palmyra and Its Empire: Zenobia's Revolt Against Rome</a>. p. 64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palmyra+and+Its+Empire%3A+Zenobia%27s+Revolt+Against+Rome&rft.pages=64&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Richard+Stoneman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8kLFfE1qPhIC%26pg%3DPA64%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Ivanovitch_Rostovtzeff1971" class="citation book cs1">Michael Ivanovitch Rostovtzeff (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5lVDl8uqMQC&pg=PA90#v=onepage&q&f=false">Out of the Past of Greece & Rome</a>. p. 90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+the+Past+of+Greece+%26+Rome&rft.pages=90&rft.date=1971&rft.au=Michael+Ivanovitch+Rostovtzeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh5lVDl8uqMQC%26pg%3DPA90%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Stoneman1994" class="citation book cs1">Richard Stoneman (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8kLFfE1qPhIC&pg=PA65#v=onepage&q&f=false">Palmyra and Its Empire: Zenobia's Revolt Against Rome</a>. p. 65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palmyra+and+Its+Empire%3A+Zenobia%27s+Revolt+Against+Rome&rft.pages=65&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Richard+Stoneman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8kLFfE1qPhIC%26pg%3DPA65%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_A._Tomlinson2002" class="citation book cs1">Richard A. Tomlinson (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b9-KAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA204#v=onepage&q&f=false">From Mycenae to Constantinople: The Evolution of the Ancient City</a>. p. 204.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Mycenae+to+Constantinople%3A+The+Evolution+of+the+Ancient+City&rft.pages=204&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Richard+A.+Tomlinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db9-KAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA204%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-icaan4-186">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-icaan4_186-0">186,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-icaan4_186-1">186,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHartmut_Kühne,_Rainer_Maria_Czichon,_Florian_Janoscha_Kreppner2008" class="citation book cs1">Hartmut Kühne, Rainer Maria Czichon, Florian Janoscha Kreppner (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FgML1EdUiWUC&pg=PA229#v=onepage&q&f=false">Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, 29 March – 3 April 2004, Freie Universität Berlin: The reconstruction of environment : natural resources and human interrelations through time ; art history : visual communication</a>. p. 229.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+4th+International+Congress+of+the+Archaeology+of+the+Ancient+Near+East%2C+29+March+%E2%80%93+3+April+2004%2C+Freie+Universit%C3%A4t+Berlin%3A+The+reconstruction+of+environment+%3A+natural+resources+and+human+interrelations+through+time+%3B+art+history+%3A+visual+communication&rft.pages=229&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Hartmut+K%C3%BChne%2C+Rainer+Maria+Czichon%2C+Florian+Janoscha+Kreppner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFgML1EdUiWUC%26pg%3DPA229%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_meer_as_een_naam" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHartmut_Kühne,_Rainer_Maria_Czichon,_Florian_Janoscha_Kreppner2008" class="citation book cs1">Hartmut Kühne, Rainer Maria Czichon, Florian Janoscha Kreppner (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FgML1EdUiWUC&pg=PA230#v=onepage&q&f=false">Proceedings of the 4th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, 29 Maart – 3 April 2004, Freie Universität Berlin: The reconstruction of environment : natural resources and human interrelations through time ; art history : visual communication</a>. p. 230.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+4th+International+Congress+of+the+Archaeology+of+the+Ancient+Near+East%2C+29+Maart+%E2%80%93+3+April+2004%2C+Freie+Universit%C3%A4t+Berlin%3A+The+reconstruction+of+environment+%3A+natural+resources+and+human+interrelations+through+time+%3B+art+history+%3A+visual+communication&rft.pages=230&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Hartmut+K%C3%BChne%2C+Rainer+Maria+Czichon%2C+Florian+Janoscha+Kreppner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFgML1EdUiWUC%26pg%3DPA230%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_meer_as_een_naam" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-salk69-188">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-salk69_188-0">188,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-salk69_188-1">188,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Stephens_Crawford1990" class="citation book cs1">J. Stephens Crawford (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gGMc04ge4yoC&pg=PA123#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Byzantine Shops at Sardis</a>. p. 123.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+Shops+at+Sardis&rft.pages=123&rft.date=1990&rft.au=J.+Stephens+Crawford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgGMc04ge4yoC%26pg%3DPA123%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFNathanael_John_Andrade2009" class="citation book cs1">Nathanael John Andrade (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0TsSdzpN39MC&pg=PA288#v=onepage&q&f=false">"Imitation Greeks": Being Syrian in the Greco-Roman World (175 BCE--275 CE)</a>. p. 288.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Imitation+Greeks%22%3A+Being+Syrian+in+the+Greco-Roman+World+%28175+BCE--275+CE%29.&rft.pages=288&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Nathanael+John+Andrade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0TsSdzpN39MC%26pg%3DPA288%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988">[dooie skakel] </li> <li id="cite_note-towewe-190">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-towewe_190-0">190,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-towewe_190-1">190,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-towewe_190-2">190,2</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDelbert_R._Hillers,Eleonora_Cussini2005" class="citation book cs1">Delbert R. Hillers,Eleonora Cussini (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oZcr7SzzVYYC&pg=PA55">A Journey to Palmyra: Collected Essays to Remember Delbert R. Hillers</a>. p. 55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Journey+to+Palmyra%3A+Collected+Essays+to+Remember+Delbert+R.+Hillers&rft.pages=55&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Delbert+R.+Hillers%2CEleonora+Cussini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoZcr7SzzVYYC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAssociation_of_Yale_faculty_members1837" class="citation book cs1">Association of Yale faculty members (1837). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LwAcAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA239#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Quarterly Christian Spectator. Vol.9</a>. p. 239.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quarterly+Christian+Spectator.+Vol.9&rft.pages=239&rft.date=1837&rft.au=Association+of+Yale+faculty+members&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLwAcAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA239%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Dumper,Bruce_E._Stanley2007" class="citation book cs1">Michael Dumper,Bruce E. Stanley (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&pg=PA295">Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia</a>. p. 295.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+of+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=295&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Michael+Dumper%2CBruce+E.+Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3SapTk5iGDkC%26pg%3DPA295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Stoneman1994" class="citation book cs1">Richard Stoneman (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8kLFfE1qPhIC&pg=PA124#v=onepage&q&f=false">Palmyra and Its Empire: Zenobia's Revolt Against Rome</a>. p. 124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palmyra+and+Its+Empire%3A+Zenobia%27s+Revolt+Against+Rome&rft.pages=124&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Richard+Stoneman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8kLFfE1qPhIC%26pg%3DPA124%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_M._Smith_II2013" class="citation book cs1">Andrew M. Smith II (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5cMho6zFckC&pg=PA22#v=onepage&q&f=false">Roman Palmyra: Identity, Community, and State Formation</a>. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Palmyra%3A+Identity%2C+Community%2C+and+State+Formation&rft.pages=22&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Andrew+M.+Smith+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh5cMho6zFckC%26pg%3DPA22%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stui-195"><a href="#cite_ref-stui_195-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFH._T._Bakker1987" class="citation book cs1">H. T. Bakker (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=muQ3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false">Iconography of Religions</a>. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iconography+of+Religions&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1987&rft.au=H.+T.+Bakker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmuQ3AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA5%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sdfg-196">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-sdfg_196-0">196,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sdfg_196-1">196,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sdfg_196-2">196,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sdfg_196-3">196,3</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTerry_Carter,Lara_Dunston,Amelia_Thomas2008" class="citation book cs1">Terry Carter,Lara Dunston,Amelia Thomas (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_R-I_Gx5OgQC&pg=PA208#v=onepage&q&f=false">Syria & Lebanon. Ediz. Inglese</a>. p. 208.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria+%26+Lebanon.+Ediz.+Inglese&rft.pages=208&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Terry+Carter%2CLara+Dunston%2CAmelia+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_R-I_Gx5OgQC%26pg%3DPA208%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_meer_as_een_naam" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-diana-197">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-diana_197-0">197,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-diana_197-1">197,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-diana_197-2">197,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-diana_197-3">197,3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-diana_197-4">197,4</a> <a href="#cite_ref-diana_197-5">197,5</a> <a href="#cite_ref-diana_197-6">197,6</a> <a href="#cite_ref-diana_197-7">197,7</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDiana_Darke2006" class="citation book cs1">Diana Darke (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HuXAHGDSjNIC&pg=PA240#v=onepage&q&f=false">Syria</a>. p. 240.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria&rft.pages=240&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Diana+Darke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHuXAHGDSjNIC%26pg%3DPA240%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tarsv-198"><a href="#cite_ref-tarsv_198-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFUniwersytet_Jagielloński._Instytut_Historii1994" class="citation book cs1">Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Instytut Historii (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jHHhAAAAMAAJ&dq">The Roman and Byzantine army in the East: proceedings of a colloqium held at the Jagiellonian University, Kraków in September 1992</a>. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+and+Byzantine+army+in+the+East%3A+proceedings+of+a+colloqium+held+at+the+Jagiellonian+University%2C+Krak%C3%B3w+in+September+1992&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Uniwersytet+Jagiello%C5%84ski.+Instytut+Historii&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjHHhAAAAMAAJ%26dq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFIain_Browning1979" class="citation book cs1">Iain Browning (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DccmAQAAMAAJ&q">Palmyra</a>. p. 180.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palmyra&rft.pages=180&rft.date=1979&rft.au=Iain+Browning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDccmAQAAMAAJ%26q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRoss_Burns2009" class="citation book cs1">Ross Burns (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z_IBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA218#v=onepage&q&f=false">Monuments of Syria: A Guide</a>. p. 218.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monuments+of+Syria%3A+A+Guide&rft.pages=218&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Ross+Burns&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz_IBAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA218%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Beattie,Timothy_Pepper2001" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Beattie,Timothy Pepper (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9iCfkTe8v2EC&pg=RA2-PA291#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Rough Guide to Syria</a>. p. 291.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+Syria&rft.pages=291&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Andrew+Beattie%2CTimothy+Pepper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9iCfkTe8v2EC%26pg%3DRA2-PA291%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Richardson2002" class="citation book cs1">Peter Richardson (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w8NPAAAAMAAJ&">q City and Sanctuary: Religion and Architecture in the Roman Near East</a>. p. 47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+and+Sanctuary%3A+Religion+and+Architecture+in+the+Roman+Near+East&rft.pages=47&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Peter+Richardson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw8NPAAAAMAAJ%26+q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: Check <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> value (<a href="/wiki/Hulp:AS1-foute#bad_url" title="Hulp:AS1-foute">hulp</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRoss_Burns2009" class="citation book cs1">Ross Burns (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z_IBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA219#v=onepage&q&f=false">Monuments of Syria: A Guide</a>. p. 219.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monuments+of+Syria%3A+A+Guide&rft.pages=219&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Ross+Burns&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz_IBAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA219%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Beattie,Timothy_Pepper2001" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Beattie,Timothy Pepper (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9iCfkTe8v2EC&pg=RA2-PA288#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Rough Guide to Syria</a>. p. 288.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+Syria&rft.pages=288&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Andrew+Beattie%2CTimothy+Pepper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9iCfkTe8v2EC%26pg%3DRA2-PA288%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Stoneman1994" class="citation book cs1">Richard Stoneman (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8kLFfE1qPhIC&pg=PA202">Palmyra and Its Empire: Zenobia's Revolt Against Rome</a>. p. 202.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palmyra+and+Its+Empire%3A+Zenobia%27s+Revolt+Against+Rome&rft.pages=202&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Richard+Stoneman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8kLFfE1qPhIC%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tarig-206"><a href="#cite_ref-tarig_206-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_Butcher2003" class="citation book cs1">Kevin Butcher (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D7hVAAAAYAAJ&q">Roman Syria and the Near East</a>. p. 253.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Syria+and+the+Near+East&rft.pages=253&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Kevin+Butcher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD7hVAAAAYAAJ%26q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Beattie,Timothy_Pepper2001" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Beattie,Timothy Pepper (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9iCfkTe8v2EC&pg=RA2-PA289#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Rough Guide to Syria</a>. p. 289.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+Syria&rft.pages=289&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Andrew+Beattie%2CTimothy+Pepper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9iCfkTe8v2EC%26pg%3DRA2-PA289%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-barad-208">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-barad_208-0">208,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-barad_208-1">208,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTerry_Carter,Lara_Dunston,Amelia_Thomas2008" class="citation book cs1">Terry Carter,Lara Dunston,Amelia Thomas (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_R-I_Gx5OgQC&pg=PA209">Syria & Lebanon. Ediz. Inglese</a>. p. 209.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria+%26+Lebanon.+Ediz.+Inglese&rft.pages=209&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Terry+Carter%2CLara+Dunston%2CAmelia+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_R-I_Gx5OgQC%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_meer_as_een_naam" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: meer as een naam">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-40f-209">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-40f_209-0">209,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-40f_209-1">209,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDelbert_R._Hillers,Eleonora_Cussini2005" class="citation book cs1">Delbert R. Hillers,Eleonora Cussini (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oZcr7SzzVYYC&pg=PA6">A Journey to Palmyra: Collected Essays to Remember Delbert R. Hillers</a>. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Journey+to+Palmyra%3A+Collected+Essays+to+Remember+Delbert+R.+Hillers&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Delbert+R.+Hillers%2CEleonora+Cussini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoZcr7SzzVYYC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Richardson2002" class="citation book cs1">Peter Richardson (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w8NPAAAAMAAJ&dq">City and Sanctuary: Religion and Architecture in the Roman Near East</a>. p. 46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+and+Sanctuary%3A+Religion+and+Architecture+in+the+Roman+Near+East&rft.pages=46&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Peter+Richardson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw8NPAAAAMAAJ%26dq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nabo-211">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-nabo_211-0">211,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nabo_211-1">211,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nabo_211-2">211,2</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRoss_Burns2009" class="citation book cs1">Ross Burns (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z_IBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA214#v=onepage&q&f=false">Monuments of Syria: A Guide</a>. p. 214.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monuments+of+Syria%3A+A+Guide&rft.pages=214&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Ross+Burns&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz_IBAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA214%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-allat-212">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-allat_212-0">212,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-allat_212-1">212,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Beattie,Timothy_Pepper2001" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Beattie,Timothy Pepper (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9iCfkTe8v2EC&pg=RA2-PA290#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Rough Guide to Syria</a>. p. 290.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+Syria&rft.pages=290&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Andrew+Beattie%2CTimothy+Pepper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9iCfkTe8v2EC%26pg%3DRA2-PA290%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Markowski-213"><a href="#cite_ref-Markowski_213-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBartosz_Markowski" class="citation web cs1">Bartosz Markowski. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150704204607/http://www.pcma.uw.edu.pl/fileadmin/pam/PAM_2004_XVI/248.pdf">"The Lion of Allat in Palmyra New Museum Display Project"</a> (PDF). Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcma.uw.edu.pl/fileadmin/pam/PAM_2004_XVI/248.pdf">die oorspronklike</a> (PDF) op 4 Julie 2015. Besoek op 3 Julie 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Lion+of+Allat+in+Palmyra+New+Museum+Display+Project&rft.pub=Polish+Centre+of+Mediterranean+Archaeology&rft.au=Bartosz+Markowski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcma.uw.edu.pl%2Ffileadmin%2Fpam%2FPAM_2004_XVI%2F248.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hamon-214">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-hamon_214-0">214,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hamon_214-1">214,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hamon_214-2">214,2</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRonald_S._Stroud,Jaan_Ruhvel1977" class="citation book cs1">Ronald S. Stroud,Jaan Ruhvel (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dKpnNw5Zj7cC&pg=PA21">California Studies</a>. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=California+Studies&rft.pages=21&rft.date=1977&rft.au=Ronald+S.+Stroud%2CJaan+Ruhvel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdKpnNw5Zj7cC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFCasa_Editrice_Bonechi2008" class="citation book cs1">Casa Editrice Bonechi (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QNGyWSx8U34C&pg=PA103">Art and History Syria</a>. p. 103.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+and+History+Syria&rft.pages=103&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Casa+Editrice+Bonechi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQNGyWSx8U34C%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-shrin-216">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-shrin_216-0">216,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shrin_216-1">216,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Stoneman1994" class="citation book cs1">Richard Stoneman (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8kLFfE1qPhIC&pg=PA67">Palmyra and Its Empire: Zenobia's Revolt Against Rome</a>. p. 67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palmyra+and+Its+Empire%3A+Zenobia%27s+Revolt+Against+Rome&rft.pages=67&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Richard+Stoneman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8kLFfE1qPhIC%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-diana3-217"><a href="#cite_ref-diana3_217-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDiana_Darke2006" class="citation book cs1">Diana Darke (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HuXAHGDSjNIC&pg=PA238#v=onepage&q&f=false">Syria</a>. p. 238.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria&rft.pages=238&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Diana+Darke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHuXAHGDSjNIC%26pg%3DPA238%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-patos-218">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-patos_218-0">218,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-patos_218-1">218,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-patos_218-2">218,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-patos_218-3">218,3</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFPat_Southern2008" class="citation book cs1">Pat Southern (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wnTOBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA142">Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen</a>. p. 142.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empress+Zenobia%3A+Palmyra%27s+Rebel+Queen&rft.pages=142&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Pat+Southern&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwnTOBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-archol-219">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-archol_219-0">219,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-archol_219-1">219,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Stoneman1994" class="citation book cs1">Richard Stoneman (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8kLFfE1qPhIC&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false">Palmyra and Its Empire: Zenobia's Revolt Against Rome</a>. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palmyra+and+Its+Empire%3A+Zenobia%27s+Revolt+Against+Rome&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Richard+Stoneman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8kLFfE1qPhIC%26pg%3DPA7%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051529/http://shirin-international.org/?page_id=1563">"MICHAŁ GAWLIKOWSKI"</a> (in Engels). shirin-international. 2015. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shirin-international.org/?page_id=1563">die oorspronklike</a> op 4 Maart 2016. Besoek op 13 Augustus 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MICHA%C5%81+GAWLIKOWSKI&rft.pub=shirin-international&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshirin-international.org%2F%3Fpage_id%3D1563&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/archive/repcom80.htm#23">"WH Committee: Report of the 4th Session, Paris 1980"</a> (in Engels). UNESCO. 29 September 1980. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191003085954/http://whc.unesco.org/archive/repcom80.htm#23">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 3 Oktober 2019. Besoek op 24 Julie 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WH+Committee%3A+Report+of+the+4th+Session%2C+Paris+1980&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1980-09-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Farchive%2Frepcom80.htm%2323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Wysig afdeling: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografie">wysig bron</a>]</div> <div style="font-size:90%; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;margin-left:1.5em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade2013" class="citation book cs1">Andrade, Nathanael J. (2013). Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-107-01205-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-107-01205-9"><bdi>978-1-107-01205-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syrian+Identity+in+the+Greco-Roman+World&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-01205-9&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Nathanael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFArbeitman1988" class="citation book cs1">Arbeitman, Yoël L (1988). A Linguistic Happening in Memory of Ben Schwartz: Studies in Anatolian, Italic, and Other Indo-European Languages. Peeters Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-9-068-31143-3" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-9-068-31143-3"><bdi>978-9-068-31143-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Linguistic+Happening+in+Memory+of+Ben+Schwartz%3A+Studies+in+Anatolian%2C+Italic%2C+and+Other+Indo-European+Languages&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-9-068-31143-3&rft.aulast=Arbeitman&rft.aufirst=Yo%C3%ABl+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBall2002" class="citation book cs1">Ball, Warwick (2002). Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-134-82387-1" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-134-82387-1"><bdi>978-1-134-82387-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+in+the+East%3A+The+Transformation+of+an+Empire&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-134-82387-1&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Warwick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBowmanGarnseyCameron2005" class="citation book cs1">Bowman, Alan; Garnsey, Peter; Cameron, Averil (2005). The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 12, The Crisis of Empire, AD 193-337. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-521-30199-2" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-521-30199-2"><bdi>978-0-521-30199-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History%3A+Volume+12%2C+The+Crisis+of+Empire%2C+AD+193-337&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-30199-2&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Garnsey%2C+Peter&rft.au=Cameron%2C+Averil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFBryce2014" class="citation book cs1">Bryce, Trevor (2014). Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-19-100292-2" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-19-100292-2"><bdi>978-0-19-100292-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Syria%3A+A+Three+Thousand+Year+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-100292-2&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDirven1999" class="citation book cs1">Dirven, Lucinda (1999). The Palmyrenes of Dura-Europos: A Study of Religious Interaction in Roman Syria. Brill Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-9-004-11589-7" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-9-004-11589-7"><bdi>978-9-004-11589-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palmyrenes+of+Dura-Europos%3A+A+Study+of+Religious+Interaction+in+Roman+Syria&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-9-004-11589-7&rft.aulast=Dirven&rft.aufirst=Lucinda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFEdwell2007" class="citation book cs1">Edwell, Peter (2007). Between Rome and Persia: The Middle Euphrates, Mesopotamia and Palmyra under Roman control. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-134-09572-8" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-134-09572-8"><bdi>978-1-134-09572-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Rome+and+Persia%3A+The+Middle+Euphrates%2C+Mesopotamia+and+Palmyra+under+Roman+control&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-134-09572-8&rft.aulast=Edwell&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFElton2013" class="citation book cs1">Elton, Hugh (2013). Frontiers of the Roman Empire. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-134-72450-5" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-134-72450-5"><bdi>978-1-134-72450-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frontiers+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-72450-5&rft.aulast=Elton&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHitti2004" class="citation book cs1">Hitti, Phillip K. (2004). History of Syria, Including Lebanon and Palestine. Gorgias Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-59333-119-1" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-59333-119-1"><bdi>978-1-59333-119-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Syria%2C+Including+Lebanon+and+Palestine&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-59333-119-1&rft.aulast=Hitti&rft.aufirst=Phillip+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHornblowerSpawforthEidinow2014" class="citation book cs1">Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (2014). The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-19-870677-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-19-870677-9"><bdi>978-0-19-870677-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Classical+Civilization&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-870677-9&rft.aulast=Hornblower&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Spawforth%2C+Antony&rft.au=Eidinow%2C+Esther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFKühneCzichonKreppner2008" class="citation book cs1">Kühne, Hartmut; Czichon, Rainer Maria; Kreppner, Florian Janoscha (2008). 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Roman Palmyra: Identity, Community, and State Formation. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-19-986110-1" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-19-986110-1"><bdi>978-0-19-986110-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Palmyra%3A+Identity%2C+Community%2C+and+State+Formation&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-986110-1&rft.aulast=Smith+II&rft.aufirst=Andrew+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSouthern2008" class="citation book cs1">Southern, Pat (2008). Empress Zenobia: Palmyra s Rebel Queen. A & C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-84725-034-6" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-84725-034-6"><bdi>978-1-84725-034-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empress+Zenobia%3A+Palmyra+s+Rebel+Queen&rft.pub=A+%26+C+Black&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84725-034-6&rft.aulast=Southern&rft.aufirst=Pat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFStoneman1994" class="citation book cs1">Stoneman, Richard (1994). Palmyra and Its Empire: Zenobia's Revolt Against Rome. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-472-08315-2" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-472-08315-2"><bdi>978-0-472-08315-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palmyra+and+Its+Empire%3A+Zenobia%27s+Revolt+Against+Rome&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-472-08315-2&rft.aulast=Stoneman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFStrongToynbeeLing1995" class="citation book cs1">Strong, Donald Emrys; Toynbee, Jocelyn M. C; Ling, Roger (1995). Roman Art. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-300-05293-0" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-300-05293-0"><bdi>978-0-300-05293-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Art&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-300-05293-0&rft.aulast=Strong&rft.aufirst=Donald+Emrys&rft.au=Toynbee%2C+Jocelyn+M.+C&rft.au=Ling%2C+Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTeixidor1979" class="citation book cs1">Teixidor, Javier (1979). The Pantheon of Palmyra. Brill Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-9-004-05987-0" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-9-004-05987-0"><bdi>978-9-004-05987-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pantheon+of+Palmyra&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-9-004-05987-0&rft.aulast=Teixidor&rft.aufirst=Javier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFVagi2000" class="citation book cs1">Vagi, David L. (2000). Coinage and History of the Roman Empire, C. 82 B.C.--A.D. 480: History. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-57958-316-3" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-57958-316-3"><bdi>978-1-57958-316-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coinage+and+History+of+the+Roman+Empire%2C+C.+82+B.C.--A.D.+480%3A+History&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-57958-316-3&rft.aulast=Vagi&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2004" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Alaric (2004). Aurelian and the Third Century. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-134-90814-1" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-134-90814-1"><bdi>978-1-134-90814-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aurelian+and+the+Third+Century&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-134-90814-1&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Alaric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2003" class="citation book cs1">Young, Gary K. (2003). Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy 31 BC – AD 305. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-134-54793-7" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-134-54793-7"><bdi>978-1-134-54793-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome%27s+Eastern+Trade%3A+International+Commerce+and+Imperial+Policy+31+BC+%E2%80%93+AD+305&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-134-54793-7&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Gary+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APalmyra" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_skakels">Eksterne skakels</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Wysig afdeling: Eksterne skakels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palmyra&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: Eksterne skakels">wysig bron</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/TOAH/hd/palm/hd_palm.htm">Metropolitaanse Kunsmuseum – Palmyra</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://photosynth.net/view.aspx?cid=3d3547d1-4815-476f-afb3-19d233e4c23c&m=false&i=0:0:9&c=1.39364:-0.382252:0.0335263&z=431.486629335176&d=1.50229402877142:-2.29472691421206:-2.96261258436263&p=0:0">Tempel van Baäl, Palmyra, Sirië</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826133820/http://photosynth.net/view.aspx?cid=3d3547d1-4815-476f-afb3-19d233e4c23c&m=false&i=0:0:9&c=1.39364:-0.382252:0.0335263&z=431.486629335176&d=1.50229402877142:-2.29472691421206:-2.96261258436263&p=0:0">Geargiveer</a> 26 Augustus 2014 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaemena360.com/360/PalmyraTour/">Interaktiewe panoramas van 360º van Palmyra</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbase.com/dosseman_syria/palmyra">Meer as 300 foto's van Palmyra, onder meer van die Tempel van Bel</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikimedia Commons logo"><img alt="Wikimedia Commons logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> het meer media in die kategorie <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Palmyra" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Palmyra">Palmyra</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Crystal_txt.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Crystal_txt.png/15px-Crystal_txt.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Crystal_txt.png/23px-Crystal_txt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Crystal_txt.png/30px-Crystal_txt.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> Hierdie artikel is vertaal uit die <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra" class="extiw" title="en:Palmyra">Engelse Wikipedia</a></li></ul> <div style="display:none; right:10px;" class="metadata topicon nopopups" id="featured-star"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Voorbladartikel" title="Hierdie artikel is gekies as 'n voorbladartikel. 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